Scilab Textbook Companion for Basic Electronics And

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Scilab Textbook Companion for
Basic Electronics And Linear Circuits
by N. N. Bhargava, D. C. Kulshreshtha And S.
C. Gupta1
Created by
Mohammad Faisal Siddiqi
B.Tech (pursuing)
Electronics Engineering
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
College Teacher
Dr. Sajad A. Loan
Cross-Checked by
TechPassion
May 19, 2016
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,
http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Basic Electronics And Linear Circuits
Author: N. N. Bhargava, D. C. Kulshreshtha And S. C. Gupta
Publisher: Tata McGraw - Hill Education, New Delhi
Edition: 1
Year: 2008
ISBN: 0074519654
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
4
1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
6
2 CURRENT AND VOLTAGE SOURCES
8
4 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE
12
5 TRANSISTORS
18
6 VACUUM TUBES
25
7 TRANSISTOR BIASING AND STABILIZATION OF OPERATING POINT
30
8 SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS
44
9 MULTI STAGE AMPLIFIERS
51
10 POWER AMPLIFIERS
59
11 TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
62
12 FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIERS
67
13 OSCILLATORS
71
14 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
73
3
List of Scilab Codes
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
4.1
4.2
4.3.a
4.3.b
4.3.c
4.3.d
4.3.e
4.4
4.5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4.a
5.4.b
Exa 5.5
Exa 5.6
Exa 5.7
Exa 5.8
Exa 6.1
Resistor Range Calculation using Colour Band Sequence
Resistor Range Calculation using Colour Band Sequence
Equivalent Current Source Representation . . . . . . .
Equivalent Voltage Source Representation . . . . . . .
Current Determination using Voltage Source and Current Source Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output Voltage Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DC Voltage and PIV Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . .
DC Voltage and PIV Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . .
Peak Value of Current Calculation . . . . . . . . . . .
DC or Average Value of Current Calculation . . . . .
RMS Value of Current Calculation . . . . . . . . . . .
Ripple Factor Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rectification Efficiency Calculation . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Permissible Current Determination . . . . .
Capacitance Determination on changing Bias Voltage .
Collector and Base Currents Calculation . . . . . . . .
Dynamic Input Resistance Determination . . . . . . .
Short Circuit Current Gain Determination . . . . . . .
Common Base Short Circuit Current Gain Calculation
Common Emitter Short Circuit Current Gain Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DC Current Gain in Common Base Configuration . . .
Determination of Dynamic Output Resistance and AC
and DC Current Gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Q Point Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Dynamic Drain Resistance of JFET . .
Dynamic Plate Resistance of the Diode Determination
4
6
7
8
9
9
10
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
21
22
23
25
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
6.2
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4.a
7.4.b
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
8.1
8.2.a
8.2.b
8.2.c
8.3.a
8.3.b
8.3.c
8.4
8.5
8.6
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4.a
Exa 9.4.b
Exa 9.4.c
Exa 9.5
Plotting of Static Plate Characteristics . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Ic and Vce for given Circuit . . . . . . . . .
Calculate coordinates of Operating Point . . . . . . .
Quiescent Operating Point Determination . . . . . . .
Calculate value of Resistance Rb . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Collector Current Ic . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Ie and Vc in the Circuit . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Minimum and Maximum Collector Currents
Calculate Values of the three Currents . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Minimum and Maximum Ie and corresponding Vce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine the new Q Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the value of Rb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate DC bias Voltages and Currents . . . . . . .
Calculate Re and Vce in the Circuit . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Ic and Vce for given Circuit . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Ic and Vce for given Circuit . . . . . . . . .
Determination of Hybrid Parameters . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Input Impedance of Amplifier . . . . . .
Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Current Gain of Amplifier . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Input Impedance of Amplifier . . . . . .
Calculation of Q Point Parameters of Amplifier . . . .
Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Gain of Single Stage Amplifier . . . . .
Calculation of Output Signal Voltage of FET Amplifier
Calculate overall Voltage Gain in dB . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Voltage at the Output Terminal . . . . . . .
To Plot the Frequency Response Curve . . . . . . . .
Calculate Input Impedance of Two Stage RC Coupled
Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Ouput Impedance of Two Stage RC Coupled
Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Voltage Gain of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Maximum Voltage Gain and Bandwidth of
Triode Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
27
30
31
32
33
34
34
35
36
36
38
39
40
40
41
42
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
51
51
52
55
55
56
57
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
10.1
10.2
10.3.a
10.3.b
11.1.a
11.1.b
11.1.c
11.1.d
11.2
Exa 11.3
Exa 12.1
Exa 12.2
Exa 12.3
Exa 12.4
Exa 12.5
Exa 13.1
Exa 13.2
Exa 13.3
Exa 14.1
Exa 14.2
Exa 14.3
Exa 14.4
Exa 14.5
Calculation of Transformer Turns Ratio . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Effective Resistance seen at Primary . .
Calculation of 2nd 3rd and 4th Harmonic Distortions .
Percentage Increase in Power because of Distortion . .
Calculation of Resonant Frequency . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Impedance at Resonance . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Current at Resonance . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Voltage across each Component . . . .
Calculation of Parameters of the Resonant Circuit at
Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Impedance Q and Bandwidth of Resonant Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Gain of Negative Feedback Amplifier . .
Calculation of Internal Gain and Feedback Gain . . .
Calculation of change in overall Gain of Feedback Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Input Impedance of the Feedback Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation of Feedback Factor and Percent change in
overall Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of Tuned Collector
Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of Phase Shift Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of Wein Bridge Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Caculation of Series Resistance for coversion to Voltmeter
Calculation of Shunt Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Designing of a Universal Shunt for making a Multi Range
Milliammeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determination of Peak and RMS AC Voltage . . . . .
Determination of Magnitude and Frequency of Voltage
Fed to Y Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
59
59
60
61
62
62
63
64
64
65
67
67
68
69
69
71
71
72
73
74
74
76
76
List of Figures
6.1
6.2
Dynamic Plate Resistance of the Diode Determination . . .
Plotting of Static Plate Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
27
9.1
To Plot the Frequency Response Curve . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
14.1 Determination of Magnitude and Frequency of Voltage Fed to
Y Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
7
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRONICS
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Resistor Range Calculation using Colour Band Sequence
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// Example 1 . 1
// Program t o f i n d Range o f a R e s i s t o r s o a s t o
s a t i s f y manufacturer ’ s Tolerances
// C o l o u r Band S e q u e n c e : YELLOW, VIOLET , ORANGE, GOLD
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
A =4; //NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND YELLOW
B =7; //NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND VIOLET
C =3; //NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND ORANGE
D =5; //TOLERANCE VALUE FOR BAND GOLD i . e . 5%
// R e s i s t o r V a l u e C a l c u l a t i o n
R =( A *10+ B ) *10^ C ;
// T o l e r a n c e V a l u e C a l u l a t i o n
T = D * R /100;
R1 =R - T ;
R2 = R + T ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
8
printf ( ” \n\n\ t R e s i s t o r V a l u e i s %f kOhms +− %f
p e r c e n t . ” ,R /1000 , D ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n\ t R e s i s t o r V a l u e i s %f kOhms +− %f
kOhms . ” ,R /1000 , T /1000) ;
20 printf ( ” \n\n\ t Range o f V a l u e s o f t h e R e s i s t o r i s %f
kOhms & %f kOhms . ” , R1 /1000 , R2 /1000) ;
18
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Resistor Range Calculation using Colour Band Sequence
1
2
3
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5
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8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
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18
19
20
// Example 1 . 2
// Program t o f i n d Range o f a R e s i s t o r s o a s t o
s a t i s f y manufacturer ’ s Tolerances
// C o l o u r Band S e q u e n c e : GRAY, BLUE, GOLD, GOLD
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
A =8; //NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND GRAY
B =6; //NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND BLUE
C = -1; //NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND GOLD
D =5; //TOLERANCE VALUE FOR BAND GOLD i . e . 5%
// R e s i s t o r V a l u e C a l c u l a t i o n
R =( A *10+ B ) *10^ C ;
// T o l e r a n c e V a l u e C a l u l a t i o n
T = D * R /100;
R1 =R - T ;
R2 = R + T ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\n\ t R e s i s t o r V a l u e i s %f Ohms +− %f
p e r c e n t . ” ,R , D ) ;
printf ( ” \n\n\ t R e s i s t o r V a l u e i s %f Ohms +− %f Ohms .
” ,R , T ) ;
printf ( ” \n\n\ t Range o f V a l u e s o f t h e R e s i s t o r i s %f
Ohms & %f Ohms . ” ,R1 , R2 ) ;
9
Chapter 2
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE
SOURCES
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Equivalent Current Source Representation
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// Example 2 . 1
// Program t o O b t a i n E q u i v a l e n t C u r r e n t S o u r c e
R e p r e s e n t a i o n from Given V o l t a g e S o u r c e
Representation
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// V o l t a g e S o u r c e o r Thevenin ’ s R e p r e s e n t a i o n ( S e r i e s
Voltage Source & R e s i s t o r )
Vs =2; // V o l t s
Rs =1; //Ohm
// C u r r e n t S o u r c e o r Norton ’ s R e p r e s e n t a i o n ( P a r a l l e l
Current Source & R e s i s t o r )
Is = Vs / Rs ; // Amperes
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\n\ t The S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t V a l u e i s %f
Amperes . ” , Is ) ;
printf ( ” \n\n\ t The S o u r c e I m p e d e n c e V a l u e i s %f Ohm .
” , Rs ) ;
10
14
printf ( ” \n\n\ t The C u r r e n t S o u r c e & S o u r c e Impedance
a r e connected i n P a r a l l e l . ”);
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Equivalent Voltage Source Representation
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12
13
14
// Example 2 . 2
// Program t o O b t a i n E q u i v a l e n t V o l t a g e S o u r c e
R e p r e s e n t a i o n from Given C u r r e n t S o u r c e
Representation
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// C u r r e n t S o u r c e o r Norton ’ s R e p r e s e n t a i o n ( P a r a l l e l
Current Source & R e s i s t o r )
Is =0.2; // Amperes
Zs =100; //Ohms
// V o l t a g e S o u r c e o r Thevenin ’ s R e p r e s e n t a i o n ( S e r i e s
Voltage Source & R e s i s t o r )
Vs = Is * Zs ; // V o l t s
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\n\ t The Open C i r c u i t V o l t a g e i s %f V o l t s .
” , Vs ) ;
printf ( ” \n\n\ t The S o u r c e I m p e d e n c e V a l u e i s %f Ohms
. ” , Zs ) ;
printf ( ” \n\n\ t The V o l t a g e S o u r c e & S o u r c e Impedance
a r e connected i n S e r i e s . ”);
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Current Determination using Voltage Source and Current Source Representations
1
2
// Example 2 . 3
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e C u r r e n t i n a Branch by U s i n g
Current Source Representation
11
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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13
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20
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22
23
24
25
26
27
// V e r i f y t h e C i r c u i t ’ s R e s u l t f o r i t s e q u i v a l e n c e
with Voltage Source R e p r e s e n t a t i o n
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Is =1.5*10^( -3) ; // Amperes
Zs =2*10^3; //Ohms
Z1 =10*10^3; //Ohms
Z2 =40*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n f o r C u r r e n t S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n
Zl = Z1 * Z2 /( Z1 + Z2 ) ;
I2 = Is * Zs /( Zs + Zl ) ;
I4I = I2 * Z1 /( Z1 + Z2 ) ; // U s i n g C u r r e n t D i v i d e r Rule
// C a l c u l a t i o n f o r C u r r e n t S o u r c e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n
Vs = Is * Zs ; // Open C i r c u i t V o l a t g e
I = Vs /( Zs + Zl ) ;
I4V = I * Z1 /( Z1 + Z2 ) ; // U s i n g C u r r e n t D i v i d e r Rule
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\n\ t The Load C u r r e n t u s i n g C u r r e n t S o u r c e
R e p r e s e n t a i o n i s I 4 I = %f Amperes . ” , I4I ) ;
printf ( ” \n\n\ t The Load C u r r e n t u s i n g V o l t a g e S o u r c e
R e p r e s e n t a i o n i s I4V = %f Amperes . ” , I4V ) ;
if I4I == I4V then
printf ( ” \n\n\ t Both R e s u l t s a r e E q u i v a l e n t . ” ) ;
else
printf ( ” \n\n\ t Both R e s u l t s a r e Not E q u i v a l e n t . ” ) ;
end ;
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Output Voltage Determination
// Example 2 . 4
// Program t o O b t a i n Output V o l t a g e Vo from Given A . C
. E q u i v a l e n t o f an A m p l i f i e r u s i n g a T r a n s i s t o r
3 clear ;
1
2
12
4
5
6
7
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9
10
11
12
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14
15
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17
18
19
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
// I n p u t S i d e
Vs =10*10^( -3) ; // i . e . 10 mV
Rs =1*10^3; // i . e . 1 kOhms
// Output S i d e
Ro1 =20*10^3; // i . e . 20 kOhms
Ro2 =2*10^3; // i . e . 2 kOhms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
i = Vs / Rs ; // I n p u t C u r r e n t
Io =100* i ; // Output C u r r e n t
Il = Io * Ro1 /( Ro1 + Ro2 ) ; // U s i n g C u r r e n t D i v i d e r Rule
Vo = Il * Ro2 ; // Output V o l a t g e
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Output V o l t a g e Vo = %f V o l t s . ” , Vo ) ;
13
Chapter 4
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE
Scilab code Exa 4.1 DC Voltage and PIV Calculation
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3
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7
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12
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14
15
16
// Example 4 . 1
// Program t o d e t e r m i n e DC V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l o a d
and PIV o f t h e Diode
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vrms =220; // V o l t s
n2 =1; // Assumption
n1 =12* n2 ; // Turns R a t i o
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Vp = sqrt (2) * Vrms ; //Maximum ( Peak ) Primary V o l t a g e
Vm = n2 * Vp / n1 ; //Maximum S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e
Vdc = Vm / %pi ; //DC l o a d V o l t a g e
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The DC l o a d V o l t a g e i s = %f V . ” , Vdc ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The Peak I n v e r s e V o l t a g e ( PIV ) i s = %f V
. ” , Vm ) ;
14
Scilab code Exa 4.2 DC Voltage and PIV Calculation
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// Example 4 . 2
// Program t o d e t e r m i n e DC V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l o a d
and PIV o f t h e
// C e n t r e Tap R e c t i f i e r and B r i d g e R e c t i f i e r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vrms =220; // V o l t s
n2 =1; // Assumption
n1 =12* n2 ; // Turns R a t i o
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Vp = sqrt (2) * Vrms ; //Maximum ( Peak ) Primary V o l t a g e
Vm = n2 * Vp / n1 ; //Maximum S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e
Vdc =2* Vm / %pi ; //DC l o a d V o l t a g e
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The DC l o a d V o l t a g e i s = %f V . ” , Vdc ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The Peak I n v e r s e V o l t a g e ( PIV ) o f B r i d g e
R e c t i f i e r i s = %f V . ” , Vm ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The Peak I n v e r s e V o l t a g e ( PIV ) o f C e n t r e
−t a p R e c t i f i e r i s = %f V . ” ,2* Vm ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.3.a Peak Value of Current Calculation
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7
8
9
// Example 4 . 3 ( a )
// Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Rl =1*10^(3) ; //Ohms
rd =10; //Ohms
Vm =220; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e )
15
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n
11 Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ; // Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
12 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
13 printf ( ” \n\ t The Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t i s = %f mA . ”
, Im /10^( -3) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.3.b DC or Average Value of Current Calculation
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14
// Example 4 . 3 ( b )
// Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e DC o r A v e r a g e V a l u e o f
Current
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Rl =1*10^(3) ; //Ohms
rd =10; //Ohms
Vm =220; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e )
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ; // Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
Idc =2* Im / %pi ; //DC V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The DC o r A v e r a g e V a l u e o f C u r r e n t i s =
%f mA . ” , Idc /10^( -3) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.3.c RMS Value of Current Calculation
1 // Example 4 . 3 ( c )
2 // Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
3 clear ;
4 clc ;
5 close ;
6 // Given C i r c u i t Data
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Rl =1*10^(3) ; //Ohms
rd =10; //Ohms
Vm =220; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e )
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ; // Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
Irms = Im / sqrt (2) ; //RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t i s = %f mA . ” ,
Irms /10^( -3) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.3.d Ripple Factor Determination
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// Example 4 . 3 ( d )
// Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e R i p p l e F a c t o r o f C e n t r e −
t a p F u l l Wave R e c t i f i e r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Rl =1*10^(3) ; //Ohms
rd =10; //Ohms
Vm =220; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e )
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ; // Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
Idc =2* Im / %pi ; //DC V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
Irms = Im / sqrt (2) ; //RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
r = sqrt (( Irms / Idc ) ^2 -1) // R i p p l e F a c t o r
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The R i p p l e F a c t o r r = %f . ” ,r ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.3.e Rectification Efficiency Calculation
1
// Example 4 . 3 ( e )
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// Program t o d e t e r m i n e t h e R e c t i f i c a t i o n E f f i c i e n c y
o f C e n t r e −t a p F u l l Wave R e c t i f i e r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Rl =1*10^(3) ; //Ohms
rd =10; //Ohms
Vm =220; // V o l t s ( Peak V a l u e o f V o l t a g e )
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Im = Vm /( rd + Rl ) ; // Peak V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
Idc =2* Im / %pi ; //DC V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
Irms = Im / sqrt (2) ; //RMS V a l u e o f C u r r e n t
Pdc = Idc ^2* Rl ;
Pac = Irms ^2*( rd + Rl ) ;
n = Pdc / Pac ; // R e c t i f i c a t i o n E f f i c i e n c y
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The R e c t i f i c a t i o n E F f i c i e n c y n ( e e t a ) =
%f p e r c e n t . ” ,n *100) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Maximum Permissible Current Determination
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// Example 4 . 4
// Program t o d e t e r m i n e Maximum C u r r e n t t h e Given
Z e n e r Diode can h a n d l e
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vz =9.1; // V o l t s
P =364*10^( -3) ; // Watts
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Iz = P / Vz ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e C u r r e n t i s I z (
18
max ) = %f mA . ” , Iz /10^( -3) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Capacitance Determination on changing Bias Voltage
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// Example 4 . 5
// Program t o d e t e r m i n e C a p a c i t a n c e o f V a r a c t o r Diode
i f the
// R e v e r s e −B i a s V o l t a g e i s i n c r e a s e d from 4V t o 8V
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Ci =18*10^( -12) ; // i . e . 18 pF
Vi =4; // V o l t s
Vf =8; // V o l t s
// C a l c u l a t i o n
K = Ci * sqrt ( Vi ) ;
Cf = K / sqrt ( Vf ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The F i n a l V a l u e o f C a p a c i t a n c e i s C =
%f pF . ” , Cf /10^( -12) ) ;
19
Chapter 5
TRANSISTORS
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Collector and Base Currents Calculation
// Example 5 . 1
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e C o l l e c t o r and Base C u r r e n t s
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
alpha =0.98; // a l p h a ( dc )
Ico =1*10^( -6) ; // Ampere
Ie =1*10^( -3) ; // Ampere
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ic = alpha * Ie + Ico ; // C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t
Ib = Ie - Ic ; // Base C u r r e n t
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t i s I c= %f mA . ” ,
Ic /10^( -3) ) ;
15 printf ( ” \n\ t The Base C u r r e n t i s I b= %f uA . ” , Ib
/10^( -6) ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 5.2 Dynamic Input Resistance Determination
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// Example 5 . 2
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e Dynamic I n p u t R e s i s t a n c e o f
t h e T r a n s i s t o r a t // t h e p o i n t : I e =0.5 mA and Vcb=
−10 V .
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// From t h e I n p u t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
dIe =(0.7 -0.3) *10^( -3) ; //A
dVeb =(0.7 -0.62) ; //V
// C a l c u l a t i o n
ri = dVeb / dIe ; // Dynamic I n p u t R e s i s t a n c e a t Vcb= −10
V
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Dynamic I n p u t R e s i s t a n c e i s r i = %f
Ohms . ” , ri ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Short Circuit Current Gain Determination
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12
// Example 5 . 3
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain o f
the Tr a n s is t o r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
dIe =1*10^( -3) ; //A
dIc =0.99*10^( -3) ; //A
// C a l c u l a t i o n
hfb = dIc / dIe ; // S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain i s a l p h a
o r h f b= %f . ” , hfb ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 5.4.a Common Base Short Circuit Current Gain Calculation
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// Example 5 . 4 ( a )
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e Common Base S h o r t C i r c u i t
C u r r e n t Gain ( a l p h a )
// o f t h e T r a n s i s t o r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
dIe =1*10^( -3) ; //A
dIc =0.995*10^( -3) ; //A
// C a l c u l a t i o n
alpha = dIc / dIe ; //Common Base S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t
Gain
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Common Base S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t
Gain i s a l p h a= %f . ” , alpha ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.4.b Common Emitter Short Circuit Current Gain Calculation
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8
// Example 5 . 4 ( b )
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e Common E m i t t e r S h o r t C i r c u i t
C u r r e n t Gain ( b e e t a )
// o f t h e T r a n s i s t o r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
dIe =1*10^( -3) ; //A
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9 dIc =0.995*10^( -3) ; //A
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n
11 alpha = dIc / dIe ; //Common Base S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t
Gain
beeta = alpha /(1 - alpha ) ; //Common E m i t t e r S h o r t
C i r c u i t C u r r e n t Gain
13 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
14 printf ( ” \n\ t The Common E m i t t e r S h o r t C i r c u i t
C u r r e n t Gain i s b e e t a= %f . ” , beeta ) ;
12
Scilab code Exa 5.5 DC Current Gain in Common Base Configuration
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// Example 5 . 5
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e DC C u r r e n t Gain i n Common
Base C o n f i g u r a t i o n
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
Beeta =100;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Alpha = Beeta /( Beeta +1) ; //DC C u r r e n t Gain i n Common
Base C o n f i g u r a t i o n
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The DC C u r r e n t Gain i n Common Base
C o n f i g u r a t i o n i s Alpha= %f . ” , Alpha ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Determination of Dynamic Output Resistance and
AC and DC Current Gains
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2
// Example 5 . 6
// R e f e r F i g u r e 5 . 2 0 i n t h e Textbook
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// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e Dynamic Output R e s i s t a n c e
,
//DC C u r r e n t Gain & AC C u r r e n t Gain from g i v e n
output c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
Vce =10; //V
Ib =30*10^( -6) ; //A
// C a l c u l a t i o n from Given Output C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t
I b = 30uA
dVce =(12.5 -7.5) ; //V
dic =(3.7 -3.5) *10^( -3) ; //A
Ic =3.6*10^( -3) ; //A
ro = dVce / dic ; // Dynamic Output R e s i s t a n c e
Beeta_dc = Ic / Ib ; // DC C u r r e n t Gain
Beeta_ac =((4.7 -3.6) *10^( -3) ) /((40 -30) *10^( -6) ) ; //AC
C u r r e n t Gain , From Graph , Bac=d e l t a ( i c ) / d e l t a ( i b )
f o r g i v e n Vce
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t Dynamic Output R e s i s t a n c e , r o = %f
kOhms” , ro /10^(3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t DC C u r r e n t Gain , Bdc = %f ” , Beeta_dc ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t AC C u r r e n t Gain , Bac = %f ” , Beeta_ac ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.7 Q Point Determination
// Example 5 . 7
// R e f e r F i g u r e 5 . 2 7 i n t h e Textbook
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e Q p o i n t from g i v e n
collector characteristics
4 clear ;
5 clc ;
6 close ;
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// Given Data
Vcc =12; //V
Rc =1*10^(3) ; //Ohms
Vbb =10.7; //V
Rb =200*10^(3) ; //Ohms
Vbe =0.7; //V
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ib =( Vbb - Vbe ) / Rb ;
// V a l u e o f I b comes o u t t o be 50uA . A d o t t e d Curve
i s drawn f o r
// I b =40uA and I b =60uA . At t h e P o i n t o f I n t e r s e c t i o n :
Vce =6; //V
Ic =6*10^( -3) ; //A
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t Q p o i n t : \n\n\ t I b = %f uA” , Ib /10^( -6) )
;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V” , Vce ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.8 Calculation of Dynamic Drain Resistance of JFET
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12
// Example 5 . 8
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e Dynamic D r a i n R e s i s t a n c e o f
JFET
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
u =80; // A m p l i f i c a t i o n F a c t o r
gm =200*10^( -6) ; // S , T r a n s c o n d u c t a n c e
// C a l c u l a t i o n
rd = u / gm ; // Dynamic D r a i n R e s i s t a n c e
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Dynamic D r a i n R e s i s t a n c e o f JFET i s
r d= %f kOhms . ” , rd /10^(3) ) ;
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26
Chapter 6
VACUUM TUBES
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Dynamic Plate Resistance of the Diode Determination
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// Example 6 . 1
// Program t o P l o t t h e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and
// D e t e r m i n e Dynamic P l a t e R e s i s t a n c e
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
V =[0 0.5 1 1.5 2]; //V
I =[0 1.6 4 6.7 9.8]; //mA
// P l o t t i n g
plot (V , I ) ;
a = gca () ;
xlabel ( ’ P l a t e V o l t a g e ( i n V) ’ ) ;
ylabel ( ’ P l a t e C u r r e n t ( i n mA) ’ ) ;
title ( ’ STATIC CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF THE DIODE ’ ) ;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
// V a l u e s from C h a r a c t e r i s t i c P l o t
dVp =0.5; //V
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Figure 6.1: Dynamic Plate Resistance of the Diode Determination
28
Figure 6.2: Plotting of Static Plate Characteristics
19 dIp =2.7*10^( -3) ; //A
20 rp = dVp / dIp ; // Dynamic P l a t e R e s i s t a n c e
21 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
22 printf ( ” \n\ t The Dynamic P l a t e R e s i s t a n c e i s
r p= %f
Ohms . ” , rp ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Plotting of Static Plate Characteristics
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2
// Example 6 . 2
// Program t o P l o t t h e S t a t i c P l a t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
and D e t e r m i n e // P l a t e AC R e s i s t a n c e , Mutual
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Conductance & A m p l i f i c a t i o n Factor
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
// A l l V a l u e s E x t r a p o l a t e d t o Touch x−a x i s
V0 =[20 50 100 150]; //V
V1 =[70 100 150 200]; //V
V2 =[112 150 200]; //V
V3 =[177 200 250]; //V
V4 =[235 250 300]; //V
I0 =[0 3.5 11.2 20]; //mA
I1 =[0 4 12.4 21.5]; //mA
I2 =[0 5.4 14.1]; //mA
I3 =[0 3.4 12.4]; //mA
I4 =[0 2.5 11.3]; //mA
// P l o t t i n g
plot ( V0 , I0 ) ;
plot ( V1 , I1 ) ;
plot ( V2 , I2 ) ;
plot ( V3 , I3 ) ;
plot ( V4 , I4 ) ;
a = gca () ;
xlabel ( ’ P l a t e V o l t a g e ( i n V) ’ ) ;
ylabel ( ’ P l a t e C u r r e n t ( i n mA) ’ ) ;
title ( ’ STATIC PLATE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF THE
TRIODE ’ ) ;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
// V a l u e s from C h a r a c t e r i s t i c P l o t
dip =(14.0 -10.7) *10^( -3) ; //A
dvp =20; //V
rp = dvp / dip ;
diP =(12.4 -5.3) *10^( -3) ; //A
dvG =1; //V
gm = diP / dvG ;
u = gm * rp ;
ut =(192 -150) /1;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
30
printf ( ” \n\ t The P l a t e AC R e s i s t a n c e i s r p= %f kOhms
. ” , rp /10^(3) ) ;
40 printf ( ” \n\ t The Mutual C o n d u c t a n c e i s gm= %f mS . ” ,
gm /10^( -3) ) ;
41 printf ( ” \n\ t The G r a p h i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n F a c t o r i s u
= %f . ” ,u ) ;
42 printf ( ” \n\ t The T h e o r e t i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n F a c t o r i s
u t= %f . ” , ut ) ;
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Chapter 7
TRANSISTOR BIASING AND
STABILIZATION OF
OPERATING POINT
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Calculate Ic and Vce for given Circuit
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// Example 7 . 1
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e
// ( a ) C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t
// ( b ) C o l l e c t o r −to −E m i t t e r V o l t a g e
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =9; //V
Rb =300*10^3; //Ohms
Rc =2*10^3; //Ohms
Beeta =50;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ib =( Vcc ) / Rb ;
Ic = Beeta * Ib ;
Icsat = Vcc / Rc ;
Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;
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// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” The d i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s a r e \n\ t I b = %f uA
. ” , Ib /10^( -6) ) ;
if Ic < Icsat then
disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;
else
disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V . ” ,0) ;
end
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Calculate coordinates of Operating Point
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// Example 7 . 2
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e O p e r a t i n g P o i n t C o o r d i n a t e s
of the C i r c u i t
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =10; //V
Rb =100*10^3; //Ohms
Rc =1*10^3; //Ohms
Beeta =60;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ib =( Vcc ) / Rb ;
Ic = Beeta * Ib ;
Icsat = Vcc / Rc ;
Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” The O p e r a t i n g P o i n t C o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e
C i r c u i t a r e : \ n\ t I b = %f uA . ” , Ib /10^( -6) ) ;
if Ic < Icsat then
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disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;
22 else
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disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V . ” ,0) ;
26 end
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Quiescent Operating Point Determination
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// Example 7 . 3
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e O p e r a t i n g P o i n t C o o r d i n a t e s
of the C i r c u i t
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =10; //V
Rb =100*10^3; //Ohms
Rc =1*10^3; //Ohms
Beeta =150;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ib =( Vcc ) / Rb ;
Ic = Beeta * Ib ;
Icsat = Vcc / Rc ;
Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” The O p e r a t i n g P o i n t C o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e
C i r c u i t a r e : \ n\ t I b = %f uA . ” , Ib /10^( -6) ) ;
if Ic < Icsat then
disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;
else
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disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V . ” ,0) ;
26 end
Scilab code Exa 7.4.a Calculate value of Resistance Rb
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// Example 7 . 4 ( a )
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e V a l u e o f Rb i n t h e B i a s i n g
Circuit
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =6; //V
Vbe =0.3; //V
Icbo =2*10^( -6) ; //A
Ic =1*10^( -3) ; //A
Beeta =20;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
// Case 1 : C o n s i d e r i n g I c b o and Vbe i n t h e
calculations
Ib =( Ic -( Beeta +1) * Icbo ) / Beeta ;
Rb1 =( Vcc - Vbe ) / Ib ;
// Case 2 : N e g l e c t i n g I c b o and Vbe i n t h e
calculations
Ib = Ic / Beeta ;
Rb2 = Vcc / Ib ;
// P e r c e n t a g e E r r o r
E =( Rb2 - Rb1 ) / Rb1 *100;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Base R e s i s t a n c e i s , Rb = %f kOhms .
” , Rb1 /10^3) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The Base R e s i s t a n c e ( N e g l e c t i n g I c b o
and Vbe ) i s , Rb = %f kOhms . ” , Rb2 /10^3) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t P e r c e n t a g e E r r o r i s = %f p e r c e n t . ” ,E ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.4.b Calculation of Collector Current Ic
1 // Example 7 . 4 ( b )
2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Rb i n t h e B i a s i n g C i r c u i t
3 clear ;
4 clc ;
5 close ;
6 // Given C i r c u i t Data
7 Icbo =10*10^( -6) ; //A
8 Ib =47.9*10^( -6) ; //A
9 Beeta =25;
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n
11 Ic = Beeta * Ib +( Beeta +1) * Icbo ;
12 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
13 printf ( ” The C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t i s : ” ) ;
14 printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Calculation of Ie and Vc in the Circuit
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// Example 7 . 5
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e
// ( a ) I e
// ( b ) Vc
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =10; //V
Rc =500; //Ohms
Rb =500*10^3; //Ohms
Beeta =100;
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// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ib = Vcc /( Rb + Beeta * Rc ) ;
Ic = Beeta * Ib ;
Ie = Ic ;
Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;
Vc = Vce ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” The D i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I e = %f mA . ” , Ie /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vc = %f V . ” , Vc ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.6 Calculate Minimum and Maximum Collector Currents
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// Example 7 . 6
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e
// ( a ) Minimum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t
// ( b ) Maximum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =20; //V
Rc =2*10^3; //Ohms
Rb =200*10^3; //Ohms
Beeta1 =50;
Beeta2 =200;
// C a l c u l a t i o n CASE−1: Minimum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t
Ibmin = Vcc /( Rb + Beeta1 * Rc ) ;
Icmin = Beeta1 * Ibmin ;
// C a l c u l a t i o n CASE−2: Maximum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t
Ibmax = Vcc /( Rb + Beeta2 * Rc ) ;
Icmax = Beeta2 * Ibmax ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Minimum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t I c ( min ) =
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%f mA . ” , Icmin /10^( -3) ) ;
22 printf ( ” \n\ t The Maximum C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t I c ( max ) =
%f mA . ” , Icmax /10^( -3) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Calculate Values of the three Currents
// Example 7 . 7
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e
// ( a ) I b
// ( b ) I c
// ( c ) I e
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =10; //V
Rc =2*10^3; //Ohms
Rb =1*10^6; //Ohms
Re =1*10^3; //Ohms
Beeta =100;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ib = Vcc /( Rb +( Beeta +1) * Re ) ;
Ic = Beeta * Ib ;
Ie = Ic + Ib ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The C o l l e c t o r C u r r e n t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic
/10^( -3) ) ;
21 printf ( ” \n\ t The Base C u r r e n t I b = %f uA . ” , Ib
/10^( -6) ) ;
22 printf ( ” \n\ t The E m i t t e r C u r r e n t I e = %f mA . ” , Ie
/10^( -3) ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 7.8 Calculate Minimum and Maximum Ie and corresponding Vce
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// Example 7 . 8
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e
// ( a ) Minimum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t & c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce
// ( b ) Maximum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t & c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =6; //V
Vbe =0.3; //V
Rc =50; //Ohms
Rb =10*10^3; //Ohms
Re =100; //Ohms
Beeta1 =50;
Beeta2 =200;
// C a l c u l a t i o n CASE−1: Minimum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t &
c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce
Iemin =( Vcc - Vbe ) *( Beeta1 +1) /( Rb +( Beeta1 +1) * Re ) ;
Vcemin = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * Iemin ;
// C a l c u l a t i o e n CASE−2: Maximum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t &
c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce
Iemax =( Vcc - Vbe ) *( Beeta2 +1) /( Rb +( Beeta2 +1) * Re ) ;
Vcemax = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * Iemax ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Minimum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t I e ( min ) =
%f mA . ” , Iemin /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The C o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce = %f V . ” , Vcemin )
;
printf ( ” \n\ t The Maximum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t I e ( max ) =
%f mA . ” , Iemax /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The C o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce = %f V . ” , Vcemax )
;
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Scilab code Exa 7.9 Determine the new Q Points
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// Example 7 . 9
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e new Q p o i n t s f o r
// Minimum and Maximum v a l u e o f B e e t a
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =6; //V
Vbe =0.3; //V
Rc =1*10^3; //Ohms
Rb =10*10^3; //Ohms
Re =100; //Ohms
Beeta1 =50;
Beeta2 =200;
// C a l c u l a t i o n CASE−1: Minimum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t &
c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce
Iemin =( Vcc - Vbe ) *( Beeta1 +1) /( Rb +( Beeta1 +1) * Re ) ;
Icmin = Iemin ;
Vcemin = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * Iemin ;
// C a l c u l a t i o e n CASE−2: Maximum E m i t t e r C u r r e n t &
c o r r e s p o n d i n g Vce
Iemax =( Vcc - Vbe ) *( Beeta2 +1) /( Rb +( Beeta2 +1) * Re ) ;
Icmax = Iemax ;
Vcemax = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * Iemax ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
Icsat = Vcc /( Rc + Re ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” For B e e t a =50 : \ n\ t ” ) ;
if Icmin < Icsat then
disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icmin /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vc = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;
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31 else
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disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t I c ( s a t ) = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t Vc ( s a t ) = %f V . ” ,0) ;
35 end
36 printf ( ” \ nFor B e e t a =200 : \ n\ t ” ) ;
37 if Icmax < Icsat then
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disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s n o t i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Icmax /10^( -3) ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t Vc = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;
41 else
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disp ( ” T r a n s i s t o r i s i n S a t u r a t i o n ” ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t I c ( s a t ) = %f mA . ” , Icsat /10^( -3) ) ;
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printf ( ” \n\ t Vc ( s a t ) = %f V . ” ,0) ;
45 end
Scilab code Exa 7.10 Calculate the value of Rb
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// Example 7 . 1 0
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e Rb i n t h e B i a s i n g C i r c u i t
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =9; //V
Vce =3; //V
Re =500; //Ohms
Ic =8*10^( -3) ; //A
Beeta =80;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ib = Ic / Beeta ;
Rb =( Vcc -( Beeta +1) * Ib * Re ) / Ib ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” The Base R e s i s t a n c e i s : ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Rb = %f kOhms . ” , Rb /10^3) ;
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Scilab code Exa 7.11 Calculate DC bias Voltages and Currents
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// Example 7 . 1 1
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e DC B i a s V o l t a g e s and C u r r e n t s
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =12; //V
Vbe =0.3; //V
R1 =40*10^3; //Ohms
R2 =5*10^3; //Ohms
Re =1*10^3; //Ohms
Rc =5*10^3; //Ohms
Beeta =60;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Vb =( R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * Vcc ;
Ve = Vb - Vbe ;
Ie = Ve / Re ;
Ic = Ie ;
Vc = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;
Vce = Vc - Ve ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” The D i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vb = %f V . ” , Vb ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Ve = %f V . ” , Ve ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I e = %f mA . ” , Ie /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vc = %f V . ” , Vc ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.12 Calculate Re and Vce in the Circuit
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// Example 7 . 1 2
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e Re and Vce o f t h e g i v e n
Circuit Specifications
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =15; //V
R1 =200; //Ohms
R2 =100; //Ohms
Rc =20; //Ohms
Ic =100*10^( -3) ; //A
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ie = Ic ;
Vb =( R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * Vcc ;
Ve = Vb ; // N e g l e c t i n g Vbe
Re = Ve / Ie ;
Vce = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * Ic ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The E m i t t e r R e s i s t a n c e i s Re = %f Ohms
. ” , Re ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The C o l l e c t o r t o E m i t t e r V o l t a g e i s Vce
= %f V . ” , Vce ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.13 Calculate Ic and Vce for given Circuit
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// Example 7 . 1 3
// / Program t o C a l c u l a t e I c and Vce o f t h e g i v e n
Circuit Specifications
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =12; //V
Vbe =0.3; //V
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R1 =40*10^3; //Ohms
R2 =5*10^3; //Ohms
Re =1*10^3; //Ohms
Rc =5*10^3; //Ohms
Beeta =60;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Vth =( R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * Vcc ;
Rth = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ;
Ib =( Vth - Vbe ) /( Rth + Beeta * Re ) ;
Ic = Beeta * Ib ;
Vce = Vcc - Ic *( Rc + Re ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” The D i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.14 Calculate Ic and Vce for given Circuit
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// Example 7 . 1 4
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e
// ( a ) I c
// ( b ) Vce
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =12; //V
Vee =15; //V
Rc =5*10^3; //Ohms
Re =10*10^3; //Ohms
Rb =10*10^3; //Ohms
Beeta =100;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ie = Vee / Re ;
Ic = Ie ;
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18 Vce = Vcc - Ic * Rc ;
19 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
20 printf ( ” The P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ;
21 printf ( ” \n\ t I c = %f mA . ” , Ic /10^( -3) ) ;
22 printf ( ” \n\ t Vce = %f V . ” , Vce ) ;
45
Chapter 8
SMALL SIGNAL
AMPLIFIERS
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Determination of Hybrid Parameters
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// Example 8 . 1
// R e f e r F i g u r e 8 . 1 5 and 8 . 1 6 i n t h e Textbook
// Program t o f i n d t h e H y b r i d P a r a m e t e r s from t h e
given Transistor C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Ic =2*10^( -3) ; //A
Vce =8.5; //V
// C a l c u l a t i o n
// h f e=d e l t a ( i c ) / d e l t a ( i b ) , Vce=c o n s t a n t
hfe =(2.7 -1.7) *10^( -3) /((20 -10) *10^( -6) ) ;
// hoe=d e l t a ( i c ) / d e l t a ( Vce ) , i b=c o n s t a n t
hoe =(2.2 -2.1) *10^( -3) /(10 -7) ;
// h i e=d e l t a ( Vbe ) / d e l t a ( i b ) , Vce=c o n s t a n t
hie =(0.73 -0.715) /((20 -10) *10^( -6) ) ;
// h r e=d e l t a ( Vbe ) / d e l t a ( Vce ) , i b=c o n s t a n t
hre =(0.73 -0.72) /(20 -0) ;
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// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The H y b r i d P a r a m e t e r s a r e : ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\n\ t h f e = %f ” , hfe ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t hoe = %f uS ” , hoe /10^( -6) ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t h i e = %f kOhms” , hie /10^3) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t h r e = %f ” , hre ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.2.a Calculation of Input Impedance of Amplifier
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// Example 8 . 2 ( a )
// Program t o f i n d t h e I n p u t Impedance o f t h e
Amplifier
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
ri =2*10^3; //Ohms
Rb =150*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Zin = Rb * ri /( Rb + ri ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The I n p u t Impedance o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s
Z i n = %f kOhms . ” , Zin /10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.2.b Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier
1 // Example 8 . 2 ( b )
2 // Program t o f i n d t h e V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r
3 clear ;
4 clc ;
5 close ;
6 // Given C i r c u i t Data
7 Beeta =100;
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8 ri =2*10^3; //Ohms
9 Rac =5*10^3; //Ohms
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n
11 Av = Beeta * Rac / ri ;
12 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
13 printf ( ” \n\ t The V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r
i s Av
= %f w i t h p h a s e o f 180 d e g r e e s . ” , Av ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.2.c Calculation of Current Gain of Amplifier
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// Example 8 . 2 ( c )
// Program t o f i n d t h e C u r r e n t Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
// L e t i n p u t C u r r e n t i b =2A
ib =2 ; //A, Assumption
io =100* ib ;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ai = io / ib ; // C u r r e n t Gain
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The C u r r e n t Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s Ai
= %f . ” , Ai ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.3.a Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier
1 // Example 8 . 3 ( a )
2 // Program t o f i n d t h e V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r
3 clear ;
4 clc ;
5 close ;
6 // Given C i r c u i t Data
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Bac =150;
rin =2*10^3; //Ohms
R1 =4.7*10^3; //Ohms
R2 =12*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Rac = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ;
Av = Bac * Rac / rin ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s Av
= %f w i t h p h a s e o f 180 d e g r e e s . ” , Av ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.3.b Calculation of Input Impedance of Amplifier
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// Example 8 . 3 ( b )
// Program t o f i n d t h e I n p u t Impedance o f t h e
Amplifier
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
rin =2*10^3; //Ohms
R3 =75*10^3; //Ohms
R4 =7.5*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Zin = R3 * R4 * rin /( R3 * R4 + R4 * rin + rin * R3 ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The I n p u t Impedance o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s
Z i n = %f kOhms . ” , Zin /10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.3.c Calculation of Q Point Parameters of Amplifier
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// Example 8 . 3 ( c )
// Program t o f i n d t h e Q P o i n t o f t h e A m p l i f i e r
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clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Vcc =15; //V
R1 =75*10^3; //Ohms
R2 =7.5*10^3; //Ohms
Rc =4.7*10^3; //Ohms
Re =1.2*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Vb = Vcc * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ;
Ve = Vb ;
Ie = Ve / Re ;
Vce = Vcc -( Rc + Re ) * Ie ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The D i f f e r e n t P a r a m e t e r s o f t h e
A m p l i f i e r a r e I e = %f mA and Vce = %f V . ” , Ie
/10^( -3) , Vce ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.4 Calculation of Voltage Gain of Amplifier
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// Example 8 . 4
// Program t o f i n d t h e V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
u =20;
Rl =10*10^3; //Ohms
rp =10*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
A = u * Rl /( rp + Rl ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s A
= %f w i t h p h a s e o f 180 d e g r e e s . ” ,A ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 8.5 Calculation of Gain of Single Stage Amplifier
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// Example 8 . 5
// Program t o f i n d t h e Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
gm =3000*10^( -6) ; // S
Rl =22*10^3; //Ohms
rp =300*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
//A=−(gm∗ Rl /(1+( Rl / r p ) ) ) , For rp>>Rl we g e t
A = gm * Rl ; // w i t h Phase o f 180 d e g r e e s
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Gain o f t h e A m p l i f i e r i s A = %f
w i t h p h a s e o f 180 d e g r e e s . ” ,A ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Calculation of Output Signal Voltage of FET Amplifier
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// Example 8 . 6
// Program t o f i n d t h e Output S i g n a l V o l t a g e o f t h e
Amplifier
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Rl =12*10^3; //Ohms
Rg =1*10^6; //Ohms
Rs =1*10^3; //Ohms
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Cs =25*10^( -6) ; //F
u =20;
rd =100*10^3; //Ohms
vi =0.1; //V
f =1*10^3; // Hz
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Xcs =1/(2* %pi * f * Cs ) ;
// As Xcs comes o u t t o be much s m a l l e r t h a n Rs , Rs i s
completely bypassed
A = u * Rl /( Rl + rd ) ;
vo = A * vi ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Output S i g n a l V o l t a g e o f t h e
A m p l i f i e r i s vo = %f V . ” , vo ) ;
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Chapter 9
MULTI STAGE AMPLIFIERS
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Calculate overall Voltage Gain in dB
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// Example 9 . 1
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e o v e r a l l V o l t a g e Gain o f a
Multistage
// A m p l i f i e r i n dB
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
A1 =30;
A2 =50;
A3 =80;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
A = A1 * A2 * A3 ; // V o l t a g e Gain
Adb =20* log10 ( A ) ; // V o l t a g e Gain i n dB
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The o v e r a l l V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e
M u l t i s t a g e A m p l i f i e r Adb = %f dB” , Adb ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.2 Calculate Voltage at the Output Terminal
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// Example 9 . 2
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e V o l t a g e a t t h e Output
Terminal o f
//Two S t a g e D i r e c t Coupled A m p l i f i e r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
Vcc =30; //V
Vi =1.4; //V
Vbe =0.7; //V
B =300; // B e e t a
R1 =27*10^3; //Ohms
R2 =680; //Ohms
R3 =24*10^3; //Ohms
R4 =2.4*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ve = Vi - Vbe ;
Ie1 = Vbe / R2 ;
Ic1 = Ie1 ;
Vc1 = Vcc - Ic1 * R1 ;
Vb2 = Vc1 ;
Ve2 = Vb2 - Vbe ;
Ie2 = Ve2 / R4 ;
Ic2 = Ie2 ;
Vc2 = Vcc - Ic2 * R3 ;
Vo = Vc2 ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The V o l t a g e a t t h e Output T e r m i n a l o f
Two S t a g e D i r e c t Coupled A m p l i f i e r , Vo = %f V” , Vo
);
Scilab code Exa 9.3 To Plot the Frequency Response Curve
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Figure 9.1: To Plot the Frequency Response Curve
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// Example 9 . 3
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e Gain i n dB a t C u t o f f
F r e q u e n c i e s and
// P l o t F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e Curve
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
A =100;
f1 =400;
f2 =25*10^3;
f3 =80;
f4 =40*10^3;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Adb =20* log10 ( A ) ;
Adbc = Adb -3; // Lower by 3dB
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Gain a t C u t o f f F r e q u e n c i e s i s , Adb
( a t C u t o f f F r e q u e n c i e s ) = %f dB” , Adbc ) ;
// P l o t t i n g t h e F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e Curve
x = [ f3 f1 f2 f4 ];
x1 = [1 1 1 1];
y = [ Adbc Adb Adb Adbc ];
gainplot (y , x1 ) ;
a = gca () ;
a . y_location = ’ l e f t ’ ;
a . x_location = ’ bottom ’ ;
a . x_label . text = ’
f3
f1
F r e q u e n c y ( Hz )
f2
f4 ’
;
a . y_label . text = ’
AdB
37 ’ ;
a . title . text = ’FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE ’ ;
plot2d (x , y ) ;
r = [37 37];
q = [10 100000];
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32 plot2d2 (q ,r ,6) ;
33 r2 = [37 40 40 37];
34 q2 = [ f3 f1 f2 f4 ];
35 plot2d3 ( q2 , r2 ,6) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.4.a Calculate Input Impedance of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier
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// Example 9 . 4 ( a )
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e I n p u t Impedance o f t h e g i v e n
//Two S t a g e RC Coupled A m p l i f i e r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
R1 =5.6*10^3; //Ohms
R2 =56*10^3; //Ohms
R3 =1.1*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Zi = R1 * R2 * R3 /( R1 * R2 + R2 * R3 + R3 * R1 ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The I n p u t Impedance , Z i = %f kOhms ” , Zi
/10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.4.b Calculate Ouput Impedance of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier
1 // Example 9 . 4 ( b )
2 // Program t o C a l c u l a t e Output Impedance o f t h e g i v e n
3 //Two S t a g e RC Coupled A m p l i f i e r
4 clear ;
5 clc ;
6 close ;
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7 // Given Data
8 Ro1 =3.3*10^3; //Ohms
9 Ro2 =2.2*10^3; //Ohms
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n
11 Zo = Ro1 * Ro2 /( Ro1 + Ro2 ) ;
12 // D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
13 printf ( ” \n\ t The Output Impedance , Zo = %f kOhms ” ,
Zo /10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.4.c Calculate Voltage Gain of Two Stage RC Coupled
Amplifier
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// Example 9 . 4 ( c )
// Program t o V o l t a g e Gain o f t h e g i v e n Two S t a g e RC
Coupled A m p l i f i e r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
Ro1 =3.3*10^3; //Ohms
Ro2 =2.2*10^3; //Ohms
hfe =120;
hie =1.1*10^3; //Ohms
R1 =6.8*10^3; //Ohms
R2 =56*10^3; //Ohms
R3 =5.6*10^3; //Ohms
R4 =1.1*10^3; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Rac2 = Ro1 * Ro2 /( Ro1 + Ro2 ) ;
A2 = - hfe * Rac2 / hie ;
Rac1 = R1 * R2 * R3 * R4 /( R1 * R2 * R3 + R2 * R3 * R4 + R1 * R3 * R4 + R1 * R2 *
R4 ) ;
A1 = - hfe * Rac1 / hie ;
A = A1 * A2 ; // O v e r a l l Gain
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
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printf ( ” \n\ t The O v e r a l l Gain , A = %f . ” ,A ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Calculate Maximum Voltage Gain and Bandwidth of
Triode Amplifier
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// Example 9 . 5
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e Maximum V o l t a g e Gain &
Bandwidth
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given Data
Rl =10*10^3; //Ohms
Rg =470*10^3; //Ohms
Cs =100*10^( -12) ; //F
u =25;
rp =8*10^3; //Ohms
Cc =0.01*10^( -6) ; //F
// C a l c u l a t i o n
gm = u / rp ;
Req = rp * Rl * Rg /( rp * Rl + Rl * Rg + Rg * rp ) ;
Avm = gm * Req ;
Avmd = Avm ^2; // V o l t a g e Gain o f Two S t a g e s
Rd =( rp * Rl /( rp + Rl ) ) + Rg ;
f1 =1/(2* %pi * Cc * Rd ) ; // Lower C u t o f f F r e q u e n c y
f1d = f1 / sqrt ( sqrt (2) -1) ; // Lower C u t o f f F r e q u e n c y o f
Two S t a g e s
f2 =1/(2* %pi * Cs * Req ) ; // Upper C u t o f f F r e q u e n c y
f2d = f2 * sqrt ( sqrt (2) -1) ; // Upper C u t o f f F r e q u e n c y o f
Two S t a g e s
BW = f2d - f1d ; // Bandwidth
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The V o l t a g e Gain o f Two S t a g e s , Avmd =
%f ” , Avmd ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The Bandwidth , BW = %f kHz ” , BW /10^3) ;
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Chapter 10
POWER AMPLIFIERS
Scilab code Exa 10.1 Calculation of Transformer Turns Ratio
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// Example 1 0 . 1
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e T r a n s f o r m e r Turns R a t i o
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
RL =16; // Ohms
RLd =10*10^3; // Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
N12 = sqrt ( RLd / RL ) ; // N12=N1/N2
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The T r a n s f o r m e r Turns R a t i o i s N1/N2 =
%d : %d . ” ,N12 ,1) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Calculation of Effective Resistance seen at Primary
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// Example 1 0 . 2
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e E f f e c t i v e R e s i s t a n c e s e e n
looking into
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// t h e Primary
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Rl =8; //Ohms
N12 =15; // N12=N1/N2
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Rld =( N12 ) ^2* Rl ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The E f f e c t i v e R e s i s t a n c e s e e n l o o k i n g
i n t o t h e Primary , Rld = %f kOhms . ” , Rld /10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.3.a Calculation of 2nd 3rd and 4th Harmonic Distortions
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// Example 1 0 . 3 ( a )
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e Second , T h i r d & F o u r t h
Harmonic D i s t o r t i o n s
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
// i o =15∗ s i n ( 6 0 0 ∗ t ) +1.5∗ s i n ( 1 2 0 0 ∗ t ) +1.2∗ s i n ( 1 8 0 0 ∗ t )
+0.5∗ s i n ( 2 4 0 0 ∗ t )
I1 =15;
I2 =1.5;
I3 =1.2;
I4 =0.5;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
D2 =( I2 / I1 ) *100;
D3 =( I3 / I1 ) *100;
D4 =( I4 / I1 ) *100;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The S e c o n d Harmonic D i s t o r t i o n i s , D2 =
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%f p e r c e n t . ” , D2 ) ;
18 printf ( ” \n\ t The T h i r d
Harmonic D i s t o r t i o n i s , D3 =
%f p e r c e n t . ” , D3 ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\ t The F o u r t h Harmonic D i s t o r t i o n i s , D4 =
%f p e r c e n t . ” , D4 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.3.b Percentage Increase in Power because of Distortion
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// Example 1 0 . 3 ( b )
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e P e r c e n t a g e I n c r e a s e i n
Power b e c a u s e o f D i s t o r t i o n
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
P1 = poly (0 , ”P1” ) ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
// i o =15∗ s i n ( 6 0 0 ∗ t ) +1.5∗ s i n ( 1 2 0 0 ∗ t ) +1.2∗ s i n ( 1 8 0 0 ∗ t )
+0.5∗ s i n ( 2 4 0 0 ∗ t )
I1 =15;
I2 =1.5;
I3 =1.2;
I4 =0.5;
// C a l c u l a t i o n
D2 =( I2 / I1 ) *100;
D3 =( I3 / I1 ) *100;
D4 =( I4 / I1 ) *100;
D = sqrt ( D2 ^2+ D3 ^2+ D4 ^2) ; // D i s t o r t i o n F a c t o r
P =(1+( D /100) ^2) * P1 ;
Pi =(( P - P1 ) / P1 ) *100;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
disp ( Pi , ” The P e r c e n t a g e I n c r e a s e i n Power b e c a u s e o f
D i s t o r t i o n i s , Pi ( i n p e r c e n t )= ” ) ;
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Chapter 11
TUNED VOLTAGE
AMPLIFIERS
Scilab code Exa 11.1.a Calculation of Resonant Frequency
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// Example 1 1 . 1 ( a )
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e R e s o n a n t F r e q u e n c y o f t h e
given Circuit
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
C =300*10^( -12) ; //F
L =220*10^( -6) ; //H
R =20; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
fr =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The R e s o n a n t F r e q u e n c y , f r = %f kHz . ” ,
fr /10^3) ;
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Scilab code Exa 11.1.b Calculation of Impedance at Resonance
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// Example 1 1 . 1 ( b )
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e Impedance a t R e s o n a n c e o f t h e
given Circuit
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
C =300*10^( -12) ; //F
L =220*10^( -6) ; //H
R =20; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Rr = R ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Impedance a t Resonance , Rr = %f
Ohms . ” , Rr ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.1.c Calculation of Current at Resonance
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// Example 1 1 . 1 ( c )
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e C u r r e n t a t R e s o n a n c e o f
the given C i r c u i t
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
V =10; //V
C =300*10^( -12) ; //F
L =220*10^( -6) ; //H
R =20; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
I=V/R;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The C u r r e n t a t Resonance , I = %f A . ” ,I
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);
Scilab code Exa 11.1.d Calculation of Voltage across each Component
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// Example 1 1 . 1 ( d )
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e V o l t a g e a c r o s s e a c h
Component o f t h e g i v e n C i r c u i t
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
V =10; //V
C =300*10^( -12) ; //F
L =220*10^( -6) ; //H
R =20; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
fr =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ;
I=V/R;
Xl =2* %pi * fr * L ;
Vl = I * Xl ;
Xc =1/(2* %pi * fr * C ) ;
Vc = I * Xc ;
Vr = I * R ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e I n d u c t a n c e , Vl = %f
V . ” , Vl ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e C a p a c i t a n c e , Vc = %f
V . ” , Vc ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e R e s i s t a n c e , Vr = %f
V . ” , Vr ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.2 Calculation of Parameters of the Resonant Circuit
at Resonance
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// Example 1 1 . 2
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e f r , I l , I c , L i n e C u r r e n t &
Impedance o f
// t h e R e s o n a n t C i r c u i t a t R e s o n a n c e
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
C =100*10^( -12) ; //F
L =100*10^( -6) ; //H
R =10; //Ohms
V =100; //V
// C a l c u l a t i o n
fr =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ;
Xl =2* %pi * fr * L ;
Il = V / Xl ;
Xc =1/(2* %pi * fr * C ) ;
Ic = V / Xc ;
Zp = L /( R * C ) ;
I = V / Zp ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The C a l c u l a t e d V a l u e s a r e : ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t f r = %f kHz . ” , fr /10^3) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I l = %f A . ” , Il ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I c= %f A . ” , Ic ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Zp= %f Ohms . ” , Zp ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t I= %f mA. ” ,I /10^( -3) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.3 Calculation of Impedance Q and Bandwidth of Resonant Circuit
// Example 1 1 . 3
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e Impedance , Q and Bandwidth o f
the
3 // R e s o n a n t C i r c u i t
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clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
C =100*10^( -12) ; //F
L =150*10^( -6) ; //H
R =15; //Ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n
fr =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ;
Zp = L /( R * C ) ;
Q =2* %pi * fr * L / R ;
df = fr / Q ; // Bandwidth
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The C a l c u l a t e d V a l u e s a r e : ” ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Impedance , Zp= %f kOhms . ” , Zp /10^3) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Q u a l i t y F a c t o r , Q= %f . ” ,Q ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t Bandwidth , d f= %f kHz . ” , df /10^3) ;
68
Chapter 12
FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIERS
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Calculation of Gain of Negative Feedback Amplifier
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// Example 1 2 . 1
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e Gain o f a N e g a t i v e
Feedb ack A m p l i f i e r w i t h
// Given S p e c i f i c a t i o n s
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
A =100; // I n t e r n a l Gain
B =1/10; // Feedback F a c t o r
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Af = A /(1+ A * B ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The V a l u e o f t h e Gain o f Feedba ck
A m p l i f i e r i s , Af = %f . ” , Af ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.2 Calculation of Internal Gain and Feedback Gain
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// Example 1 2 . 2
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e A( I n t e r n a l Gain ) and
B e e t a ( Fee dback Gain ) o f // a N e g a t i v e Fe edback
A m p l i f i e r with given S p e c i f i c a t i o n s
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Af =100; // V o l t a g e Gain
Vin =50*10^( -3) ; //V , I n p u t S i g n a l w i t h o u t F e e d a b a c k
Gain
Vi =0.6; //V , I n p u t S i g n a l w i t h F e e d a b a c k Gain
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Vo = Af * Vi ;
A = Vo / Vin ;
B =(( A / Af ) -1) / A ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The V a l u e o f t h e I n t e r n a l Gain A i s , A
= %f . ” ,A ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The V a l u e o f t h e Feedback Gain B i s , B
= %f p e r c e n t . ” ,B *100) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.3 Calculation of change in overall Gain of Feedback
Amplifier
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// Example 1 2 . 3
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e c h a n g e i n o v e r a l l Gain o f
t h e Feedb ack // A m p l i f i e r w i t h g i v e n Gain
reduction
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
A =1000; // 60dB , V o l t a g e Gain
B =0.005; // N e g a t i v e Feedb ack
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dAbyA = -0.12; //dA/A = 12 %
// C a l c u l a t i o n
dAfbyAf =1/(1+ A * B ) * dAbyA ; // dAf / Af =1/(1+A∗B) ∗dA/A
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The c h a n g e i n o v e r a l l Gain o f t h e
Feedb ack A m p l i f i e r i s , dAf / Af = %f which i s
e q u i v a l e n t t o %f p e r c e n t . ” , dAfbyAf , dAfbyAf * -100) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.4 Calculation of Input Impedance of the Feedback
Amplifier
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// Example 1 2 . 4
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e I n p u t Impedance o f t h e
Feedb ack A m p l i f i e r // w i t h g i v e n S p e c i f i c a t i o n s
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Zi =1*10^3; //Ohms
A =1000; // V o l t a g e Gain
B =0.01; // N e g a t i v e Feedb ack
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Zid =(1+ A * B ) * Zi ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The V a l u e o f t h e I n p u t Impedance o f t h e
Feedb ack A m p l i f i e r i s , Z i d = %f kOhms . ” , Zid
/10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.5 Calculation of Feedback Factor and Percent change
in overall Gain
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// Example 1 2 . 5
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// Program t o C a l c u l a t e t h e v a l u e o f Feedbac k F a c t o r
and P e r c e n t a g e // c h a n g e i n o v e r a l l Gain o f t h e
Internal Amplifier
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
A =1000; // 60dB , V o l t a g e Gain
Zo =12000; //Ohms
Zod =600; //Ohms
dAbyA =0.1; //dA/A = 10 %
// C a l c u l a t i o n
B =(( Zo / Zod ) -1) / A ; // Zod=Zo /(1+A∗B)
dAfbyAf =1/(1+ A * B ) * dAbyA ; // dAf / Af =1/(1+A∗B) ∗dA/A
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Feedback F a c t o r o f t h e Fe edback
A m p l i f i e r i s , B = %f p e r c e n t . ” ,B *100) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The c h a n g e i n o v e r a l l Gain o f t h e
Feedb ack A m p l i f i e r i s , dAf / Af = %f p e r c e n t . ” ,
dAfbyAf *100) ;
72
Chapter 13
OSCILLATORS
Scilab code Exa 13.1 Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of Tuned Collector Oscillator
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// Example 1 3 . 1
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e F r e q u e n c y o f O s c i l l a t i o n o f
// Tuned C o l l e c t o r O s c i l l a t o r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
L =58.6*10^( -6) ; // H
C =300*10^( -12) ; // F
// C a l c u l a t i o n
fo =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The F r e q u e n c y o f O s c i l l a t i o n o f Tuned
C o l l e c t o r O s c i l l a t o r i s f o = %f kHz . ” , fo /10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.2 Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of Phase Shift
Oscillator
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// Example 1 3 . 2
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e F r e q u e n c y o f O s c i l l a t i o n o f
// Vacuum Tube Phase S h i f t O s c i l l a t o r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
R =100*10^3; // Ohms
C =0.01*10^( -6) ; //F
// C a l c u l a t i o n
fo =1/(2* %pi * R * C * sqrt (6) ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The F r e q u e n c y o f O s c i l l a t i o n o f Vacuum
Tube Phase S h i f t O s c i l l a t o r i s f o = %f Hz . ” , fo ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.3 Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of Wein Bridge
Oscillator
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// Example 1 3 . 3
// Program t o C a l c u l a t e F r e q u e n c y o f O s c i l l a t i o n o f
// Wein B r i d g e O s c i l l a t o r
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
R1 =220*10^3; // Ohms
R2 =220*10^3; // Ohms
C1 =250*10^( -12) ; //F
C2 =250*10^( -12) ; //F
// C a l c u l a t i o n
fo =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( R1 * C1 * R2 * C2 ) ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The F r e q u e n c y o f O s c i l l a t i o n o f Wein
B r i d g e O s c i l l a t o r i s f o = %f kHz . ” , fo /10^3) ;
74
Chapter 14
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENTS
Scilab code Exa 14.1 Caculation of Series Resistance for coversion to Voltmeter
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// Example 1 4 . 1
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e S e r i e s R e s i s t a n c e t o
Convert given
// d ’ A r s o n v a l movement i n t o a V o l t m e t e r w i t h t h e
s p e c i f i e d Range
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Rm =100; //Ohms
Is =100*10^( -6) ; //A
Vr =100; //V
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Rtotal = Vr / Is ;
Rs = Rtotal - Rm ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The S e r i e s R e s i s t a n c e t o C o n v e r t g i v e n
d A r s o n v a l movement i n t o a V o l t m e t e r i s , Rs = %f
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kOhms . ” , Rs /10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.2 Calculation of Shunt Resistance
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// Example 1 4 . 2
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e Shunt R e s i s t a n c e r e q u i r e d
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
Rm =100; //Ohms
CS =100*10^( -6) ; //A
Imax =10*10^( -3) ; //A
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Ish = Imax - CS ;
Rsh = Rm * CS / Ish ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The V a l u e o f Shunt R e s i s t a n c e i s , Rsh =
%f Ohms . ” , Rsh ) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.3 Designing of a Universal Shunt for making a Multi
Range Milliammeter
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// Example 1 4 . 3
// Program t o D e s i g n t h e U n i v e r s a l Shunt f o r making
M u l t i −Range // M i l l i a m m e t e r w i t h Range 0−1 mA
,0 −100 mA,0 −500 mA,0 −1 A
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
CS =100*10^( -6) ; //A
R =100; //Ohms
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Rm =900; //Ohms
// ( a ) C a l c u l a t i o n
Imax1 =1*10^( -3) ; //A
Rsh = CS * R /( Imax1 - CS ) ;
Rm1 = Rm ;
Ish1 = Imax1 - CS ;
Rsh1 = Rm1 * CS / Ish1 ;
// ( b ) C a l c u l a t i o n
Imax2 =10*10^( -3) ; //A
Ish2 = Imax2 - CS ;
R1 =( R * Ish2 - Rm * CS ) /( Ish2 - CS ) ;
// ( c ) C a l c u l a t i o n
Imax3 =100*10^( -3) ; //A
Ish3 = Imax3 - CS ;
R2 =(( R - R1 ) * Ish3 - Rm * CS ) /( Ish3 - CS ) ;
// ( d ) C a l c u l a t i o n
Imax4 =500*10^( -3) ; //A
Ish4 = Imax4 - CS ;
R3 =(( R - R1 - R2 ) * Ish4 - Rm * CS ) /( Ish4 - CS ) ;
// ( e ) C a l c u l a t i o n
Imax5 =1; //A
Ish5 = Imax5 - CS ;
R4 =(( R - R1 - R2 - R3 ) * Ish5 - Rm * CS ) /( Ish5 - CS ) ;
R5 =R - R1 - R2 - R3 - R4 ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t Shunt R e s i s t a n c e
, Rsh = %f
Ohms . ” , Rsh ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t For Range s w i t c h a t 1 mA , Rsh1 = %f
Ohms . ” , Rsh1 ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t For Range s w i t c h a t 10 mA , R1 = %f
Ohms . ” , R1 ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t For Range s w i t c h a t 100 mA, R2 = %f
Ohms . ” , R2 ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t For Range s w i t c h a t 500 mA, R3 = %f
Ohms . ” , R3 ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t For Range s w i t c h a t 1 A
, R4 = %f
Ohms . ” , R4 ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t \ t \ t
R5 = %f Ohms . ” , R5 ) ;
77
Scilab code Exa 14.4 Determination of Peak and RMS AC Voltage
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// Example 1 4 . 4
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e AC V o l t a g e
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
DS =5; //V/cm , D e f l e c t i o n S e n s i t i v i t y
l =10; //cm , T r a c e Length
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Vp = DS * l ;
Vm = Vp /2;
V = Vm / sqrt (2) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Peak AC V o l t a g e , Vm = %f V . ” , Vm ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The RMS AC V o l t a g e , V = %f V . ” ,V ) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.5 Determination of Magnitude and Frequency of Voltage Fed to Y Input
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// Example 1 4 . 5
// Program t o D e t e r m i n e t h e Magnitude and t h e
Frequency o f the
// wave V o l t a g e f e d t o t h e Y−i n p u t
clear ;
clc ;
close ;
// Given C i r c u i t Data
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Figure 14.1: Determination of Magnitude and Frequency of Voltage Fed to
Y Input
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Am =3.5; //V, A m p l i t u d e
tb =0.1*10^( -3) ; // s e c o n d s
TP =4; // Time P e r i o d
// C a l c u l a t i o n
Vm =2* Am ;
V = Vm / sqrt (2) ;
T = TP * tb ;
f =1/ T ;
// D i s p l a y i n g The R e s u l t s i n Command Window
printf ( ” \n\ t The Magnitude o f Wave V o l t a g e , V = %f V
. ” ,V ) ;
printf ( ” \n\ t The F r e q u e n c y o f Wave V o l t a g e , f = %f
kHz . ” ,f /10^3) ;
// P l o t o f t h e g i v e n Wave
figure
x = -6:0.01:6;
y = Am * cos (1.6* x ) ; // Given Waveform
plot (x , y ) ;
a = gca () ;
a . x_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
a . y_location = ” o r i g i n ” ;
xlabel ( ’X A x i s ’ ) ;
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ylabel ( ’Y A x i s ’ ) ;
title ( ’CRO OUTPUT ’ ) ;
xgrid (6) ;
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