DIN/DKE – Roadmap
G E R M A N S TA N D A R D I Z AT I O N
ROADMAP
Industry 4.0
Ve r s i o n 2
Published by
DIN e. V.
DKE Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik
Elektronik Informationstechnik in DIN und VDE
Am DIN-Platz
Stresemannallee 15
Burggrafenstraße 6
60596 Frankfurt
10787 Berlin
Tel.: +49 69 6308-0
Tel.: +49 30 2601-0
Fax: +49 69 08-9863
e-mail: presse@din.de
e-mail: standardisierung@vde.com
Internet: www.din.de
Internet: www.dke.de
Issue date: January 2016
Cover photo: Fraunhofer IPA
2
STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
1
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1
Future-oriented project Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2
Objectives of Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3
The system of systems – Challenges for technology and standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4
Aspects of implementation .
2.5
Standardization as a driving force for innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6
The route to standards and specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.7
Development phase standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3
Objectives of the Standardization Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4
The current environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
4.1
Cooperation between the standardization committees .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
4.1.1
DIN/DKE Steering Group Industry 4.0 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
4.1.2
Platform Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.3
Cooperation at international level .
4.2
Standardization of automation systems .
4.3
Standardization in information technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4
Frequency ranges for radio communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5
Subject areas and requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1
Standardization requirements for Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2
Reference models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2.1
Reference models in general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5.2.1.1 Description and use of reference models .
7
9
21
23
30
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5.2.1.2 Recommendation: Description of the reference models in dedicated standards .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
5.2.1.3 Recommendation: Standardized structure for the description of reference models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.2.1.4 Recommendation: Widespread use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
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5.2.2
System architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.2.2.1 Reference Architecture Model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
5.2.2.2 Recommendation: Integration of existing standards and specifications
and standardization activities in the RAMI4.0 general model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2.2.3 Recommendation: Compilation of a list of existing models, and integration of existing models
in the RAMI4.0 general model .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
5.2.2.4 Recommendation: Integration of new models in the RAMI4.0 general model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2.2.5 Recommendation: Characteristics, semantics and ontologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2.3
Reference models of instrumentation and control functions .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
5.2.3.1 Initial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2.3.2 Areas of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2.3.3 Recommendation: Standardized functionality across all levels of automation
5.2.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Reference models of the technical and organizational processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2.4.1 Initial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2.4.2 Areas of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2.4.3 Recommendation: Development of a framework for uniform description of the
technical and organizational processes .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
5.2.4.4 Recommendation: Creation of standards on technical and organizational processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2.5
Reference models of life cycle processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2.5.1 Initial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2.5.2 Recommendation: Description of life cycle processes in flexible, adaptive systems .
39
5.3
Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3.1
Initial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3.2
Recommendation: Standardized description template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3.3
Recommendation: Reference list of important use cases for characterization of the term “Industry 4.0” .
5.3.4
Recommendation: Use cases to illustrate the need for standardization
in the area of non-functional properties .
4
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. . . . . .
41
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41
5.4
Fundamentals .
5.4.1
Initial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.4.2
Recommendation: Terms .
STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
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42
42
5.4.3
Recommendation: Relate terms of automation technology and IT .
5.4.4
Recommendation: Describe core models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.4.5
Recommendation: Specification of the modelling languages to be used in standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.5
Non-functional properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.5.1
Initial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.5.2
Recommendation: Define terminology for non-functional properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.5.3
Recommendation: Clearly addressing non-functional properties in standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.5.4
Recommendation: Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.5.5
Recommendation: Security and IT-Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.5.6
Recommendation: Information security .
5.5.7
Recommendation: Reliability and robustness .
5.5.8
Recommendation: Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.5.9
Recommendation: Real time: Stipulation of the concepts and terminology in a standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
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43
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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5.5.10 Recommendation: Interoperability between systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.6
Development and engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.6.1
Initial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.6.2
Areas of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.6.3
Recommendation: Transparent and seamless database and development tools for the entire product life cycle . 50
5.6.4
Recommendation: Early support for professional IT developments through standardization in automation . . . . . 50
5.6.5
Recommendation: Need for research and development in cooperating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.6.6
Recommendation: Industrial location management
5.7
Communication .
5.7.1
Initial situation of line-based communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.7.2
Initial situation of radio-based communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.7.3
Recommendation: Network management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.7.4
Recommendation: Infrastructure components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.7.5
Recommendation: Topology .
5.7.6
Recommendation: EMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.7.7
Recommendation: Work to achieve exclusive frequency ranges for industrial automation .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
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51
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53
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5.7.8
Recommendation: Coexistence of radio applications .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.7.9
Recommendation: Radio technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.7.10
Recommendation: Integration of radio communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.8
Additive manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.9
Human beings in Industry 4.0 .
5.9.1
Initial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.9.2
Recommendation: Further develop standards and specifications
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
for people-friendly work design in Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.9.3
Recommendation: Technology design – Adaptive design of work systems in Industry 4.0 .
5.9.4
Recommendation: Concepts for a functional division of work between human beings and machines . . . . . . . . 61
5.9.5
Recommendation: Design of the interaction between human beings and technical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.9.6
Recommendation: Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.10
Standardization processes .
5.10.1
Initial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
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61
64
5.10.2 Recommendation: Open Source development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.10.3 Recommendation: Modularization of stipulations .
5.10.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
Recommendation: Formalization of stipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.10.5 Recommendation: Categorization of standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.10.6
Recommendation: Explicit standardization of the core models .
5.10.7
Recommendation: Formally correct and complete description of the reference models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
5.10.8 Recommendation: Separate description of the conceptual and technological stipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.10.9 Recommendation: Exchange of documents .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
5.10.10 Recommendation: Qualifications, teaching materials, initial and further training
on the application of the standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6
6
Further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7
Relevant standards and specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
8
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
9
The authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
With digitization of industrial production, it is essential for extremely divergent systems from
various manufacturers to interact reliably and efficiently. The users, operating globally, expect to
be able to source their accustomed products and systems everywhere in the world. In order to
ensure this global usability and cross-system consistency, international standardization in industrial automation has always been regarded as especially important and pursued as a matter of
priority. Nowadays, standards are available or at least being drafted to cover important issues
in industrial automation, but new technologies and new requirements repeatedly create a new
demand for standardization. The aim of the future-oriented initiative Industry 4.0 is to exploit the
potential resulting from
■■
the extensive use of the internet,
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the integration of technical processes and business processes,
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the digital mapping and virtualization of the real world, and
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the opportunity to create “smart” products and means of production.
This requires the development of a host of new concepts and technologies. It will, however, only
be possible to implement these new concepts and technologies in industrial practice if they are
backed up by standards based on consensus, as only such standards are able to create the
necessary security for investments and confidence among manufacturers and users. In order to
address the standardization issues at an early stage, the DIN/DKE Steering Group Industry 4.0
was founded. The fundamental task of the Steering Group is to develop the strategic, conceptual and organizational aspects of the topic of Industry 4.0 from the point of view of standardization. The Steering Group identifies concrete needs for standardization, coordinates their
implementation and advances the development of fundamental concepts.
The Working Group “Standardization Roadmap” was established under the DIN/DKE Steering
Group to develop and update the first version of the standardization roadmap on Industry 4.0.
This standardization roadmap is the central medium of the DIN/DKE Steering Group for communication with standardization committees, industry, associations, research institutions and
ministries. It is a guide showing the way for individuals and organizations active in various sectors of technology, and thus supports the acceptance by the market of new technologies and
processes from the research and development stage onwards.
The aim of this standardization roadmap is to provide all actors with an overview of the relevant
standards in the area of Industry 4.0 and shed a light on the current standardization environment. Over and above this, it contains recommendations for action and sketches out the
requirements for standardization in the topics which make up Industry 4.0.
The standardization roadmap is a medium for communication between all parties involved. Any
comments or additional information will be welcomed.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
7
2INTRODUCTION
2.1 Future-oriented project Industry 4.0
“Germany has one of the most competitive manufacturing industries in the world and is a global
leader in the manufacturing equipment sector. This is in no small measure due to Germany’s
specialization in research, development and production of innovative manufacturing technologies and the management of complex industrial processes.” These introductory sentences from
the implementation recommendations of the “Industry 4.0” working group formed by the Industry and Science Research Union accurately reflect the importance of this field of industry to the
Federal Republic. They apply equally to many other industrial regions in Europe. The outstanding
quality of manufacturing industry is also essentially based on high-quality production technology.
The future-oriented project Industry 4.0 presented by the German Federal Government is
intended to reflect the importance of manufacturing technology and the ICT sector which supports it. The Federal Ministries of Education and Research (BMBF) and Economic Affairs and
Energy (BMWi) are coordinating their funding activities in this regard. These are supported and
monitored by the Industry 4.0 platform, the leadership of which was taken over by the BMWi and
BMBF at the start of 2015. The work of the original Industry 4.0 platform, established by the associations ZVEI, VDMA and BITKOM, has thus been translated to a higher level and placed on a
broader political and social basis.
From the point of view of manufacturing, i.e. of the users of the new technologies, it is still by
no means sure whether this will be a further revolution or rather an evolution of the existing
concepts. It is however generally recognized that the introduction of the new technologies and
corresponding new concepts is necessary if the increasing complexity and granularity with rising
demands for quality and flexibility are to be mastered in the environment of volatile markets.
2.2 Objectives of Industry 4.0
The fundamental objective is to utilize the progress achieved in information and communications
technologies and that expected in the near future for the benefit of manufacturing enterprises.
Preparation therefore has to be made for the increasing and consistent embedding of those
technologies in production systems – and that in ever smaller partial systems and components.
Additional communications capability and (partial) autonomy in reactions to external influences
and internally stored specifications are transforming mechatronic systems into Cyber-Physical
Systems (CPS). The objectives derived from that transformation are developments and adjustments in ICT for manufacturing applications: robustness, resilience, information security and real
time capability.
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
In addition, it is aimed to achieve an increasing improvement in energy and resource efficiency,
and the adjustment of industry to accommodate the social demands arising from demographic
change.
2.3 The system of systems – Challenges for technology
and standardization
Industry 4.0 describes a new, emerging structure in which manufacturing and logistics systems
in the form of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) intensively use the globally available
information and communications network for an extensively automated exchange of information
and in which production and business processes are matched. In such a broad environment, a
large number of models, systems and concepts from an extremely wide range of domains play
an important part in shaping that structure. They are not however the heart of the Industry 4.0
concept itself. Industry 4.0 can be regarded as an additional level of integration on the basis of
the existing structures, which is itself the basis of the newly emerging structure and thus creates
the new quality. Furthermore, increasing networking of previously extensively autonomous systems, for instance in the fields of production, logistics, power supply1 and building management,
is expected in the course of Industry 4.0. What is being created is a system of systems.
A special difficulty arises here for terminology and standardization. Basically, it would be sufficient only to define the additional level of integration and its emergent behaviour. But to do that,
the existing system landscape would first have to be coherently and completely defined in a
globally standardized manner. This is not always the case. Against this background, the relevant
models of the classical architecture require integration and rounding off in addition to Industry 4.0 itself.
2.4 Aspects of implementation
The semi-finished products and parts involved in the manufacturing process are to possess “artificial intelligence”, or at least information on themselves and suitable means of communication,
and therefore themselves constitute cyber-physical systems. These “smart products” are to be
embedded in the process as a whole and in extreme cases control not only their own logistical
path through production, but rather the entire production workflow that concerns them.
Decentralization of the digitally stored information will consequently be followed by a decentralization of control systems. Today’s bit by bit programming will no longer be practicable with the
further increase in complexity. Current production systems are already pushing against the limits
1
For instance IEC/TC 65/WG 17, “System interface between industrial facilities and the smart grid”.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
9
of programmability. The taking into account of sensor information, available in increasing quantities and resolutions, and the reliable coordination of several actuators in real time can no longer
be tested in all function sequences. The variety of tests can be further increased in simulations,
but it has already become necessary to abandon absolute control. Programming will in future be
replaced by a system of rules which the partial systems will follow flexibly within the limits specified for them and the current situations signalled by the other partial systems.
As a further highly important aspect, it is to be remembered that, in contrast to the early concepts of automation, human beings are not to be “optimized out” of the production processes,
but rather to be given an increasingly important role: The CPPSs are to supply them with compressed information suitably derived from the complex interrelationships and communicated in
a personalized manner as the basis for their intervention in the process. In this way, not only a
new form of cooperation between machines and parts of machines, but also one of cooperation
between machines and human beings arises.
Not only on the factory floor, though, but also in the added value networks, the CPSs and
CPPSs will contribute to an automation of the partial processes. This will support both shortterm flexibility and medium-term transformability in the reaction to the increasingly shorter and
more severe external influences, and thus improve the resilience of production.
According to the implementation recommendations of the “Industry 4.0” working group of the
Industry and Science Research Union2, Industry 4.0 is to be implemented in a dual strategy:
Existing basic technologies and experience are to be adapted to meet the special requirements
of manufacturing technology, and research and development work is to be conducted into
solutions for new production locations and new markets. In that context, attention is to focus on
three characteristics:
■■
Horizontal integration: Ad-hoc added-value networks optimized in real time
■■
Vertical integration: Business processes and technical processes
■■
Continuity of engineering throughout the life cycle
As a result of the large number of IT solutions now available, many sectors of industry have
experienced a serious problem of constantly rising costs, often difficult to justify in commercial
terms, for maintenance, updating, modifications and new implementations. Tools with a wide
range of data models, countless interface protocols and versions necessarily lead to a lack of
transparency and thus to greater and greater problems with the stability of the systems as a
whole. It cannot of course be the solution to prescribe a uniform global data model or harmonized interfaces. A solution has to be developed which on the one hand ensures the greatest
possible room for development and on the other hand alleviates the problems described above.
One promising concept for this is service-oriented architecture, in which the above-mentioned
2
10
STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
Umsetzungsstrategie Industrie 4.0 – Ergebnisbericht der Plattform Industrie 4.0, April 2015.
rule-based and situation-controlled cooperation between machines and human beings is
organized.
2.5 Standardization as a driving force for innovation
Standards create a secure basis for technical procurement, ensure interoperability in applications, protect the environment, plant and equipment and consumers by means of uniform safety
rules, provide a future-proof foundation for product development and assist in communication
between all those involved by means of standardized terms and definitions.
Standardization is of central importance for the success of the future-oriented project Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 requires an unprecedented degree of system integration across domain borders, hierarchy borders and life cycle phases. This is only possible if it proceeds from standards
and specifications based on consensus. Close cooperation between researchers, industry and
the standardization bodies is required to create the necessary conditions for sweeping innovation: methodical soundness and functionality, stability and security of investments, practicability
and market relevance.
Standardization work is a joint function which is fulfilled by the groups involved (users, occupational health and safety organizations, trade unions, government, regulatory institutions, other
non-governmental organizations, conservationists, consumer associations, industry, scientists
and researchers), their experts and the members of DIN and DKE, on their own responsibility.
The application of standards is voluntary, unless their use is required by law.
The starting point is demand from the ranks of stakeholders. Those stakeholders are at liberty to
take part in the drafting process or to submit comments during the public enquiry phase. Drafts
of standards are therefore freely available.
As global trade increases, standards are predominantly drafted on the international or European
levels. Various contracts have been concluded between the standardization organizations on
the different levels for that purpose. When new topics arise, a review is conducted to ascertain
whether the subject is suitable for European or international standardization.
Standardization is a consensus-based process in which a generally accepted document is
developed, containing requirements for general and recurrent application. Distinctions can be
made between the various documents compiled at DIN and DKE on the basis of the degree of
consensus. A standard (DIN, DIN EN, DIN EN ISO, DIN ISO, DIN EN IEC) is developed by the
principle of consensus, involving all stakeholders. A specification (DIN SPEC, CWA, PAS, VDE
Application Guide), in contrast does not necessarily require full consensus and the involvement
of all stakeholders. A DIN SPEC or VDE Application Guide can therefore be easily developed in
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
11
small working groups within only a few months. Such documents promote the exchange of information with other market players and ensure that no conflicts with existing standards occur.
The development of a normative document (a standard) takes place in working committees,
each of which is responsible for the handling of a defined standardization project. Within the
working committee a draft standard is drawn up, which is made available for two months
(or up to four months, for DIN Standards) online at the Draft Standards portal3 or as a draft
standard to purchase from the publisher Beuth Verlag4, and can be commented upon. This
ensures the involvement of a broad public in the process. At the end of the commenting period,
the objections are discussed by the working committee, the manuscript amended accordingly
where appropriate, and the standard adopted. The standard is then included in the body of
German Standards and published.
The development of standards takes place on various levels (national, European and international).
For better understanding, an overview of the standardization organizations and their interactions
isNational
presented representation
below (see Figure 1).
of interests
INTERNATIONAL
Figure 1:
National, European and
international standardization
EUROPEAN
levels
ISO:
International Organization
for Standardization
IEC:
International
Electrotechnical Commission
ITU:
International
Telecommunication Union
CEN:
European Committee
for Standardization
CENELEC: European Committee
for Electrotechnical
Standardization
NATIONAL
Mechanical engineering
Aerospace
Electrotechnology
Building/civil engineering
Medical technology
Telecommunications
Services
Precision engineering
…
Information technology
63 futher fields of activity
ETSI:
European Telecommunications
Standards Institute
DIN:
German Institute for
Standardization
DKE:
German Commission for
Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and
VDE
DIN and DKE represent German interests in
European and international standardization.
© 2013 DIN German Institute for Standardization
In Germany, DIN, the German Institute for Standardization, has been named in contract as
the responsible national standards body for the Federal Republic of Germany, and represents
German interests as a member of CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation – European Standardization Committee) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) on matters of
European and international standardization.
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
3
See www.din.de/de/mitwirken/norm-entwurfs-portal.
4
See www.beuth.de and www.vde-verlag.de.
DKE represents the interests of the electrical engineering, electronics and information technology industries in the field of international and regional electrotechnical standardization work, and
is funded by VDE. It therefore represents German interests within both CENELEC and IEC.
Nowadays, almost 90 % of standardization work is oriented towards the European and international levels, with DIN and DKE organizing the entire process of standardization on the national
level and ensuring German involvement in the European and international processes through the
corresponding national committees.
Apart from the internationally recognized standardization institutes, there are other organizations
throughout the world which deal with standards or recommendations, some of whose products
are designated as quasi-standards. These may serve as the preliminary stage or basis of a
DIN SPEC, and in that way make a contribution to standardization.
2.6 The route to standards and specifications
Consensus-based standards can be established in different ways. The starting point is the
identification of a particular need for standardization. This results from feedback from practical
applications, from the creation of new technologies, from the results of research or from new
regulations.
Considering the path leading to an international standard (ISO, IEC), distinctions can be made
between three typical routes:
1. Direct stipulation within the responsible standardization committees. In this case, the
stipulations to be standardized are compiled and developed within the responsible international committee and its national mirror committees. One example is the development of
IEC 61131-3, “Programmable controllers” in IEC/SC 65B/WG 7 and in Germany in the
Working Group DKE/AK 962.0.3, “SPC languages”.
2. Direct adoption of consortial specifications. In this case, the specification is drawn up
within a consortium and then adopted essentially unchanged as a DIN SPEC or standard.
Examples include the adoption of the batch control specification ISA S 88 (ISA) in
IEC 61512, the OPC UA specification in IEC 62541, the Prolist specification in IEC 61987,
and RAMI4.0 in DIN SPEC 91345.
3. Consensus-based development in national organizations with subsequent further
development in the responsible standardization committees. In this case, the fundamental
requirements are prepared within professional associations or DIN committees and published as guidelines or national specifications (DIN SPEC, VDE Application Guide) and then,
in a second step, developed into international standards by the responsible standardization
committees.
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13
It has become apparent in recent years that the development and elaboration of proposals for
and contents of standards are increasingly taking place within the professional associations and
DIN SPEC committees. The results of this preliminary work then flow into the work of the responsible standardization committees for further development. These committees ensure that all
stakeholders are informed of the contents and the planned procedures, and that the standardization process takes place on the basis of consensus. In addition, the standardization committees play an important role in analyzing the existing standardization landscape and initiating and
coordinating standardization projects in strategically important areas.
Within Germany, there are a number of relevant professional associations which publish corresponding stipulations and consortial specifications. In many cases, the associations are so
broadly based and organized internally to reach and reflect a consensus that their publications
can be regarded as the common opinion of the relevant professional community and thus
constitute a particularly stable and reliable basis both for the further standardization process and
for immediate industrial use. A procedure may be termed consensus-based in this context when
the following conditions are fulfilled:
■■
The specifications are drawn up in committees which any professional can join.
Membership in an organization is not required. If the number of members has to be limited,
selection is made by a transparent and non-discriminatory procedure.
■■
The results of the committee’s work are published at an early stage as a draft for commenting. They can be obtained and commented on by anyone, irrespective of membership in an
organization.
■■
Prior to publication as a specification, there is public enquiry procedure in which anyone
can raise an objection. The committee decides in open discussion on acceptance of the
objection.
■■
When adopted, the specification is published and is available to all those interested,
irrespective of membership in any organization.
With consensus-based specifications, a sound standardization foundation can be created in the
short term for the development processes within companies. These specifications then provide
a good point of departure for consensus-based standards.
Further information on standardization can be found at the DIN website.5
5
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
http://www.din.de/en/about-standards.
2.7 Development phase standardization
The consecutive nature of scientific findings and industrial applications is now becoming more of
a parallel process, as technology and service suppliers have to react to requirements from practice even while development is in progress. In order to take account of this economic development, development phase standardization has been adopted at DIN and DKE.6
Standards and specifications represent an effective instrument for putting the results of research
into practice in a rapid and user-friendly manner, and by doing so promoting rapid access to
the market for innovations. They thus secure a broad acceptance for the implementation of new
concepts and technologies in industrial practice, create confidence and trust among manufacturers and users, and provide the necessary security for investment.
Development phase standardization therefore makes a fundamental contribution to the utilization of research results. It plays a decisive part in making the traditional standardization process
more dynamic, and comprises all activities which are aimed at detecting the standardization
potential of strategic, fundamentally innovative products and services, systems and basic technologies, at as early a stage as possible.
Figure 2:
Innovation from
standardization
6
http://www.din.de/en/innovation-and-research/research-projects and
http://www.vde.com/en/dke/Pages/DKE.aspx.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
15
In this way, innovative topics and research results can be publicized and made useful on a
broad basis. The transfer of knowledge and technology, especially in fields with a high degree
of innovation, is promoted and accelerated in this way.
In research projects, especially when these are subsidized with public funds, the focus is increasingly on the effective commercial usability of the results. Research projects therefore have
to be holistic in their approach. In order to provide optimum support to transfer into the market
and the propagation of innovative results from research and development, standardization activities should already be taken into account in the commissioning phase of research projects.
Funding bodies are therefore recommended to include standardization aspects in their tendering
texts, and so provide an incentive to initiate standardization work during the course of research
projects.
DIN and DKE can be involved as project partners in national, European and international research projects. With the involvement of DIN and DKE in consortiums, it is ensured that attention
is paid to standardization issues and thus the utilization of the research results at an early stage.
National research funding
Within the context of national research funding, DIN7 and DKE8 are already engaged in numerous projects and tendering processes which are funded by government, for example the Federal
Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy (BMWi). The following examples are worthy of note in the context of Industry 4.0:
ProSense:
The objective of the “ProSense” project, sponsored by the BMBF, is the development of production control to meet the requirements of manufacturers and the market, on the basis of cybernetic support systems and smart sensors. In order to enable reactions to dynamic market processes and at the same time ensure robust production processes, there is a need for a modular
IT structure which can process and condition high-resolution data from the production process
with real time capability, so as to assist in decision-making by individual employees. These high
resolution data from the production process coupled with intelligent graphical representation
provide optimum support to humans for planning and control of production. The results of the
research are contributed to standardization in the form of DIN SPEC 91329, “Extension of the
EPCIS event model by aggregated production events for use in corporate application systems”.
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
7
http://www.din.de/en/innovation-and-research/research-projects/industry-4-0.
8
http://www.vde.com/de/Technik/Industrie40/Seiten/default.aspx.
APPsist:
The objective of the “APPsist” project, supported by the BMWi, is the development, validation
and example implementation of a holistic software package integrated in cyber-physical production systems, taking account of the socio-technical design perspectives. The APPsist solution is
intended to facilitate smart, cooperative and self-organized interaction between staff and technical operation systems along the value chain and make that interaction transparent. The results of
the research are channelled into standardization.
POLAR:
The objective of the “POLAR” project, sponsored by the BMBF, is the development of standardized communication between production facilities and energy and load management systems in
manufacturing industry. Industrial load management is to be made possible by combining data
exchange systems with corresponding energy management software. In order to assist in the
dissemination and transfer of the project results, the findings from the project are channelled into
DIN SPEC 91327, “Reference architecture for a recommendation-based demand side management system for industry“.
Interoperability for I4.0 systems based on automation standards:
The main objective of this INS project is to set the solutions arrived at in the context of the
Industry 4.0 initiative on the foundation of the existing standards and specifications in the field of
automation, and to develop them in such a way that security of investment can be established
for the stakeholders in evolutionary steps. The fundamental focal areas are as follows:
■■
Creation of integration capability between industrial communications systems and the
IP-based internet of things and services Ú interoperability on the level of communication
protocols and services with the focus on “Definition of Quality of Service (QoS)”
■■
Continuous flow of information between the devices and components, manufacturing systems and actors Ú interoperability by means of semantic models and methods with the
focus on definition of the semantics on the basis of characteristics systems
■■
With the gradual implementation of the Industry 4.0 strategy, the life cycle of the means of
production will develop in the direction of more flexibility and variability Ú interoperability
between devices and components throughout the life cycle from planning to operation and
maintenance, with the focus on definition of the semantics on the basis of characteristics
systems.
AUTONOMIK for Industry 4.0:
The intention behind the technology programme AUTONOMIK for Industry 4.0 is to exploit the
potential for innovation in meshing the latest I&C technologies with industrial manufacturing
and accelerating the development of innovative products and services. For that purpose,
standardization has been introduced as a cross-cutting topic within the research accompanying
the AUTONOMIK for Industry 4.0 programme. In the course of the services accompanying the
programme, the topic of standardization is to be explored more deeply, so as to ensure rapid
implementation in industrial practice.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
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In order to keep the legal risks of digital manufacturing as low as possible, a description of the
legal background for Industry 4.0 has been compiled as part of the accompanying research for
the technology programme. This model is intended to enable non-lawyers to classify concrete
areas of legal risk, damages and hazards throughout the networked value adding process9.
BZKI for Industry 4.0:
In the future industrial world which is being discussed under the concept “Industry 4.0”, wireless
communication between distributed systems is indispensable. If closed loop control of complex
processes is to be made possible, an extremely low latency with low jitter has to be achieved.
At the same time, a high level of reliability in communication with a simultaneously high device
density is to be ensured. In order to ensure high data transfer rates with extremely low latency,
it will only be possible to implement future applications such as the haptic human-machine
interface or “augmented reality” with a new wireless technology. The research project ZDKI
(Reliable Wireless Communication in Industry), also entitled INDUSTRIALRADIO.DE, addresses
the present limits and will ensure real time use by means of innovative radio technologies. Eight
independent research consortiums comprising industry and academic institutions are dealing
with this problem and examining various use cases from industrial practice. The eight projects
are coordinated by the BZKI background research team, so as to bundle the findings made in
the projects for standardization purposes.
European research funding
In the world of research and development, standardization is not only increasing in importance
on the national level. The European Commission has also recognized this, and is therefore
increasingly integrating requirements for standardization in its tendering documents. In consequence, DIN is also just as much at home in the diverse group of topics which make up Horizon
2020, the European Union’s framework programme for the promotion of research and innovation
as it was in the previous European research framework programmes. The following examples
are worthy of note:
EASE-R3:
The European research project EASE-R3 (Integrated framework for a cost-effective and easy
repair, renovation and re-use of machine tools within a modern factory) is developing a new,
integrated reference system for cost-effective and easy maintenance of manufacturing machinery. The reference system developed takes account of the entire life cycle of the machine tool
(from design to use in operation), and maps both conversion and re-use of machine tools in the
modern factory. The innovative reference system supports users in matters such as how to draw
up the best and most cost-effective customized maintenance strategy for a series of machine
components or machines in the factory. The results of the research are currently being contributed to the standardization process at international level.
9
18
STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
www.ju-rami.com.
3 OBJECTIVES OF THE
STANDARDIZ ATION ROADMAP
The aim behind this document was to draw up a strategic, technically oriented roadmap which,
taking special account of the recommendations from the Industry and Science Research Union
and the corresponding assistance from the BMWi and BMBF, presents the requirements for
standards and specifications for Industry 4.0, identifies areas where action is necessary and
gives corresponding recommendations. In addition, it provides an overview of the existing standards and specifications in this context, in cooperation with Platform Industry 4.0.
In the German Standardization Strategy10, standardization is understood as being the fully
consensual establishment, by a recognized organization, of rules, guidelines and criteria for
activities for general or recurrent application. The de jure standards produced in this way are
accompanied by specifications in various forms, such as DIN SPEC (DIN Specifications),
VDE Application Guides, PAS (Publicly Available Specifications), TS (Technical Specifications),
CWA (CEN Workshop Agreements), IWA (International Workshop Agreements), ITA (Industry
Technical Agreements) or TR (Technical Reports).
This standardization roadmap is intended as a stock-taking and a means of communication
between the parties involved from various technological sectors such as automation, information
and communications technology and manufacturing technology. The following chapters build
upon each other and present a description of the current status in standardization for Industry 4.0, an analysis of the currently identifiable need for standardization and detailed recommendations for action in the development of further standards in the individual fields.
It has been a conscious decision not to set any priorities in the standardization roadmap. The
implementing committees are requested to incorporate the recommendations in their programmes of work.
This standardization roadmap will be regularly revised and amended on the basis of
new findings – for example from research projects and the work in the standardization
committees. Even after its publication, therefore, there is still an opportunity to take part
in this process by submitting comments and working on standards.11
10 The German Standardization Strategy: http://www.din.de/en/din-and-our-partners/din-e-v/german-standardization-strategy.
11 You can find the contact for the standardization roadmap and for all questions concerning standardization
at www.din.de/go/industrie4-0 and www.dke.de/de/std/Industrie40/Seiten/default.aspx.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
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4 THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Cooperation between the standardization committees
The future-oriented project Industry 4.0 was launched in Germany as early as 2013. The importance of standardization in the context of Industry 4.0 rapidly became clear. As a result, the first
issue of the standardization roadmap for Industry 4.0 was already published in November 2013.
Together with the early identification of future needs for standardization, a further central task is
the organization of cooperation between the various stakeholders.
4.1.1 DIN/DKE Steering Group Industry 4.0
With the foundation of the DIN/DKE Steering Group, an important foundation stone was laid,
supporting industry and the academic community and making an efficient and holistic approach to the topic of Industry 4.0 possible. The fundamental function of the Steering Group is to
advance the strategic, conceptual and organizational treatment of the topic of Industry 4.0 from
the point of view of standardization. The Steering Group identifies concrete needs for standardization, coordinates their fulfilment and provides impetus to the examination of fundamental
concepts. It currently encompasses three subordinate working groups, dedicated to specific
cross-committee aspects of Industry 4.0 (see figure). DIN and DKE communicate the results of
the Steering Group’s work to Platform Industry 4.0.
Figure 3:
DIN/DKE Steering Group Industry 4.0
The DIN/DKE Steering Group
and its Working Groups
German Standardization Roadmap
Radio I4.0
Use Cases
20
STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
4.1.2 Platform Industry 4.0
The Federal Ministries for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) and Education and Research
(BMBF) announced the foundation of Platform Industry 4.0 at the Hanover Fair in 2015 and took
on the management of that platform. The work of the Industry 4.0 platform previously run by the
associations VDMA, ZVEI and BITKOM was transferred to Platform Industry 4.0 and the topic
thus placed on a broader political and social foundation.
Platform Industry 4.0 focuses its work in five working groups: Reference Architecture and
Standardization, Research and Innovation, Security of Networked Systems, Legal Framework,
and Work and Training. DIN and DKE are represented in the working group on Reference
Architecture and Standardization, making an active contribution to discussions on standardization topics there. Initial results from the work of the association platform on Industry 4.0 have
already flowed into standardization activities at DIN. Examples worthy of mention here include
the reference architecture model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0), which is expected to be published
as DIN SPEC 91345 in German and English, and in that form serve as input for international
standardization.
4.1.3 Cooperation at international level
The central importance of standardization in the digitization of industrial manufacturing is now
becoming apparent outside Germany in a large number of activities. There are for example
standardization initiatives at ISO, IEC, ISO/IEC JTC 1 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee
for Information Technology), W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), ITU-T and IEEE (Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and also initiatives such as the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC).
For German industry with its global operations and export orientation, the stipulation of technical
requirements in globally valid standardization systems is of special importance. Various professional groups have repeatedly emphasized the importance of international, consensus-based
standardization. The aim must be to anchor all stipulations essential for a uniform technical
function and usability in international standards step by step. Only a consistently coordinated
European and international standardization system can bring about a breakthrough for the new
concepts and technologies of Industry 4.0. German industry and businesses have access to and
influence on European and international standardization through DIN and DKE.
There is great interest on the international scene, especially in countries such as China, the USA,
Korea and Japan. On that basis, a new working group for Industry 4.0 (Intelligent Manufacturing)
was founded at the meeting of the Chinese-German Standardization Cooperation Commission
in May 2015.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
21
ISO Strategic Advisory Group on Industry 4.0
In order to support the vision of Industry 4.0 as well as possible at ISO and to deal with the topic
of standardization in a concerted and all-encompassing manner, DIN has initiated a strategic
advisory group at ISO on Industry 4.0 (ISO/SAG Industry 4.0/Smart Manufacturing) under German chairmanship.12
The aim is to organize the contribution to be made by ISO and in that way support a common
procedure, especially together with IEC and ITU-T. The focus of the strategic advisory group is
on the following tasks:
■■
Strategic and conceptual development of Industry 4.0 at ISO
■■
Identification of lacking standards and specifications
■■
Establishment of implementation strategies and recommendations for Industry 4.0
■■
Coordination of the standardization activities on the international level
■■
Establishment of early coordination across the various committees and organizations
■■
Cooperation with further organizations on the national, European and international levels,
with great importance attached to cooperation with IEC and ITU-T.
The report to the Technical Management Board is planned for September 2016.
SMB Strategic Group 8, Industry 4.0 – Smart Manufacturing
In order to support the vision of Industry 4.0 as well as possible at IEC and to deal with the topic
of standardization in a concerted and all-encompassing manner, IEC’s Standardization Management Board (SMB) initiated a strategic group, SG8 Industry 4.0 – Smart Manufacturing, in May
2014 (see SMB/5332/R).
The objective of IEC SG 8 is to recommend to the IEC SMB by June 2016 the means by which
the topic of Industry 4.0 can best be supported by standardization. The basis of the work within
IEC SG8 is the results from Platform Industry 4.0 and the contents of the Standardization Roadmap on Industry 4.0. DIN SPEC 91345 “Reference Architecture Model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0)”
and the I4.0 components are also particularly important in setting the course for recommendations to the IEC SMB.
To date, IEC SG 8 has achieved the following:
■■
Formation of SG 8 with broad participation by national committees, some of which sent
experts from major companies in industrial automation.
■■
Liaison with
zz
ISO/IEC JTC 1 WG 10
zz
IEEE P2413
zz
ISO SAG Industry 4.0/Smart manufacturing
zz
ISO TC 184
12 Further information can be found at http://www.din.de/en/innovation-and-research/industry-4-0/workinggroups.
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
■■
Initial report to the IEC SMB (see SMB/5584/R) with the following decisions:
zz
Recommendation to define a standardization map for Industry 4.0/Smart manufacturing
electronically. The standardization map will constitute an equivalent electronic tool to the
Smart Grid Mapping Tool (http://smartgridstandardsmap.com).
zz
Enquiry by IEC to ITU/R concerning the radio frequency range for Industry 4.0/Smart
manufacturing.
zz
Long-term financing of servicing of the characteristics classification database “common
data dictionary (CDD)” and the corresponding software (PARCEL MAKER™ for
IEC 62656).
zz
Recommendation to the TCs to increasingly populate and use the CDD in accordance
with IEC 61360. In this way, characteristic classifications can be described in a standardized manner in the administration shells of the I4.0 components.
In general, the first report to the IEC SMB pursues the aim of making Industry 4.0 manageable from the point of view of standardization. The recommendation on the Industry 4.0/Smart
Manufacturing standardization map constitutes the central tool. The liaisons mentioned above
with the standardization organizations ISO and IEEE are important achievements allowing this to
be projected beyond the bounds of IEC. Only in this way will it be possible to establish a broad
basis for acceptance of Industry 4.0.
4.2 Standardization of automation systems
The important associations and standardization bodies involved in the development of standards
in the national German environment include the following:
■■
DIN (DIN Standard, DIN SPEC, DIN Technical Report, DIN Preliminary Standard)
■■
DKE (DIN Technical Report and DIN Preliminary Standard)
■■
VDI-GMA (VDI/VDE Guideline)
■■
VDMA (VDMA Standard Sheet)
■■
NAMUR (NAMUR Recommendation)
For questions of procedure and organizational arrangements, guidelines such as
■■
BITKOM guidelines
(BITKOM)13
■■
ZVEI guidelines
(ZVEI)14
are also of assistance.
13 https://www.bitkom.org/Themen/Branchen/Industrie-40/index.jsp.
14 http://www.zvei.org/Verband/Publikationen/Seiten/ZVEI-Leitfaden-Industrie-Services.aspx.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
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The professional groups behind these bodies are staffed with experienced teams of experts who
ensure rapid development of high-quality specifications and standards. Typically, the amount of
free time available to the experienced experts who work voluntarily on the committees is limited.
The projects should therefore be prioritized and organized up to the time at which they go forward for international standardization.
The topics of automation technology are extensively covered by the fields of activity of the international standardization committees. The following committees are involved with the especially
interesting system topics of Industry 4.0:
■■
IEC/TC 65 “Industrial process, measurement, control and automation”, with its subcommittees
■■
zz
SC 65A
“System Aspects”
zz
SC 65B
“Measurement and control devices”
zz
SC 65C
“Industrial networks”
zz
SC 65E
“Devices and integration in enterprise systems”
ISO/TC 184 “Automation Systems and Integration”, with its subcommittees
zz
SC 1
“Physical device control”
zz
SC 2
“Robots and robot devices”
zz
SC 4
“Industrial data”
zz
SC 5
“Interoperability, integration, and architectures for enterprise systems and
automation applications”
IEC/TC 65 is mirrored nationally in Germany by the DKE in the Process measurement and
control technologies division (FB 9), and ISO/TC 184 by DIN Standards Committee Mechanical
Engineering (NAM). In addition, there are a number of other committees in ISO and IEC which
deal with related and adjacent matters. Practically all the important topics of system-oriented
automation technology from the field level through the process control and production control
levels to the MES level and the interface with the ERP level are however covered by the fields of
activity of IEC/TC 65 and ISO/TC 184. The extensive series of standards created in recent years
have already achieved a high degree of maturity and are being further extended step by step.
All in all, the structure required to organize the additions resulting from the Industry 4.0 initiative
is in place. One essential challenge will be to ensure interoperability above and beyond domain
boundaries, i.e. between the systems and concepts of process technology, manufacturing
technology, logistics, mechanical engineering and information technology. This will require close
cooperation between the standardization committees.
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
4.3 Standardization in information technology
In information technology, consensus-based standards and specifications are developed and
continuously updated by the subcommittees of the DIN Standards Committee on Information
Technology and Applications (NIA) and its international counterpart, the ISO/IEC Joint Technical
Committee (ISO/IEC JTC 1). A variety of standardization topics in information technology have
been dealt with there for many years, constituting a good basis for the work on Industry 4.0.
In this context, the quality assurance of software for manufacturing systems, for example, is an
especially relevant topic which is a fundamental requirement for reliable, fail-safe Industry 4.0
systems and is ensured by ISO/IEC 29119 among other standards. Communication between
machines is also without a doubt in the focus of Industry 4.0. This requires appropriate networks
which facilitate rapid and secure communication. The ISO/IEC 8802 series of standards deals
with this subject and lays the foundation stone for further action. As regards identification and
data exchange in the context of Industry 4.0, furthermore, contactless chip card technology
(ISO/IEC 14443) and NFC (Near Field Communication, ISO/IEC 13157) are also used.
The topic of the Internet of Things is also one of the focal areas which are closely connected to
Industry 4.0. Work is already in progress on projects on both the national and international levels.
In the field of automatic identification and data collection (AIDC) in particular, there are close connections with the Internet of Things. ISO/IEC 15459 and ISO/IEC 29161 are worthy of mention
in that connection. On the national level, preparations are being made for an IoT light project, in
which an automatic mechanism establishes a connection between an object and the internet.
In addition, in the form of DIN 66277, there is a standard which makes it possible to control
processes automatically.
A further, relatively new, area for standardization is that of Big Data. In JTC 1/WG 9, fundamental
principles are being established on the evaluation of data collected in an unstructured form for
optimization of production and logistics processes (ISO/IEC 20547).
The cloud as a new storage technology is also playing an increasingly important role for Industry 4.0. The standards established in JTC 1/SC 38 (ISO/IEC 19944) enable the use of cloud
technologies for organization of information management, storage and communication between
machines and human beings.
IT security represents what is surely the most critical success factor in Industry 4.0. Information
technology networking must not lead to a situation in which sensitive production data fall into the
wrong hands (industrial espionage) or in which data are manipulated and production processes
sabotaged. The application of existing standards and solutions for IT security alone will not be
sufficient, as the field of manufacturing technology presents special challenges for the implementation of IT security measures. Those worthy of mention here are the requirement for real
time capability, direct communication between machines without the opportunity for operators
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
25
to intervene, security during transmission of sensitive manufacturing data and, last but not least,
aspects of data protection. With the declared aim of Industry 4.0 to make a batch size of
1 equivalent in cost to mass production, production data will in future also be linked to customer
data, and therefore the requirements of national data protection laws and in future the EU data
protection regulations will have to be complied with in production areas. Securing information
systems will thus not only be in the interests of the enterprise itself, but will also be required by
legislation. This complex environment requires a system-oriented procedure which must be
supported by standards so that the implementation of Industry 4.0 concepts can be successfully
mastered by means of standardized interfaces and best practice procedures.
The development of consensus-based standards and specifications in the IT security environment is essentially taking place in the following committees:
Organization
Committee designation
Committee title
Field of work
DIN
NA 043-01-27 AA
IT Security Techniques
Mirror committee to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27
DKE
DKE/GK 914
Functional safety of electrical,
Mirror committee to
electronic and programmable electronic
IEC TC 65/SC 65A/WG 14
systems (E, E, PES) for the protection
of persons and the environment
DKE
UK 931.1
IT security in automation systems
Mirror committee to IEC TC 65/WG 10
CEN
TC 251
Health Informatics
Medical information technology
ISO/IEC
JTC 1/SC 27
IT Security Techniques
Generic IT security/information security
management systems
IEC
TC 65/WG 10
Industrial process measurement,
IT security in automation systems
control and automation
ETSI
TC Cyber
Technical Committee (TC)
Cyber Security
Cyber Security ETSI
ISA
26
ISA 99
STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
Industrial Automation and
IT security of production control systems in
Control Systems Security
cooperation with IEC TC 65
In addition, consortium standards from the IT environment are, for example, published by the
following organizations:
■■
W3C
■■
IEEE
■■
OASIS
■■
OMG
■■
IETF
The German Standardization Roadmap on IT Security deals with the standardization of security
aspects. It provides an overview of the focal areas of IT security standardization which are currently at the forefront of discussions, and presents prospects and recommendations for action
on the basis of the present discussions.
The standardization roadmap is compiled and regularly updated by the IT Security Coordination Office at DIN in cooperation with DKE. The current version (in German) can be downloaded
from www.din.de/go/kits or www.dke.de/de/std/Seiten/NormungsRoadmaps.aspx. An English
version is also available.
4.4 Frequency ranges for radio communication
The International Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) compiles
Radio Regulations. These are revised at approximately 4-year intervals for presentation at the
World Radio Conference (WRC). The next dates are November 2015 and the year 2019. The
Radio Regulations (RR) only distinguish between primary and secondary services, and these are
assigned to the various frequency bands.
In the view of the ITU, industrial automation applications are industrial, scientific and medical
(ISM) applications. These applications are defined and treated without reference to services. The
ISM applications themselves are not named in the frequency tables of the Radio Regulations,
but can rather be found in two footnotes presented at appropriate locations in the RR. The applications of industrial automation are therefore not assigned to any “radiocommunication service”
as defined by the ITU, and consequently cannot claim any protection from interference caused
by a primary or secondary service.
The requirements for a radio link in an industrial environment do however indicate that a certain
level of protection from interference which can be caused by other radio systems is desirable.
This can be effected in various ways: on the one hand by planning for the use of radio in the
industrial facility by the operator of that facility, and on the other hand by the use of a radiocommunication service assigned under the auspices of the ITU. Obtaining the assignment of an
exclusive range as a primary service is a time-consuming process, in which a variety of groups
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
27
are involved worldwide. Together with the aim of an exclusively usable frequency range, the
possibility of joint use should also be considered. This may be possible with either a primary or a
secondary service.
Electromagnetic waves are suitable for the wireless transmission of signals within a limited frequency range. International harmonization agreements have been concluded in order to ensure
efficient use of this finite resource. On the national level, allocations are made to various radio
services by the German frequency regulations. Frequencies may be allocated to the public, by
way of a general assignment. On the one hand, this creates the greatest possible flexibility for
the use of the frequencies. On the other hand, however, the possibility of interference on joint
use of a frequency by other users has to be taken into account.
In many frequency ranges, the frequencies are allocated to a single user or wireless network
operator (an individual assignment) in order to protect the applications. The Federal Network
Agency has set down its procedures in administrative regulations in order to ensure that the
authorities act in a uniform manner. In addition, the German Telecommunications Act (TKG)
contains legal stipulations which regulate the frequency assignments.
The international harmonization agreements mentioned above are concluded on two levels.
Firstly, there is the level of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT). These agreements are arrived at by consensus. CEPT groups together
48 administrations in the field of post and telecommunications regulation, including those of all
member states of the European Union. Within CEPT, industry and interested associations can
take part on the working group level. CEPT compiles joint European proposals for submission to
ITU-R. These proposals comprise changes to the allocations of frequency ranges to the various
services (e.g. mobile radiocommunication service or fixed radiocommunication service). CEPT
stipulates on an international level which applications are assigned to a radiocommunication
service on which frequency.
Secondly, international harmonization agreements are reached on the level of the ITU. For
that purpose, the world is divided into three regions, in which Europe together with the former
Soviet Union, parts of the Russian Federation and the African continent comprise Region 1,
North and South America Region 2, and Asia, the Pacific area, Australia and parts of the
Russian Federation Region 3. The various services are assigned to the different frequency
ranges for each region. Within ITU, the aim is to reach consensus between the countries
concerned.
Independently of joint European contributions to ITU-R, each country may also submit its own
proposals. Possible channels are as follows:
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
■■
ZVEI Ú BMVI/BNetzA (AK1/AK2) Ú CEPT Ú ITU
■■
IEC Ú national authorities Ú CEPT Ú ITU
■■
IEC Ú national authorities Ú ITU
There is no doubt that the implementation of a recommendation requires great commitment
by businesses and politicians, with a correspondingly high level of motivation and economic
justification. It is also clear that such a process is time-consuming, but has to be initiated with all
necessary emphasis when it appears necessary.
The ZVEI Working Group “Wireless in Automation” in cooperation with the accompanying research team at BZKI has established a “German industry initiative for WRC-15 preparation”.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
29
5 SUBJECT AREAS
AND REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Standardization requirements for Industry 4.0
With Industry 4.0, the focus has shifted to new subject areas and in particular to a systemoriented procedure. Cross-level and cross-domain strategies have to be developed and standardized. It is not sufficient in this context merely to include a higher level; on the contrary, an
all-encompassing approach is required. If development work is to be efficiently supported by
specifications and standards, efforts which go beyond the normal work of the committees will
be required.
One of the central requirements of Industry 4.0 is the broad support of technical and organizational processes in process engineering, manufacturing and logistical environments, accompanying the entire life cycle of systems, products and series in units distributed both spatially
and organizationally. This is only possible with consensus-based standardization, involving the
professional groups and stakeholders concerned.
Integration includes on the one hand use of the existing standardization landscape as a stable,
tried and tested basis for further development, and on the other hand active contribution of the
concepts newly established or further developed in the context of the Industry 4.0 strategy to
the international standardization process, preferably in existing standardization committees with
which an intensive exchange of information is already practised.
In the field of industrial automation, for example, there are a large number of existing standards
which have proven their worth in practice. The new requirements of the Industry 4.0 landscape
are, however, expected to make extensions and upgrading necessary. In many cases, substantive reorganization may also be required to make the standards landscape more compact, more
robust and freer from overlaps. In any case, the existing international standards will form the
central reference point for development.
If they are to be familiar with the development of the relevant core standards in IEC and ISO
and influence further international standardization organizations in that connection, the existing
technical committees and national mirror committees in DKE and DIN must be staffed by the
leading experts and be endowed with sufficient resources. Only then will it also be possible
for the German experts, manufacturers and users to contribute their knowledge and raise their
concerns in the international standardization work of ISO and IEC. An appeal is therefore made
to German industry and other groups interested in standardization to facilitate participation by
their experts in national and international committees, to support them and to document their
requirements for standards. The standardization committees should also be used to provide
support for the implementation of the standards and specifications in practice across industry
and internationally.
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
5.2 Reference models
5.2.1 Reference models in general
5.2.1.1 Description and use of reference models
A reference model is a model which coherently describes an aspect which plays an important
role in the systems of an area of application. Reference models take into account organizational
and technological circumstances, and observe the system to be modelled from a particular point
of view. They are therefore not without alternatives, but do, in the opinion of the professional
experts, accurately describe the situation. Different groups of experts may of course arrive at
different reference models. This is undesirable, but in many cases unavoidable. Reference
models are metamodels. They are the basis of common understanding in the expert groups,
they describe the structure of the models in a use case, and are the point of departure for the
tools developed from them. The availability of standardized reference models in all areas is a
decisive precondition for Industry 4.0. The cross-domain view gives additional importance to an
explicit, unambiguous and clear presentation of the situations in reference models. The existing
domain-specific models are to be added to, extended and harmonized to achieve this aim.
A further challenge consists in the fact that the reference models are often not explicit and
delimited, but are rather described in a variety of technical standards. This leads to a repeated,
unclear, inconsistent and unreferenceable description, and to difficulties in the integration of
components in an overall system.
The primary objective of a reference model is the clear and unequivocal description of a model
of a relevant situation. A reference model which satisfies these criteria is a standardizable reference model. A second objective is to have only one reference model for a particular situation
wherever possible, and to manage that model globally as the only standard. This, however, cannot always be done. Reference models are never the only true models. Depending on the point
of view, the user’s own history, or for reasons of technical or corporate policy, several competing
reference models may be created for the same situation and then also lead to different solutions.
In this undesirable case, it can be better to permit several standards or specifications to exist in
parallel in the consensus-based framework rather than to promote the creation of consortium
specifications. Then, of course, the aim should be to establish a reference model which spans
various domains.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
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5.2.1.2 Recommendation: Description of the reference models
in dedicated standards
As with core models, reference models are also used in a wide variety of model solutions.
Reference models should be defined separately as independent standards for the purposes of
simplification and avoidance of unintentional deviations, and for better understanding.
5.2.1.3 Recommendation: Standardized structure
for the description of reference models
The structure of the description of reference models is to be as uniform as possible.
5.2.1.4 Recommendation: Widespread use
Widespread use of reference models should be promoted. Technical systems and processes in
Industry 4.0 should be described on the basis of those reference models.
5.2.2 System architecture
5.2.2.1 Reference Architecture Model
for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0)
As explained above, the relevant models of the classical architecture are to be integrated and
rounded out for Industry 4.0. The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), developed for comparable purposes in connection with the smart grid has been adapted and expanded to meet the
requirements of Industry 4.0 as the Reference Architecture Model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0). To
accompany the “Asset Layer”, which represents the real, physical world, an “Integration Layer”
has been added (y axis), containing a virtual map of the physical installation of a system. The x
axis, which in the SGAM focused primarily on the value chain for power distribution, has been
made more general. The distinction between the “type” and “instance” of an object along the
value chain is particularly important. As long as an idea, a concept, a thing, etc., remains a plan
and is not yet available as a real, usable object, it is termed a “type”. When the plan is implemented as a real product, the type becomes one or many instances, which may also include
objects which are not directly tangible, e.g. software, archives, etc.
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
Finally, the z axis is labelled in accordance with the terminology from the IEC 62264 and
IEC 61512 standards, with additions representing the networking between enterprises
(“Connected World”) and, at the other end of the scale, the “Product”, taking account of the
demand for active involvement of the product in, for example, a self-configuring production
line. RAMI4.015, presented during the 2015 Hanover Fair, is currently being enshrined in
DIN SPEC 91345, and will be published in both German and English in early 2016 and contributed to the international standardization process. From the point of view of standardization, the
question arises as to how an assignment of standards and specifications to processes and
means of production can be effected by means of RAMI4.0.
Figure 4
The Reference Architecture
Model for Industry 4.0
(RAMI4.0)
Source: Platform Industrie 4.0
5.2.2.2 Recommendation: Integration of existing standards
and specifications and standardization activities in the
RAMI4.0 general model
In accordance with the positioning set out above, it is recommended that all relevant standards,
specifications and use cases should be incorporated within RAMI4.0.
15See www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/I/industrie-40-verbaendeplattform-bericht,property=
pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
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5.2.2.3 Recommendation: Compilation of a list of existing
models, and integration of existing models in the
RAMI4.0 general model
The existing standardization landscape already contains a large number of individual architecture
models. Important examples may, for instance, be found in the following:
■■
IEC TR 62832-1 Digital Factory Framework
■■
IEC 61804-1 Function Blocks for Process Control
■■
IEC 62264 Enterprise Control System Integration (enterprise model, system model and function model)
■■
IEC 61512 Batch Control (system model and process model)
■■
IEC 62769 FDI (device model)
■■
IEC 61508-6 Redundancy models
■■
IEC 61508-1 and IEC 61784-3 Safety-oriented communication model
■■
IEC 62443 Zones and conduits (architecture model for evaluation of IT security)
The general parts of many series of standards also describe models and relationship which are
architectural in character. The most important of these models are included in reference lists16, 17.
Their interrelationships are to be analysed and the importance of the individual models for the
overall context is to be explained.
5.2.2.4 Recommendation: Integration of new models
in the RAMI4.0 general model
With the present state of knowledge and on the basis of work performed to date, models are to
be selected or created, taking account of IT technologies, for the following subject areas:
■■
Quality of Services for the underlying, cross-domain communications
■■
Identification of objects and their characteristics
■■
Structure of the administration shell of the I4.0 components
■■
Generic services on the basis of the service-oriented architecture (SOA)
■■
Formal description of application functions and application services
In detail, this means the following:
16 Bitkom/VDMA/ZVEI, “Umsetzungsstrategie Industrie 4.0 – Ergebnisbericht der Plattform Industrie 4.0”,
April 2015.
17 VDI/ZVEI, “Status report Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0)”, April 2015.
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
The quality of communication required across the borders between enterprises must satisfy
certain criteria. Objects must be unequivocally addressable by means of unique identifiers. Each
object is to possess at least one administration shell, which contains all the relevant information
on the object itself and its use. On the basis of the SOA, general services which facilitate an exchange of information between autonomous objects which goes far beyond the previous scope
of data exchange must be defined. Finally, the application functions of data processing, classically only described to date in text or graphic form, are to be made available in the form of formal
machine-processable descriptions, adding a further part to the semantics in addition to the
characteristics and links between characteristics. In order to ensure comprehensive protection,
security considerations must be included in the conceptual design and the links to the organizational tasks clarified.
5.2.2.5 Recommendation: Characteristics,
semantics and ontologies
The method and depth of description of the metadata are particularly important in the context of
Industry 4.0. Generally applicable, simple concepts are required here.
The characteristics models are of central importance both for interoperability and for a wideranging comparison of technological statements, as characteristics are a central part of the
future Industry 4.0 semantics.
In IEC 61360-1/2 and ISO 13584-42, comprehensive rules for the stipulation of characteristics
are described. Both standards have been harmonized in terms of content, with the result that
characteristics established in ISO or IEC in accordance with those documents are identically
structured.
In IEC, furthermore, there is a complete infrastructure for the creation, modification and provision
of characteristics in the form of the Common Data Dictionary (CDD).
In ISO and IEC, there are a series of characteristics projects which are as yet uncoordinated. The
classification project by eCl@ss e. V., originally founded for purchasing purposes, has developed
significantly in recent years, especially with Version 9.0, in the direction of characteristics with
very good tool support. The results of work by the now defunct PROLIST e. V. have been taken
over in full. All the characteristics of the around 30 fields of business in eCl@ss are specified in
accordance with IEC 61360.
In Germany, however, it is not only eCl@ss which is dealing with questions of semantics. The
objective must be a “semantic alliance” of all the institutions involved with this topic, aimed at
contributing the results to the international standardization at IEC and ISO.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
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This alliance should also take account of technologies such as Linked Data as an additional
representation format, without giving up existing semantic models, e.g. on the basis of XML.
Use cases are of tremendous importance for the work in this connection. They are developed
not only at DKE, but also at ZVEI, Bitkom and VDMA, and will be available on a harmonized
basis.18
5.2.3 Reference models of instrumentation and
control functions
5.2.3.1 Initial situation
The I&C functions are a core area of automation technology. The corresponding terms are
standardized in the IEV. They are elaborated by the manufacturers of the control systems who
supply the I&C functions as system services. They are therefore only partly standardized, as
this was not necessary in the context of practical use of the control systems. In an extended
consideration of the systems, the I&C functions are, however, not only interesting on the process
control level, but can be made available in a generalized form to all participants on all levels as
uniform system functions. For that purpose, they are to be explicitly described as reference
models and standardized.
5.2.3.2 Areas of application
■■
Control
■■
Signalling
■■
Alarms
■■
Archiving
■■
Monitoring
18 Alexander Fay, Christian Diedrich, Mario Thron, André Scholz, Philipp Puntel Schmidt, Jan Ladiges, Thomas Holm: Wie bekommt Industrie 4.0 Bedeutung? Beiträge von Normen und Standards zu einer semantischen Basis (How is Industry 4.0 to achieve significance? Contributiions from standards and specifications
to a semantic basis). atp (57) Vol. 7-8, pp. 30 – 43. Deutscher Industrieverlag DIV; Diedrich, Ch., Riedl, M.:
Semantik durch Merkmale für I40 (Semantics from characteristics for I40). in Handbuch Industrie 4.0, 2nd
edition. Ed.: Birgit Vogel-Heuser, Thomas Bauernhansl and Michael ten Hompel. Springer Verlag 2015.
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
5.2.3.3 Recommendation: Standardized functionality
across all levels of automation
In the past, the I&C functions were assigned to the process control level. The I&C functions are
however general functions; they apply on all levels and in many different domains. Two series
of standards supply the essential basis for description of the reference models with general applicability in the closed-loop and communication based automation of Industry 4.0:
■■
IEC 61512 (ISA S88) – Batch Control (batch-oriented operation)
■■
IEC 62264 (ISA S95) – Enterprise-control system integration
The IEC 61512 series has its roots in batch process engineering, but in terms of methodology it
is so generally structured that there is a large amount of potential, as yet relatively untapped, for
application to discrete manufacturing, continuous production processes and even to logistics.
The fundamental methodological concepts of Industry 4.0 with material flow models and individual “assembly formulas” are similar to those of batch processing.
The models of IEC 62264 combine the aspects of IEC 61512, which are highly oriented towards
the production process itself, with the business-oriented aspects of enterprises.
The two together facilitate the description of consistent, uniform, service-oriented functionalities.
For safety and security aspects, the following standards, for example, are also to be included in
the considerations:
■■
IEC 61508 (ISA S84) – Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic
safety-related systems
■■
IEC 62443 (ISA S99) – Industrial communication networks – Network and system security
5.2.4 Reference models of the technical and
organizational processes
5.2.4.1 Initial situation
The structuring and organization of the technical and organizational business processes has
up to now been the domain of the users, application suppliers and tool manufacturers. Accompanying the procedures stipulated by the tools, the user organizations and enterprises have
developed codes, regulations and best practice rules, etc., to make these processes efficient.
For integration of the new rule-based workflows in the general business processes, this practical
know-how has to be secured and made available in a concentrated form.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
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5.2.4.2 Areas of application
■■
Diagnosis
■■
Maintenance
■■
Life cycle management
■■
System migration
■■
Optimization
■■
Coexistence management of wireless applications
■■
Security management
5.2.4.3 Recommendation: Development of a framework for
uniform description of the technical and organizational
processes
Technical and organizational processes are in some cases performed by machines, and in some
cases by human beings. It is to be ascertained what a general but uniform description of such a
process could look like.
5.2.4.4 Recommendation: Creation of standards on technical
and organizational processes
The essential elements of the technical and organizational processes are to be grouped together
in standards.
5.2.5 Reference models of life cycle processes
5.2.5.1 Initial situation
There are concepts and standards available on the description of life cycle processes in
classical systems. With Industry 4.0, however, the systems will become more flexible, smarter
and self-adaptive. They will also adapt their structures to conform to changing environments.
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5.2.5.2 Recommendation: Description of life cycle processes
in flexible, adaptive systems
A concept is to be developed to identify, describe and document life cycles in such systems.
5.3 Use Cases
5.3.1 Initial situation
For clarification of the domain-specific need for development and standardization, use cases
from which the characteristic demands of Industry 4.0 on the existing system landscape
can be deduced are to be identified. Consensus among all those involved on the relevance and
representativeness of the identified use cases is of utmost importance. For that reason, the
use cases themselves should be developed and published in the course of a consensus-based
standardization process.
Consequently, there is no complete collection of use cases, because, with the variety of industries involved, there is no single form of industrial automation. The use cases must therefore
necessarily be limited to generic types, but can be the basis of technology or project-related
implementations.
With the current topic of Industry 4.0, a method is required which meets the growing demand for
cross-system interoperability and IT security.
We are being confronted by new requirements. With the appearance of new, cross-system issues, experts with different vocabularies and views of the system are coming together and need
a common methodology for their approach to Industry 4.0.
It has become apparent that the use case method can help to create a common understanding of the technologies. In this approach, user stories form the basis, and the use cases derived
from these are the starting point for the definition of the requirements. By means of the use
cases, actors, data exchange and conditions are identified from the point of view of the application, and technical details are abstracted (see Figure 5).
In order to represent the interplay between the functional actors in an abstract manner, there is a
need for a reference architecture which can be used for the implementation and visualization of
the cross-system interoperability and IT security aspects. An initial presentation of the reference
architecture for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0) has been developed in DIN SPEC 91345.
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Figure 5:
The use case process
at DKE
The technical requirements relevant to interoperability and IT security are then enshrined in
standards and specifications in the fields concerned. Use cases therefore map processes and
implementation plans at an early stage of standardization, requiring only systematic implementation to follow.
DKE has developed a Use Case Management Repository (UCMR) to store and ensure the
consistency of the processed use cases. This is a database which facilitates standardized
compilation, collection and administration of the use cases. The uniform presentation improves
comparability. The UCMR is a freely accessible, web-based tool which allows registered
users to collaborate at any time irrespective of their location. It assists in the management and
quality assurance of the stored use cases. The detailed and generically derived use cases are
available for further standardization work, projects and as the basis of new business models
(see Figure 6).
Figure 6:
DKE Use Case
Management Repository
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5.3.2 Recommendation: Standardized description template
Use cases should be described on the basis of a standardized template. This serves to improve
comprehension, comparability and the uniform usability of the use cases. The description must
contain the objectives of the use case, the background conditions on which it is based and at
least partially formalized description of the content. The descriptive template is to be standardized. Stipulations in the Smart Grid field can be drawn upon for that purpose. Generic fundamentals for the description of use cases in templates and their export to UML are currently being
defined in IEC/TC 8 WG 5, “Methodology and Tools” (IEC 6255919). Application for Industry 4.0
should be investigated.
For the work of the standardization organizations, use cases are in particular to be used in
developing a common viewpoint across committees and organizations for the examination of
complex system topics. This will then serve as the basis for further standardization projects.
Some use cases may also be included in standards, if, for example, they support interoperability
and testability.
5.3.3
Recommendation: Reference list of important use cases
for characterization of the term “Industry 4.0”
Use cases can be compiled for a wide range of purposes. It is recommended that a set of representative use cases be compiled, in which typical tasks and scenarios in the Industry 4.0 environment are described. That set of use cases should be standardized as a reference basis. The
selected use cases should be coordinated in terms of breadth, depth and degree of abstraction,
and shed light on the entire field of Industry 4.0.
5.3.4
Recommendation: Use cases to illustrate the need
for standardization in the area of non-functional
properties
In practice, there are many misunderstandings and domain-specific interpretations of the nonfunctional properties. In order to clarify the importance of the terminology and to explain the
specific need for standardization, it is recommended that a set of specific use cases be developed for each non-functional property.
19 IEC 62559, “Use case methodology”, in preparation.
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5.4 Fundamentals
5.4.1 Initial situation
One essential aid in the development of a consistent standardization landscape is the use of
common terms and basic concepts. A common terminological basis is available in the form of
the IEV (IEC 60050 series). This will have to be expanded and supplemented for the new topics
raised by Industry 4.0.
Core models describe important basic concepts which are capable of receiving general consensus and are regarded in the long term as neutral in terms of technology, stable and immutable.
These have been relatively neglected in the past as a result of the solution orientation of the
standards, but will attain considerable importance in the environment of Industry 4.0.
A further important basis is the use of common modelling and description techniques. A range
of existing modelling methods and language conventions is available from the application
domains and information science, but these do not meet the new requirements in many cases.
There is in particular a lack of concepts for mitigation of the omnipresent interface problem, and
of solutions for the formal description of product characteristics and for mastery of the variety of
versions. Descriptive languages are too specific (i.e. software-oriented) and too detailed.
5.4.2 Recommendation: Terms
Expansion of the IEV and support to DKE/UK 921.1, “Terminology in I&C systems”
The IEV (International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, IEC 60050)20 contains a section 351, “Control
technology”, which has just been updated and reflects the state of the art. The terms defined are
coherent and consolidated, and there is no current need for action in this respect. It is however
to be noted that the section in its present form fundamentally contains terms related to open
loop and closed loop control systems. The subject areas of industrial automation and information-oriented instrumentation and control systems are not sufficiently covered by this section to
date. It appears expedient to append one or more additional sections and to structure the entire
terminological field of Industry 4.0.
Comparable standardization on terminology and ontology is supported by DIN Standards
Committee Terminology. The DIN-TERMinology Portal21, for example, provides not only the
standardized designations from current standards and their standardized translations, but
20DKE-IEV: http://www.dke.de/de/Online-Service/DKE-IEV/Seiten/IEV-Woerterbuch.aspx,
IEV: http://www.electropedia.org/, IEC Glossary: http://std.iec.ch/glossary.
21See http://www.din.de/en/services/terminology.
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also the corresponding definitions, notes, examples, etc., and, above and beyond that, also
definitions of terms from draft standards and specifications with an indication of the relevant
source document. There, the user can either search systematically for designations or view
the complete list of terms or the terms from a single standardization committee sorted in alphabetical order.
The determination of an Industry 4.0 terminology is to be supported.
The terms are published in the guideline VDI/VDE 2192 Part 1 and adopted in international
standardization when the period for objections has expired.
5.4.3
Recommendation: Relate terms of automation
technology and IT
The standardization of Industry 4.0 frequently draws upon terminology which is unknown in the
IT world – and vice versa. It is recommended that the terminology in the field of Industry 4.0 be
set in relation to the terminology from the field of IT, and that this terminology work be performed
on a continuous basis so that access for each group to the other’s field is facilitated.
5.4.4 Recommendation: Describe core models
Core models describe general basic terms, providing a basis for standards and model descriptions. In the individual stipulations, they are either explicitly defined or implicitly assumed to be
familiar and simply used. Frequently, the models are not unequivocal even though they are actually assumed to be familiar.
There is currently no dedicated location at which these core models are explicitly defined. It
is therefore recommended that standardization documents be compiled, containing the core
models ordered by subject area.
Core models are to be described on the basis of a standardized template. This serves to
improve understanding, comparability and uniform usability. The description has to define the
core model briefly, comprehensibly and clearly. In the individual case, it has to contain formally
verifiable statements.
The relevant core models have been developed and described in DKE/WG 931.0.4 and published by DIN as DIN SPEC 40912.
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5.4.5
Recommendation: Specification of the modelling
languages to be used in standards
Languages for model description are familiar and widespread in information technology and
automation. In many cases, however, they are oriented towards software systems and cannot
be applied on a 1:1 basis to the modelling of technical problems. Nevertheless, they are popular
in practice and applied intuitively. One typical example is the singling out of various constructs
from the UML class diagram for the description of technical metamodels. For the normative
description of technical systems, there is a great need to standardize descriptive language which
can then be drawn upon. This descriptive language should be concise and unequivocal, lend
itself to correct intuitive use, and follow the existing solutions both in their structure and in their
notation.
5.5 Non-functional properties22
5.5.1 Initial situation
The target systems of Industry 4.0 are industrial manufacturing systems. In addition to their actual function, these have to possess a series of non-functional properties to fulfil the operational
requirements for efficient, safe and robust production. Non-functional properties are typically
cross-cutting properties. Both the individual elements and the nature of their interaction in the
interconnected system as a whole contribute to their fulfilment. The non-functional properties
are already an important area for standardization. This concerns the definition and demarcation
of the property itself, and the stipulation of quantitative limits for uniform classification and of
methods to ensure that those limits are actually maintained. It is a necessity and an objective for
the systemic and systematic consideration of the non-functional properties also to be applied to
the new concepts of Industry 4.0. The integral involvement of the worldwide information network,
the cross-domain consideration of production chains and the inclusion of the business process
level in that consideration result in a new system architecture, which has to be aligned with the
concepts of the non-functional properties. This is an essential condition for implementation in
operational practice.
22 Each functional unit not only has the capability of performing its primary useful function (functional properties), but also other administrative and workflow-related properties. In automation technology, these are
termed non-functional properties.
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5.5.2
Recommendation: Define terminology
for non-functional properties
The concept of non-functional properties is increasingly gaining in importance even beyond the
field of automation technology. Non-functional properties are to be designated explicitly in standards and defined as characteristics. The term “non-functional property” is defined as opposed to
functional properties as follows: Functional properties refer, as the term indicates, to the function
of a system. The function describes the relationship between the input and output variables of a
system in general, i.e. what the user of a system expects from it. Functional properties then refer
to the input and output variables, such as available values or value range, and to properties of
the input and output variables such as the steadiness or opportunities for continuous or discrete
change of the variables. These functions are implemented by real physical systems, i.e. devices
and components. These also have properties which influence the way in which the functions are
performed. These properties of the devices and components, which often entail restrictions in
the provision and execution of the functions, are termed non-functional properties. This applies
both to hardware and to software.
The underlying terminology is to be reviewed and new terminology developed where required.
5.5.3
Recommendation: Clearly addressing
non-functional properties in standards
The description of the non-functional properties, their objectives and the resulting requirements
for regulation, the equipment manufacturers, the integrators, the operators and the users is a
demanding task and should be formulated in detail and unambiguously. The objective is to
describe each non-functional property in a standard. The basic safety standards for description
of functional safety are a very good approach in this regard, as they consider the aspect of
functional safety independently of context and can therefore in principle be generally applied.
5.5.4 Recommendation: Safety
The aim of functional safety is the protection of the surroundings from serious damage caused
by the technical system under consideration. This includes protection of human beings, protection of the environment and protection of valuable assets from serious damage. The standards
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IEC 6150823, IEC 6151124 and ISO 1384925 supply not only models for analysis and assessment
of the hazards, but also detailed procedural models for determination of the necessary protective measures, handling and implementation in terms of equipment. The standards contain
methods and indicators for quantitative determination and reduction of the risk. They have
proven successful, and must also be stringently applied in future systems. It should not be attempted to reduce the requirements of the relevant standards on functional safety in order to
qualify IT systems designed for general purposes as safety-related systems.
New areas of application define further requirements for safe systems and the corresponding
methods for assessment of functional safety. They should be reviewed to ascertain whether they
can also become relevant to the objectives of Industry 4.0.
5.5.5 Recommendation: Security and IT-Security
Security describes the protection of a system from impermissible external influences. The
concepts are general and can, for example, serve as basic standards for concrete solutions
or as a basis for product standards (e.g. “security by design”26). Security as a concept applies
both to physical influences, e.g. entry into a room by unauthorized persons, and to impermissible influencing of an IT system via its communications interfaces. With the intensive use of the
internet for control functions in automation systems, with virtualization and cloud computing, and
also with the self-x technologies (self-configuration, self-healing and self-optimization) and the
networking of smart functions as agents, IT security is of special importance in Industry 4.0.
IT security is an essential condition for information security, and is closely connected to it.
IEC 62443 builds upon the ISO/IEC 27000 series of standards, in order to stipulate the additional
requirements for critical infrastructures.
The German Standardization Roadmap on IT Security deals with the standardization of security
aspects. It provides an overview of the focal areas of IT security standardization which are currently at the forefront of discussions, and presents prospects and recommendations for action
on the basis of the present discussions.
23 See DIN EN 61508 (VDE 0803), “Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safetyrelated systems”, series of standards.
24 See DIN EN 61511 (VDE 0810), “Functional safety – Safety instrumented systems for the process industry
sector”; series of standards.
25 DIN EN ISO 13849, “Safety of machinery – Safety-related parts of control systems”; series of standards.
26 See also the implementation recommendations of the Industry 4.0 Working Group, page 46, point 1,
“Security by Design”.
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The standardization roadmap is compiled and regularly updated by the IT Security
Coordination Office at DIN in cooperation with DKE. The current version can be downloaded
from www.din.de/go/kits and www.dke.de/de/std/Seiten/Normungsroadmaps.aspx.
5.5.6 Recommendation: Information security
Protection of information as a valuable asset from loss and misuse, ensurance of its timely
availability to entitled users, and maintenance of its integrity and confidentiality are an indispensable basis of every IT system. With the virtualization, flexibilization and coupling of internal
corporate management, production and field networks with the worldwide web, a multitude
of new challenges for information security arise. Statements, requirements, stipulations and
recommendations for information security are currently being produced at many locations. The
contacts for these are the regional data protection officers, the BSI27, and national and international standardization organizations (e.g. ISO/IEC28, DKE29 and DIN30) with active assistance
from the relevant associations (BITKOM, VDE, VDI and GMA).
Information security now also plays a central role in other areas of the CPSs, e.g. in the automotive, AAL or Smart Grid fields. There are a large number of activities with more or less relevance
to the issues of cyber-physical production systems. In order to ensure that the requirements of
industrial production are fulfilled, it appears absolutely essential for a map to be created of the
CPPS environment, representing and structuring the fields, requirements and solutions offered
for information security in the industrial production environment.
5.5.7 Recommendation: Reliability and robustness
The objective of production safety is the robustness and reliability of the production systems.
Irrespective of the question of serious damage to the plant or the environment or injury to human
beings, failure of a production system is rarely tolerated today. Failures significantly reduce the
performance of a system and impair competitiveness. Modern production systems take these
facts into account and are correspondingly designed to be robust and reliable. In the CPPS field,
new concepts have to be developed to ensure failure safety even in a virtualized IT environment
without significant additional costs.
27 BSI, the German Federal Office for Information Security.
28 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27, “IT Security Techniques”.
29 DKE/UK 931.1, “IT security in automation technology”.
30 DIN/NIA: NA 043-01-27, Working Committee on “IT Security Techniques”. NIA also manages the secretariat
of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27, “IT Security Techniques”.
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However, in CPPS/Internet of Things systems, which are in some cases highly dynamically
networked, system robustness is of special importance. It must not only take account of the
properties of individual components, but must rather define a functionality docked onto the
system as a whole.
From the standardization point of view, the identified solution concepts are to be classified and
indicators defined which permit an unequivocal description of their characteristic properties.
5.5.8 Recommendation: Maintainability
In this connection, maintainability is also of significance. This is the ability of a production system
to be maintained rapidly and easily. The resulting requirements such as the opportunity for
troubleshooting, replaceability, modularity, preventive maintenance, etc., are already to be taken
into account during the planning and conceptual design of a CPPS. After all, the maintainability
of a system has a significant influence on the future workflow and cost of maintenance, and
thus on the costs and cost-effectiveness of the system. The acceptance by customers of new
Industry 4.0 solutions will therefore be influenced to a great extent by the maintainability of those
solutions.
Fundamental aspects of maintainability have already been described in
DIN EN 60300-3-10:2015-01. The specific features of Industry 4.0 solutions, which result in
particular from the vertical and horizontal integration of the systems, nevertheless require these
aspects to be accompanied by further requirements on maintainability which are inherent in
Industry 4.0: With the vertical integration of the business processes and systems, the various IT
systems also have to be integrated for maintenance purposes in such a way that information on
the current condition of the system is made available simply and rapidly to all relevant levels of
the enterprise.
Standards on integrated solutions must, however, also take account of aspects of modularity
and interchangeability, so that they, as open systems, continue to enable the operators to procure the necessary services such as repairs, maintenance or condition monitoring independently
from a variety of suppliers. In this context, particular attention is to be paid to the free exchangeability of condition data for condition monitoring. On the basis of VDMA Standard Sheet 24582,
DKE Working Group 931.0.13 has compiled a standardization proposal on condition monitoring
functions for uniform treatment of condition monitoring data.
The standardization proposal “UNIFORM REPRESENTATION OF CONDITION MONITORING
FUNCTIONS” has been submitted to IEC/SC 65E.
Furthermore, standards on integrated systems must take into account the usually different life
cycles of parts of those systems. The obsolescence of one part of the system must not lead to
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obsolescence of the integrated system as a whole. Thus, standards for integrated Industry 4.0
solutions are to be drafted with attention to this aspect.
5.5.9 Recommendation: Real time: Stipulation of the concepts and terminology in a standard
Real time is a fundamental property of all CPS systems. For the expected discussion of this topic
in widely networked, flexible, adaptive and autonomous systems, it is imperative for the relevant
concepts and properties (characteristics) of industrial real-time systems to be comprehensively
and uniformly stipulated in a standard.
5.5.10 Recommendation: Interoperability between systems
Cross-component and cross-system communications and interaction schemata are of central
importance in Industry 4.0. The systems involved have to be designed interoperably and also
behave in that way during operation.
Interoperability is the ability of equipment and components to perform a function jointly on the
basis of interactions and exchange of information. Interoperability comprises both functional
and non-functional properties. For the purpose of interoperability, it has to be determined on the
basis of those properties whether they are compatible and can work together.
5.6 Development and engineering
5.6.1 Initial situation
A highly diverse range of components and systems are developed in the environment of Industry 4.0. The extent to which development processes and indicators can be standardized (and the
extent to which this would be useful at all) is not currently foreseeable.
The digital factory is an important topic within Industry 4.0. In that context, development, engineering and construction are especially worthy of mention as difficult synthetic processes which
require a multitude of auxiliary and ancillary processes (artificial intelligence, simulation, verification, etc.). The resulting requirements for system architecture have to be taken into account in
the Industry 4.0 concepts.
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5.6.2 Areas of application
■■
Development of products
■■
Development of functional elements (functional, software-based, mechatronic ...)
■■
Modelling and simulation in the course of development
■■
Consistency of development in product families and variant management
■■
Verification and quality assurance for the components developed
■■
Service engineering
■■
Product development and system planning in the digital factory
■■
Simulation in advance of physical implementation, and virtual commissioning
■■
Simulation during operation for optimization planning and adaptability
■■
Consistency of development and engineering throughout the life cycle (of both the products
and the production systems and factories)
■■
Construction and commissioning
5.6.3
Recommendation: Transparent and seamless database
and development tools for the entire product life cycle
One of the central ideas of Industry 4.0 is integrated product and process development. Terms
such as “digital factory”, “reverse engineering”, “model-based development”, “concurrent engineering” and “automated synthesis”, etc., show that this issue has already been discussed in the
past. Examined in detail, however, the various tasks and functions exhibit decisive differences.
The development of a mechatronic component, for example, is fundamentally different from
the development of a new vaccine and the development of a new type of plant. Nevertheless,
product descriptions, descriptions of requirements and descriptions of the process steps and
process dynamics (for simulation and production automation, etc.) play an important role in all
cases. There are already working groups dealing with standardization on this topic in professional associations and standardization organizations. These groups must be supported by
providing fundamental data structures and architectures, within which the various requirements
of the various industries can be mapped in as uniform a manner as possible.
5.6.4
Recommendation: Early support for professional IT
developments through standardization in automation
There are a large number of established standards in the field of technologies and solutions
which ensure interoperable and future-proof interaction between components in heterogeneous
networks. To that extent, there is no acute need to make changes to the tried and tested processes. The procedure is in general conservative. The standards are only defined on an existing
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and generally available technological basis. In the future, individual checks will be required to
ascertain whether or not a more rapid implementation of discernible IT developments in standardization would be appropriate. One condition is a critical analysis of the extent to which a new
IT development has the potential to be successful on a broad basis in industrial automation.
5.6.5
Recommendation: Need for research and development
in cooperating systems
The fundamental creation of system standards which describe, for example, the development
of procedures and, specifically, their dynamics relative to time, should be prepared for and supported by research and development projects.
5.6.6 Recommendation: Industrial location management
Industrial location management is the systematic detection, management and representation of
the geographical position of distributed and networked components of an automation system.
There are highly diverse approaches to the performance of this function. Uniform standards on
the following aspects are however lacking:
■■
Technologies for detection of location data
■■
Formats for location data
■■
Agreements on data storage (centralized/decentralized)
■■
Protocols for data transmission
■■
Applications and visualization tools
As, with wireless networking in particular, where the reference to a particular location is lost,
work in this field is considered advisable. Existing standards should be taken into account and
applied where appropriate. Relevant organizations for this field are the OGC (Open Geospatial
Consortium) and W3C (the working group on “Spatial Data on the Web”).
5.7 Communication
5.7.1 Initial situation of line-based communication
Industrial communication systems, also known as field buses, already provide established
solutions for line-bound communication which meets stringent requirements, on the basis of
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet). With Industry 4.0 networks, which cover not only the shop floor but also
the office floor, however, the previous requirements are joined by further requirements concern-
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ing modularization and the flexible addition, removal and rearrangement of modules. In addition
to the non-hierarchical networking of the components, the increasing number of sensors and
actuators and extended network connections for equipment, for instance for diagnosis purposes, result not only in increasing data traffic but also in changing needs with regard to the
topology of the networks.
5.7.2 Initial situation of radio-based communication
Wireless communications systems are telecommunications products whose marketing and
operation are subject to legal restrictions. The European R&TTE (Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment) Directive 1999/5/EC31, which has been adopted in German national
law, requires it to be demonstrated that the equipment fulfils the fundamental requirements of
the R&TTE Directive. If equipment is manufactured in accordance with the relevant harmonized
standards, the assumption is that the equipment complies with the fundamental requirements of
the Directive. The manufacturer declares this in the declaration of conformity which is to be supplied with the equipment, and by affixing the CE marking.
The harmonized standards are developed on application or in response to a mandate from the
European Commission. They come into force when their references are published in the Official
Journal of the European Union (OJEU). For the R&TTE Directive, harmonized standards are
predominantly developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). In the
future, the requirements and conditions of industrial wireless communication are to be taken into
account to a greater extent in that work, as for example in the relevant standards EN 300328
and EN 300440.
Apart from the standardization committees, the requirements of industrial automation also have
to be positioned with the Commission committees such as the Telecommunications Conformity
Assessment and Market Surveillance Committee (TCAM) and the Administration Coordination
Group (ADCO), etc. This can be achieved, for example, by submitting comments on the revised
R&TTE Directive, risk assessment and so on.
The standardization of radio communication for industrial automation applications covers three
different areas:
■■
Conditions for use of the radio frequencies
■■
Technologies for radio transmission
■■
Technologies for industrial communications
31 To be replaced on 12 June 2016 by the Radio Equipment Directive (RED).
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All these areas have a significant impact on the use of radio communications for Industry 4.0,
and have to be taken into account. Consequently, a standardization concept which both facilitates consistent solutions and sets down defined interfaces is required. The recommendations
presented in this document are aimed at establishing such a concept. The recommendations in
sections 5.7.6 to 5.7.8 concern the necessary involvement of the application experts in shaping
the conditions of use for the frequency range. The recommendation in section 5.7.9 expresses
the necessity of involving industrial automation in formulating the requirements for future developments in radio transmission.
5.7.3 Recommendation: Network management
The amount of management work for Industry 4.0 networks increases with the complexity of
the solutions. It should be investigated whether software-supported network management
on the basis of the standards and solutions for Automated Infrastructure Management (AIM)
which are already in existence or being created for other areas of application is also suitable
for Industry 4.0 or has to be upgraded with the addition of further stipulations.
5.7.4 Recommendation: Infrastructure components
In order to implement diagnosis and monitoring functions in an Industry 4.0 network, the infrastructure components of the line-based communications systems, both active (routers, switches,
repeaters, etc.) and passive (cables and plugs), require virtual representation. The characteristics
(data describing products and data related to their application) and the condition information of
the infrastructure components are to be standardized in order to facilitate a uniform view. The
special requirements of Industry 4.0 for plug connectors are being examined in the DKE Working
Group 651.03, “Plug connectors with additional functions”.
5.7.5 Recommendation: Topology
With regard to topology, we have two different worlds at present. On the one hand, the active,
linear topology which is standard in industrial automation, in which every station has a switch
which connects both incoming and outgoing lines and the internal link to the device. On the
other hand, structured building cabling involves a star topology with the three hierarchical stages
of campus, building and floor. Investigations should be performed to ascertain what an ideal
network structure for Industry 4.0 looks like, and radio-based communication should also be
included in those considerations. This covers communication within I4.0 components and
networking between the various, in some cases mobile, I4.0 components, communication with
the higher level automation devices and links with the commercial data processing systems,
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up to the cloud for data storage and cloud-based services. The solutions found are to be
standardized.
5.7.6 Recommendation: EMC
Increasing data traffic will necessitate increased bandwidth. This requirement can already be
covered with 4-pair cabling to Cat 6A, suitable for up to 10 gigabits per second. As a result of
the small voltage differences in signal encoding, this will require a very good screen quality if
EMC problems in the industrial environment are to be avoided. In this context, investigations
should be performed to ascertain whether the standard screen qualities can cope with the EMC
stresses encountered in industry, and to set out an appropriate solution. Where new stipulations
are to be made, these are to be standardized.
5.7.7
Recommendation: Work to achieve exclusive frequency
ranges for industrial automation
The flexible networking which characterizes Industry 4.0 scenarios will require more frequency
bands than are currently available. Especially for applications with high demands for real time
capability, determinism and availability, a frequency range which is available worldwide without
serious concessions to other applications in the vicinity of industrial systems will be required.
Preparatory measures are to be initiated so that such a frequency range can be obtained for
industrial automation. These measures are to include determination of the demand, identification
of a requirement package for the applications, identification of suitable radio frequencies and
mapping of the industrial automation services suitable for the ITU.
5.7.8 Recommendation: Coexistence of radio applications
A fundamental aspect of the implementation of Industry 4.0 is the communication between
spatially and organizationally distributed units, which often has to take place by radio either for
reasons of flexibility or because the units are mobile. The requirements of the various applications differ greatly, and therefore cannot be fulfilled by any single wireless technology. Radio
communication today uses frequency ranges which are not as a rule exclusively available for a
single application. A prioritization of wireless applications only takes place at present in the allocation of frequencies by the regulatory authorities.
If high availability of the rapidly growing number of wireless applications in the industrial sector
is to be ensured, in-company coexistence management independent of the frequency range,
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which takes account of the communications requirements of the technical processes and the
business processes, is required. It is necessary to define concepts which add the coexistence
aspect both to the life cycle of an industrial radio product and to the life cycle of an industrial
wireless communications system. It is to be noted that influences of the application are also of
importance in such a coexistence management process. These influences and other relevant
information, can only be made available centrally, and therefore a system with a central coordinator is necessary.
The IEC/EN 6265732 standard describes a coexistence management system which is independent of frequency and can be implemented in manual or automatic forms. This represents an
important step in the right direction.
The developments in Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Cognitive Radio (CR) have potential
for automated coexistence management across the boundaries of radio technologies. This still
requires a reference model for use of the medium, libraries for various radio technologies and the
specification of standardized services for the implementation of an extensively automated exchange of information between the wireless applications and between the wireless applications
and the technical process or business process. Cooperation is to be sought with other relevant
consortiums and standardization organizations for this work.
5.7.9 Recommendation: Radio technologies
Some of the radio technologies developed for home and office communications also cover
the requirements of industrial automation applications. There are, however, some which are not
suitable for these IT solutions. Special stipulations have therefore been made for automation
technology in the standards IEC 61784-2, IEC 62591 (WirelessHART) and IEC 62601 (WIA-PA).
For developments such as Near Field Communication (NFC) or Software Defined and Cognitive
Radio (SDR/CR), and also for new mobile telephony standards, it will have to be ascertained
whether and for which applications they can be used without changes, or whether, for example,
profiles have to be established for their application in the industrial field. Aspects of industrial
applications are being dealt with by 3GPP and ETSI. Cooperation should be sought with these
consortiums and standardization organizations.
In the course of the implementation of Industry 4.0, a special radio standard will also become
necessary for communication in the manufacturing cell or in the vicinity of the manufacturing
machine. Standardization work on this topic is already in progress. Sensors, for example, will
play an increasingly important role in the identification of workpieces, in the control of machines
and manufacturing cells, and in the documentation of the manufacturing process. They are the
32 IEC 62657-2, “Industrial communication networks – Wireless communication network – Part 2: Coexistence
management”, to be published soon in Germany as DIN EN 62657.
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source of a process image which is exact as possible. On the other side, more and more actuators are involved in the production process. The wiring between the growing numbers of sensors
and actuators in mechanical engineering is complex, and in some cases technically difficult to
implement. Wireless incorporation of sensors and actuators will therefore gain in importance.
The variety of suppliers of sensors and actuators, in some cases highly specialized, requires
standardization of radio communications. The properties of simple sensors (endpoint devices)
with regard to overall size, performance and price, are to be taken into account. Different approaches, where present, are to be harmonized, as diversity is not commercially viable in this
field.
5.7.10 Recommendation: Integration of radio communications
The requirements for (uniform) management of radio communications systems with a wide range
of technologies within the life cycle of manufacturing systems also have an effect on the role of
those radio systems. They are not merely a means to an end (i.e. communication), but also an
integral part of the production system. As such, the radio equipment should also be developed
as Industry 4.0 components as defined within the reference architecture model for Industry 4.0.
Corresponding actions are to be taken for integration of the radio communications and management systems in the world of industrial automation.
Harmonized stipulations on configuration of the radio equipment and on diagnosis and fault
analysis are conceivable. This applies in particular to IT solutions in which other concepts and
strategies are pursued than those in the industrial field. In any case, action is necessary to take
account of radio applications based on new technologies in the life cycle of the production systems and specifically in the coexistence management process.
5.8 Additive manufacturing
The field of additive manufacturing is known to the public by the term “3D printing”, and is
considered there from the point of view of its benefit for individual end-users (or of the resulting
dangers, for instance the “gun from the printer”). The large, and already highly developed,
market for the application of these technologies (for there are many different technologies,
not just one, and others are coming onto the market in rapid succession), is however that of
industrial application, for example in the fields of aerospace, automotive, power engineering
and, in addition, in the fields of medical and dental technology.
Status quo:
In 2011, ISO/TC 261 “Additive Manufacturing” was founded, with a scope covering international
standardization for all processes and applications in additive manufacturing. In order to avoid
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competitive situations or overlaps which would be disruptive to industry, a partnership between
ASTM and ISO was entered into only a short time later. An ASTM Committee, ASTM F42 had
shortly before commenced its standardization work on additive manufacturing with a claim to
global validity. This partnership, which has further crystallized into a highly reliable cooperative
venture in recent years, means that a common set of standards for additive manufacturing is
now being compiled by the two organizations, ISO and ASTM, with a common orientation and
the joint aim of avoiding double standardization and controlling strategically important aspects
within the framework of the available capacities. The standards are published with a joint ISO/
ASTM number, and the drafting and revision (including copyright issues) are regulated by a special partner standards development organization agreement between the two organizations.
The standards which have been published to date concern the following:
■■
Coordinate systems and test methodologies
■■
Standard specification for additive manufacturing file format (AMF) Version 1.1
■■
Overview of process categories and feedstock
■■
Main characteristics and corresponding test methods
■■
Overview of data processing
Projects which are currently in progress (at various stages of completion) comprise the following:
■■
Terminology
■■
Guide for Design for Additive Manufacturing
■■
Requirements for purchased AM parts
■■
Standard test artifacts
■■
Standard Specification for Material Extrusion Based Additive Manufacturing of Plastic
Materials
■■
Standard Practice for Metal Powder Bed Fusion to Meet Rigid Quality Requirements
■■
Specific design guidelines on powder bed fusion
■■
Qualification, quality assurance and post processing of powder bed fusion metallic parts
■■
NDT for AM parts
On the national German level, there is close cooperation with VDI, as standardization had
already commenced there at an earlier date, and a number of the standards published by
ISO/TC 261 and also the standards currently being compiled in cooperation with ASTM F42 are
based on guidelines established by VDI FA 105.
On the European level, CEN/TC 438 “Additive Manufacturing”, founded in 2015, clarified at its
constitutive meeting that it does not intend to perform any standardization work of its own above
that of ASTM F42 and ISO/TC 261, but rather sees its function as adopting those standards in
the European environment.
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The issue of a generally used data format was to have been resolved with the AMF format,
although its acceptance is not yet sufficiently widespread. With the new 3mf format, put on the
market by a consortium to which Microsoft belongs, it can be expected that there will now be a
highly widespread format as a result of that market dominance.
5.9 Human beings in Industry 4.0
5.9.1 Initial situation
The world of work in Industry 4.0 will still be inconceivable without human beings. Seen as
socio-technical work systems, flexible and adaptable production facilities provide numerous
opportunities to design work better and more compatibly with humans. With this objective, it is
appropriate to take into account established principles of the design of people-friendly working
conditions (Table 1).
One fundamental requirement is that for practicability; i.e., account must be taken of physical
and mental capabilities in the design of a work system. Tasks must always be doable. Over and
above that, it must be ensured that activities are safe, and that the design avoids accidents
and harm to health. Furthermore, the extent to which an activity is free from impairment or can
reasonably be expected of people is to be considered. This means that in the best case an
optimum of stress can be achieved: people are neither overtaxed mentally and physically, nor
are they undertaxed. New technologies also offer a variety of opportunities to organize work in
a way which promotes learning and the development of personality. Adaptive systems, for example, can support employees individually, promote learning processes and even compensate
for physical limitations. Work systems which offer these options can have a favourable effect on
health and develop employees’ skills. When successfully implemented, such systems improve
satisfaction, motivation and efficiency.
Table 1: Criteria and principles of a people-friendly design of work, following Hacker (2005)
Assessment levels
Core characteristics
Practicability
Compliance with anthropometric and
neurophysiological norms
Safety
Preclusion of harm to health
Freedom from impairment
Work without experience of impairment;
no reduction in well-being
Personality-building
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Development of learning and skills
Together with these opportunities, new technologies also entail risks with regard to the
implementation of criteria for people-friendly work. In the worst-case scenario, characteristics
of automation can lead to a situation in which tasks to be performed by the employees consist
of residual activities, leading to monotony and loss of skill. The complexity and dynamism of
the cyber physical systems and their processes may, under some circumstances, also not be
sufficiently understood. This can lead indirectly to stress and safety risks.
The job to be performed is the heart of the socio-technical system, and therefore in the focus of
the people-friendly design of work. It links the organizational part of the system with the technical part, and at the same time with the human beings. By considering the world of work as a
socio-technical system, the interactions between technology, organization and personnel can be
described.
For people-friendly design of work and jobs, this leads to the “TOP principle” (Technology,
Organization, Personnel). The abbreviation is not a matter of chance, but is intended to express
the ergonomic approach that, if good, safe and healthy work is to be established, the extent
to which work can be designed as well as possible from a technical point of view, e.g. with
the objective of achieving an optimum level of stress or minimizing the risk of accidents, is first
to be ascertained. Where this is not possible, regulatory organizational measures are to be
taken, e.g. by limiting the time of exposure to stress. Only when the technical and organizational
opportunities to optimize the design of work have been exhausted should behavioural or
personnel-oriented measures be deployed, which can then compensate for the deficiencies in
the design of the work process. Such measures are, however, not to be confused with fundamentally skill-expanding approaches or the development of expertise. For highly capable people,
the mastering of complex challenges may represent an optimum of stress which contributes to
learning and to further development. However, this does not take place with constant efforts to
compensate for deficiencies in technology or working conditions.
The three core elements of a socio-technical system (technology, organization and personnel)
can each be influenced from three levels of action: the micro, meso and macro levels of organizations. The micro level represents the individual workplace or possibly also a specific piece of
equipment. The meso level deals with complete work systems and processes between structural units of an enterprise. The macro level comprises entire enterprises and processes which
span enterprises.
The three elements of technology, organization and personnel, together with the various levels,
open up a matrix (Table 2) which can be used to systematize fields of action for people-friendly
design of work in Industry 4.0.
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Table 2: Fields of action for people-friendly work design in Industry 4.0
Technology
Organization
zz
Assistance systems
zz
Human-robot collaboration
zz
Human-machine interface design
zz
Usability
zz
Prospective design of products and
zz
Design of technology to promote
Room for action and
zz
Information requirement and provision
decision-making
zz
Qualification and expertise
zz
Design and variety of jobs
zz
Capability and responsibility
zz
Organization of authority and
zz
Technology and innovation-dependent
responsibility
development of expertise, and personnel
zz
Positioning of decision-making
development
zz
Introduction of the systems
zz
Process design to promote learning
zz
Personal data protection and
zz
Personnel strategy and management
personal rights
zz
Availability of skilled staff
Arrangement and flexibility of
zz
Demographic change
working hours
zz
Adaptation of initial and further training
zz
production processes
learning
zz
functions
Works and enterprise spanning business processes and value chains
zz
Flexibility of technological resources
Personnel
zz
zz
Interpersonal processes and communication
curriculums
In the following, recommendations are derived from these fields, and are intended to contribute
to the successful introduction and implementation of Industry 4.0. The recommendations for action cannot all be set down in standards and specifications, but in some cases also address
economic and social background conditions which are to be further developed in various ways.33
5.9.2
Recommendation: Further develop standards
and specifications for people-friendly work design in
Industry 4.0
The role of standardization in people-friendly work design has been very clear at least since
the New Approach, and is readily understandable, for example, in the field of machine safety.
By laying out the framework for the design of products, and therefore also of the means of
production, it quite literally sets standards. Here, the standards now to be developed for the
33 Hacker, W. (2005). Allgemeine Arbeitspsychologie. Psychische Regulation von Wissens-, Denk- und körperlicher Arbeit. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber (2nd, completely revised edition).
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products of Industry 4.0 can both draw upon existing standards, for instance on machine safety
or ergonomics, and also identify new fields of work for these issues. It is therefore recommended
that, in the development of new standards, the extent to which there are existing standards for
the issues of safety and ergonomics that these be investigated and those standards then cited
and/or applied. In addition, gaps which become apparent should be defined and then filled,
where appropriate in cooperation with existing committees (e.g. the standardization committee
on ergonomics).
5.9.3
Recommendation: Technology design –
Adaptive design of work systems in Industry 4.0
The purpose of assistance systems is to support workers in the performance of their jobs. This
means that it is not people who have to adapt to machines, but machines to people. With the
objective of people-friendly design, elements conducive to learning can be implemented in this
way. Safe conditions which promote acceptance will have to be created for collaborative scenarios in which machines adapt autonomously within a work system.
The human-machine and machine-machine interfaces considered separately in standardization to date will have to be combined. The scenarios arrived at in developments of Industry 4.0
indicate that machines, especially in industrial production, are deployed so flexibly that they can
interact as required with a human being or another machine to perform their tasks. Appropriate
design of overarching, flexible interoperability for a human-machine interface is to be ensured.
The complexity and dynamics of system components which reconfigure themselves place great
demands on the design of the human-machine interface (control of multiple machines). Standards for ergonomic design and for the usability of the software are becoming more and more
important.
5.9.4
Recommendation: Concepts for a functional division of
work between human beings and machines
The work of human beings in Industry 4.0 with and on machines should change in such a way
that sustainable relief from physical and mental stresses (movement of heavy loads; repetitive,
monotonous and tiring activities) can be achieved. As a result, human beings will be able to
make a greater contribution with their creative, innovative and improvisational skills, and will play
a part in motivating and conveying a sense of fulfilment.
The aim must be for human beings to regard themselves, as before, as a central and important
part of the working environment, with corresponding dignity and respect. The role of people as
the driving force behind change in Industry 4.0 should continue to be in the foreground, even if
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classical interpersonal communication is now accompanied by interaction with networked and
digitized machines. The risk of humans being downgraded and/or set on the same level as pure
means of production such as plant and machinery must be taken seriously in this context.
In the design of work, the fundamental issue for human beings will be the support provided for
the relevant activity by the existing technology, in tune with the situation and the requirements.
This requires suitable assistance systems which process the available data into understandable
and useful information and by doing so put the human beings in a position to make the right
decisions.
5.9.5
Recommendation: Design of the interaction between
human beings and technical systems
Jobs are to be safely and harmlessly performed with interaction between human beings and
technical systems. The fundamental basis of interaction, the mutual exchange of information,
can be dynamic and variable in both timing and content (digitization, networking, dynamization)
and also take on direct and indirect forms. Processes of human information processing (cf. also
physical stress) are fundamental to that interaction, and should be incorporated in standardization more frequently and to a greater extent. Possible variants of interactions with technical systems should be taken into account as varying processes. Standardization should also take into
account that jobs and allocations of functions, once made, will change in future work systems
in which interacting partners (e.g. human beings, equipment and working environments) are
extensively networked and exchange (digitized) information. Meaningful changes are those “in
the course of time”, “in terms of content” and “in their method of processing”, and combinations
of these. Changes are to be taken into account on the levels of personnel (changes in qualifications), organization (changes in information, coordination and decision-making processes with
flexible assignment of functions) and technology (usable human-machine interfaces for adaptive
and adaptable allocation of functions; local – remote or distributed). Human beings can be flexibly assisted in their interaction with a technical system (tool), partially supplemented (prosthesis)
or temporarily represented (agent).34
The need for action arising from digitization results from the quantity and quality of information
to be processed for the job in hand. Networking and dynamization demand action to determine,
disseminate and coordinate the extensive and varying information held both by the human being
and the technical system. Standardization should also provide approaches for overcoming the
following challenges of people-friendly design of the human-system interaction (Lee & Seppelt,
2012; Miller et al. 2012):
34Fraunhofer: http://www.iao.fraunhofer.de/images/iao-news/studie_future_hmi.pdf.
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■■
Changes in feedback (out-of-the loop unfamiliarity, surprising mode transitions, inadequate
training and skill loss): High degrees of automation provide human beings with insufficient
information for reasonable participation. People then find changes and errors in automation
difficult to identify and impossible to compensate for.
■■
Changes in the job structure (clumsy automation, automation task errors, behavioural adaptation): Functions are taken away from human beings by automation, and their work is consequently impaired or even hindered.
■■
Changes in the relationship structure (mismatched expectations and eutactic behaviour, inappropriate trust (misuse, disuse, and complacency), job satisfaction and health):
Technology-centred design of automation leads to unintended uses by people.35
5.9.6 Recommendation: Maintenance
In Industry 4.0 in general, and specifically in the factory of the future – the smart factory – maintenance will play a central role as the guarantor of the availability and reliability of machines and
systems. Above all against the background of increasing complexity, the growing number of
objects to be maintained and the increased use of a wide variety of technologies, maintenance
has to be prepared for these changes. The vision of smart maintenance regards it as an enabler
of Industry 4.0, keeping the cyber-physical systems (CPSs) which are notable for their high degree of networking, digitization, decentralization and autonomy, efficient and available. Together
with the understanding of different technologies and the control, processing and interpretation
of big data, great importance is attached to the involvement of human beings (the maintenance
technicians) in this new working environment. Complete automation of maintenance activities
is precluded by the prevailing requirement profile of maintenance (unique nature of the work,
creativity and flexibility in finding solutions, etc.). It is therefore necessary to prepare people for
the changing requirements of work by systematic, individual training and qualification in the fields
of electronics, mechatronics, condition monitoring, system engineering, information science and
analytics. Furthermore, suitable assistance systems have to be developed to put the maintenance technicians in a position to understand complex interrelationships, to select and prepare
data, to interact and communicate with machines and systems and to make the right decisions. Without systematic development of maintenance into smart maintenance, the successful
implementation of Industry 4.0 will be put at risk. Initial efforts by industrial companies, research
institutes and industrial associations have already been made under the auspices of the Fraunhofer Institute for Material Flow and Logistics (IML) with the compilation of an acatech position
paper. Behind the initiative “Smart Maintenance for Smart Factories”36, recommendations for
35 Lee, J.D. & Seppelt, B.D. (2012). Human factors and ergonomics in automation design. In G. Sal-vendy
(Ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (1615-1642). Hoboken: Wiley.
Miller, C.; Nickel, P.; Di Nocera, F.; Mulder, B.; Neerincx, M.; Parasuraman, R.; Whiteley, I. (2012). Psychology
and Human-Machine Systems. In Hockey, G.R.J. (Ed.), THESEUS Towards Human Exploration of Space: a
European Strategy (22-38, 54). Strasbourg: Indigo.
36 http://www.acatech.de/de/projekte/laufende-projekte/smart-maintenance.html.
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action to politicians, businesses and society are being formulated, supporting these theses and
the importance of maintenance for Industry 4.0.
With regard to standards and specifications, maintenance is above all dependent on the area of
communications. Apart from establishing a formal legal framework, the aim must be to regulate
and harmonize the technical methods of communication within a CPS (human-human, humanmachine and machine-machine) and also the exchange of information, data and knowledge
beyond the bounds of individual enterprises.
5.10 Standardization processes
5.10.1 Initial situation
Industry 4.0 affects various sectors of industry, in part with traditionally different and historically
developed standardization worlds and cultures. Many new topics, including not only Industry 4.0
but also, for example, Smart Cities, Smart Grid, the energy turnaround or AAL (Ambient Assisted
Living), are characterized by the merging of different sectors. New functions which transcend the
traditional boundaries of particular industries do however require interoperability and a common
understanding of safety in the widest possible sense, and can be significantly supported by
standardization in those respects.
In advance of the actual development of standards and specifications, there is a need for established fundamentals and a common understanding of the system which spans various sectors
of industry. As set out in greater detail elsewhere in this standardization roadmap, the following
elements have proven useful in this connection:
Use cases describe basic functionalities, actors and acting roles (IEC 62559-2), and assist in the
early development of a glossary, which is also important. On the basis of the use cases, generalized requirements for the system can be formulated, and these then described by models,
concepts and architectures, for instance the reference architecture model RAMI4.0 for Industry 4.0 or DIN SPEC 91345 for I4.0 components. Standardization roadmaps serve to collate this
knowledge, to order it, to identify existing standards and specifications, to compare and contrast
the requirements and to identify the need for further development. All these elements – use
cases, reference architectures, models and standardization roadmaps – are intended to promote
a common understanding and cooperation between highly diverse professional groups. New
approaches, such as the graphically interactive Smart Grid Mapping Tool37 from IEC, combine
these elements. Further developments are impending and could also be decisively influenced by
the work on standardization of Industry 4.0.
37 http://smartgridstandardsmap.com/.
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The development of standards and specifications has become a routine operation in the various
standardization organizations. Especially in the systems environment it would be appropriate to
ascertain whether other standardization results than international standards, which represent
a high level international consensus, would not be more suitable as a first step for many issues
– for instance because they would be available more rapidly or because the high degree of consensus is not required. Such results may be, for example, DIN SPECs, VDE Application Guides
or VDI Guidelines on the national German level, or CEN Workshop Agreements (CWA), Technical
Specifications (TS) or Technical Reports (TR) on the international level.
While the elements listed above such as use cases or reference architectures are pre-standardization developments, it has been proposed by the Smart Grid Coordination Group38 that, if
fundamental interoperability is to be achieved, further measures must be applied after the classical standardization phase, some of which are already familiar from software engineering or in
the field of automation but can be deployed even more systematically for cross-industry system
development. For certain areas of application, the development of firm profiles which are based
on standards may be useful. Applied together with test cases/test beds – developed from the
earlier use cases in these areas of application – they can then ensure extensive interoperability.
5.10.2 Recommendation: Open Source development
In this connection, investigation of how open source developments and standardization can
complement each other is to continue.39
The recommendations presented below contain requirements which are in part a self-evident
basis of all standardization work. They are however explicitly listed once again here, as they
have taken on a new importance in the context of such a broadly based and dynamic venture as
Industry 4.0.
5.10.3 Recommendation: Modularization of stipulations
In order to stabilize the standardization process, the stipulations to be made are to be modularized and categorized. The aim is the development of clearly organized individual standards
which each deal with one self-contained aspect and the stipulations of which each possess a
common degree of maturity, generality and long-term stability.
38 http://www.cencenelec.eu/standards/sectors/sustainableenergy/smartgrids/pages/default.aspx.
39 For examples see OPC UA http://open62541.org/ or http://opcfoundation.org/opc-connect/2015/06/openshared-source-code-and-specifications-program/).
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5.10.4 Recommendation: Formalization of stipulations
The contents of a standard should on the one hand be comprehensible to the reader. They
should, however, also have a formal part in which the stipulations are made in such a way that
compliance with them can be verified by formal methods in individual cases. Even if this will not
always be completely successful in every case, formalization is nevertheless to be sought as far
as possible.
5.10.5 Recommendation: Categorization of standards
Each standard should be assigned to one of the categories of “core model”, “reference model”,
“library” or “technical solution”.
■■
Core models (model universals) are models which are to be generally regarded as true, i.e.
their “correctness” and lack of alternatives are globally accepted.
■■
Reference models are suitable and accurate descriptions. However, there may be similarly
suitable alternatives to a reference model.
■■
Libraries contain classes of the various element types, specified in detail. There are therefore, for example, standardized libraries for characteristics, equipment types, functional
module types, service types and representation types, etc.
■■
Technical solutions describe solutions for specific technological platforms, with all the necessary properties in each case. Many existing standards belong in this category.
5.10.6 Recommendation: Explicit standardization
of the core models
Core models (model universals), as models generally regarded as true, are really “laws” and not
stipulations requiring standardization. ( F = m · g does not, for example, require stipulation in a
standard.) In the field of information models, however, there are not so many of these laws. In
order to strengthen the common model base for Industry 4.0, the relevant core models are to be
explicitly described and published as standards.
5.10.7 Recommendation: Formally correct and complete
description of the reference models
The objective of standardization is the correct and complete description of the reference models.
Different concepts, strategic interests or histories can lead to different reference models. It is
to be ascertained in individual cases whether agreement on a single reference model can be
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achieved. If not, the existence of several reference models is to be accepted, as long as they are
correctly formulated and suitable for describing the matter at hand.
5.10.8 Recommendation: Separate description of the
conceptual and technological stipulations
A sustainable, long-term development of Industry 4.0 can only be successful if it is based on
general, stable concepts which are extensively neutral in terms of technology. In reverse, no
innovation is possible if mapping to the currently available technologies is not stipulated by
standards. Against this background it appears expedient for the description of the conceptual
stipulations in the standards to be clearly separated from the technological stipulations. It must
be mentioned once again that both types of stipulation are necessary.
5.10.9 Recommendation: Exchange of documents
There are several consortiums and standardization organisations which are focusing on wireless
communications systems for industrial applications. These include 3GPP, Bluetooth SIG, ETSI,
IEC, IEEE, ISO, oneM2M, and PI. A coordinated roadmap on this subject requires an opportunity
for simple and unbureaucratic exchange of documents. In this way, potential for collaboration
and risks of duplicated work can be recognized at an early stage. At present, there are obstacles
to access to drafts or to standards which have been adopted but not yet published. Responsibilities are to be identified so that corresponding action can be taken.
5.10.10 Recommendation: Qualifications, teaching materials,
initial and further training on the application of the
standards
The contents of the existing standards cannot always be grasped intuitively. In order to deepen
the knowledge of standards in general and in specific disciplines, and in particular to provide
the next generation in research, industry and the committees with an efficient way of taking the
first steps into the existing concepts and solutions, the publishing company Beuth Verlag offers
training courses as part of the DIN Academy.
In addition, the DIN Academy provides a variety of e-learning courses on current, practically
relevant topics. Especially for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), this range is a helpful
method of acquiring valuable knowledge rapidly and cost-effectively. Further information on the
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
67
learning and training materials and services on offer can be found at www.din.de/de/servicefuer-anwender/din-akademie.
DKE organizes webinars on Industry 4.0. Together with introductory topics, the sessions devote
detailed attention to the current discussions in the area of standardization.40 More advanced
seminars are also offered by the seminar service of VDE.41
The compilation of training documents on individual standards is frequently also very helpful. The
overviews produced, for example, on IEC 62264, “Enterprise-control system integration” are a
good example to be followed in that respect.
Companies which apply standards will find useful information in a Beuth Verlag brochure tailored
especially to meet the needs of SMEs on the various ways of purchasing and viewing standards.
Those interested can obtain further information with the aid of the new e-learning tool. The contents there include, for example, messages from companies which are already active in the field
of standardization. The contributions from these companies particularly emphasize the benefits
of standards for SMEs.
Furthermore, DIN offers a large variety of free information in multimedia form on the topic of
standardization at the DIN Mediathek.42
40 http://www.dke.de/de/Webinare/Seiten/Webinare.aspx.
41 https://www.vde-verlag.de/seminare.html.
42
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Further information on training materials and services can be found at:
http://www.din.de/de/din-und-seine-partner/presse/mediathek/mediathek-72666
http://www.din.de/de/ueber-normen-und-standards/basiswissen
http://www.din.de/de/ueber-normen-und-standards/nutzen-fuer-die-wirtschaft/mittelstand/
normungswissen
http://www.din.de/blob/69886/5bd30d4f89c483b829994f52f57d8ac2/kleines-1x1-der-normungneu-data.pdf.
6 FURTHER INFORMATION
Platform Industry 4.0
http://www.plattform-i40.de/
DIN on Industry 4.0
http://www.din.de/go/industry-4-0
Development stage standardization
http://www.din.de/en/innovation-and-research/research-projects
IT Security Coordination Office at DIN
www.din.de/go/kits
DKE on Industry 4.0
http://www.vde.com/en/dke/std/Pages/Industry40.aspx
Autonomik für Industrie 4.0
http://www.autonomik.de/en/index.php
Potentials of human-technology interaction for the efficient and networked production of
tomorrow – Fraunhofer IAO (German only)
http://www.iao.fraunhofer.de/images/iao-news/studie_future_hmi.pdf
VDI/VDE Society for Measurement and Automatic Control (GMA)
www.vdi.de/industrie40
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
69
7 RELEVANT STANDARDS
AND SPECIFICATIONS
The topic of Industry 4.0 touches upon a large number of professional disciplines. Fields with
great relevance to Industry 4.0 include, for example, mechanical engineering, automation,
information and communications technology, ergonomics, security, services, maintenance and
logistics. In order to provide an overview of existing standards and specifications which is independent of committees and organizations, DIN and DKE have each established an accessible
database where the relevant standards and specifications are listed and regularly updated.
The standard and specification collection at DIN is accessible here:
www.din.de/go/industrie4-0
The standard and specification collection at DKE is accessible here:
http://dke.de/Normen-Industrie40
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8ABBREVIATIONS
3GPP
3rd Generation Partnership Project
AAL
Active Assisted Living
acatech
Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften (German National Academy of
Science and Engineering)
AE
Allgemeine Empfehlungen (General Recommendations)
AK
Arbeitskreis (Working Group)
BITKOM
Bundesverband Informationswirtschaft, Telekommunikation und neue Medien e. V.
(Federal Association for Information Technology, Telecommunications and New
Media)
BMBF
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
(Federal Ministry of Education and Research)
BMWi
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie
(Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Technology)
BSI
Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik
(Federal Office for Information Security)
CAI
Computer Assisted Instruction
CAx
Computer Aided System
CDD
Common Data Dictionary
CDIs
Controller-device interfaces
CEN
Comité Européen de Normalisation
CENELEC
Comité Européen de Normalisation Électrotechnique
CPPS
Cyber-physical Production System
CPS
Cyber-physical System
CRM
Customer Relationship Management
DIN
Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (German Institute for Standardization)
DIN SPEC
DIN Specification
DKE
Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik im DIN und
VDE (German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of
DIN and VDE)
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
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DL
Dienstleistungen (Services)
EDDL
Electronic Device Description Language
EN
European standard
ERP
Enterprise Resource Planning
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU
European Union
EW
Entwicklung (Research)
FB
Fachbereich (Section)
FDI
Field Data Integration
FDT
Field Device Tool
GL
Grundlagen (Fundamentals)
GMA
VDI/VDE Gesellschaft Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik
(VDI/VDE Society for Measurement and Automatic Control)
ICT
Information and Communications Technology
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEV
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
IML
Fraunhofer Institute for Material Flow and Logistics
INS
Innovation with Norms and Standards
(a project sponsored by the German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Technology)
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IPA
Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation
ISA
International Sociological Association
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
IT
Information Technology
ITA
Industry Technical Agreement
ITG
Informationstechnische Gesellschaft im VDE (VDE Information Technology Society)
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
JTC
Joint Technical Committee of IEC and ISO
M2M
Machine-2-machine
MES
Manufacturing Execution System
NAM
Normenausschuss Maschinenbau
(DIN Standards Committee Mechanical Engineering)
NAMUR
International User Association for Automation in Process Industries
NE
Nichtfunktionale Eigenschaften (Non-functional properties)
NFC
Near Field Communication
NIA
Normenausschuss Informationstechnik und Anwendungen
(DIN Standards Committee Information Technology and selected IT Applications)
NS
Normungsstrategie (Standardization strategy)
OASIS
Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
OMG
Object Management Group
OPC-UA
Open Platform Communications – Unified Architecture
PAM
Pluggable Authentication Module
PAS
Publicly Available Specification
PDM
Product Data Management
PLM
Product Lifecycle Management
QMS/CRM
Quality Management System program for control of production
RB
Reference models of technical and organizational processes
RE
Engineering
RL
Reference models of instrumentation and control functions
RM
Reference models
RT
Reference models of technical systems and processes
SA
System Architecture
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
73
SB
Standardbibliotheken (Standard Libraries)
SCM
Supply Chain Management
SDR/CR
Software Defined Radio/Cognitive Radio
SMB
Standardization Management Board (IEC)
SOA
Service-oriented Architecture
SPS
Stored Program Controller
TC
Technical Committee
TL
Technologien und Lösungen (Technologies and Solutions)
TR
Technical Report
TS
Technical Specification
UA
Unified Architecture
UC
Use Cases
UK
Unterkomitee (Subcommittee)
UML
Unified Modeling Language
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
VDE
Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik e. V.
(Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies)
VDI
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e. V. (Association of German Engineers)
VDMA
Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau e. V.
(German Engineering Federation)
W3C
World Wide Web Consortium
WG
Working Group
XML
Extensible Markup Language
ZVEI
ZVEI Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie e. V.
(Central Association of the Electrical and Electronics Industry)
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
9 THE AUTHORS
Prof. Dr. Lars Adolph, Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund
Thomas Anlahr, Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik IML, Dortmund
Dr. Heinz Bedenbender, VDI, Düsseldorf
Alexander Bentkus, DKE, Frankfurt am Main
Prof. Dr. Lennart Brumby, Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg Mannheim, Eppelheim
Prof. Dr. Christian Diedrich, IFAK, Magdeburg
Dr. Dagmar Dirzus, VDI, Düsseldorf
Filiz Elmas, DIN, Berlin
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Epple, RWTH Aachen, Aachen
Dr. Jochen Friedrich, IBM, Mannheim
Jessica Fritz, DKE, Frankfurt am Main
Dr. Hansjürgen Gebhardt, Institut ASER e. V., Wuppertal
Jan Geilen, Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund
Dr.-Ing. Christoph Hecker, Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV) e. V., Mainz
Roland Heidel, Kommunikationslösungen e.K., Kandel
Klaus Hemberger, BNetzA, Mainz
Stefan Hiensch, BNetzA, Mainz
Prof. Dr. Dr. Eric Hilgendorf, Universität Würzburg
Dr. Günter Hörcher, Fraunhofer IPA, Stuttgart
Eckehardt Klemm, Phoenix Contact, Bad Pyrmont
Jens Mehrfeld, Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI), Bonn
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 – VERSION 2
75
Theo Metzger, Bundesnetzagentur, Berlin
Dr. Stephan Middelkamp, HARTING, Espelkamp
Dr. Christian Mosch, VDMA, Frankfurt am Main
Dr. Peter Nickel, Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (IFA), Sankt Augustin
Reinhold Pichler, DKE, Frankfurt am Main
Christopher Prinz, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum
Dr. Lutz Rauchhaupt, ifak, Magdeburg
Ingo Rolle, DKE, Frankfurt am Main
Prof. Dr. Felix Sasaki, W3C/DFKI GmbH, Berlin
Uwe Seidel, VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH, Berlin
Johannes Stein, DKE, Frankfurt am Main
Daniela Tieves-Sander, KAN Kommission Arbeitsschutz und Normung, Sankt Augustin
Dr. Carsten Ullrich, DFKI GmbH, Berlin
Ingo Weber, Siemens, Karlsruhe
Wei Wei, IBM, Düsseldorf
Ludwig Winkel, Siemens, Karlsruhe
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STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
DIN e. V.
DKE Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik
Elektronik Informationstechnik in DIN und VDE
Am DIN-Platz · Burggrafenstraße 6
Stresemannallee 15 · 60596 Frankfurt
10787 Berlin · Tel.: +49 30 2601-0
Tel.: +49 69 6308-0 · Fax: +49 69 08-9863
e-mail: presse@din.de
e-mail: standardisierung@vde.com
Internet: www.din.de
Internet: www.dke.de