New Zealand Certificate in
Trowel Trades
Specifications
February 2016
Programmes leading to the award of the NZ Certificate in Trowel Trades with strands in Brick and Block
Laying, Floor and Wall Tiling, Proprietary Plaster Cladding Systems, Ferro-Cement Tank Manufacture,
Refractory Installation and Solid Plastering with an optional strand in Decorative Mouldings must fully
recognise all aspects of these Trowel Trade Specifications. Aspects include:
•
Provision of opportunities for learners to demonstrate knowledge and skill to cover all skills sets within
the specifications
•
An appropriate balance of content to ensure that the scale and proportion of individual specifications
and skill sets are met
•
Ensuring that the level of complexity of knowledge and skill requirements are those of an industry
practitioner demonstrating ability to meet NZQF Level 4 descriptors
Trowel Trades Specifications
Welcome to the specifications that set out the content of the proposed New Zealand Certificate in
Trowel Trades with strands in Brick and Block Laying, Floor and Wall Tiling, Proprietary Plaster
Cladding Systems with an optional strand on Fixing Cavities and Substrates, Ferro-Cement Tank
Manufacture, Refractory Installation and Solid Plastering with an optional strand in Decorative
Mouldings.
The following notes may assist you in reading and interpreting the specifications, especially if you
are familiar with qualifications composed of unit standards. These specifications may seem more
familiar to those who remember the old Trade Certificate and Advanced Trade Certificate structures.
1. The specifications constitute the prescription for a qualification. They describe what needs
to be learned.
2. Specifications set out capability requirements. They represent what a person must be
judged able to do.
3. The Fundamentals specification contains all of the prescribed skills that a well-rounded
tradesperson in any of the Trowel Trade sectors is required to do.
4. Other specifications are grouped by specific Trowel Trade sectors including:
• Brick and Block Laying
• Floor and Wall Tiling
• Proprietary Plaster Cladding Systems
• Ferro-Cement Tank Manufacture
• Refractory Installation
• Solid Plastering
5. Specifications avoid duplication. As an example, all theory requirements related to
calculations are contained in the “Building Mathematics” skill-set and not repeated in the
skill-sets where they are applied in practice.
6. Unlike unit standards, specifications are not precise descriptions of what or how to assess.
That detail is contained within the programmes that BCITO and polytechnics develop in
order to deliver the prescription to apprentices. Guidance documentation sits below these
specifications to assist in programme development.
7. An optional strand in Decorative Mouldings is contained within the Solid Plastering sector. It
is designed for individuals who have the knowledge and skills related to running exterior
plaster mouldings to create or recreate decorative elements.
8. An optional strand in Fixing Cavities and Substrates is contained within the Proprietary
Plaster Cladding Systems sector. It is designed for individuals who install and fix cavities and
substrates to timber and steel framing.
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 1
Qualification
The trowel trades qualification includes seven specifications:
Fundamentals
Brick and block laying
Floor and wall tiling
Proprietary plaster cladding systems
Optional practical strand in Fixing cavities and substrates
Ferro-cement tank manufacture
Refractory installation
Solid plastering with an
Optional strand in Decorative mouldings
2 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
The fundamentals specification contains the elments of the qualification common to all trades. The
other six specifications contain the trade-specific requirements reflected in in each of the six strands
of the qualification.
The solid plastering specification also contains the trade-specific requirements associated with the
optional strand of the qualification.
Within each specification there are a number of skill sets covering the knowledge and practical skills
required to be a qualified tradesperson within the trowel trades.
Core
Fundamentals
Proprietary Plaster
Cladding Systems
Ferro-cement
Tank Manufacture
Solid
Plastering
Strands
Brick & Block
Laying
Optional Strand
Floor &
Wall Tiling
Refractory
Installation
Option
Option
Fixing Cavities
& Substrates
Decorative
Mouldings
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 3
Specifications
Fundamentals Skill sets
Tools and equipment of the trade
Legislation
Drawings and specifications
Building science
Building mathematics
Planning and communication
(30 credits)
Covering
Hand tools, power tools and equipment including:
mechanical, non-mechanical equipment and lifting
Health and Safety, Environmental and Building legislation
Reading, interpreting and applying working drawings
Loads on a structure, water penetration, physics and
chemistry
Measurement, centres and spacings, area, volume and
calculations
Communication and planning work with people involved in a
construction project
Brick and Block Skill sets
Consents and licensing
Materials
Mixing
Before laying bricks and blocks
Brick walls
Other brick elements
Block walls
Alternative claddings and features
(165 credits)
Covering
LBP scheme and building consents
Bricks, blocks and other related materials
Mortars
Setting up site, foundation and building substrate
characteristics
Setting up, mortar placement, course layout, openings and
finishing
Arches, curved walls, columns, pillars and fire backs
Setting up, mortar placement, course layout, openings,
structural members, block fill, curved walls and finishing
Setting out, laying and finishing
Floor and Wall Tiling Skill sets
Materials
Before fixing tiles
Mixing
Cut and fix tiles
Finish tiles
(125 credits)
Covering
Tiles, substrates, watertight materials, tile beds, primers,
adhesives, grouts, sealants, sealers and accessories
Preparation of surfaces and substrates including checking of
pre-installed systems that tiles will be laid over, and set-out
Beds, adhesives and grouts
Cutting and fixing
Edges and transitions, grout, flexible, sealants and sealers
4 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Proprietary Plaster Cladding Systems Skill sets
Consents and licensing
Materials
Fixing substrate
Mixing
Plaster and finish surfaces
Decorative mouldings
Repairs and maintenance
Covering
LBP scheme and building consents
Substrates, modified plaster and accessories
Checking light timber and steel framing and fixing substrates
Optional: Fix cavities and substrates
Modified plaster
Setting out and applying modified plaster, different coats,
finishing, curing and remedial work
Components and location, and attaching
Defects and fixing defects
Ferro-cement Tank Manufacture Skill sets
Materials and products
Pre concreting and plastering
Mixing
Concreting
Plastering
Refractory Installation Skill sets
Consents and permits
Materials
Mixing
Before laying and installing
refractories
Laying refractories
Installing refractory mixes
Finishing and curing
Repairs and maintenance
(105 credits)
(Optional strand 20 credits)
(75 credits)
Covering
Tanks, concrete, plaster, reinforcing and accessories
Setting up of moulds, formwork, reinforcing and accessories
Sand and cement
Placing and finishing, curing and remedial work. Stripping and
cleaning moulds
Set out and apply sand and cement plaster coats, finish, cure
and remedial work. Strip and clean moulds
(135 credits)
Covering
LBP scheme and building consents
Bricks, blocks, tiles and components
Refractory mortars
Preparation of site, foundations and substrates. Linings and
insulating materials
Layout, membranes, first course, mortar placement and
subsequent courses
Setting up and installing different refractory mixes
Finishes and curing
Defects and repairs
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 5
Solid Plastering Skill sets
Consents and licensing
Materials
Mixing
Surface preparation
Plaster surfaces
Repairs and maintenance
Optional strand
Decorative mouldings
(125 credits)
(Optional strand 40 credits)
Covering
LBP scheme and building consents
Substrates, solid plaster and modified plaster, and accessories
Solid plaster and modified plaster
Checking solid and light-framed substrates
Setting out, applying, finishing, curing and remedial work
Defects and repairs
Types, location and components, making running moulds on a
bench and in-situ
6 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Specification:
Fundamentals
(30 credits)
To achieve this fundamentals specification you must understand the
underpinning principles and be able to apply them in practice to all areas of
work for one of the following trowel trades:
•
Brick and Block Laying
•
Floor and Wall Tiling
•
Proprietary Plaster Cladding Systems
•
Ferro-Cement Tank Manufacture
•
Refractory Installation
•
Solid Plastering
This specification contains these six skill sets:
•
Tools and equipment of the trade
•
Legislation
•
Drawings and specifications
•
Building science
•
Building mathematics
•
Planning and communication
Each skill set comprises:
Know
(the theory that underpins the practical skills)
Do
(the practical skills you need to have)
Comments
(explanatory notes to clarify specific aspects of knowledge and skill)
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 7
Skill Set 1: Tools and equipment of the trade
Know
The use and application of different hand tools used by a specific trowel trade
The use and application of different power tools used by a specific trowel trade
The use and application of different items of mechanical equipment used by a
specific trowel trade
The use and application of non-mechanical equipment used by a specific trowel
trade
The use and application of different items of access equipment used by a specific
trowel trade
The use and application of different items of lifting equipment used by a specific
trowel trade
The use and application of different items of electronic equipment used by a
specific trowel trade
How to care for and maintain different tools, plant and equipment used by a
specific trowel trade
Do
Use a range of hand tools
Use a range of power tools
Use a range of mechanical equipment
Use a range of non-mechanical equipment
Erect, alter, inspect and dismantle non-notifiable scaffolding
Maintain tools and equipment
Comments
The different types of tools and equipment vary depending on the specific trowel
trade chosen
The skill and knowledge associated with using a particular tool or piece of
equipment could be applied to another less familiar tool or piece of equipment
Hand tools are those which are typically used by the specific trowel trade on a daily
basis
Power tools are those which are typically used by the specific trowel trade on a
daily basis
Access equipment includes ladders and scaffolding
Non-notifiable scaffolding is any scaffold where the height of the working platform
is less than 5m
Maintenance requirements differ depending on the tool or piece of equipment
concerned, but include routine maintenance, replacement of parts and sourcing
repair or replacement
8 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 2: Legislation
Know
The health and safety legislative framework as it applies to the construction
industry
The environmental legislative framework as it applies to the construction industry
The building legislative framework as it applies to the construction industry
Do
Practically apply the health and safety legislative framework in everyday contexts
within construction operations
Practically apply the environmental legislative framework in everyday contexts
within construction operations
Practically apply the building legislative framework in everyday contexts within
construction operations
Comments
The legislative framework refers to the hierarchy of Acts of Parliament, Regulations,
Rules, Codes, Standards, approved codes of practice, and best practice guidelines
The level of legislative knowledge required is that of an industry practitioner rather
than that of an expert with specialist knowledge
Skill Set 3: Drawings and Specifications
Know
The key components that make up a set of working drawings
How to read and interpret a set of working drawings for a construction project
The key components that make up a specification
How to read and interpret a specification for a construction project
Do
Read, interpret and apply working drawings and specifications
Comments
Interpreting a set of working drawings includes understanding drawing conventions
including drawing types, scales, symbols, dimensions and abbreviations
The minimum level to which a set of working drawings and specifications needs to
be understood and interpreted is to allow the specific trowel trade to complete the
work required of its trade
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 9
Skill Set 4: Building Science
Know
How loads work on and within a structure
The principles of water penetration and methods used to manage water ingress
Materials physics
Materials chemistry
Comments
Water penetration principles are capillary action, hydrostatic pressure, gravity,
wind pressure and surface tension
Methods used to manage water ingress are deflection, drainage, drying and
durability of materials
Materials physics includes strength, deflection and expansion of materials. It also
includes how materials perform under compression and tension or when subject to
friction, wear or environmental factors (temperature, wind, seismic, climatic, subthermal forces)
Materials chemistry includes composition, form, treatments, malleability,
flammability and volatility of materials. It also includes the compatibility of
different materials due to their chemical composition, the manner in which they
are used; their susceptibility to deterioration over time; their effects on the
environment and people
The level of building science knowledge required is that of an industry practitioner
rather than that of an engineer, designer or scientist
Skill Set 5: Building Mathematics
Know
The different units of measurement and how they are used
Conventions around the use of centres and spacings
How to calculate area and volume
Pythagoras theorem and its practical application when building
Trigonometric calculations to determine lengths and angles
How to use and apply percentages and ratios to building calculations
How to use and apply fractions to building calculations
Do
Undertake measurements and calculations in one, two and three dimensions
Use the mathematical principles associated with right angled triangles
Calculate physical quantities of materials and make the appropriate allowances
Comments
Units of measurement include linear, weight, volume, time and temperature
Calculations for area and volume include a variety of different shapes including
rectangular, triangular and circular
10 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 6: Planning and Communication
Know
The roles and responsibilities of the parties to a construction process
How to plan and coordinate work to fit with the construction programme,
legislative requirements and other trades
Do
Work effectively with the parties to a construction process
Communicate effectively with the parties to a construction process
Comments
The parties to a construction contract can include the main contractor, other
subcontractors, clients, suppliers, designers, compliance bodies etc
Working effectively involves everyday contact on site and the ability to discuss and
reach conclusions about work requirements and integration of activities
Communicating effectively involves written, oral and graphic communications
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 11
Specification:
Brick and Block Laying
(165 credits)
To achieve this brick and block specification, you must understand and apply
the requirements around consents and licensing, use different materials of
the trade, mix mortars and carry out all aspects of laying bricks and blocks.
This specification contains these eight skill sets:

Consents and licensing

Materials

Mixing

Before laying bricks and blocks

Brick walls

Other brick elements

Block walls

Alternative claddings and features
Each skill set comprises:
Know
(the theory that underpins the practical skills)
Do
(the practical skills you need to have)
Comments
(explanatory notes to clarify specific aspects of knowledge and skill)
12 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 1: Consents and licensing
Know
How the licensed building practitioner scheme operates in the New Zealand
construction industry
The requirements and responsibilities of being a licensed building practitioner
How the consenting process operates in the New Zealand construction industry
The requirements and responsibilities of undertaking consentable work
Do
Undertake brick and blocklaying work to meet building consent compliance
Comments
It is not a requirement to be a licensed building practitioner but it is required that
work completed meets the legislated requirements, and is signed off by a licensed
building practitioner
Consenting processes involve both resource and building consents
Skill Set 2: Materials
Know
The different types, properties, limitations and layout of bricks
The different types, properties, limitations and layout of blocks
The types and properties of other materials that may be laid by brick and
blocklayers
The different types, ingredients and composition of mortars
The ingredients and composition of grout fill
The different types, sizes, strengths and placement of reinforcing steel
The different types and uses of accessories used by brick and blocklayers
How and where to store bricks and blocks to protect them from the weather and
other trades
Comments
Types of bricks include clay, concrete, refractory, and adobe/earth
Properties of bricks and blocks include sizes, shapes, textures, colours and finishes
Layout of bricks and blocks include standard and decorative bond patterns
Types of other materials that may be laid by brick and blocklayers include aerated
concrete, polystyrene blocks, precast concrete elements, natural stone,
manufactured stone and pavers. The level of knowledge required for these
materials should be proportional to their use which is significantly less than the
other materials covered in this specification
Types of mortars include those used for bricks, blocks, and other materials
Types of accessories include sealants, adhesives, brick ties, fixings, bituminous
products, shelf angles, brick lintels, fillers, flashings, reinforcing fibres, fibreglass
mesh, chicken wire, 4mm wire and specialist fasteners
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 13
Skill Set 3: Mixing
Know
How mortar is mixed
Do
Mix mortars
Comments
The mixing of mortars includes using the appropriate proportions of the different
ingredients including lime, sand, cement, water, additives, colour and premix
materials (bagged mortar)
Different mortars are required for different materials and applications
Skill Set 4: Before laying bricks and blocks
Know
How to set up the site ready for laying bricks and blocks
The characteristics of foundations constructed as the base for bricks and blocks
The characteristics of the building substrate prepared for laying bricks
Do
Set up the site ready for laying bricks and blocks
Confirm suitability of foundation and substrate ready for laying bricks and blocks
Prepare foundations and substrate to allow the laying of bricks and blocks
Order materials and co-ordinate deliveries
Check quality, quantity, consistency and finish of delivered materials
Prepare materials ready for laying bricks and blocks
Comments
Characteristics of foundations include line, level, plumb, acceptable tolerances,
condition of damp proof course and position of reinforcing starters
Characteristics of building substrate include line, level, plumb, condition of wrap,
allowance for cavity, flashing systems and position of penetrations and services
Preparation of foundations include cleaning down and removing rough edges of
concrete
Preparing materials includes stacking, blending, re-positioning, covering and
protecting
14 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 5: Brick walls
Know
How to set up ready to lay bricks
How to cut bricks
How to set out the first course
How to place mortar
How to lay courses
How to form and complete openings
How to finish brick surfaces
Do
Set up to lay bricks and set out the first course
Cut bricks
Lay courses incorporating brick requirements
Form and complete openings
Finish brick surfaces
Comments
Setting up to lay bricks includes use of profiles, storey rods, and string/plumb lines
Setting out the first course includes bond pattern, and positions for clean outs,
control joints and weep holes
Placing mortar includes spreading beds and buttering bricks to the correct thickness
Laying courses includes placing full, half, three quarter and other cut bricks, fixing
ties and reinforcing, forming internal and external corners and control joints,
incorporating wash-out ports, weep holes and air vents
Openings include doors, windows, and penetrations for services
Forming openings includes the integration of cut bricks, sills, lintels, flashings and
shelf angles
The level of complexity when laying bricks includes being able to form single and
double storey rectangular walls, raking or gable walls, 90 degree internal and
external corners and corners of angles other than 90 degrees
Finishing brick surfaces includes tooling joints, cleaning surfaces, brushing, bagging,
sponging and sealing and filling in wash-out ports
Skill Set 6: Other brick elements
Know
How to set out and construct arches
How to set out and lay bricks to form curved walls
How to set out and lay bricks to form columns and pillars
How to set out and lay bricks to form fire backs
Do
Set out and construct arches
Set out and lay bricks to form curved walls
Set out and lay bricks to form columns and pillars
Set out and lay bricks to form fire backs
Comments
The set-out and construction of arches includes use of templates and falsework as
well as laying the bricks
Curved walls include concave, convex and serpentine
Columns and pillars include attached, stand alone and reinforced and can be
shaped round, square/rectangular and twisted
Fire backs include indoor and outdoor
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 15
Skill Set 7: Block walls
Know
How to set up ready to lay blocks
How to set out the first course
How to place mortar
How to lay courses
How to form and complete openings
How to form specific structural members
How to prepare a wall for grout fill
How to form curved walls
How to finish block surfaces
Do
Set up to lay blocks and set out the first course
Lay courses incorporating block requirements
Form and complete openings
Form specific structural members
Prepare for and complete grout fill
Finish block surfaces
Comments
Setting up to lay blocks includes use of profiles, string lines and chalk lines
Setting out the first course includes bond pattern, laying plumb corners and
positions for wash outs, reinforcing and control joints
Placing mortar includes spreading beds and buttering blocks to the correct
thickness
Laying courses includes placing a variety of different blocks, forming corners, and
control joints, incorporating reinforcing, wash-out ports, weep holes, flashings, air
vents and tooling joints
Openings include doors, windows and penetrations for services
Structural members includes columns, bond beams and lintels
The level of complexity when laying blocks includes being able to form single and
double storey rectangular walls, raking or gable walls, intersecting walls, foundation
walls, retaining walls, freestanding walls and curved walls; including 90 degree
corners and corners of angles other than 90 degrees
Grout fill includes high and low lifts
Finishing block surfaces includes laying sills and capping blocks, forming plaster
cappings and cleaning all surfaces
16 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 8: Alternative claddings and features
Know
Understand different material requirements and where to source different
materials
Do
Set out, lay and finish alternative claddings and features
Comments
Alternative claddings and features involves working with materials other than
traditional bricks and blocks which could include aerated concrete, polystyrene
blocks, precast concrete elements, natural stone, manufactured stone and pavers
Alternative claddings and features could include building elements such as the
whole(or components) of the exterior envelope of a building, integrated or standalone architectural features and paved or landscaped areas
Work on alternative claddings and features is not considered the typical domain of
all brick and blocklayers, but can be undertaken by them as it utilises much of the
knowledge and many of the skills required to be demonstrated by a competent
brick and blocklayer
Setting out and laying alternative claddings and features is not a compulsory
requirement of the qualification but a skill nonetheless that should be
acknowledged by those who undertake this work as a brick and blocklayer
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 17
Specification:
Floor and Wall Tiling
(125 Credits)
To achieve this floor and wall tiling specification you must understand and
use different materials of the trade, mix adhesives, grouts etc and carry out
all aspects of fixing floor and wall tiles.
This specification contains these five skill sets:
•
Materials
•
Before fixing tiles
•
Mixing
•
Cutting and fixing tiles
•
Finishing tiles
Each skill set comprises:
Know
(the theory that underpins the practical skills)
Do
(the practical skills you need to have)
Comments
(explanatory notes to clarify specific aspects of knowledge and skill)
18 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 1: Materials
Know
The different types, sizes, characteristics and limitations of tiles
The different types and properties of watertightness materials and systems
The different types and properties of beds to which tiles are fixed
The different types and properties of primers and adhesives used to prepare
substrates to which tiles are fixed
The different types and properties of grouts and flexible sealants used to finish tiles
The different types and properties of sealers used to finish tiles
The different types and uses of accessories used by tilers
How and where to store tiles to protect them from the weather and other trades
Comments
Types of tiles include porcelain, ceramic, stone, terracotta, glass and composite
Characteristics of tiles include reaction to temperature variation and other
environmental conditions, moisture and chemical resistance, colour, texture and
pattern
Types of watertightness materials and systems include membranes, flashings and
sealers
Beds include mortar, slip layer self-levelling and screed compounds
Primers and adhesives include cement-based, acrylic-based, one pot, two pot and
three pot
Grouts include cement-based, epoxy and acrylic, along with any additives used to
modify the mix
Flexible sealants include urethane, silicone and neutral cure
Sealers include water and solvent-based
Types of accessories include spacers, wedges, caps, beads, mouldings, transition
strips, movement control joints, shower wastes, mechanical fixings etc
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 19
Skill Set 2: Before fixing tiles
Know
The different types and properties of substrates to which tiles are laid
How to prepare new and existing substrates and surfaces for fixing tiles
How to determine the set-out for tiles
How to confirm the suitability of pre-installed systems over which tiles will be fixed
Do
Order materials and co-ordinate deliveries
Check quality, quantity, consistency and finish of delivered materials
Prepare new and existing substrates and surfaces for fixing tiles
Set out in preparation for fixing tiles
Comments
Preparation of new and existing substrates and surfaces (where applicable
depending on the type and condition of surface and substrates, deflection rates
and requirements for tiling) includes remedial work, grinding, priming, levelling,
and applying a waterproofing system
Substrates include those fixed in horizontal and vertical planes to light timber or
steel framed structures (such plaster board, tile and slate underlay) and solid
substrates (such as block and concrete)
Surfaces include substrates (as above) and existing finishes to substrates including
tiles, accoustic membranes, butyl rubber, rendered surfaces, cork tiles, metal, glass,
painted surfaces and plastic
Pre-installed systems include under tile heating systems, waterproofing systems
and accoustic membrane systems
Skill Set 3: Mixing
Know
How beds, adhesives and grouts are mixed
Do
Mix beds, adhesives and grouts
Comments
Beds to which tiles are applied include mortar, self-levelling and screed compounds
The mixing of beds, adhesives and grouts requires strict adherence to the
manufacturer's specifications
20 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 4: Cut and fix tiles
Know
How to cut and fix tiles
Do
Cut and fix tiles
Comments
Tiles must be fixed to walls, floors, wet areas, heated floors, decks, steps, columns
and acoustic systems
Tile types must include different sizes and shapes (square, rectangular, and other
geometrical shapes, large, small, border and mosaic), and be made from different
materials with different finishes
Fixing tiles includes thin set, mechanical and elevated jacks
The level of knowledge required for thin set processes should reflect that fact that
thin set is the primary process used by tilers. The level of knowledge required for
mechanical and elevated jacks is proportional to their use in the industry, and in
specific contexts
Skill Set 5: Finish
Know
How to finish edges and transitions
How to grout tiles
How to apply flexible sealant
How to apply sealers
How to protect newly laid surfaces
How to care for, maintain and repair finished tiled surfaces
Do
Finish edges and transitions
Grout tiles
Apply flexible sealant
Apply sealers
Protect newly laid surfaces
Comments
Finishing edges and transitions includes using beads, mouldings and transition
strips
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 21
Specification:
Proprietary Plaster Cladding
Systems
(105 Credits)
(Optional strand 20 Credits )
To achieve this proprietary plaster claddings systems specification you must
understand and apply the requirements around consents and licensing, use
different materials of the trade, mix modified plaster and carry out all other
aspects of proprietary plaster cladding systems work.
This specification contains these seven skill sets:

Consents and licensing

Materials

Fixing substrate
Optional practical strand in Fixing cavities and Substrates

Mixing

Plaster and finish surfaces

Decorative mouldings

Repairs and maintenance
Each skill set comprises:
Know
(the theory that underpins the practical skills)
Do
(the practical skills you need to have)
Comments
(explanatory notes to clarify specific aspects of knowledge and skill)
22 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 1: Consents and licensing
Know
How the licensed building practitioner scheme operates in the New Zealand
construction industry
The requirements and responsibilities of being a licensed building practitioner
How the consenting process operates in the New Zealand construction industry
The requirements and responsibilities of undertaking consentable work
Do
Undertake proprietary plaster cladding systems work to meet building consent
compliance
Comments
It is not a requirement to be a licensed building practitioner but it is required that
work completed meets the legislated requirements
Consenting processes involve both resource and building consents
Skill Set 2: Materials
Know
The different types and properties of substrates used in proprietary plaster
cladding systems
The different types, composition and limitations of the various coats of modified
plaster and where they are used
The different types and uses of accessories used by proprietary plaster cladding
systems installers
The different types and composition of texture and paint systems for proprietary
plaster cladding systems
How and where to store plaster and accessories to protect them from the weather
and other trades
Comments
Substrates include those fixed to light timber, solid masonry or steel framed
structures (such as fibre cement sheet, polystyrene and aerated concrete) and solid
substrates (such as block, concrete and precast concrete)
Various coats of modified plaster include levelling, jointing, base, adhesive,
reinforcement and finishing
Accessories include fixings, reinforcing, beads, flashings, adhesives and sealants,
tapes and masking
Paint systems include sealers and finishing coats
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 23
Skill Set 3: Fixing substrates
Know
How to check light timber, steel framing or solid masonry is suitable for fixing the
substrate
How to fix substrates
Do (optional)
Check framing or solid masonry is suitable for fixing the substrate
Fix cavities and substrates
Comments
Substrates include sheet or board materials such as fibre cement, polystyrene and
aerated concrete
Framing includes light timber or steel framing
Checking framing or solid masonry includes the physical attributes and position of
members, services, wraps and flashings
Fixing substrates includes adhering to all the requirements laid out by the
manufacturer of the proprietary plaster cladding system including the use of fixings,
flashings, beads, adhesives, and allowances for cavities, specific clearances,
junctions, penetrations and control joints
The level of knowledge required for fixing substrates is to be able to recognise that
a substrate has been fixed according to the specifications of the manufacturer of
the system
Skill Set 4: Mixing
Know
How modified plaster is mixed
Do
Mix modified plaster
Comments
The mixing of modified plaster requires strict adherence to the manufacturer's
specifications for different coats
24 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 5: Plastering and finishing surfaces
Know
How to mask and protect adjacent surfaces
How to set out and apply modified plaster coats to different surfaces
How to prepare the previous coat for the application of the next coat of modified
plaster
How to produce different finishes in modified plaster coats
How to cure modified plaster surfaces
How to produce different paint finishes and textures over modified plaster coats
Do
Mask and protect adjacent surfaces
Set out and apply modified plaster coats to prepared surfaces
Prepare the previous coat for the application of the next coat of modified plaster
Cure modified plaster surfaces
Complete any remedial work necessary
Apply paint finishing system
De-mask and clean up
Comments
Modified plaster coats include levelling, jointing, base, adhesive, reinforcement and
finishing
Finishing plaster coats can be mineral-based or polymer-based and include a variety
of different textured finishes
Prepared surfaces include walls, soffits and applied decorative mouldings
Skill Set 6: Decorative mouldings
Know
The types, components and locations of decorative mouldings
How to attach decorative mouldings and integrate with the proprietary plaster
cladding system
Do
Attach and integrate decorative mouldings with the proprietary plaster cladding
system
Comments
Types of decorative mouldings can include window surrounds, inter-storey,
columns, dentils and quoins
Skill Set 7: Repairs and maintenance
Know
How to prepare existing coatings for repairs and maintenance
The different types of defects encountered in plastered surfaces and what to do to
remedy them
The care and maintenance of proprietary plaster cladding systems
Do
Repair defects in existing plasterwork
Undertake maintenance of existing plasterwork
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 25
Specification:
Ferro-Cement Tank Manufacture
(75 Credits)
To achieve this ferro-cement tank specification you must understand and use
different materials and products of the trade, mix concrete and plaster and,
carry out all other aspects of traditional tank manufacture.
This specification contains these five skill sets:

Materials and products

Pre concreting and plastering

Mixing

Concreting

Plastering
Each skill set comprises:
Know
(the theory that underpins the practical skills)
Do
(the practical skills you need to have)
Comments
(explanatory notes to clarify specific aspects of knowledge and skill)
26 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 1: Materials and products
Know
The different types, sizes, configurations and components of traditional tanks
The different ingredients, composition and limitations of the concrete used to
manufacture traditional tanks
The different ingredients and composition of the various coats of sand and cement
plaster used to manufacture traditional tanks
The different types and properties of reinforcing used to manufacture traditional
tanks
The different types and uses of accessories used by traditional tank manufacturers
How and where to store materials to protect them from the weather and other
trades
Comments
Types of traditional tank include water, waste water and modified
Composition of concrete includes the proportions of ingredients used to achieve
specific strengths and how this is confirmed through testing
Types of reinforcing include steel bars and mesh, chain link wire, wire and fibre
Various coats of sand and cement plaster include wirecoat, internal coat, final coat
and stipple coat
Types of accessories include risers, pipes, doors/windows and reinforcing chairs
Skill Set 2: Pre concreting and plastering
Know
The different types of moulds and formwork used to manufacture traditional tanks
How to set up moulds for the different tank components
How to cut, bend, tie and position reinforcing for the different tank components
How to place and secure in position any accessories that are cast into the tank
Do
Set up moulds and formwork for the different tank components
Cut, bend, tie and position reinforcing for the different tank components
Place and secure in position any accessories that are cast into the tank
Comments
Tank components include bases, internal walls, external walls and roofs
Types of reinforcing include steel bars and mesh, chain link wire and wire
Types of accessories include risers, pipes and lifters
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 27
Skill Set 3: Mixing
Know
How sand and cement plaster is mixed
Do
Mix sand and cement plaster
Comments
The mixing of sand and cement plaster includes using the appropriate proportions
of the different ingredients for different coats, including sand, cement, water and
additives
Skill Set 4: Concreting
Know
How to place and finish concrete
How to cure concrete
How to strip and clean moulds and formwork
The different types of defects encountered in finished concrete and what to do to
remedy them
Do
Place and finish concrete for the different tank components
Cure concrete
Strip and clean moulds and formwork
Complete any remedial work necessary
Comments
Tank components include bases, internal walls, roofs and internal bands
Stripping moulds for roofs involves working in a confined space
Skill Set 5: Plastering
Know
How to set out and apply sand and cement plaster coats to different surfaces
How to cure plastered surfaces
How to strip and clean moulds and formwork
The different types of defects encountered in plastered surfaces and what to do to
remedy them
Do
Set out and apply sand and cement plaster coats to prepared surfaces
Cure plastered surfaces
Strip and clean moulds and formwork
Complete any remedial work necessary
Comments
Sand and cement plaster coats include wirecoat, internal coat, final coat and stipple
coat
28 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Specification:
Refractory Installation
(135 Credits)
To achieve this refractory installation specification you must understand and
apply the requirements around consents and licensing, use different
materials of the trade, mix mortars and carry out all aspects of refractory
installation.
This specification contains these eight skill sets:

Consents and permits

Materials

Mixing

Before laying and installing refractories

Laying refractories

Installing refractory mixes

Finishing and curing

Repairs and maintenance
Each skill set comprises:
Know
(the theory that underpins the practical skills)
Do
(the practical skills you need to have)
Comments
(explanatory notes to clarify specific aspects of knowledge and skill)
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 29
Skill Set 1: Consents and permits
Know
How the consenting process operates in the New Zealand construction industry
The requirements and responsibilities of undertaking consented work
How permits to work operate in the New Zealand construction industry
Do
Undertake refractory installation work to meet building consent compliance
Undertake refractory installation work to adhere to permits to work
Comments
It is not a requirement to be a licensed building practitioner but it is required that
work completed meets the legislated requirements
Consenting processes involve both resource and building consents
Permits to work include things such as hot work, confined space, job safety
environmental analysis (JSEA) and pre-commissioning inspections
Skill Set 2: Materials
Know
The different types, properties, limitations and layout of refractory bricks, blocks,
tiles and components of different shapes and sizes
The different types, ingredients and composition of refractory mixes, castables and
mortars
The different types and uses of accessories used in refractories
Comments
Properties of refractory bricks, blocks, tiles and other components include sizes,
shapes, textures, finishes, chemical composition, density, porosity, specific gravity,
strength and thermal effects
Types of refractories include basic, high alumina, fireclay, silica, insulating and
specialist refractories
Types of refractory mixes, castables and mortars include those composed of water
and/or chemicals but used exclusively for refractory installation
Types of accessories include sealants, adhesives, anchors, fixings, bituminous
products, shelf angles, brick lintels, fillers, reinforcing fibres and specialist fasteners
Skill Set 3: Mixing
Know
How refractory mixes, castables and mortars are mixed
Do
Mix refractory mixes, castables and mortars
Comments
The mixing of refractory mixes, castables and mortars includes using the
appropriate proportions of the different ingredients including silica, aluminium,
magnesium oxide and chemicals. It also includes mixing bags of refractory pre-mix
mortar
Different refractory mixes castables and mortars are required for different
applications
30 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 4: Before laying and installing refractories
Know
How to set up the site ready for laying and installing refractories
The characteristics of foundations constructed as the base for refractories
The characteristics of substrates to which refractories are laid and installed
How to prepare substrates for laying and installing refractories
How to install linings and insulating materials
Do
Set up the site ready for laying and installing refractories
Confirm suitability of substrates ready for laying and installing refractories
Prepare substrates to allow for laying and installing refractories
Order materials and co-ordinate deliveries
Check quality, quantity, consistency and finish of delivered materials
Prepare materials ready for laying and installing refractories
Install linings and insulating materials
Comments
Characteristics of foundations include line, level, plumb and acceptable tolerances
Characteristics of substrates include type, quality, finish and suitability to accept
refractory installation
Preparing substrates includes remedial work, cleaning and priming
Preparing materials includes stacking, re-positioning, covering and protecting
Lining and insulating materials include ceramic modules, ceramic blanket, insulating
bricks and castables
Skill Set 5: Laying refactories
Know
How to set up ready to lay refractory bricks, blocks, tiles and components of
different sizes and shapes
How to apply membranes
How to set out the first course
How to place refractory mortar
How to lay courses
Do
Set up to lay refractory bricks, blocks, tiles and components of different shapes and
sizes, and set out the first course
Apply membranes
Lay courses of refractory bricks, blocks, tiles and components of different shapes
and sizes
Form and complete openings
Comments
Membranes include laid, sprayed and trowelled
Placing mortar includes spreading beds and buttering bricks, blocks, tiles and other
components to the correct thickness
Laying courses includes placing refractory bricks, blocks, tiles and other
components to flat and curved surfaces, fixing ties, anchors, forming internal and
external corners, control/expansion joints, anchorage and air vents
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 31
Skill Set 6: Installing refractory mixes
Know
How to set up ready to install refractory mixes
How to install refractory mixes
Do
Set up ready to install refractory mixes
Install refractory mixes to flat and curved surfaces
Comments
Types of refractory mixes include plastic, monolithic, ramming, gunning, castables,
acid resistant linings, and man-made mineral fibres
Set-up includes the use of formwork and moulds where required
Installation is either fed or placed and includes placing anchors and vents
Skill Set 7: Finishing and curing
Know
The different types and limitations of finishes for refractories
How to apply different finishes to refractories
The different types, ways and importance of curing refractories
Do
Apply finishes to refractories
Cure refractories
Skill Set 8: Repairs and maintenance
Know
The types and causes of defects found in refractories
How to repair defects and maintain refractories
Do
Perform repairs, routine maintenance and reinstallation of refractory structures
while maintaining the integrity of the existing structure
Comments
Types of defects includes wear, fractures and spalling
32 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Specification:
Solid Plastering
(125 Credits)
(Optional Decorative Mouldings strand 40 Credits)
To achieve this solid plastering specification, you must understand and apply
the requirements around consents and licensing, use different materials of
the trade, mix plasters and carry out all other aspects of solid plastering
surfaces.
This specification contains these six skill sets:

Consents and licensing

Materials

Mixing

Surface preparation

Plaster surfaces

Repairs and maintenance

Decorative mouldings (OPTIONAL)
Each skill set comprises:
Know
(the theory that underpins the practical skills)
Do
(the practical skills you need to have)
Comments
(explanatory notes to clarify specific aspects of knowledge and skill)
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 33
Skill Set 1: Consents and licensing
Know
How the licensed building practitioner scheme operates in the New Zealand
construction industry
The requirements and responsibilities of being a licensed building practitioner
How the consenting process operates in the New Zealand construction industry
The requirements and responsibilities of undertaking consentable work
Do
Undertake solid plastering work to meet building consent compliance
Comments
It is not a requirement to be a licensed building practitioner, but it is required that
work completed meets the legislated requirements
Consenting processes involve both resource and building consents
Skill Set 2: Materials
Know
The different types and properties of substrates to which solid plaster is applied
The different ingredients, composition and limitations of the various coats of solid
plaster
The different types, composition and limitations of modified plaster
The different types and uses of accessories used by solid plasterers
How and where to store materials to protect them from the weather and other
trades
Comments
Substrates include those fixed to light timber or steel framed structures (such as
fibre cement sheet) and solid substrates (such as block, concrete and brick)
Various coats of solid plaster include bond, slush, scratch, flanking and finishing
Skill Set 3: Mixing
Know
How solid plaster is mixed
How modified plaster is mixed
Do
Mix solid plaster
Mix modified plaster
Comments
Mixing solid plaster includes using the appropriate proportions of the different
ingredients for different coats including sand, cement, water, colour and additives
Mixing modified plaster requires strict adherence to the manufacturer's
specifications for different coats
Proportions of individual ingredients of the solid plaster mix vary depending on the
coarseness and composition of the sand, and environmental conditions
34 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)
Skill Set 4: Surface preparation
Know
How to prepare solid substrates for plastering
How to prepare light-framed substrates for plastering
Do
Prepare solid substrates for the application of solid plaster
Prepare light-framed substrates for the application of solid plaster
Comments
Solid substrates include concrete, concrete block and brick
Methods of preparation for solid substrates includes water blasting, sand blasting,
hacking, scabbling and grinding
Preparation of light-framed substrates includes fixing accessories and protection of
other surfaces
Accessories include fixings, reinforcing, beads, mouldings and flashings
Skill Set 5: Plaster surfaces
Know
How to set out and apply plaster coats to different surfaces
How to produce different finishes in plaster coats
How to cure plastered surfaces
The different types of defects encountered in plastered surfaces and what to do to
remedy them
Do
Set out and apply solid plaster coats to prepared surfaces
Set out and apply modified plaster
Cure plastered surfaces
Complete any remedial work necessary
Comments
Solid plaster coats include bond, slush, scratch, flanking and finishing
Finishing coats include a range of different finishes
Prepared surfaces include walls, soffits, floors, steps and landings
The application of modified plaster is to supplement other solid plaster coats and
does not constitute a proprietary plaster cladding system
Skill Set 6: Repairs and maintenance
Know
How to prepare existing plasterwork for repairs and maintenance
The different types of defects encountered in plastered surfaces and what to do to
remedy them
The care and maintenance of solid plastered surfaces
Do
Repair defects in existing plasterwork
Undertake maintenance of existing plasterwork
Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016) | 35
OPTIONAL STRAND
Skill Set 6: Decorative mouldings
Know
The types, components and locations of decorative mouldings
How to make running moulds
How to run mouldings on a bench or in situ
Do
Make running moulds
Run plaster mouldings on a bench or in situ
Fix cast or run mouldings to surfaces
Comments
Types of decorative mouldings include arches, architraves, cornice, corbels and
modillions, columns and pillars, dados, dentils, friezes and pediments
Mouldings run on a bench are for future application. Mouldings run in situ are
run directly onto the surfaces of the building or structure in their finished
position
Plaster can be sand and cement plaster or modified plaster
36 | Specifications required by the New Zealand Certificate in Trowel Trades (February 2016)