Journal of Power Electronics, to be published 1 Topologies of Active-Switched Quasi-Z-Source Inverters with High-Boost Capability Anh-Vu Ho *, and Tae-Won Chun **† * **† School of Engineering, Eastern International University, Vietnam Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea Abstract This paper proposes both the active-switched quasi-Z-source inverter (AS-qZSI) and the extended active- switched qZSI (EAS-qZSI) topologies, which are based on the classical qZSI. The proposed AS-qZSI adds only one switching device and diode to the classical qZSI for increasing the voltage boost factor. In comparison to the other topologies based on the switched-inductor/capacitor qZSI, the proposed AS-qZSI requires fewer passive components in the impedance network under the same boost factor. Additionally, the proposed EAS-qZSI designed by adding one inductor and three diodes to the AS-qZSI provides higher boost capability and achieves lower voltage stress across the switching devices. The performances of two proposed topologies are verified with the experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype based on 32-bit DSP. Key words: Active switch, Quasi-Z-source inverters, Switched inductor, Voltage boost capability I. INTRODUCTION A traditional PWM inverter can perform voltage step-down operation with its peak ac output voltage lower than the dc input voltage, and so an extra dc-dc boost converter is connected between the dc input voltage and the inverter in order to obtain a higher ac output voltage. In order to overcome the constraints of a traditional inverter, a quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) was introduced [1]. The qZSI can boost the dc voltage by using the shoot-through state of the inverter bridge and draw continuous input current without an extra filtering capacitor. It is suitable for some renewable power applications and fuel-cell vehicles due to its voltage boost capability in a single power stage [2]-[5]. However, because the shoot-through state can only be controlled within a zero state, the practical boost factor of qZSI is usually limited. This may constraint further applications of the qZSI in the renewable power generation with low-voltage energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) arrays and fuel-cell stacks, which require the power converter with high voltage gain. Recently, some dc-dc conversion techniques based on the ability. In [6]-[10], the switched-inductor (SL) / switchedcapacitor (SC) by adding extra inductors/capacitors and diodes in the quasi-Z-source impedance network, and hybrid SC/SL combined with the classical qZSI topology are proposed. To improve the boost ability more, the additional cells are cascaded at the qZSI [11], [12]. However, more inductors and/or capacitors at the impedance network are needed for further boosting the voltage, and they increase the power circuit volume and cost. The ZSI topology is proposed for reducing the capacitor voltage stress and suppressing rush current at start-up [13]. The topology to add one switching device and diode to a classical qZSI is proposed in [14]. The number of passive components in the impedance network can be reduced, but the boost factor may be not enough at the renewable power generation In this paper, two types of topologies named an active-switched qZSI (AS-qZSI) and an extended activeswitched qZSI (EAS-qZSI) are proposed. The proposed topologies offer high boost capability and low voltage stress across the switching devices. The operation principles and comparison with other topologies based on the switched inductor/capacitor qZSI reveal the advantages of the proposed topologies, which are validated by the simulation and experimental results. II. qZSI have been proposed in order to enhance the boosting REVIEW OF CLASSICAL QZSI AND MODIFIED TOPOLOGIES 2 Journal of Power Electronics, to be published Fig. 1(c) shows a continuous-current diode-assisted extended-boost qZSI (DA-qZSI) proposed in [6]. It can be extended to have very high boost ability by cascading more stages. The boost factors of the DA-qZSI can be derived as B (a) 1 1 3 D 2 D 2 . (3) III. OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF THE PROPOSED TOPOLOGIES The operation principles for the two types of proposed topologies such as AS-qZSI and EAS-qZSI will be described, respectively. (b) A. Operation of AS-qZSI (c) Fig. 1. Basic qZSI and modified topologies: (a) classical qZSI, (b) switched-inductor qZSI (SL-qZSI), (c) continuouscurrent diode-assisted extended boost qZSI (DA-qZSI). Both the classical qZSI and modified topologies with continuous input current are shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1(a) shows the classical qZSI, which ensures continuous input current as well as lower capacitor voltage stress [1]. The boost factor, defined as the ratio between the peak dc-link voltage across the inverter bridge v̂ pn and the dc input voltage Vin, is expressed as B vˆ pn Vin 1 1 1 2(Tsh / Ts ) 1 2 D B 1 2D D 2 . v L1 Vc 2 Vin (4) v L 2 Vc1 (5) v pn 0 (6) (1) where Tsh is the shoot-through time during switching period Ts, and D = Tsh / Ts is the shoot-through duty ratio. Fig. 1(b) shows a modified topology based on qZSI called a switched-inductor quasi-ZSI (SL-qZSI), which was proposed in [8]. The impedance network in the SL-qZSI adds three diodes and one inductor to the classical qZSI. The SL-qZSI has a switched-inductor structure for increasing the boost factor and suppressing inrush current, and its boost factor can be derived as 1 D Fig. 2 shows the proposed AS-qZSI, in which one active switch (S7) and diode (D0) are added to the classical qZSI. The proposed AS-qZSI has an extra shoot-through state besides the six active states and two zero states, which are similar to the classical qZSI. Therefore, it has two operation modes: shoot-through state and non-shoot-through state. Fig. 3 shows the equivalent circuits of the AS-qZSI in the shoot-through state and non-shoot-through state, respectively. Shoot-through state: In the shoot-through state for an interval of DTs, the load terminal is shorted by conducting the upper and lower switching devices of any phase legs, and the switching device S7 is turned on. The diodes Do and D1 are in blocking state. The two capacitors C1 and C2 discharge, and two inductors L1 and L2 get charged during this state. From Fig. 3(a), the two inductor voltages vL1 and vL2, and dc-link voltage vpn can be expressed as follows, respectively: (2) Non-shoot-through state: In non-shoot-through state for an interval of (1-D)Ts, the circuit operates under the traditional PWM inverter, and the switching device S7 is turned off. The diodes Do and D1 are conducting. The energy stored at two inductors is transfer to two capacitors and load side. Thus, two inductors get discharged. From Fig. 3(b), the two inductor voltages vL1 and vL2, and dc-link voltage vpn can be expressed as follows, respectively: v L1 Vc 2 Vc1 Vin (7) v L 2 Vc 2 (8) Journal of Power Electronics, to be published 3 Fig. 4. Schematic circuit of proposed EAS-qZSI. Fig. 2. Schematic circuit of proposed AS-qZSI. (a) (b) Fig. 3. Equivalent circuits of proposed AS-qZSI: (a) shootthrough state, (b) non-shoot-through state. v pn Vc1 (9) Using the principle that average voltage across each inductor L1 and L2 from (4), (5), (7), and (8) over one switching period Ts is zero, two capacitor voltages Vc1 and Vc2 can be derived as a function of the shoot-through duty ratio, respectively. Vc1 Vc 2 1 D 1 3D D 2 D 1 3D D 2 Vin Vin (10) (11) Because the peak dc-link voltage v̂ pn and the capacitor voltage Vc1 are the same, a boost factor of the inverter can be derived as B vˆ pn Vin (a) Vc1 1 D . Vin 1 3D D 2 (12) (b) Fig. 5. Equivalent circuits of proposed EAS-qZSI: (a) shoot-through state, (b) non-shoot-through state. interval of DTs, the load terminal is shorted by conducting the upper and lower switching devices of any phase legs, and the switching device S7 is turned on as in the AS-qZSI. The diodes D2 and D3 are in conducting state, whereas the diodes Do, D1, D4 are in blocking state. Two inductors L2 and L3 are connected in parallel, and they store energy from the capacitor C1. The inductor L1 stores the energy from both the capacitor C2 and the dc input voltage Vin. Therefore, the two capacitors C1 and C2 discharge, and three inductors L1, L2, L3 get charged during this state. From Fig. 5(a), the three inductor voltages vL1, vL2, vL3, dc-link voltage vpn, and capacitor current ic1 can be expressed as follows, respectively: B. Operation of EAS-qZSI v L1 Vc 2 Vin (13) Fig. 4 shows the proposed EAS-qZSI, in which one inductor (L3) and three diodes (D2, D3, D4) are added to the AS-qZSI, in order to enhance a boost capability more. It has two operation modes: shoot-through state and non-shootthrough state like the AS-qZSI. Fig. 5 shows the equivalent circuits of the EAS-qZSI at the shoot-through state and non-shoot- through state, respectively. Shoot-through state: In the shoot-through state for an v L2 v L3 Vc1 (14) v pn 0 (15) ic1 (iL2 iL3 ) (16) Non-shoot-through state: In non-shoot-through state for an interval of (1-D)Ts, the circuit operates under the traditional PWM inverter, and the switching device S7 is turned off. The 4 Journal of Power Electronics, to be published diodes Do, D1, D4 are in conducting state, whereas the diodes D2 and D3 are in blocking state. Two inductors L2 and L3 are connected in serial, and the energy stored at three inductors is supplied to two capacitors and load side. Thus, three inductors get discharged and two capacitors charge. From Fig. 5(b), the three inductor voltages, dc-link voltage, and capacitor current can be expressed as follows, respectively: v L1 Vc2 Vc1 Vin (17) v L2 Vc2 v L3 (18) v pn Vc1 (19) ic1 iL1 I o (20) Assuming L2 = L3, we have vL2 = vL3 and iL2 = iL3. Using the principle that average voltage across each inductor L1 and L2 from (13), (14), (17), and (18) over one switching period Ts is zero, two capacitor voltages Vc1 and Vc2 can be derived as a function of the shoot-through duty ratio, respectively. Vc1 1 D (21) Vin 1 4 D D 2 2D 2D Vin Vin 1 D 1 4 D D 2 Vc2 (22) Similarly, using the principle that the average current of capacitor C1 from (16) and (20) over one switching period Ts is zero, the average of the inductor currents can be derived as (1 D)2 Io 1 4 D D 2 1 D iL3 Io . 1 4 D D 2 iL1 iL2 (24) Vin G v ph Vin / 2 M B (27) Effects of capacitor voltage due to current ripples: The effects of the capacitor voltage Vc1 for capacitor current variations are analyzed. Fig. 6 shows the equivalent circuit of the capacitor C1 by considering the equivalent series resistance (ESR), and the capacitor voltage ripple generated by the capacitor current variations during the half of a switching period [17]. From (23) and (24), the capacitor voltage ripple can be expressed as (28). It is dependent on the shoot-through duty ratio, switching period, load current, capacitance, and ESR in the capacitor. Vc1 ESR1 ic1 Vc'1 ESR1 ic1 ic1 2iL2 DTs ic1 2C1 (28) 2 Io , 1 4 D D 2 2(1 D ) Io . 1 4 D D 2 C. PWM Techniques Vc1 1 D . Vin 1 4 D D 2 (25) The peak phase voltage of the inverter v ph is expressed by vˆ pn V v ph M M B in 2 2 (c) Fig. 6. Effects of capacitor voltage: (a) equivalent circuit of capacitor C1, (b) capacitor current, (c) capacitor voltage ripple. where ic1 (iL1 I o ) 2iL2 capacitor voltage Vc1, a boost factor of EAS-qZSI can be derived as vˆ pn (b) (23) Because the peak dc-link voltage v̂ pn is the same as the B (a) (26) where M is a modulation index. From (26), an ac voltage gain G can be defined and be derived as follows: A PWM control technique for the proposed topologies is modified to effectively adjust the shoot-through state during one switching period, in order to boost the dc-link voltage. The relationship between M and B (or D) from (27) is determined on the PWM control techniques. Three PWM techniques based on carrier-based PWM such as simple, maximum, and constant boost control methods are introduced in [1], [15], and [16]. Because a simple control method has a constant shoot-through time during one switching period, the voltage stress across the switching devices is relatively high. In a maximum boost control method, all of zero states are assigned as shoot-through state [15]. Although a maximum of Journal of Power Electronics, to be published 5 Fig. 9. Comparison of boost factors. TABLE I Fig. 7. Modulation under constant boost control method. NUMBER OF COMPONENTS AT IMPEDANCE NETWORK AS-qZSI 2 2 Switching devices 1 EAS-qZSI 3 2 1 5 Topologies Fig. 8. Circuit for generating the gating signal of S7. voltage boost at the given modulation index can be achieved, the shoot-through duty ratio has a low-frequency ripple component. In order to remove the ripple in a shoot-through duty ratio and obtain a higher boost capability, the constant boost control method introduced by [16] is used at the proposed topologies. The pulse width modulation under the constant boost control method is shown in Fig. 7. The shoot-through time is adjusted by two shoot-through envelope signals Vp and Vn, and a third harmonic voltage with 1/6th of the fundamental frequency is injected into the three-phase reference voltages Va*, Vb*, and Vc*. When the carrier signal is higher than the upper shoot-through envelope Vp or lower than the lower shoot-through envelope Vn, the inverter operates in the shoot-through state. The switching device S7 is turned on during the shoot-through state, and the circuit for generating the gating signal of S7 is shown in Fig. 8. The modulation index M can be increased from 1 to 2 / 3 by the constant boost control method. The obtainable modulation index M is limited to M 2 3 (1 D) . (29) IV. COMPARISON OF AS-QZSI AND EAS-QZSI WITH OTHER TOPOLOGIES This section describes a detailed comparison analysis of the boost factor, number of components in the impedance network, and the voltage stress of switching devices between Inductors Capacitors Diodes 2 qZSI 2 2 0 1 SL-qZSI 3 2 0 4 DA-qZSI 3 3 0 3 the proposed topologies and the other topologies. A. Boost Factor Fig. 9 shows the boost factors of the classical qZSI, SL-qZSI, DA-qZSI, AS-qZSI, and EAS-qZSI, in order to compare the voltage boost capability by using (1), (2), (3), (12), and (25). The boost factor of proposed AS-qZSI topology is much higher than that of the classical qZSI, and it is lower or higher than the boost factors of both the SL-qZSI and DA-qZSI according to shoot-through duty ratio range. Therefore, a voltage boost capability of proposed AS-qZSI topology is nearly the same as that of both topologies. It can be see that the EAS-qZSI has the highest boost factor among five topologies. B. Comparison of Number of Components Table I shows a comparison of the number of components used at the impedance network of the AS-qZSI, EAS-qZSI, classical qZSI, SL-qZSI, and DA-qZSI without considering the inverter bridge and output LC filter. Comparing with SL-qZSI, the AS-qZSI can save one inductor and two diodes, although it needs an extra one switching device, and the EAS-qZSI requires additional one diode and one switching device. C. Voltage Stress Across Switching Devices The voltage stress across the switching devices of the inverter Vs is identical to the peak dc-link voltage across the 6 Journal of Power Electronics, to be published TABLE II PARAMETERS USED AT SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT Parameters Fig. 10. Comparison of voltage stress ratios. Value DC input voltage , Vin 40 V Inverter frequency, f 60 Hz Switching frequency, fs 5 kHz Capacitor (ESR), C1 = C2 1000 μF (65 m) Inductor, L1 = L2 = L3 1 mH Output LC filter, Lf 0.6 mH Output LC filter, Cf 100 μF inverter bridge. In order to compare properly the voltage stress for five topologies, equivalent dc voltage concept is introduced [18]. The equivalent dc voltage is defined as the minimum dc voltage to produce an output voltage. The ratio of the voltage stress across the switching devices to the minimum dc voltage is defined as Vs / (GVin). Substituting (29) and boost factors of each topology B into (27), the voltage stress across the switching devices for five topologies are given by Vs 3G 1 for classical qZSI GVin G (30) Vs (4 2 3G )(4 24G 2 16 3G 16 ) for SL-qZSI GVin G[(4 2 3G ) 2 2(4 2 3G )( A1) ( A1) 2 ] Vs (3 3G ) 2 for DA-qZSI GVin G[(4 3G ) 2 12 3G ( A2 ) 2( A2 ) 2 ] (a) Vs ( A3 3G )(2 3G 4) GVin G[(2 3G 4)(8 7 3G 3 A3 ) (3 3G 4 A3 ) 2 ] for AS-qZSI Vs ( A4 2 3G )(2 3G 4) GVin G[(2 3G 4)(12 14 3G 4 A4 ) (4 3G 4 A4 ) 2 ] for EAS-qZSI where A1 2 3G 24G 2 16 3G 16 , A2 3 3G 2 3G 2 4 3G 4 , A3 15G 2 8 3G A4 36G 2 16 3G . Fig. 10 shows the voltage stress ratios of five topologies with a variation of the ac voltage gain G. The classical qZSI has the highest voltage stress of switching devices. The voltage stress of the proposed AS-qZSI is slightly higher or lower than that of both the SL-qZSI and DA-qZSI according to value of the ac voltage gain. The proposed EAS-qZSI has the lowest voltage stress ratio. V. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (b) Fig. 11. Simulation result of AS-qZSI at M = 0.76 and D = 0.34: (a) output voltage and current, capacitor and dc input voltages, and dc-link voltage, (b) inductor currents, dc-link voltage, and gating signal of S7. Journal of Power Electronics, to be published 7 (a) (a) (b) Fig. 13. Photographs of laboratory prototype: (a) AS-qZSI, (b) EAS-qZSI. (b) Fig. 12. Simulation result of EAS-qZSI at M = 0.88 and D = 0.237: (a) output voltage and current, capacitor and dc input voltages, and dc-link voltage, (b) inductor currents, dc-link voltage, and gating signal of S7. A. Simulation results To verify the aforementioned theoretical analysis of the proposed topologies, the simulation studies are performed with the PSIM program. In the simulation, all components are ideal, and a three-phase resistive load of 100 Ω is used. The parameters of power circuit used at the simulation and experiment are shown in Table II. Fig. 11 shows the simulation results of the AS-qZSI under constant boost control when M = 0.76 and D = 0.34. From Fig. 11(a), the capacitor voltage Vc1 is boosted to 280 V from 40 V dc input voltage, and the filtered line-to-line voltage of 130 Vrms can be produced. Fig. 11(b) shows the waveforms of two inductor currents, dc-link voltage, and the gating signal of switching device S7. In the shoot-through state, two inductor currents increase, and the dc-link voltage is zero. In the non-shoot-through state, two inductor currents decrease and dc-link voltage is identical to the capacitor voltage Vc1 of 280 V. Fig. 12 shows the simulation results of the EAS-qZSI under constant boost control when M = 0.88 and D = 0.237. From Fig. 12(a), the dc-link voltage capacitor is boosted to 280 V and the rms value of line-to-line voltage of 150 V can be obtained. B. Experimental Results Fig. 13 shows the photographs of prototype of both the AS-qZSI and EAS-qZSI built in the laboratory for experiment, which consists of impedance network, three-phase inverter, LC filter, and control board. The control system is implemented by a 32-bit DSP type TMS320F28335, and the sampling period for controlling the proposed inverter at the DSP is 100 sec. The switching frequency of the inverter is determined on 5 kHz, because the shoot-through duty ratio is controlled twice during one switching period Ts as shown in Fig. 7. An LC filter is used for filtering the output voltage and current. The parameters of LC filter are described in Table II. The experiment is performed at the same parameters and operating conditions in the simulation. Fig. 14 shows the experimental results of the AS-qZSI when M = 0.76 and D = 0.34, which are the same operating 8 Journal of Power Electronics, to be published (a) (a) (b) Fig. 14. Experimental results of AS-qZSI at M = 0.76 and D = 0.34: (a) ac output voltage, capacitor and dc input voltages, (b) inductor currents, dc-link voltage, and S7 signal. conditions as for simulation results shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 14(a) shows the experimental waveforms of the line-to-line voltage, the line-to-line voltage filtered by an LC filter, capacitor voltage Vc1, and dc input voltage. The capacitor voltage is boosted to 275 V, which is slightly lower than the capacitor voltage in the simulation result due to both the forward voltage drop on the diodes and the parasitic resistance in the inductors. The rms value of line-to-line voltage is 126 V, which is also slightly lower than the simulation result. Fig. 14(b) shows the experimental waveforms of the inductor and input currents, dc-link voltage, and gating signal of switching device S7. Fig. 15 shows the experimental results for the EAS-qZSI when M = 0.88 and D = 0.237, which are the same operating conditions as for simulation results shown in Fig. 12. As shown in Fig. 15(a), the capacitor voltage Vc1 of EAS-qZSI is nearly the same as that of AS-qZSI although the shoot-through duty ratio decreases from 0.34 to 0.237. Fig. 15(b) shows the two-phase output voltages and currents filtered by the LC filter. The ac output voltage of about 148 Vrms can be generated, and the phase current lags to line-to-line voltage by 30 at a resistive load condition. Fig. 15(c) shows the experimental waveforms of the inductor and input currents, dc-link voltage, and gating signal of switching device S7. The inductor current ripples are lower than those of (b) (c) (d) Fig. 15. Experimental results of EAS-qZSI at M = 0.88 and D = 0.237: (a) ac output voltage, capacitor voltages, and dc input voltage, (b) ac output voltages and currents filtered by LC filter, (c) inductor currents, dc-link voltage, and S7 signal, (d) dc-link and capacitor currents, and capacitor voltage ripple. Journal of Power Electronics, to be published 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the 2015 Research Fund of University of Ulsan. REFERENCES [1] [2] Fig. 16. Efficiency of EAS-qZSI and AS-qZSI. the AS-qZSI under the same peak dc-link voltage. It can be seen that the experimental results are almost consistent with theoretical analysis and simulation results. Fig. 15(d) shows the capacitor voltage ripple of 3.5V generated by the capacitor current variation. The capacitor voltage changes rapidly at the transition from non-shoot-through state to shoot-through state due to the ESR in the capacitor, and the capacitor voltage ripple component is only 1.27% to the capacitor voltage. Fig. 16 shows the efficiency of the proposed AS-qZSI and EAS-qZSI. The efficiency of the EAS-qZSI is lower than that of the AS-qZSI, because the EAS-qZSI has two more diodes. VI. CONCLUSIONS This paper proposed two types of novel topologies based on the qZSI such as AS-qZSI and EAS-qZSI. In comparison to classical qZSI and DA-qZSI, the proposed AS-qZSI provides a higher boost capability and lower voltage stress across the switching devices of the inverter by adding only one switching device and diode in the qZ-source impedance network. The boost capability and the voltage stress of AS-qZSI are similar with those of the SL-qZSI. But, the volume and weight of the power converter can be reduced by saving one inductor and two diodes in the impedance network, although an extra one switching device is required. The proposed EAS-qZSI offers much higher boost factor and lower voltage stress across the switching devices. Through experimental results, the dc-link voltage of both proposed topologies can be boosted seven times with respect to the dc input voltage. The AS-qZSI generates the lineto-line voltage of 126 Vrms, and the line-to-line voltage of EAS-qZSI can be increased by 15% to the AS-qZSI under the same boost factor. The efficiency of the EAS-qZSI is lower than that of the AS-qZSI, because the EAS-qZSI has two more diodes. The proposed topologies are applicable for the renewable power generation with low-voltage energy sources such as PV arrays and fuel-cell stacks. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] J. Anderson and F. Z. Peng, “A class of quasi-Z-source inverters,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, Oct. 2008, pp.1-7. H. Abu-Rub, A. Iqbal, S. M. Ahmed, F. Z. Peng, Y. Li, and B. Ge, “Quasi-Z-source inverter-based photovoltaic generation system with maximum power tracking control using ANFIS,” IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11-20, Jan. 2013. J. H. 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Xu, “Dynamic modeling and analysis of Z-source converter-derivation of ac small signal model and design-oriented analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1786–1796, Sep. 2007. Anh-Vu Ho was born in Vietnam in 1981. He received the B. S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the HoChiMinh City University of Technical Education, Vietnam, in 2005 and 2009, respectively. He received the Ph. D. degree in electrical engineering at Ulsan University, Korea in 2015. He is a lecturer with the school of engineering, Eastern International University, Vietnam. His current research interests include power converter/inverter, power quality, and renewable energy system. Tae-Won Chun was born in Korea in 1959. He received the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Pusan National University in 1981, and received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Seoul National University in 1983 and 1987, respectively. Since 1986, he has been a member of the faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan University, where he is currently a full Professor. He was with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tennessee, USA as a visiting scholar. From 2005 to 2006, he also served as a visiting scholar with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA. His current research interests are the grid-connected inverter system and ac motor control.