Radiologic Technology 105
Course Goals:
1. Review traditional and international (SI) units of measurement to include:
(a) Standard units
(b) Fundamental units
(c) Derived units
(d) SI Units
2. Solve problems using standard, fundamental, derived and SI units
3. Describe the structure of the atom and the electrical nature of the components of the
atom
4. Define and review the laws of electrostatics including methods of electrification
5. Define the terms "electrodynamics" and "electric current" and explain the following:
(a) The nature of electric current
(b) Sources of electric current
(c) Factors of an electric current
6. State Ohm's Law
7. Calculate selected problems using Ohm's Law
8. Explain the construction and function of electric cells and batteries
9. List the components that make up an electric circuit
10. List the rules of voltage, resistance and current as they apply to series and parallel
circuits
11. Compare and describe the production and uses of electric current when using
alternating and direct current
12. Define magnetism and list the various classification of magnets including the
magnetic classification of matter
13. State the Laws of Magnetism and explain the concept of Magnetic Fields and lines of
force.
14. Define the units used to measure magnetic fields
15. Describe magnetic induction
16. Explain the difference between Magnetic Permeability and Retentivity
17. Define the term "Electromagnetism"
18. Explain how an electromagnet works and how electromagnetic induction occurs
19. Describe the direction of induced electric current and the forces it creates by using
Fleming's Right hand and Left hand rules
20. Compare and explain the difference between "self induction" and "mutual induction"
and state which components of the x-ray circuit operate
21. Compare the difference between electric motors and generators and list their essential
features
22. Explain the principle of operation of alternating current and direct electric motors
23. State the location of voltage and current measuring devices in an x-ray circuit
24. Explain the function and principles of operation behind the operation of a transformer
25. List the various types of transformers used in an x-ray circuit including
autotransformer, step-up, and step-down transformer
26. State the Transformer Law for voltage and current
Radiologic Technology 105
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27. Perform calculations using the transformer law
28. State the purpose and function of "choke coils" and Rheostats in an x-ray circuit
29. Define the term "rectification" and state it's purpose in an x-ray circuit
30. List the different methods of rectifying an alternating current
31. Describe how a "rectifier" failure may be detected in an x-ray machine
32. Explain how x-rays were discovered and describe the nature and properties of x-rays
33. Describe the conditions necessary to produce x-rays
34. Diagram and label the parts of an x-ray tube
35. Explain the interactions of electrons with the target of the x-ray tube including the
selection of the "target material", and efficiency of x-ray production
36. State the properties of x-rays and the specifications of the physical characteristics of
an x-ray beam in relationship to:
(a) Quantity / Exposure
(b) Quality
(c) Explain the terms "hard" and "soft" x-rays
37. List, explain and diagram the interactions of ionizing x-radiation with matter
38. Define the units of radiation measurement:
(a) Exposure (b) Absorbed Dose
39. Explain how the x-ray beam can be modified with filters
40. List, Diagram and explain the components of an x-ray circuit
The Student Learning Objective (SLO) for this class will be the student submitting a
completed diagram of the x-ray machine circuitry including all components and meters
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 3
MODE OF INSTRUCTION:
All instructors are to follow the detailed course of outlines
SCHEDULE AND MATHODS OF EVALUATION:
The schedule and sequence of quizzes may vary at the option of the instructor.
SCHEDULE
METHOD
Week 1
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Written quiz:
Written quiz:
Written quiz:
Written quiz:
Written quiz:
Written quiz:
Week 8
Week 10
Week 11
Written quiz:
Written quiz:
Written quiz:
Week 12
Written quiz:
Week 14
Written quiz:
Assessment test
Electrostatics
Electrodynamics
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Generators and Motors
Production and Control of High
Voltage
Midterm Examination weeks 1-7
X-ray tubes
Nature, Properties, and production of
x-radiation
Interaction of ionizing radiation and
matter
X-ray circuitry components and
diagram
Textbook Requirement:
Selman, Joseph, The Fundamentals of Imaging Physics and Radiobiology, 9th Edition,
Charles C. Thomas / Mosby Publisher, 2000
Carlton, Richard and Adler, Arlene, Principles of Radiographic Imaging, An Art and a
Science, 4th Edition Thomson - DelMar Learning, 2006
AUDIOVISUAL
1. Units of Measurement, Electrostatics and Magnetism (Section C)
2. Electrodynamics, Circuits and Electromagnetism (Sections: A,B,C and D)
3. The X-ray Generator (Sections A and B)
4. Electromagnetic Radiations- Interaction of Radiation with Matter (Sections A and B)
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 4
HANDOUTS
105-1
105-2
105-3
105-4
105-5
105-6
105-7
105-8
105-9
105-10
105-11
105-12
Terms Common to Electric Circuitry
Full-wave Rectified Circuit
Full-wave Rectified Circuit Worksheet
X-ray machine circuitry with Full-Wave Rectification
Full-wave Diode Rectification
Half-wave and Full-wave Diode Rectification Current
Diode Conduction - Full-wave Rectified Current
Four Rectifiers With Resulting Wave-form
Wave-Forms, Single phase and Three phase
Three phase generators
Image Intensification
Electrical Symbols
Powerpoint Presentations:
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 5
Course Outline
Fundamentals of X-ray Physics
The student with complete the following objectives with 75% accuracy.
Week 1
(3 hrs 10 min)
Reading
Topic
A. Introduction to Course
B. Assessment Test
Objectives
1. To evaluate the students level of
retention of knowledge which was
introduced in the prerequisite
classes
Week 2
(3 hrs 10 min)
Reading
Selman
39-45
Carlton
39-57
Audiovisual
1 and 2
A. Laws of Electrostatics
1. Define Electrostatics, static
B. Methods of Electrification discharge, sparking, electric fields
C. Electroscope
and grounding
2. List two types of electricity
3. Identify the unit of electric charge
and Force
4. Describe the electric charge
around a conductor
5. Describe the electric lines of force
6. Explain the direction of travel of
force lines through space and in a
conductor
7. List and discuss the five laws of
Electrostatics
8. Draw a diagram to explain each of
the laws of Electrostatics
9. List and explain the three methods
of electrification
10. State the charge conferred upon
an uncharged object when
electrification by contact and
induction takes place
11. Describe what occurs when a
ground is attached to an object
electrified by induction
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 6
Objectives
12. Explain the construction of an
Electroscope and describe the
necessary conditions for the
leaves of the electroscope to repel
each other
13. Explain the conditions necessary
for the leaves of an electroscope
to be attracted to each other
14. Explain "sparking" between
charged bodies
Week 3
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Objectives
Reading
Selman
46-58
A. Electrodynamics
B. Alternating Current
C. Ohm's Law
D. Capacitors
1. Define: electrodynamics, volt,
ampere, polarity, resistance, ohm,
conductor, insulator, capacitor,
fared, power and Watt
2. Diagram a "steady" direct current
flow and explain the significance
3. List the components in a circuit
4. Define and Explain the following:
(a) Potential Difference
(b) Electromotive force
5. Name and describe the unit of
measurement for:
(a) Potential Difference
(b) Electromotive force
(c) Resistance
(d) Current
6. Differentiate between EMF and
Potential Difference
7. List and explain four factors that
influence the resistance of a circuit
8. Describe a Series Circuit
9 Describe a parallel Circuit
10. Describe a Complex Circuit
11. Describe a voltmeter and explain
how it is connected in a circuit
12. Describe an ammeter and explain
how it is connected in a circuit
Carlton
44-56
Handouts:
105-1
105-2
105-9
105-12
Audiovisual
# 3 Sections A and B
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 7
Objectives
13. Define the following terms:
(a) Alternating Current
(b) Direct Current
(c) Cycle
(d) Frequency
(e) Hertz
(f) Alternation
(g) Impulse
14. Diagram and differentiate
between the Sine wave of single,
three phase and high frequency
currents
15. List the advantages of alternating
current vs. pulsating direct current
16. Define the following equations:
(a) Power ( P=VI)
(b) Power loss (P=IR2)
(c) Ohm's Law = V = I x R
17. Perform calculations using
Ohm's Law, Power and Power
loss equations with Series and
Parallel circuits
18. Describe the operation and
purpose of a capacitor including
how it is charged and discharged
and under what conditions
sparking would occur
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 8
Week 4
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Reading
A. Magnetism
1. Define: magnetism, magnetic
B. Classification of Magnets
field, domain, permeability,
C. Domain Theory
retentivity, ferro magnetic,
D. Laws of Magnetism
paramagnetic, non-magnetic and
E. Magnetic Induction
dimagnetic properties
F. Magnetic Classification 2. Describe 3 classifications of
of Matter
magnets
3. Explain 4 magnetic classifications
of matter
4. Explain the Domain Theory of
magnetism
5. Diagram domains in magnetic and
non-magnetic materials
6. Describe the electron spin of a
magnetic element
7. Describe and discuss the Laws of
Magnetism
8. Explain by example the inverse
square law of magnetism
9. List 4 characteristics about the
nature of magnetism
10. Describe a magnetic field and
diagram the magnetic flux lines
through space and within a
magnet
11. Explain how magnetic flux
influences other magnetic fields
and flux lines in the attraction
and repulsion of objects
12. Explain the effect of magnetic
and non-magnetic materials
when placed in a magnetic field
13. Discuss magnetic induction
14. Diagram the polarity conferred
on non-magnetized objects when
placed next to a magnetic field
15. Define the terms related to
magnets:
(a) Weber (b) Tesla (c) Gauss
Selman:
59 - 71
Carlton
58 - 63
Audiovisual
#1 Section (C)
#4
Objectives
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 9
Week 5
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Objectives
Reading
A. Electromagnetism
B. Electromagnetic
Induction
(a) Self-Induction
(b) Mutual Induction
1. Define the following terms:
(a) Electromagnetism
(b) Helix
(c) Solenoid
(d) Electromagnet
2. Explain Oersted's Theory between
the relationship of electricity and
magnetism
3. Demonstrate and explain
Ampere's Rule
(left hand thumb rule)
4. Determine the direction of
magnetic flux by applying
Ampere's Rule
5. Diagram and explain the purpose
of the following electromagnetic
devices:
(a) Helix
(b) Solenoid
(c) Electromagnet
6. Identify locations of
electromagnets in the x-ray
equipment
7. Explain the principle of
electromagnetic induction
8. List and discuss the factors which
influence the magnitude of an
induced EMF by induction
9. List the methods by which
electromagnetic force may be
induced in a conductor
10. Demonstrate the direction of
magnetic flux and induced
current by using the Left Hand
Rule for Dynamos
11. Explain the principle of
electromagnetic self-induction
12. List various electrical devices in
the x-ray machine which operate
on the self-induction principle
Selman
59-71
Carlton
62-78
Audiovisual
# 2 Sections C and D)
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 10
13. Explain the effect on an electrical
circuit when "back EMF" is
produced
14. Explain the principle and uses in
an x-ray circuit of
Electromagnetic Mutual Induction
15. Identify a device in the circuit of
the x-ray machines which
operates on the principle of
mutual induction
Week 5
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Reading
A. Generators and Motors
1. Define and explain the function of
B. Direct Current Generator
a generator
C. Alternating Current Motor 2. Identify the components of the AC
D. Direct Current Motor
Generator
3. Describe the function of the
components of an AC Generator
4. Express by diagram, the sine wave
at different positions of the AC
generator armature in a magnetic
field as it relates to the arms
movement
5. Identify the components of a DC
generator
6. Identify the components of a DC
generator
7. Define the function of each
component of the DC generator
8. Compare the similarities and
differences of AC and DC
generators
9. Define the term "motor"
10. Identify the components of a
motor
11. State the function of each
component in a motor
12. Demonstrate the "Right Hand
Rule" or "Motor Rule"
13. Identify the types of AC motors
Selman
72-82
Carlton
96-100
Audiovisual
# 2 Sections A & B
Objectives
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 11
14. Describe the operation of each
type of motor
Week 6
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Objectives
Reading
A. Transformers
B. Autotransformers
C. Variable Resister
D. Saturable Reactors
1. Define transformer,
autotransformer and variable
resister
2. Define the function of a
transformer
3. Describe the principle of operation
of a transformer
4. Differentiate between the primary
and secondary coils of the
transformer
5. List the types of transformers
according to their construction
6. Define the Transformer Law
7. Explain the term "transformer
loss"
8. Define the following terms related
to transformers:
(a) Copper loss
(b) Eddy current loss
(c) Hysteresis loss
9. Discuss methods used to reduce
energy losses in transformers
10. Discuss the function of the
autotransformer
11. Describe the operation of an
autotransformer
12. Identify the need for both a
transformer and autotransformer
in the x-ray circuit
13. Define the autotransformer law
14. Explain the function of a
"variable resister"
15. Identify different types of
variable resisters
16. Describe the principle of
operation of a choke coil
Selman
83-93
Carlton
68-71 and 96-100
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 12
17. Describe the principle of
operation of operation of a
rheostat
18. Describe the principle of
operation of a saturable reaction
19. Identify the location of the
transformer, autotransformer and
variable resister in the x-ray
circuit
Week 7
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Midterm Examination
Objectives
1. All material covered in weeks 1-6
Weeks 8-9
(6hrs 20 min)
Topics
Objectives
Reading
A. X-ray Tubes
B. Types of Tube
C. Tube Capacity
1. Identify the components of the
X-ray tube
2. Describe the composition of each
component in a stationary and
rotating anode x-ray tube
3. Identify the function of each
component of the x-ray tube
4. Distinguish the difference between
single and dual focus x-ray tubes
5. Define "Space Charge"
6. Explain the "Space Charge Effect"
7. State the advantages of a rotating
vs a stationary anode x-ray tube
8. Define "line focus principle"
9. Differentiate between actual and
effective focal spot
10. State the advantage of using a
"fractional focal spot"
11. State the advantage of using a
high-speed rotor
12. Define the term "Heel Effect"
13. Identify the uses of "Heel Effect"
14. List 7 factors that would extend
x-ray tube life
15. Define heat units
Selman
135-148
253-254
Carlton
106-136
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 13
Week 10
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Reading
A. Nature of X-rays
1. List the conditions necessary for
B. Properties of X-rays
the production of x-rays
C. Electromagnetic Spectrum 2. List the properties of x-rays
D. Electron Interaction with 3. State the speed of travel of EM
Target Material
radiation
(a) Bremsstrahlung
4. Define frequency and wavelength
(b) Characteristic
5. Explain the equation:
V= lambda x nu
6. List the radiations included in the
electromagnetic spectrum
7. Define the terms: "photon" and
"quantum"
8. Define the term "particulate
radiation"
9. Describe the Bremsstrahlung
radiation process
10. Describe the Characteristic
radiation process
11. List the physical characteristics
the target material
12. Define the efficiency of x-ray
production and explain the
equation used to calculate
efficiency
13. Define the terms: Exposure and
Exposure rates
14. Explain the relationship between
exposure and tube current
15. List and explain the factors that
will alter the exposure rate
16. Explain the relationship between
x-ray energy and beam quality
17. List the reasons why the x-ray
beam is heterogenous
18. Define "off focus" radiation
19. Define "half value layer"
Selman
108-124
Carlton
130
Objectives
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Week 11
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Objectives
Reading
A. Interaction of Ionizing
Radiation and Matter
B. Photoelectric Effect
C. Compton
D. Pair Production
1. Define the following terms:
(a) Attenuation
(b) Scatter radiation
(c) Secondary radiation
2. Describe and diagram
Photographic effect
3. List the products of photoelectric
effect
4. Describe and diagram Compton
scatter
5. List the products of Compton
scatter
6. Describe and diagram Pair
Production
7. List the products of Pair
Production
8. List the factors that determine the
type of interaction a radiation
photon will experience when
interacting with matter
9. Perform calculations to
demonstrate the effects of radiation
interactions with matter
Weeks 12-13
(6hrs 20 min)
Topics
Objectives
Reading
A. X-ray Circuitry
B. Rectifying Devices
C. Diagram Rectifying
1. Define rectification
2. State where rectification takes
place
3. List the methods for rectifying an
AC circuit
4. Describe self-rectification
5. List the disadvantages of selfrectification
6. Describe half-wave rectification
using one and two valve tubes
7. Describe full-wave rectification
8. List the advantages of full-wave
rectification
9. Define: "Thermionic Diode" tube
Selman
124-130
Carlton
185-198
Selman
94-107
Handouts:
105-3
105-4
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 15
10. Give an example of a thermionic
diode tube
11. Describe the operation of a valve
tube
12. Discriminate between an x-ray
tube and a valve tube
13. Describe the operation of a solidstate rectifier
14. List the advantages of solid state
rectification devices
15. Define P-Type and N-type solid
state materials
16. Diagram and trace the current
through a full-wave rectified
system
17. Diagram and trace current
through a full-wave rectified
system utilizing solid-state
rectifiers
Week 14
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Objectives
Reading
A. X-ray Circuitry
B. Primary Circuit
C. Secondary Circuit
D. Three-Phase Equipment
1. For each component listed below,
perform the following activities:
Activities
(a) State the location of component
(b) Identify on a diagram the
component
(c) State the function of the
component
(d) Describe the operation of the
component
Components
(a) Fuses
(b) Line switch
(c) Autotransformer
(d) Line voltage compensator and
meter
(e) Pre-reading voltmeter
(f) Primary and Secondary of
transformer (step up & down)
(g) Filament circuit of x-ray tube
(h) Rectifier circuit
Selman
149-172
Carlton
93-95
Handouts
105-5
105-6
105-7
105-8
105-10
Radiologic Technology 105 Page 16
(i) Circuit breakers
(j) Grounded milliammeter
(k) x-ray tube
(l) Timer
(m) X-ray exposure switches
2. Identify the advantages of 3-phase
equipment
3. Describe the differences between
single-phase and three-phase
circuit components
4. Distinguish between single-phase
and three-phase circuits on a
diagram
5. Identify capacitive discharge
equipment
6. Describe the advantages of
capacitive discharge equipment
Week 15
(3hrs 10 min)
Topics
Objectives
Final Examination
1. All material covered in course