FIND OUT MORE
From the end of November 2010, RSPB Scotland can be contacted at:
RSPB Scotland Headquarters, Ground Floor, 2 Lochside View,
Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh, EH12 9DH
E-mail: rspb.scotland@rspb.org.uk
www.rspb.org.uk/scotland
Until then, please contact us at:
RSPB Scotland Headquarters, Dunedin House, 25 Ravelston Terrace,
Edinburgh, EH4 3TP
Tel: 0131 311 6500
E-mail: rspb.scotland@rspb.org.uk
www.rspb.org.uk/scotland
USEFUL INFORMATION
RSPB position on wind farms and birds
www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/policy/windfarms
RSPB wind farm sensitivity map
www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/policy/windfarms/map.asp
The Power of Scotland Renewed
Clean, Green Energy for the Nation’s Future – A summary for policy makers
based on research conducted by Paul Gardner of Garrad Hassan (2009)
www.rspb.org.uk/powerofscotland
Scottish Renewables
www.scottishrenewables.com
SNH POLICIES AND GUIDANCE
Policy on renewables
www.snh.gov.uk/planning-and-development/renewable-energy
Strategic locational guidance
www.snh.gov.uk/planning-and-development/renewable-energy/onshore-wind
THE CROWN ESTATE
Offshore wind: www.thecrownestate.co.uk/offshore_wind_energy
Wave and tidal: www.thecrownestate.co.uk/wave-tidal
The RSPB is a member of the Stop Climate Chaos coalition.
RSPB Scotland is part of the RSPB, which speaks out
for birds and wildlife, tackling the problems that
threaten our environment. Nature is amazing – help
us keep it that way.
Cover image Niall Benvie (rspb-images.com)
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a registered charity:
England and Wales no. 207076, Scotland no. SC037654
780-0073-10-11
Scotland’s
Renewable Future
Meeting Scotland’s energy needs sustainably
wildlife and people. Renewable energy, in the right
3
places, can help mitigate the impacts of climate
Research shows we can meet our
energy targets without developing
on sensitive wildlife sites, and RSPB
Scotland’s own experience suggests
that the vast majority of wind energy
developments do not pose a
significant threat to birds or other
wildlife. Of the approximately 1,500
wind energy cases the RSPB has
been involved with, we have
objected to only 10%.
part in moving Scotland towards a sustainable future.
With approximately 23% of Europe’s onshore and offshore wind energy
resource1, Scotland is well placed to meet or even exceed the Scottish
Government’s target for 50% of Scotland’s electricity to come from renewable
sources by 2020. However, doing this without causing environmental harm will
require careful planning.
1
www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/marineenergy/wind
www.rspb.org.uk/powerofscotland
Richard Lochead, Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs and Environment at the launch of the Draft Plan for Offshore wind in Scottish
Territorial Waters: www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2010/05/19103706
2
3
Forestry and agricultural biomass
production needs to be carefully located,
designed and managed to ensure that
important wildlife habitats, species and
sites are protected, and not harmed.
This must apply to all imported material,
as well as Scottish grown biomass.
Public and private sector procurement
policies and specification must ensure
that the biomass used is from
environmentally sustainable sources,
protecting biodiversity.
RSPB Scotland supports this ambition,
but the impact of such expansion in
offshore wind is uncertain. Scotland’s
seas are extraordinary – home to half
our biodiversity, 45% of the EU's
breeding seabirds, and a huge variety
of other species, from basking sharks
to rare coldwater corals – so it is
critical that the most sensitive sites
are avoided. Detailed post-construction
monitoring will also be essential to
help inform later phases of development.
David Tipling (rspb-images.com)
RSPB Scotland is often most visible when objecting to proposed developments,
but we are strongly in favour of well-designed and appropriately located
renewable energy generation. We welcome and support the growth of this
important industry, and believe that Scotland’s renewable energy potential can
be delivered without harming the environment, thus providing a best practice
model for the development of renewable energy across the world.
BIOMASS
With a massive increase in offshore
wind development expected, the
Scottish Government has stated that
Scotland’s current renewable energy
capacity of nearly 4 gigawatts (GW)
could be doubled to 8 GW by 20203.
This will be a key component of
delivering Scotland’s target to generate
50% of its electricity from renewable
sources by 2020.
Heat and energy generators should
use biomass from known traceable
sources, certified against credible
environmental standards, such as the
Forest Stewardship Council. Developing
local woodfuel supply chains could
help bring Scotland’s native woods
into good biodiversity condition,
through enhanced and
appropriate management.
3
Scotland currently under-exploits
the potential for small-scale
renewable energy projects. Micro
renewables could make an
important contribution to our
energy mix and could help reduce
domestic emissions, alongside
energy efficiency measures.
Therefore, RSPB Scotland supports
the installation of micro renewables
in locations where they do not
have significant adverse impacts
on natural heritage. We have
already installed micro renewables
at some of our reserves and
offices, to help reduce our own
carbon emissions.
WAVE AND TIDAL
NUCLEAR
Wave and tidal power could make a
valuable contribution to Scotland’s
energy mix. RSPB Scotland is keen to
see these opportunities realised, but the
most sensitive sites must be avoided.
Monitoring of developments will be
essential, as very little is known about
the potential environmental impacts of
some of these technologies.
Given the cost, health, safety
and environmental implications
of nuclear power, and the fact
that viable alternatives exist to
meet the necessary levels of low
carbon energy generation, RSPB
Scotland does not believe it is
necessary to construct new nuclear
power stations.
A strategic approach to the planning
and development of marine renewables
is vital for the success of this industry,
and to safeguard the environment. The
rollout of these new technologies must
be accompanied by urgent identification
of important marine areas for wildlife so
these sites can be adequately protected.
This must be informed by robust
scientific research and monitoring to
address knowledge gaps.
s.com)
Andy Hay (rspb-image
In addition, the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 has set ambitious targets
for reducing Scotland’s greenhouse gas emissions by 42% by 2020, and 80%
by 2050. Renewable energy will play a significant role in achieving these
targets, but to do so will need careful strategic planning, onshore and offshore.
OFFSHORE WIND
David Osborn
(rspb-images.co
m
Research, such as The Power of Scotland Renewed report2, has shown that by
2030 Scotland's energy needs can be fully met using well-sited renewables.
This report established that by 2030 renewable energy could meet between
60% and 143% of Scotland’s projected annual electricity demand, depending on
the level of investment in energy saving and new renewables, and that this
could be done whilst avoiding sites designated for their natural heritage value.
3
RSPB Scotland is working with the renewable energy industry and Government
to help ensure that renewables are delivered in the right locations, in order to
ensure a clean and sustainable energy supply for Scotland.
Whilst most potential large-scale
hydroelectricity sites in Scotland have
been utilised, there is some opportunity
for new pump storage – which would
complement an increase in wind and
wave power – and small and microhydro schemes to be developed, without
causing significant damage to wildlife.
3
change on the natural environment, and will play a key
MICRO RENEWABLES
Hydroelectric schemes have been
generating electricity for the grid in
Scotland since the 1950s. They can
have significant environmental
impacts on species associated with
freshwater habitats through disturbance
during construction, alteration of
watercourses, habitat loss and
drainage of wetlands. However, once
constructed, hydroelectric schemes
often have fewer adverse impacts than
other forms of renewable energy.
3
Climate change is the single biggest threat facing
3
HYDRO
RSPB Vane Farm photovoltaic panels, Andy Hay (rspb-images.com)
for renewables
Pete Cairns (Nature PL)
-images.com)
Peter Cairns (rspb
The need
ONSHORE WIND
Scotland has significant onshore
wind resource, and wind power is a
proven source of relatively low cost,
clean energy. However, wind energy
can, and must, be developed in a
way that protects Scotland’s fantastic
wildlife and habitats.
wildlife and people. Renewable energy, in the right
3
places, can help mitigate the impacts of climate
Research shows we can meet our
energy targets without developing
on sensitive wildlife sites, and RSPB
Scotland’s own experience suggests
that the vast majority of wind energy
developments do not pose a
significant threat to birds or other
wildlife. Of the approximately 1,500
wind energy cases the RSPB has
been involved with, we have
objected to only 10%.
part in moving Scotland towards a sustainable future.
With approximately 23% of Europe’s onshore and offshore wind energy
resource1, Scotland is well placed to meet or even exceed the Scottish
Government’s target for 50% of Scotland’s electricity to come from renewable
sources by 2020. However, doing this without causing environmental harm will
require careful planning.
1
www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/marineenergy/wind
www.rspb.org.uk/powerofscotland
Richard Lochead, Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs and Environment at the launch of the Draft Plan for Offshore wind in Scottish
Territorial Waters: www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2010/05/19103706
2
3
Forestry and agricultural biomass
production needs to be carefully located,
designed and managed to ensure that
important wildlife habitats, species and
sites are protected, and not harmed.
This must apply to all imported material,
as well as Scottish grown biomass.
Public and private sector procurement
policies and specification must ensure
that the biomass used is from
environmentally sustainable sources,
protecting biodiversity.
RSPB Scotland supports this ambition,
but the impact of such expansion in
offshore wind is uncertain. Scotland’s
seas are extraordinary – home to half
our biodiversity, 45% of the EU's
breeding seabirds, and a huge variety
of other species, from basking sharks
to rare coldwater corals – so it is
critical that the most sensitive sites
are avoided. Detailed post-construction
monitoring will also be essential to
help inform later phases of development.
David Tipling (rspb-images.com)
RSPB Scotland is often most visible when objecting to proposed developments,
but we are strongly in favour of well-designed and appropriately located
renewable energy generation. We welcome and support the growth of this
important industry, and believe that Scotland’s renewable energy potential can
be delivered without harming the environment, thus providing a best practice
model for the development of renewable energy across the world.
BIOMASS
With a massive increase in offshore
wind development expected, the
Scottish Government has stated that
Scotland’s current renewable energy
capacity of nearly 4 gigawatts (GW)
could be doubled to 8 GW by 20203.
This will be a key component of
delivering Scotland’s target to generate
50% of its electricity from renewable
sources by 2020.
Heat and energy generators should
use biomass from known traceable
sources, certified against credible
environmental standards, such as the
Forest Stewardship Council. Developing
local woodfuel supply chains could
help bring Scotland’s native woods
into good biodiversity condition,
through enhanced and
appropriate management.
3
Scotland currently under-exploits
the potential for small-scale
renewable energy projects. Micro
renewables could make an
important contribution to our
energy mix and could help reduce
domestic emissions, alongside
energy efficiency measures.
Therefore, RSPB Scotland supports
the installation of micro renewables
in locations where they do not
have significant adverse impacts
on natural heritage. We have
already installed micro renewables
at some of our reserves and
offices, to help reduce our own
carbon emissions.
WAVE AND TIDAL
NUCLEAR
Wave and tidal power could make a
valuable contribution to Scotland’s
energy mix. RSPB Scotland is keen to
see these opportunities realised, but the
most sensitive sites must be avoided.
Monitoring of developments will be
essential, as very little is known about
the potential environmental impacts of
some of these technologies.
Given the cost, health, safety
and environmental implications
of nuclear power, and the fact
that viable alternatives exist to
meet the necessary levels of low
carbon energy generation, RSPB
Scotland does not believe it is
necessary to construct new nuclear
power stations.
A strategic approach to the planning
and development of marine renewables
is vital for the success of this industry,
and to safeguard the environment. The
rollout of these new technologies must
be accompanied by urgent identification
of important marine areas for wildlife so
these sites can be adequately protected.
This must be informed by robust
scientific research and monitoring to
address knowledge gaps.
s.com)
Andy Hay (rspb-image
In addition, the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 has set ambitious targets
for reducing Scotland’s greenhouse gas emissions by 42% by 2020, and 80%
by 2050. Renewable energy will play a significant role in achieving these
targets, but to do so will need careful strategic planning, onshore and offshore.
OFFSHORE WIND
David Osborn
(rspb-images.co
m
Research, such as The Power of Scotland Renewed report2, has shown that by
2030 Scotland's energy needs can be fully met using well-sited renewables.
This report established that by 2030 renewable energy could meet between
60% and 143% of Scotland’s projected annual electricity demand, depending on
the level of investment in energy saving and new renewables, and that this
could be done whilst avoiding sites designated for their natural heritage value.
3
RSPB Scotland is working with the renewable energy industry and Government
to help ensure that renewables are delivered in the right locations, in order to
ensure a clean and sustainable energy supply for Scotland.
Whilst most potential large-scale
hydroelectricity sites in Scotland have
been utilised, there is some opportunity
for new pump storage – which would
complement an increase in wind and
wave power – and small and microhydro schemes to be developed, without
causing significant damage to wildlife.
3
change on the natural environment, and will play a key
MICRO RENEWABLES
Hydroelectric schemes have been
generating electricity for the grid in
Scotland since the 1950s. They can
have significant environmental
impacts on species associated with
freshwater habitats through disturbance
during construction, alteration of
watercourses, habitat loss and
drainage of wetlands. However, once
constructed, hydroelectric schemes
often have fewer adverse impacts than
other forms of renewable energy.
3
Climate change is the single biggest threat facing
3
HYDRO
RSPB Vane Farm photovoltaic panels, Andy Hay (rspb-images.com)
for renewables
Pete Cairns (Nature PL)
-images.com)
Peter Cairns (rspb
The need
ONSHORE WIND
Scotland has significant onshore
wind resource, and wind power is a
proven source of relatively low cost,
clean energy. However, wind energy
can, and must, be developed in a
way that protects Scotland’s fantastic
wildlife and habitats.
renewable
energy developers
“For years, the RSPB has been leading a
mature and constructive debate about how we
reconcile action on climate change with the
needs of nature conservation. Whether through
engaging directly with renewables projects on
the ground, or on wider themes such as
peatland protection and bird monitoring, the
RSPB makes a valuable and respected
contribution.”
Working with
Niall Stuart, Chief Executive, Scottish
Renewables
RSPB Scotland supports the development of sustainable
and responsibly sited renewable energy in Scotland.
“For ScottishPower Renewables it’s essential
that we are able to identify the best locations,
and exclude inappropriate ones, at the earliest
possible stage. The RSPB works closely with
us throughout the site selection and
development stages and their expertise has
helped us ensure our projects are sustainable
in all regards. RSPB Scotland’s pro-active
approach allows us to improve habitats for the
benefit of birdlife, and to increase understanding
of the interactions between birds and wind
farms. It is a pleasure working with the RSPB
and we look forward to our strong relationship
continuing as renewable energy plays an everincreasing role throughout the UK.”
We work closely with renewable energy developers to provide advice on the
suitability of development sites before planning applications are made. We have
established good links with individual developers and industry bodies, such as
Scottish Renewables, allowing us to discuss individual proposals and provide
guidance on environmental good practice, both onshore and offshore.
Early contact enables us to flag up sensitive sites and steer developers away
from areas of potential risk. Such consultation can also help the design of
developments early on, so significant environmental harm and delays in planning
can be avoided. This helps ensure that more developments are delivered in the
right places, meeting the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
tackle climate change, without damaging our most important places for wildlife.
The following case studies are just a few examples of where RSPB Scotland has
worked successfully with developers to promote renewable energy development
in Scotland.
Keith Anderson, Managing Director,
ScottishPower Renewables
Niall Benvie (rspb-images.com)
“The development of more wind farms in
Scotland is vital if we are to maintain secure
supplies of power and tackle the huge risks to
Scotland posed by climate change. As a
responsible developer, we recognise that each
potential site must be considered on its merits,
and be the subject of detailed scrutiny. To this
end, we conduct detailed research, working
closely with the RSPB, government agencies
and other environmental bodies. We are
delighted that our approach on the Clyde wind
farm has been welcomed by the RSPB.”
David Gardner, Director of Onshore
Renewables, SSE Renewables
Forth and Tay Offshore Wind Developers Group
Clyde wind farm
Developers: Mainstream Renewable Power, Fred Olsen Renewables, SSE Renewables,
Fluor Limited, RWE npower, SeaEnergy Renewables, Seagreen Wind Energy Limited,
in conjunction with The Crown Estate
Developer: SSE Renewables
South Lanarkshire
350 MW, 152 turbines
Consented 2008, currently under construction
Due to the proximity of several large
offshore wind proposals in the outer
Forth and Tay estuaries, there is a need
to assess what the collective
environmental impact of these sites
might be. To address this, The Crown
Estate established the Forth and Tay
Offshore Wind Developers Group
which, chaired and facilitated by The
Crown Estate, consists of offshore
wind developers with sites in Scottish
Territorial Waters. Following the
announcement of the Round 3 leases,
the developer of the zone 2 Firth of
Forth site also joined the group.
It is hoped that this joint approach will
help assess any potential cumulative
and in-combination impacts of the site
development proposals. RSPB
Scotland is supportive of this approach
which aims, where appropriate, to
progress collaborative survey work
and stakeholder consultation.
Black Law wind farm
Developer: ScottishPower Renewables
North Lanarkshire, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian
124 MW, 54 turbines
Operational 2005
This development is located in an area
extensively damaged by mining,
afforestation and drainage of wet
heath. In terms of bird interest, it is
host to a locally important population
of breeding waders.
By working closely with the developer,
ScottishPower Renewables, Scottish
Natural Heritage (SNH) and the three
local Councils, RSPB Scotland secured
habitat mitigation and enhancement to
benefit breeding waders, farmland
birds and blanket bog. The resulting
Habitat Management Plan covers
1,440 hectares (ha) and is the largest
heathland restoration project in the
region. Work includes restoration of a
former opencast coalmine, removal of
a conifer plantation, restoration of a
watercourse to benefit otters and
water voles, and modifications to the
wind farm design to reduce its
environmental impact. An Ecological
Clerk of Works was appointed to oversee
construction, implementation of the
Habitat Management Plan, and pre- and
post-construction bird monitoring as
required by the planning conditions.
RSPB Scotland was delighted when
Black Law wind farm was awarded the
Best Renewable Project in the 2005
Green Energy Awards.
There is now a proposal to extend the
wind farm, and we hope to continue to
work with ScottishPower Renewables
to ensure the high standards of the
initial development are continued in
this and any future projects.
Initially RSPB Scotland had concerns
regarding this site as the area was used
by a pair of hen harriers nesting within
close proximity to one of the proposed
turbines. We were concerned that the
wind farm may have resulted in
displacement of the breeding pair from
the site. To address this, RSPB Scotland
worked with the developers to adjust the
site layout and remove several turbines
to significantly reduce potential collision
risk for hen harrier and other species.
In addition, the consent required the
production of a Habitat Management Plan
prior to construction to ensure adequate
mitigation measures were in place to
address negative impacts on birds. The
Habitat Management Plan covers a total
area of 3,000 ha. Management measures
include removal of a significant area of
commercial conifer plantation to recreate
open upland habitat, which is better for
biodiversity, and enhancement of the
condition and extent of blanket bog
habitat and upland heath. A programme
of post-construction monitoring will also
be carried out, including surveys of
upland breeding birds.
Whitelee wind farm
Developer: ScottishPower Renewables
East Renfrewshire, East Ayrshire, and South Lanarkshire
322 MW, 140 turbines operational, with a further 75 consented as an extension
Operational 2009
This large wind farm site (5,000 ha+) is
in an area not considered particularly
sensitive for birds, and RSPB Scotland
had few concerns with the original
proposal. The habitat enhancement
scheme is less intensive than that of
Black Law but is still significant due to
the size of the site. Mitigation measures
include re-establishing 900 ha of
heathland and blanket bog through the
clearance of conifer plantations, drain
blocking and the continued management
of a mosaic habitat to benefit black
grouse. Liaison with the developer,
ScottishPower Renewables, has been
effective and RSPB Scotland is
represented on the Habitat Management
Group, which oversees ongoing habitat
management to benefit wildlife.
Because of these positive benefits for
wildlife and renewable energy
generation, RSPB Scotland supported
ScottishPower Renewables’ application
to extend the wind farm by a further 75
turbines, giving it the capacity to power
up to nearly 300,000 homes.
The Whitelee visitor centre, which
opened in 2009, now attracts over 9,000
visitors a month, and includes an
exhibition about the construction of the
wind farm and the ongoing habitat
management work conducted on site.
renewable
energy developers
“For years, the RSPB has been leading a
mature and constructive debate about how we
reconcile action on climate change with the
needs of nature conservation. Whether through
engaging directly with renewables projects on
the ground, or on wider themes such as
peatland protection and bird monitoring, the
RSPB makes a valuable and respected
contribution.”
Working with
Niall Stuart, Chief Executive, Scottish
Renewables
RSPB Scotland supports the development of sustainable
and responsibly sited renewable energy in Scotland.
“For ScottishPower Renewables it’s essential
that we are able to identify the best locations,
and exclude inappropriate ones, at the earliest
possible stage. The RSPB works closely with
us throughout the site selection and
development stages and their expertise has
helped us ensure our projects are sustainable
in all regards. RSPB Scotland’s pro-active
approach allows us to improve habitats for the
benefit of birdlife, and to increase understanding
of the interactions between birds and wind
farms. It is a pleasure working with the RSPB
and we look forward to our strong relationship
continuing as renewable energy plays an everincreasing role throughout the UK.”
We work closely with renewable energy developers to provide advice on the
suitability of development sites before planning applications are made. We have
established good links with individual developers and industry bodies, such as
Scottish Renewables, allowing us to discuss individual proposals and provide
guidance on environmental good practice, both onshore and offshore.
Early contact enables us to flag up sensitive sites and steer developers away
from areas of potential risk. Such consultation can also help the design of
developments early on, so significant environmental harm and delays in planning
can be avoided. This helps ensure that more developments are delivered in the
right places, meeting the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
tackle climate change, without damaging our most important places for wildlife.
The following case studies are just a few examples of where RSPB Scotland has
worked successfully with developers to promote renewable energy development
in Scotland.
Keith Anderson, Managing Director,
ScottishPower Renewables
Niall Benvie (rspb-images.com)
“The development of more wind farms in
Scotland is vital if we are to maintain secure
supplies of power and tackle the huge risks to
Scotland posed by climate change. As a
responsible developer, we recognise that each
potential site must be considered on its merits,
and be the subject of detailed scrutiny. To this
end, we conduct detailed research, working
closely with the RSPB, government agencies
and other environmental bodies. We are
delighted that our approach on the Clyde wind
farm has been welcomed by the RSPB.”
David Gardner, Director of Onshore
Renewables, SSE Renewables
Forth and Tay Offshore Wind Developers Group
Clyde wind farm
Developers: Mainstream Renewable Power, Fred Olsen Renewables, SSE Renewables,
Fluor Limited, RWE npower, SeaEnergy Renewables, Seagreen Wind Energy Limited,
in conjunction with The Crown Estate
Developer: SSE Renewables
South Lanarkshire
350 MW, 152 turbines
Consented 2008, currently under construction
Due to the proximity of several large
offshore wind proposals in the outer
Forth and Tay estuaries, there is a need
to assess what the collective
environmental impact of these sites
might be. To address this, The Crown
Estate established the Forth and Tay
Offshore Wind Developers Group
which, chaired and facilitated by The
Crown Estate, consists of offshore
wind developers with sites in Scottish
Territorial Waters. Following the
announcement of the Round 3 leases,
the developer of the zone 2 Firth of
Forth site also joined the group.
It is hoped that this joint approach will
help assess any potential cumulative
and in-combination impacts of the site
development proposals. RSPB
Scotland is supportive of this approach
which aims, where appropriate, to
progress collaborative survey work
and stakeholder consultation.
Black Law wind farm
Developer: ScottishPower Renewables
North Lanarkshire, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian
124 MW, 54 turbines
Operational 2005
This development is located in an area
extensively damaged by mining,
afforestation and drainage of wet
heath. In terms of bird interest, it is
host to a locally important population
of breeding waders.
By working closely with the developer,
ScottishPower Renewables, Scottish
Natural Heritage (SNH) and the three
local Councils, RSPB Scotland secured
habitat mitigation and enhancement to
benefit breeding waders, farmland
birds and blanket bog. The resulting
Habitat Management Plan covers
1,440 hectares (ha) and is the largest
heathland restoration project in the
region. Work includes restoration of a
former opencast coalmine, removal of
a conifer plantation, restoration of a
watercourse to benefit otters and
water voles, and modifications to the
wind farm design to reduce its
environmental impact. An Ecological
Clerk of Works was appointed to oversee
construction, implementation of the
Habitat Management Plan, and pre- and
post-construction bird monitoring as
required by the planning conditions.
RSPB Scotland was delighted when
Black Law wind farm was awarded the
Best Renewable Project in the 2005
Green Energy Awards.
There is now a proposal to extend the
wind farm, and we hope to continue to
work with ScottishPower Renewables
to ensure the high standards of the
initial development are continued in
this and any future projects.
Initially RSPB Scotland had concerns
regarding this site as the area was used
by a pair of hen harriers nesting within
close proximity to one of the proposed
turbines. We were concerned that the
wind farm may have resulted in
displacement of the breeding pair from
the site. To address this, RSPB Scotland
worked with the developers to adjust the
site layout and remove several turbines
to significantly reduce potential collision
risk for hen harrier and other species.
In addition, the consent required the
production of a Habitat Management Plan
prior to construction to ensure adequate
mitigation measures were in place to
address negative impacts on birds. The
Habitat Management Plan covers a total
area of 3,000 ha. Management measures
include removal of a significant area of
commercial conifer plantation to recreate
open upland habitat, which is better for
biodiversity, and enhancement of the
condition and extent of blanket bog
habitat and upland heath. A programme
of post-construction monitoring will also
be carried out, including surveys of
upland breeding birds.
Whitelee wind farm
Developer: ScottishPower Renewables
East Renfrewshire, East Ayrshire, and South Lanarkshire
322 MW, 140 turbines operational, with a further 75 consented as an extension
Operational 2009
This large wind farm site (5,000 ha+) is
in an area not considered particularly
sensitive for birds, and RSPB Scotland
had few concerns with the original
proposal. The habitat enhancement
scheme is less intensive than that of
Black Law but is still significant due to
the size of the site. Mitigation measures
include re-establishing 900 ha of
heathland and blanket bog through the
clearance of conifer plantations, drain
blocking and the continued management
of a mosaic habitat to benefit black
grouse. Liaison with the developer,
ScottishPower Renewables, has been
effective and RSPB Scotland is
represented on the Habitat Management
Group, which oversees ongoing habitat
management to benefit wildlife.
Because of these positive benefits for
wildlife and renewable energy
generation, RSPB Scotland supported
ScottishPower Renewables’ application
to extend the wind farm by a further 75
turbines, giving it the capacity to power
up to nearly 300,000 homes.
The Whitelee visitor centre, which
opened in 2009, now attracts over 9,000
visitors a month, and includes an
exhibition about the construction of the
wind farm and the ongoing habitat
management work conducted on site.
Working with
developers
Siadar Wave Energy Project (SWEP)
Developer: RWE npower and WaveGen
Siadar, Lewis
Up to 4 MW of generation capacity
Consented January 2009
Siadar Bay, situated on the north-west coast of
Lewis, will be used as a test site for a new
technology called an “oscillating water
column”. An active breakwater positioned just
off the coast will harness power from the
Atlantic waves in Siadar Bay, where the
movement of the waves will push air in and
out of a chamber and through a turbine to
generate electricity.
The SWEP is a collaboration between npower
renewables and Inverness-based technology
company, Wavegen. It will be the first project
to operate under the Scottish Government's
Marine Supply Obligation, put in place to
promote the development of first generation
marine energy power stations. The energy
produced each year by this project could
supply the average annual electricity needs
of around 1,500 homes on Lewis and Harris.
As part of the Environmental Impact
Assessment for this project, a breeding bird
survey was carried out for the surrounding
area and the RSPB was satisfied that the
project posed no major implications for
breeding birds. However, since this technology
is the first of its kind, we have asked that
monitoring of breeding and wintering birds is
continued, to provide us with a robust
baseline dataset.
David Osborn (rspb-images.com)
The RSPB supports renewable energy projects
which are located and designed to avoid
detrimental effects on the environment. As
such, we welcome the approach being taken
by everyone involved in the SWEP scheme.
Aquamarine at the European
Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)
Developer: Aquamarine Power
Billia Croo, Orkney
Up to 2 MW of generation capacity
The EMEC test centre for experimental wave
energy devices, at Billia Croo, near Stromness,
faces west out into the Atlantic. This is where
Aquamarine Power’s first demonstration-scale
Oyster device was successfully deployed at
sea in 2009. The Oyster wave power device is a
buoyant, hinged device which is attached to
the seabed at a depth of approximately 10
metres, around half a kilometre from shore.
The device sways backwards and forwards in
the waves and the movement drives two
hydraulic pistons which push high pressure
water onshore to drive a conventional hydroelectric turbine.
RSPB Scotland requested visual monitoring
of birds and marine mammals before and
following installation of the Oyster to assess
the effects of this new device. It is early days,
but so far this technology appears to have
minimal impacts – though as with all
developments, location will be vital, eg
avoiding important areas used by major
cliff seabird colonies.
RSPB Scotland has been in discussion with the
EMEC to establish conditions and monitoring
schemes for the test centre. The aim is to strike
a balance between the need to understand
impacts on the marine environment, and
avoiding placing unnecessary burdens on
emerging technologies.
RSPB Scotland
supporting renewables in Scotland and Europe
Bird sensitivity map for Scotland
RSPB Scotland is helping developers and local planning
authorities identify sensitive areas for wind farm
development. As part of a project jointly funded by SNH,
RSPB Scotland produced a bird and wind farm
sensitivity map. The map identifies those areas where
wind farms would pose a medium to high risk for
important bird populations. We hope the map will help
minimise the conflict between wind farms and birds of
high conservation concern by helping developers avoid
the most sensitive sites.
The map is also intended to help local authorities plan
for renewable energy development. With ambitious
renewable energy targets set in Scotland, strategic
planning for where these developments should be
placed will be essential.
The bird sensitivity map has also been incorporated into
the Strategic Locational Guidance produced by SNH. The
guidance incorporates natural heritage considerations
including landscape, designated sites, and recreational
and geological interests, as well as sensitive bird areas.
We hope that by taking this strategic approach to
planning for wind farm development, Scotland will be
able to meet its renewable energy targets, whilst safeguarding important places for birds and other species.
Good practice in reconciling onshore and offshore wind with environmental objectives
RSPB Scotland is working with a partnership of
government bodies, environmental agencies, NGOs and
renewable energy developers throughout the EU on a
joint project, led by the Scottish Government, for the
Intelligent Energy Europe Programme. The project aims
to address barriers to the development of onshore and
offshore wind energy projects and facilitate the
deployment of renewable energy technologies. This is in
support of the 2020 EU targets, with particular reference
to developing in a way that avoids conflict with
environmental sensitivities. These targets are known as
the 20-20-20 targets, representing: a reduction of EU
greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990
levels, for 20% of EU energy consumption to come from
renewable resources, and a 20% reduction in primary
energy use, compared with projected levels, by 2020.
RSPB Scotland will be involved in the development of a
good practice toolkit using comparative case studies.
The case studies will focus on environmental issues
often encountered during the planning process of
developments, such as Environmental Impact
Assessment requirements, Habitats and Birds Directives,
the Water Framework Directive, fisheries protection, and
climate change impacts. The case studies will also
consider community issues including local involvement
and support for wind energy projects.
The project is due to start in autumn 2010 and will run
for two years.
Working with
developers
Siadar Wave Energy Project (SWEP)
Developer: RWE npower and WaveGen
Siadar, Lewis
Up to 4 MW of generation capacity
Consented January 2009
Siadar Bay, situated on the north-west coast of
Lewis, will be used as a test site for a new
technology called an “oscillating water
column”. An active breakwater positioned just
off the coast will harness power from the
Atlantic waves in Siadar Bay, where the
movement of the waves will push air in and
out of a chamber and through a turbine to
generate electricity.
The SWEP is a collaboration between npower
renewables and Inverness-based technology
company, Wavegen. It will be the first project
to operate under the Scottish Government's
Marine Supply Obligation, put in place to
promote the development of first generation
marine energy power stations. The energy
produced each year by this project could
supply the average annual electricity needs
of around 1,500 homes on Lewis and Harris.
As part of the Environmental Impact
Assessment for this project, a breeding bird
survey was carried out for the surrounding
area and the RSPB was satisfied that the
project posed no major implications for
breeding birds. However, since this technology
is the first of its kind, we have asked that
monitoring of breeding and wintering birds is
continued, to provide us with a robust
baseline dataset.
David Osborn (rspb-images.com)
The RSPB supports renewable energy projects
which are located and designed to avoid
detrimental effects on the environment. As
such, we welcome the approach being taken
by everyone involved in the SWEP scheme.
Aquamarine at the European
Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)
Developer: Aquamarine Power
Billia Croo, Orkney
Up to 2 MW of generation capacity
The EMEC test centre for experimental wave
energy devices, at Billia Croo, near Stromness,
faces west out into the Atlantic. This is where
Aquamarine Power’s first demonstration-scale
Oyster device was successfully deployed at
sea in 2009. The Oyster wave power device is a
buoyant, hinged device which is attached to
the seabed at a depth of approximately 10
metres, around half a kilometre from shore.
The device sways backwards and forwards in
the waves and the movement drives two
hydraulic pistons which push high pressure
water onshore to drive a conventional hydroelectric turbine.
RSPB Scotland requested visual monitoring
of birds and marine mammals before and
following installation of the Oyster to assess
the effects of this new device. It is early days,
but so far this technology appears to have
minimal impacts – though as with all
developments, location will be vital, eg
avoiding important areas used by major
cliff seabird colonies.
RSPB Scotland has been in discussion with the
EMEC to establish conditions and monitoring
schemes for the test centre. The aim is to strike
a balance between the need to understand
impacts on the marine environment, and
avoiding placing unnecessary burdens on
emerging technologies.
RSPB Scotland
supporting renewables in Scotland and Europe
Bird sensitivity map for Scotland
RSPB Scotland is helping developers and local planning
authorities identify sensitive areas for wind farm
development. As part of a project jointly funded by SNH,
RSPB Scotland produced a bird and wind farm
sensitivity map. The map identifies those areas where
wind farms would pose a medium to high risk for
important bird populations. We hope the map will help
minimise the conflict between wind farms and birds of
high conservation concern by helping developers avoid
the most sensitive sites.
The map is also intended to help local authorities plan
for renewable energy development. With ambitious
renewable energy targets set in Scotland, strategic
planning for where these developments should be
placed will be essential.
The bird sensitivity map has also been incorporated into
the Strategic Locational Guidance produced by SNH. The
guidance incorporates natural heritage considerations
including landscape, designated sites, and recreational
and geological interests, as well as sensitive bird areas.
We hope that by taking this strategic approach to
planning for wind farm development, Scotland will be
able to meet its renewable energy targets, whilst safeguarding important places for birds and other species.
Good practice in reconciling onshore and offshore wind with environmental objectives
RSPB Scotland is working with a partnership of
government bodies, environmental agencies, NGOs and
renewable energy developers throughout the EU on a
joint project, led by the Scottish Government, for the
Intelligent Energy Europe Programme. The project aims
to address barriers to the development of onshore and
offshore wind energy projects and facilitate the
deployment of renewable energy technologies. This is in
support of the 2020 EU targets, with particular reference
to developing in a way that avoids conflict with
environmental sensitivities. These targets are known as
the 20-20-20 targets, representing: a reduction of EU
greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990
levels, for 20% of EU energy consumption to come from
renewable resources, and a 20% reduction in primary
energy use, compared with projected levels, by 2020.
RSPB Scotland will be involved in the development of a
good practice toolkit using comparative case studies.
The case studies will focus on environmental issues
often encountered during the planning process of
developments, such as Environmental Impact
Assessment requirements, Habitats and Birds Directives,
the Water Framework Directive, fisheries protection, and
climate change impacts. The case studies will also
consider community issues including local involvement
and support for wind energy projects.
The project is due to start in autumn 2010 and will run
for two years.
FIND OUT MORE
From the end of November 2010, RSPB Scotland can be contacted at:
RSPB Scotland Headquarters, Ground Floor, 2 Lochside View,
Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh, EH12 9DH
E-mail: rspb.scotland@rspb.org.uk
www.rspb.org.uk/scotland
Until then, please contact us at:
RSPB Scotland Headquarters, Dunedin House, 25 Ravelston Terrace,
Edinburgh, EH4 3TP
Tel: 0131 311 6500
E-mail: rspb.scotland@rspb.org.uk
www.rspb.org.uk/scotland
USEFUL INFORMATION
RSPB position on wind farms and birds
www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/policy/windfarms
RSPB wind farm sensitivity map
www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/policy/windfarms/map.asp
The Power of Scotland Renewed
Clean, Green Energy for the Nation’s Future – A summary for policy makers
based on research conducted by Paul Gardner of Garrad Hassan (2009)
www.rspb.org.uk/powerofscotland
Scottish Renewables
www.scottishrenewables.com
SNH POLICIES AND GUIDANCE
Policy on renewables
www.snh.gov.uk/planning-and-development/renewable-energy
Strategic locational guidance
www.snh.gov.uk/planning-and-development/renewable-energy/onshore-wind
THE CROWN ESTATE
Offshore wind: www.thecrownestate.co.uk/offshore_wind_energy
Wave and tidal: www.thecrownestate.co.uk/wave-tidal
The RSPB is a member of the Stop Climate Chaos coalition.
RSPB Scotland is part of the RSPB, which speaks out
for birds and wildlife, tackling the problems that
threaten our environment. Nature is amazing – help
us keep it that way.
Cover image Niall Benvie (rspb-images.com)
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a registered charity:
England and Wales no. 207076, Scotland no. SC037654
780-0073-10-11
Scotland’s
Renewable Future
Meeting Scotland’s energy needs sustainably