International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and
Information Technology (IJACSIT)
Vol. 3, No. 4, 2014, Page: 354-367, ISSN: 2296-1739
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Nonlinearity Compensation for High Power
Amplifiers Based on Look-Up Table Method
for OFDM Transmitters
Authors
Maryam.Sajedin@gmail.com
Fars, Iran
Maryam Sajedin
Department of Electrical Engineering, Fars Science and Research Branch,
Islamic Azad University,
ghorbani@aut.ac.ir
Tehran, P.O. Box: 15875-4413,
Iran
Ayaz Ghorbani
Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology
Hamid Reza Amin Davar
Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology
hamidami@aut.ac.ir
Tehran, P.O. Box: 15875-4413, Iran
Abstract
The OFDM is generally known as an effective technique for high Bit-rate applications. In OFDM systems,
the combination of different signals with different phase and amplitude give a large dynamic range that is
used to be characterized by a high PAPR. To obtain maximum efficiency Power Amplifier should be driven
near the saturation region, but since the OFDM signal has high PAPR, this power amplifier will cross over
to the nonlinear region causing serious in band distortion, and operation in nonlinear mode reduces
performances of the output signal. To compensate for this distortion, liberalizers are proposes to utilize a
digital pre-distortion of baseband signals, which is efficient and illustrates a high performance for
linearization of OFDM transmitters. This paper presents an adaptive digital pre-distortion techniques based
on Look Up Table (LUT) method which will result in cancellation of nonlinear distortion appearing in power
amplifier through Advanced Design System(ADS) software. It is shown that the new simplified structure
exhibits fast convergence and LUT pre-distorter can effectively suppress the spectrum regrowth caused by
the dynamic nonlinearity of power amplifier.
Key Words
About four key words or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas.
Nonlinearity Compensation for High Power Amplifiers Based on Look-Up Table Method for OFDM Transmitters
Maryam Maryam Sajedin, Ayaz Ghorbani and Hamid Reza Amin Davar
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years OFDM has attracted a great deal of attention for digital terrestrial
broadcasting and mainly in 4G technology considered for modulation. The OFDM is a
combination of modulation and multiplexing and it is a multicarrier transmission technique too.
It uses the spectrum so efficiently by spacing the channels much closer together [1]. Also, it can
reduce the frequency selectivity of the channel taking advantage a simple one-tap equalizer [2].
The OFDM signal is robust against multipath fading and impulsive noise [3] and behaves like a
Gaussian random process. Furthermore, the inter-symbol interference (ISI) in OFDM can be
easily prevented by inserting a guard interval before each transmitted block, longer than the
largest delay spread [4]. The OFDM structure requires a summation of a large number of
subcarrier for multicarrier modulation and as a result of this summation large signal envelope
fluctuations occur.
However, one of the important problems associated with OFDM is its high peak to average
power ratio [5] which requires large power back off for linear operation of PA, resulting in a low
average efficiency [6]. This nonlinear distortion causes serious in band distortion as well as
adjacent channel interference due to spectrum regrowth in the transmitted signal. High Power
Amplifier (HPA) working and performance plays the great role in OFDM wireless system [7].
Real PA has a nonlinear response that creates in-band and out-of-band distortion that not only
reduces the system performance but also creates interference on adjacent channels (ACI). The
nonlinear effects on the transmitted OFDM signal are: spectral-spreading of the subcarriers
warping of the signal constellation in each sub channel. Nonlinear amplifiers are characterized
by measurement of their AM/AM (amplitude dependent gain) and AM/PM (amplitude dependent
phase shift) function in either polar or quadrate form [8]. To obtain maximum efficiency the
power amplifier should be driven near the saturation region, but since the OFDM signal has high
PAPR these power amplifier will cross over to the nonlinear region causing serious in band
distortion. Therefore linearizing techniques should be introduced to minimize the output
distortion. The most rapidly developing linearization technique is digital pre-distortion (DPD),
this is a popular and reliable technique that allows minimizing output distortion and spectral
regrowth [9]. The most developed DPD methods are Look up Table and polynomial [10].
In this paper we the authors characterize the performance of the OFDM in the presence of a
High Power Amplifier .Taking advantage of the Fourier transformation the output correlation
function can provide information on the output power spectral density (PSD) .An adaptive digital
baseband compensator based on the LUT (Look-Up Table ) method is proposed to overcome the
nonlinear distortion .We demonstrate that our simplified scheme exhibits fast convergence.
Section 2 briefly describes the concepts of OFDM transceiver, introduces the power amplifier
model and the effects of HPA nonlinear distortion on OFDM signal and LUT method. The
computer simulations and the experimental results are given in section 3 and finally section 4
concludes the paper.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
A. Signal Model
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355
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Information Technology
Volume 3, Issue 4, 2014, ISSN: 2296-1739
Figure 1 illustrates a baseband transceiver structure for OFDM using the Fourier transform for
modulation and demodulation. Here the serial data stream is mapped to complex data symbols
(QAM) with a symbol rate of . The data is then demultiplexed by a serial to parallel converter
resulting in a block of N complex symbols, x tox
. The parallel samples are then passed
through an N point IFFT (in this case no oversampling is assumed) with a rectangular window of
length N. T . Resulting in complex samples x to x
assuming the incoming complex data is
random it follows that the IFFT is a set of N independent random complex sinusoids summed
together. The samples, x to x
are then converted back into a serial data stream producing a
baseband OFDM transmit symbol of length t = N. T .
FIGURE 1: THE BASIC OFDM TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER PAIR UTILIZING FOURIER TRANSFORM
A Cyclic Prefix (CP), which is a copy of the last part of samples is appended to the front of
serial data stream before Radio frequency up conversion and transmission. It combats the
disrupting effects of the channel which introduce Inter System Interference. In the receiver the
whole process is reversed to recover the transmitter data, the CP is removed prior to the FFT
which reverses the effect of the IFFT. The complex symbols at the out of the FFT , y ……y
are
then decoded and the original bit stream recovered [11].
B. HPA Models
The
following
equations
describe
the
algorithm
used
for
PA
model.
The input signal V (t) is represented by its inphase and quadrature components about its carrier
frequency.
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Nonlinearity Compensation for High Power Amplifiers Based on Look-Up Table Method for OFDM Transmitters
Maryam Maryam Sajedin, Ayaz Ghorbani and Hamid Reza Amin Davar
( )=
{ ( )
}
, ( )=
( )+
( )
(1)
The output signal V (t) is then given by the equation
( )=
{
( )
}
(2)
Where a denotes the gain of the component . {If the input is a baseband timed signal, then only
the real part of the Gain is used for a}. g
denotes the gain compression factor as determined
by
the
gain
compression
parameters,
(
GCType(Gaincompressiontype)
,
TOIout(Thirdorderinterceptpower) , dBc1out(1dBgaincompressionpower) , PSat(Saturationpower),
GCSat(Gaincompressionatsaturation))
.
All gain compression characteristics,
are modeled using a polynomial expression up to the
saturation point; after this point, output power is held constant for increasing input power. The
gain compression expression for nonlinear models is defined with a nonlinear amplitude
characteristic. When GCType = PSat + GCSat + TOI, then the g comp factor is due only to the
output third-order intercept point TOIout, output saturated power PSat, and the gain compression
at saturation GCSat, where (3≤GCSat≤7, and (TOI−10+0.5(GCSat-1)) ≤ PSat≤(TOI−4).
FIGURE 2: ILLUSTRATION OF THE THIRD ORDER INTERCEPTS POINTS
In figure (2), it can be shown that the slope of the linear gain for input and output powers in dBs
is unity, likewise the slope of the third gain of the third order IMD component is 3, the point
where the third order line intersects with the linear gain line is the third order intercept point.
Nonlinear models TOI through PSat + GCSat + TOI + dBc1mathematical gain model,
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357
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Information Technology
Volume 3, Issue 4, 2014, ISSN: 2296-1739
( )=
+
+
+⋯
(3)
Where V presents input signal voltage, V is output signal voltage, a illustrates small signal
gain, a shows third-order gain coefficient and a , presents higher odd-order gain coefficients.
The gain compression expression for nonlinear model, in general, has both amplitude and phase
changes versus increasing input power. Ref.[12] have shown that only the odd components of the
nonlinear model bring distortion to the fundamental signal. When a single carrier input signal, is
substituted into above formula (1), the output waveform will contain the original sine wave and
harmonic distortion products [12] the harmonics can be eliminated by filtering and do not pose a
problem except for wideband communication application requiring wide bandwidth. However,
when more than one carrier is present, additional new signals known intermodulation distortion
(IMD) are produced in the vicinity of input signals. Filtering cannot easily eliminate IMD
products, as these are located on the same frequency or near to the desired input signal [13].
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 3: (A) AM/AM AND (B) AM/PM TRANSFER CURVES
Figure (3) presents the distortion characteristics of power, use of a exact approximation of these
nonlinearities allows a linearization good enough. The accuracy and efficiency of the predistortion rely strongly on modeling of the true nonlinearities.
C. The Effects of HPA Nonlinear Distortion on OFDM Signals
HPA nonlinearity may have bad influence on OFDM signal mainly on two aspects: a out of
band distortion, which will cause the OFDM power spectrum distortion i.e. the spectral spreading
of the amplified signal and introduce ACI, as is shown in figure 4 right, requirements on ACI for
RF systems are very strict especially with large number of subscribers, therefore, it is of great
importance to distortion, which may disturb the OFDM constellations and result in BER
performance degradation. Figure 4 left; show that the spectrums of OFDM signals through HPA
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Nonlinearity Compensation for High Power Amplifiers Based on Look-Up Table Method for OFDM Transmitters
Maryam Maryam Sajedin, Ayaz Ghorbani and Hamid Reza Amin Davar
have spectrum re-growth distortion.
Regulatory bodies specify power spectral density masks which define the maximum allowable
adjacent channel interference (ACI) levels. In order to meet the regulatory mask, at least a 20 dB
improvement in the intermodulation products is required.to satisfy these requirements,
linearizing techniques should be introduced to minimize the output distortion. the Digital Predistortion (DPD) is one of the promising linearization techniques ,since it allows the use of well
developed
digital
signal
processing
techniques in the Baseband [14, 15].
FIGURE 4: LEFT: THE POWER SPECTRUM DENSITY (PSD) REFERENCE OFDM SIGNAL SPECTRUM , RIGHT:
DISTORTED OFDM SIGNAL SPECTRUM
D. The Adaptive Digital Predistortion System
Pre-distortion techniques have proposed as a potential solution to overcome the nonlinear
effects [15], it is equivalent to a nonlinear circuit with gain expansion response that is the inverse
of the PA gain compression (AM/AM) response and a phase rotation that is the negative of the PA
phase rotation (AM/PM), when combining the pre-distortion with the PA that can compensate the
distortion generated by the nonlinear amplifier. Pre-distortion is widely used as a method in
which signal processing is applied to the time signal before it is input to the amplifier [16]. A
predistorter can successfully correct distortion up to the full saturation level of the amplifier.
Alternative LUT adaption techniques with low complexity and low memory requirement
proposed in the literature. Building a LUT predistorter from a set of stored input and output
complex envelope samples is a trivial process. A block diagram of an adaptive digital
predistortion system is shown in figure 5. The predistorter consists of a complex gain adjuster
which controls the amplitude and phase of the input signal. The amount of predistortion is
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359
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Information Technology
Volume 3, Issue 4, 2014, ISSN: 2296-1739
controlled by the entries of a Look-up Table that interpolate the AM/AM and AM/PM
nonlinearities of the power amplifier. The feedback path samples the distorted signal for which
the DSP adjusts the Look-up Table entries so as to minimize the level of distortion.
FIGURE 5: DIGITAL PREDISTORTION BLOCK DIAGRAM
Notably, the nonlinear distortion is determines by the signal envelope [17]. Thus, using the
input signal envelope would be much more efficient way to addressing of the predistortion Look
Up Table. The LUT coefficients implement the predisotion function. The adaptation algorithm
determines the values of the coefficients by comparing the feedback signal and a delay version of
the input signal. The size of the LUT employed determines the number of points at which the
predistortion function is calculated [18]. The LUT is in fact implemented by two RAMs of which
the first determines the magnitude of the complex gain, whereas the second one determines the
phase shift. It has been shown that if the input signal is Gaussian the best Look Up Table
address spacing is linear [19]. It’s mentioned that the OFDM signal being the sum of a large
number of QAM or QPS modulated carriers is approximately Gaussian.
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Nonlinearity Compensation for High Power Amplifiers Based on Look-Up Table Method for OFDM Transmitters
Maryam Maryam Sajedin, Ayaz Ghorbani and Hamid Reza Amin Davar
FIGURE 6: THE ALGORITHM OF LUT
Figure 6 describes the basic algorithm implemented in the LUT design. The incoming complex
samples in I and Q, have correction factors applied from the LUT and sent to module. The
addresses for the LUT are derived from the input power. The LUT must contain two values for
each location the real part and the imaginary part Q. in the module ,samples are unconverted
and sent to the PA . In the feedback loop, the output of the PA is downconverted—transformed to
polar form—and compared with the delayed version of the input to the predistorter in polar form.
This error is then used to update the values currently stored in the LUT. The LUT address is
derived from the input power. Hence this algorithm is only able to correct for phase and
magnitude error that are purely a function of the current input power. The LUT coefficient is fed
into the predistorter, which reads an appropriate correction value (LUT value) from the LUT and
uses it to modify the input data .the resultant modified coefficient is referred to as predistorted
data.
The basic idea of determine the LUT coefficients fairly straightforward. By considering the
scenario depicted in Figure 7, let r be the amplitude of the input signal. The desired output is
known from the linear response. This value is used to search through the output characteristic of
the amplifier. The value r
is the desired output amplitude; from which the proper input
amplitude to the amplifier is determinedr
produce r
[20]. Thenr
. The original input r ,amplitude is adjusted to
should produce the correct output amplitude to give the overall
predistorter-power amplifier chain a linear response. Although not shownr
determine Φ
, is also used to
to predistort the phase. Phase is not always corrected, but if it is, it can also
compensate for any quadrature modulation errors in addition to the amplifier errors [21]. Note
that if the desired output amplitude is beyond the saturation limit of the amplifier, the
corresponding r
will not be able to fully correct for the nonlinearity.
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International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Information Technology
Volume 3, Issue 4, 2014, ISSN: 2296-1739
FIGURE7. THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF PREDISTORTION .
Values of rversus A(r) and r versus ∆Φ(r) are stored in Look Up Tables. For every complex
input r, the pre-distorter Look up the desired output level in A(r) and applies a correction factor
based upon A(r ) to produce r
, next r
is compared to the closet value of r in the phase
table and the predistorter applies the correction −∆Φ(r) . The resulting output (and thus the
input to the amplifier), is a pre-distorted sample [22]. The delay in the feedback path is estimated
by calculating the correlation between the magnitude of the input signal and the magnitude of
the feedback signal. The benefit of using the signal magnitude is that it does not require phase
synchronization in the feedback path.
III. THE EXPERIMENTS AND RESULT
In this section the authors simulate a real digital predistorter based on the complex gain lookup
table technique. In order to demonstrate linearizing performance of the baseband predistorter
,Advanced Design System (ADS) simulator were carried out with a OFDM signal. We also used
the Linearization Design Guide, which provides a complete tool kit to interactively explore
dynamic linearization systems at the top level as part of an integrated design process. Adaptation
using the digital predistorter is very rapid. Figure 8 shows the schematic of the digital
predistorter wherein all subsystems have been implemented in the ADS Agilent Ptolemy
simulation. The main ADS digital circuit uses a data flow simulation controller in order to
execute simulations.
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Nonlinearity Compensation for High Power Amplifiers Based on Look-Up Table Method for OFDM Transmitters
Maryam Maryam Sajedin, Ayaz Ghorbani and Hamid Reza Amin Davar
FIGURE 8: PROPOSED LUT-BASED ADAPTIVE DIGITAL PREDISTORTER
This platform has been implemented using Agilent ADS software. Because of each block has
been implemented at component level, so details of each component have not being given
deliberately. The LUT address generation component translates the magnitude of the baseband
input signal into a LUT address using power addressing schemes [23]. The LUT is implemented
using the LUT_RAM and the number of entries in the LUT is taken as 256.
The simulations have been performed in the baseband domain. In figure 9, the simulated
output spectra of the linearly amplified input signal, with the PA output, with and without
predistortion are reported. Without predistortion a visible spectral re-growth is present, while
using the proposed baseband predistortion the input and output spectra appropriately scale by a
constant factor. The PA has been driven near the saturation. The spectral densities have been
normalized with the maximum power of the desired output signal; we can appreciate the
significance of the cancellation of PA memory in reducing in-band distortion.
Finally, we can determine the performance of our digital predistortion circuit. Figure 10 shows
the output from the digital baseband predistorter once the LUT entries have adapted. We can
observe the spectral growth that occurs using a predistorter. The adjacent channel power is
spread over a wider bandwidth but the mask requirements can be meet. Approximately 20 dB of
distortion correction is achieved.
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International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Information Technology
Volume 3, Issue 4, 2014, ISSN: 2296-1739
PA Output
0
-20
Power (dBm)
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Frequency (MHz)
FIGURE 9: PA OUTPUT WITH AND WITHOUT DP OF THE MODELED PA IN ADS (RED: WITHOUT PREDISTORTION,
BLUE: WITH PREDISTORTION).
Final Coefficients (iteration 6)
1.20
1.15
Magnitude
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
MagMarker
indep(MagMarker)= 255
mag(LUTFinal)=1.813995
MagMarker
0.90
0.85
0.03
Phase (degrees)
0.02
0.01
0.00
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
0
32
64
96
128
160
192
224
256
LUT Entry
FIGURE 10: AM/AM CHARACTERIZATION; AND AM/PM CHARACTERIZATION
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Nonlinearity Compensation for High Power Amplifiers Based on Look-Up Table Method for OFDM Transmitters
Maryam Maryam Sajedin, Ayaz Ghorbani and Hamid Reza Amin Davar
The AM/AM and AM/PM transfer characteristic simulation curves derived from the polynomial
HPA model are present in figure 10, which confirms the removal of the nonlinear distortion with
memory effects by the LUT PD.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the effects of nonlinearities in the power amplifier over OFDM systems were
investigated, it is noticed that the effects of nonlinearity of the high power amplifier depends
upon the type of modulation used in OFDM system. This study has proposed a baseband digital
compensation method for nonlinear distortions in digital transmitters. Performances of the
digital predistortion circuit have been investigated. The implemented predistorter uses two LUTs
containing the real and imaginary part of the adaptive predistortion function. LUT size,
indexing, interpolation and update are important factors in the design of a digital predistorter.
the LUT configuration reduces complexity in the implementation and permits in order to meet
the tradeoff between complexity scalability and PD accuracy. The proposed design shows better
performance in terms of improving ACPR, and easy to implement.
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Nonlinearity Compensation for High Power Amplifiers Based on Look-Up Table Method for OFDM Transmitters
Maryam Maryam Sajedin, Ayaz Ghorbani and Hamid Reza Amin Davar
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AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHY
Maryam Sajedin was born in Tehran, Iran, on April 4, 1986. She received the B.Sc.
degree in Electrical Engineering in 2008, She is currently working toward the M.Sc
degree in communication engineering at Islamic Azad University, fars, Iran since
2014. Her working experiences are digital communication, nonlinear power amplifier
and application of signal processing in multimedia communication system. her
research interests include nonlinear modeling of HPA and compensation techniques
for nonlinear distortion in OFDM system.
Ayaz Ghorbani received Postgraduate Diploma, M.Phil., and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical and communication engineering as well as postdoctoral degree from the
University of Bradford, UK, in 1984, 1985, 1987, and
2004, respectively. Since 1987 up to now he has been teaching various courses in the
Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering, AmirKabir University of
Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran. Also from 2004 to 2005, he was with
Bradford University for sabbatical leave. He has authored or coauthored more than
120 papers in various national and international conferences as well as refereed
journals. In 1987, Dr. Ghorbani received John Roberts haw Travel Award to visit
USA. In 1990, he received the URSI Young Scientists Award at the General Assembly of URSI, Prague,
Czech Republic. He also received the Seventh and Tenth Kharazmi International Festival Prize in 1993
and 1995 for designing and implementation of anti-echo chamber and microwave subsystems, respectively.
His research areas include Radio wave propagation, antennas bandwidth, nonlinear modeling of HPA,
antecho chambers modeling and design, electromagnetic shielding as well as EMI/EMC analysis and
modeling. He has authored one book in Microwave circuit and devices.
Hamidreza Amindavar received B.Sc., M.Sc., M.Sc.AMATH, and Ph.D. degree from the
University of Washington in Seattle, in 1985, 1987,and 1991, respectively, all in
electrical engineering. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. His research interests
include signal and image processing, array processing, and multiuser detection. Prof.
Amindavar is a member of Tau Beta Pi and Eta Kappa Nu.
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