Basic
Information
and
Definitions
952
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Contents
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive Sensors
954
Photoelectric Sensors
968
Capacitive Sensors
983
Magnetic Cylinder Sensors
990
Cables995
Materials1000
IEC Standards
1002
Quality/Standards1003
Conversion Tables
1006
n www.balluff.com
953
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
... of inductive proximity sensors is based on the interaction
between metallic conductors and an electromagnetic alternating
field. Eddy currents are induced in the metallic damping material,
which removes energy from the field and reduces the height of
the oscillation amplitude. This change is processed in the inductive sensor, which changes its output state accordingly.
Function groups
... of the Balluff proximity
switch are:
Sensor
field,
Coil, Core
Sensing face
Oscillator
Demodulator
... is the area through which the high-frequency sensor field
enters the air space. It is determined primarily by the base of the
shell core and corresponds roughly to the surface area of the
shell core cap.
Trigger
Output
driver
Sensor field
Principle
Standard target
... is a square plate of Fe 360 (ISO 630), used to define sensing
distances per EN 60947-5-2. The thickness is d = 1 mm; and
the side length a corresponds to
– the diameter of the circle of the “sensing face”
or
– 3 x sn, if the value is greater than the given diameter.
Correction factor
... gives the reduction in sensing distances for target materials which are
not made of Fe 360. Unless otherwise
noted.
Switching frequency f
.. refers to the maximum number of
switching operations per second.
Factor
1.0
0.25...0.45
0.35...0.50
0.30...0.45
0.60...1.00
0.65...0.75
0.93...1.05
ity
im
ox ch
Pr wit
s
d
ar
d
an
St
et
rg
ta
Damping is per EN 60947-5-2 with
standard targets on a rotating, nonconducting disk. The surface area
ratio of iron to non-conductor must
be 1 : 2.
Material
steel
copper
brass
aluminum
stainless steel
nickel
cast iron
Standard target
Sensing face
The rated value of the switching
frequency is reached when
– either the turn-on signal t1 = 50
µs or the
– turn-off signal t2 = 50 µs
.
954
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Delay Times
... is the time from when the supply voltage is applied,
and the proximity switch assumes the ready state. This time
may not be longer than 300 ms. During this time there must be
no fault signal longer than 2 ms.
Start-up delay tv
Temperature Effects and Limits
Temperature drift
... is the deviation of the effective operating distance with the
temperature range of –25 °C ≤ Ta ≤ +70 °C. Per EN 60947-5-2
it is: ∆sr/sr ≤ 10 %
Ambient temperature range Ta
... is the temperature range over which the function of the switch
is guaranteed.
Magnetic Field Immunity
Error-free function depends on the magnitude of the welding
current and the distance of the sensor from the current carrying
line.
Principle
Design and circuitry techniques ensure that magnetic field immune proximity switches remain unaffected by magnetic fields.
Magnetic field
Current
conductor
n www.balluff.com
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
Sensor
955
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Supply voltage UB
... is the permissible voltage range in which certain safe operation of the switch
is guaranteed (including ripple σ).It is indicated in the catalog section for each
product.
Rated
operating voltage Ue
... is the supply voltage UB used for testing without tolerances. To determine the
rated and limit values, the sensor must be operated using Ue. It is:
– for DC switches
Ue = 24 VDC
– for AC and
AC/DC switches
Ue = 110 VAC
– for AC and
AC/DC switches
Ue = 110 VAC
Voltage drop Ud
... is the voltage measured across the load of a closed (conducting) sensor at
load current Ie.
Rated insulation
voltage Ui
... of a proximity switch is the voltage to which the isolation tests and the creep
distances are referenced. For proximity switches the highest rated operating voltage must be considered as the rated isolation voltage.
Rated supply frequency
... of the power supply for AC devices is 50 to 60 Hz.
Ripple σ (%)
... is the AC voltage (peak-to-peak
of Ue) overlaid on the DC voltage
Ue given in percent. To operate DC
switches, a filtered DC voltage having a ripple of max. 15 % (per DIN
41755) is required.
Ue=rated operational voltage
Uss= oscillation width
Ripple σ =
956
Uss
× 100 [%]
Ue
Rated
operating current Ie
... is the permissible constant output current that may flow through the load Rl.
Off-state current Ir
... is the residual current flowing through the load when a proximity switch is not
conducting (open).
Max. inrush Ik
... in the case of alternating current indicates the current Ik (Aeff) which is permitted
to flow during a given turn-on time tk (ms) and at a given frequency (Hz).
Short circuit current
... is 100 A, i. e., per EN 60947-5-2 the power supply during testing in short
circuit mode must be able to provide at least 100 A for a short duration. This current is prescribed in the standard in order to test the short-circuit strength.
No-load supply current I0
... is the current, which flows in the switch, without the need for a load to be
connected (only with 3- and 4-wire-switches).This current supplies the sensor
electronics.
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Minimum
operating current Im
... is the smallest load current required for function of the switch when ON.
Output resistance Ra
... is the resistance between the output and the supply voltage which is built
into the switch; see “Output circuits”.
Load capacitance
... is the permissible total capacitance on the output of the switch, including line
capacitance.
Output Circuits
Driver stages
3-wire
DC switches
PNP, sourcing
(current source)
NPN, sinking
(current sink)
S =
Ra =
Dz =
D1 =
D2 =
LED =
2-wire
DC switches
Non-polarized
S = semiconductor switch
Dz = Z-Diode, limiter
C =capacitor
GI = bridge rectifier
LED = light emitting diode
2-wire
AC and AC/DC switches
(universal current switches)
ground connection for connector version only
n www.balluff.com
semiconductor switch
output resistance
Z-Diode, limiter
pol. rev. protect. diode
pol. rev. protect. diode
in load current circuit
(for short protection types only)
light emitting diode
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
S = semiconductor switch
Dz = Z-Diode, limiter
C = filter capacitor
RC =HF-Peak-limiter
Gl = bridge rectifier
LED = light emitting diode
VDR= voltage spike limiter
957
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Wiring Diagrams
Cable/Terminals
DC 3/4-Wire
Connector
Cable/Terminals
Connector
NPN (–) sinking
PNP (+) sourcing
Normally open
!
$
Normally closed
@
%
NO/NC
#
^
DC 2-Wire
Normally open
&
Normally closed
*
Polarized
AC-Sensors
Normally open
(
Non-polarized
)
*2
1
with protection ground
3
*
1
2
3
Normally closed
2
2
3
1
4
2
3
3
AC/DC-Sensors
Normally open
with protection ground
*
2
5
7
1
*
3
Normally closed
6
2
3
8
1
2
3
Wire colors
Coding per DIN IEC 60757 BNbrown
BKblack
BUblue
958
WHwhite
2
3
*Pin assignments shown are based on
the U.S. standard for cable connectors
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Series connection
... can cause a time delay
(e. g. start-up delay). The number
of connected proximity switches
is limited by the total voltage drop
(sum of all Ud).
3-wire DC switch
2-wire DC switch
(AC/DC)
3-wire DC switch
2-wire DC switch
In the case of 2-wire sensors it
is limited by the addition of the
minimum supply voltages. For
3-wire switches, the load capacity
of the output stage represents a
further limitation, since the current
consumption I0 of all switches is
added to the rated current Ie.
The ready delay time tv is the ready
delay of a sensor × (number of
sensors n –1).
For parallel
connection
... of proximity switches with LED
it is recommended that the outputs of the individual switches
be decoupled using diodes (as
shown).
This prevents all LED’s from
lighting-up when the output state
of one switch is turned on.
Utilization categories Category
per EN 60947-5-2/
AC 12
AC-switch
IEC 60947-5-2
AC 140
AC-switch
DC 12
DC-switch
DC 13
DC-switch
n www.balluff.com
Parallel wiring of 2-wire
proximity switches is
not recommended, since
missed pulses can be
caused by the build-up of
oscillations.
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
Typical load applications
Resistive and semiconductor loads, optocouplers
Small electromagnetic load Ia ≤ 0.2 A; e. g. contactor relay
Resistive and semiconductor loads, optocouplers
Electromagnets
959
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Polarity reversal protected
... protected against any possible lead reversal for sensors with short circuit protection.
...protected against reversal of plus/minus leads for sensors without short circuit
protection.
Cable break protection
... in 3-wire sensors prevents improper function. A diode prevents the current from
flowing via the output line A.
Short circuit protected
(sensors with a maximum
voltage of 60 V DC)
... is achieved in Balluff sensors using pulsing or thermal short circuit protection
circuits. The output stage is thereby protected against overload and short circuit.
The trigger current for the short circuit protection is higher than the rated operating
current Ie. Currents from switching and load capacitances are specified in the sensor
data and do not result in triggering, but rather are masked by a short delay in the
output circuit.
Short circuit/overload
protected
(universal AC/DC sensors)
... AC or AC/DC sensors are often operated with a relay or contactor as the load.
AC switching devices (contactors/relays) create a significantly higher load (6...10 ×
rated current) when they are first energized as compared with their static operation
due to the fact that the core is still open.The static value of the load (current) is not
reached until several milliseconds later. Not until the magnetic field is closed does the
max. permissible rated operating current Ie flow through the sensor.This means that
the threshold value for a short circuit condition in these sensors must lie significantly
higher and would, if for example the contactor is prevented for mechanical or electrical reasons from fully closing, result in an overload on the sensors.
This is where the overload protection comes into play. It is designed as slow-acting
(time-delayed). Its trigger threshold lies only slightly above the maximum permissible
Ie. A response (i. e. turn-off) is delayed, depending on the magnitude of the overload,
by more than 20 milliseconds. This ensures that properly working relays and contactors can be switched normally, while defective devices will not destroy the Balluff
sensor. The short circuit/overload protection is generally of a bi-stable design, which
means that it must be reset by turning off the supply voltage to the sensor.
960
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors response curves
Axial and radial damping
When damping in an axial direction the standard target is moved concentric to the system axis. The switchpoint is thereby determined only by the distance “s” from the sensing face of the sensor. When damping in the radial direction, the
location of the switchpoint is additionally affected by the radial distance “r” of the target from the system axis.
The diagram shows the response curves, which indicate the dependency of the switchpoint on “s” and “r”.The primary
purpose of this drawing is to show the possibility of damping using a lateral approach and the difference compared with
axial approach
Application
Due in part to manufacturing tolerances within a production run, the exact switchpoint must in any case be established on
site.The solid lines represent the respective switchpoint (E), the dashed lines indicate the turn-off point (A). The red lines apply to switches with a clear zone, and the black lines for flush mount types. Since the switching operation can be induced
from either direction, the curves are shown mirrored from the system axis.
Examples
Passing objects on conveyor lines generate a signal change when their front edge crosses the turn-on curve on the entry
side. The signal reverses again when the back edge of the passing object crosses the (mirrored) turn-off curve on the opposite side. With reversing parts (e. g. limit of travel), the signal reversal occurs at the turn-off curve on the same side.
Typical approach curves
using the example of an M12 sensor with sn 2 mm
Standard target, axial approach
Standard target, radial approach
Standard target, radial approach
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
Sensor diameter (sensing face)
Sensor
The vertical axis in the diagram shows the distance of the switchpoint from the sensing face. It is referenced to the
nominal sensing distance sn. At a distance of 0.8 mm, a laterally approaching target reaches the solid line turn-on
curve at point “E” and leaves the turn-off curve at point “A”.
The horizontal axis in the diagram is referenced to the radius of the sensingface. The zero point of this axis lies in
the center of the shell core cap. In our example for the M12 switch, the radius is r = 6 mm. Example: The distance of
the turn-on and turn-off point (from the system axis) is typically E ~ 2.75 mm, A ~ 2.95 mm.
n www.balluff.com
961
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Standard target
Switching Distances
... is the distance between the standard target and the sensing
face of the proximity switch at which a signal change is generated per EN 60947-5-2.For “normally open” this means from
OFF to ON and for normally closed from ON to OFF.
Rated operating
distance sn
... is a theoretical value, which does not take into account manufacturing tolerances, operating temperatures, supply voltages,
etc.
Effective operating distance sr
... is the switching distance of a single proximity switch measured under specified conditions, e.g. flush mountable, rated
operating voltage Ue, temperature Ta = +23 °C ±5 °C (0.9 sn ≤
sr ≤ 1.1 sn).
Useful operating
distance su
sn
Sensing face
Switching distance s
sr
110 %
... is the switching distance of a single proximity switch under
specified temperature and voltage conditions (0.81 sn ≤ su ≤
1.21 sn).
90 %
su
100 %
121 %
Assured operating
distance sa
Switching distance
identifier
... is any switching distance for which an operation of the proximity switch within the permissible operating conditions (temperatures, voltages) is guaranteed (0 ≤ sa ≤ 0.81 sn).
none
Switching distance
2X
standard switching distance
per IEC 60947-5-2
“2x” the switching distance
vs. standard
Switching distance
3X
“3x” the switching distance
vs. standard
Switching distance
4X
“4x” the switching distance
vs. standard
Housing
81 %
0%
sa
Switching distance
∅ 3 mm*
1 mm flush
∅ 4 mm/M5*
1.5 mm flush
∅ 6.5 mm...M30 1.5...2x
∅ 3 mm*
3 mm non-flush
∅ 4 mm/M5*
5 mm non-flush
∅ 6.5 mm...M122.2...3x
M18...M30
depending on version
*Switching distance in mm. The switching distances for these sensors are not standardized.
Repeat accuracy R
... of sr is determined at rated operating voltage Ue under the following conditions: Temperature: T = +23 °C ±5 °CRelative humidity: ≤ 90 % Measuring duration: t = 8 h.
Reference axis
The permissible deviation per EN 60947-5-2 is R ≤ 0.1 sr.
Standard target
Hysteresis H
(switching hysteresis when
target is backed off)
962
... is given as a percentage of the effective operating distance sr. It is measured at an ambient temperature of +23
°C ±5 and at the rated operational voltage.
It must be less than 20% of the effective operating distance
(sr). H ≤ 0.2 sr
Assured
switching
distance
Sensing face
Proximity
switch
For more information, visit us
online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Installation in Metal
Sensors with standard switching distance
Flush mountable proximity
switches
... can be installed with their sensing
faces flush to the metal. The distance
from opposing metal surfaces must be
≥ 3sn and the distance between two
proximity switches (side-by-side) ≥ 2d.
Non-flush mountable
proximity switches
... can be identified by their “caps”,
since they have no metal housing surrounding the area of the sensing face.
The sensing face must extend ≥ 2sn
from the metallic installation medium.
The distance from opposing metal
surfaces must be ≥ 3sn and the distance between two adjacent proximity
switches ≥ 3d.
Sensing face
Sensing face
Clear zone
Opposing installation
of 2 sensors
... requires for all inductive proximity
switches a minimum distance of ≥ 3d
between the sensing face.
Installation medium
Ferromagnetic materials:
Iron, steel or other magnetizable materials.
Alloys:
Brass, aluminum or
other non-magnetizable
materials.
Other materials:
Plastics, electrically nonconducting materials.
n www.balluff.com
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
963
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Installation in Metal
Sensors with switching distance indicator 2X
Flush mountable proximity
switches
... can be installed with
their sensing faces flush to the metal. Installation
in alloy may result in a reduction of the switching distance. The distance to opposing switches
must be ≥ 3sn, and the distance between adjacent switches (side-by-side) must be ≥ 2d.
In order to install the sensor in ferromagnetic
materials, the following guidelines are used for
dimension “×”.
3-wire DC
Housing
size d
∅ 3 mm
∅ 4 mm
M5
∅ 6.5 mm
M8
M12
M18
M30
Dimension ×
1 mm
1.5 mm
1.5 mm
0 mm
0 mm
1.5 mm
2.5mm
3.5mm
2-wire DC
Housing
size d
M8
M12
M18
M30
Dimension ×
0 mm
0 mm
0.7mm
3.5mm
Sensing face
For Factor 1 sensors the dimension × is not needed for installation in metal.
Sensing face
Sensing face
964
Non-flush mountable
proximity switches
... can be identified by their “caps”, since they
have no metal housing surrounding the area of
the sensing face. The sensing face must extend
≥ 2sn from the metallic installation medium.
The distance from opposing metal surfaces
must be ≥ 3sn and the distance between sensors ≥ 3d.
Opposing installation
of 2 sensors
... requires for all inductive proximity switches a
minimum distance of ≥ 4d between the sensing
face.
Clear zone
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Installation in Metal
Sensors with switching distance indicator 3X and 4X
Quasi-flush mountable
proximity switches
... require a space behind the sensing face which is free of conducting materials.
Under this condition the specified switching distance is available without limitation.
Dimension “×” (see fig.) indicates the shortest distance between the sensing face and
the conductive material behind it.
Switching distance 3X
Housing
Dimension “×”
size d
for installation in
ferromagnetic other
materialsmetals
∅ 6.5 mm,M8 2.0 mm
1.0 mm
M12
2.5 mm
2.0 mm
M18
4.0 mm
2.5 mm
M30
8.0 mm
4.0 mm
Clear zone
8×8 mm
Non-flush mountable
proximity switches
Housing size d
∅ 3 mm
∅ 4 mm
M5
∅ 6.5 mm
M8
M12
M18
M30
Dimension b
≥ 10 mm≥
15 mm
≥ 15 mm
≥ 8 mm
≥ 8 mm
≥ 10 mm
≥ 20 mm
≥ 35 mm
in steel
≥ 25 mm
in alloy
≥ 20 mm
in stainless
steel
Opposing installation
of 2 sensors
Housing size
∅ 3 mm
∅ 4 mm
M5
Switching distance 4X
Dimension “×”
for installation in
ferromagnetic other
materialsmetals
3.0 mm
2.0 mm
4.0 mm
3.0 mm
Sensing
surface
... can be identified by their “caps”, since they have no metal housing surrounding the
area of the sensing face. The distance from opposing metal surfaces must be ≥ 3sn.
Installation conditions:
Dimension c
≥ 30 mm≥
40 mm
≥ 40 mm
≥ 32 mm
≥ 32 mm
≥ 48 mm
≥ 72 mm
≥ 120 mm
Dimension e
≥ 10 mm≥
20 mm
≥ 20 mm
≥ 8 mm
≥ 8 mm
≥ 12 mm
≥ 18 mm
≥ 30 mm
Sensing face
Clear zone
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
... requires for all inductive proximity switches a minimum distance of ≥ 5d between
the sensing faces. For exceptions see table.
Dimension a
20 mm 45 mm
45 mm
n www.balluff.com
965
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Installation in Metal
SteelFace® Sensors
Sensing face
To assure proper function, the values in the tabel below
and the figure to the right should be observed. (Fig. 1)
A
≥ 2d
Switching distance 2X
Switching distance 3X
A
≥ 4d
When installing in metals, the values for dimension x shown in
the following table must be observed. When these guidelines
are followed, the effective switching distance Sr will deviate
less than ±10%. Values are in mm. (Fig. 2)
Sensor
2X Flush Mount
x
Steel
x
Aluminum
x
Brass
M8
M12
M18
3X Quasi Flush Mount
0mm
0mm
0mm
6mm
8mm
11mm
6mm
8mm
11mm
x
Stainless
Steel
5mm
7mm
10mm
M12
M18
M30
3X Non-Flush Mount
7mm
14mm
28mm
12mm
12mm
28mm
12mm
14mm
28mm
10mm
16mm
35mm
M12
M18
M30
25mm
45mm
70mm
Fig. 1
Sensing face
Fig. 2
15mm
25mm
40mm
17mm
25mm
40mm
25mm
45mm
70mm
Opposing Installation of Two Sensors
This configuration requires a minimum separation of
≥3 Sn between the active surfaces for M8 thru M30,
2x and 3x sensors. (Fig. 3)
Reduction factors for target material
2X Flush Mount
966
Fig. 3
Steel
Aluminum
Brass
Copper
M12
M18
M30
3X Quasi Flush Mount
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
0.8...1mm
0.8...1mm
0.7...1mm
M12
M18
M30
Ferrous Only
M8
M12
M18
M30
Non-Ferrous Only
M8
M12
M18
M30
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
Stainless
Steel
0.7...0.85mm 0.85...1.3mm 0.5...0.9mm
0.7...0.85mm 0.85...1.3mm 0.5...0.8mm
0.7...0.9mm 0.9...1.2mm
0.5...1mm
1.0mm
0.7mm
0.7mm
0.8mm
0.7mm
0.7mm
1.0mm
0.7mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
-
-
-
0.45mm
0.25mm
0.5mm
0.7mm
-
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.0mm
1.1mm
1.1mm
1.1mm
0.9mm
0.9mm
0.9mm
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Inductive sensors
Mounting Guidelines for 40x40x62 Sensor with Bracket Variations
Original = Plastic
Optional BES Q40-HW-2 = Metal
Sensing distance Sn
Bracket
n www.balluff.com
15 mm
PlasticMetal
20 mm
PlasticMetal
35 mm
PlasticMetal
40 mm
PlasticMetal
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
967
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Adjustable Sensitivity
The ability of the sensor to discriminate between different levels of light incidence on the receiver. Used primarily to black out background objects, discriminate between materials, or transparent objects.
Alarm output
The alarm output at the receiver (PNP open collector – 30 mA) triggers a warning signal in the case of functional interruptions, which can be caused by contamination or mechanical de-adjustment. The alarm output is activated if the received signal lies in the alarm range for a defined amount of time.
Stability (green LED)
stable
unstable
Switching
threshold
Alarm
stable
For series BOS 18M Teachin, the entire product family, including diffuse and retrore-
flective sensors, is equipped with an alarm output.
Alignment
Relation of the emitter and receiver. Proper alignment is necessary to achieve maximum sensitivity to objects being sensed.
Ambient Light
Light that is present in a given area; e.g., inside, outside, incandescent, or fluorescent. In some cases, ambient light may affect photoelectric controls.
Ambient Light Rejection
There are basically 3 different ways for the receiver to differentiate the emitter’s signal from the ambi-
ent light. As a practical consideration in setting up a system, it is advised to direct the receiver away from strong external light sources, such as the sun or industrial lighting.
1. Modulation - Pulsed light is different from continuous ambient light.
2. Filters - Filters block most of the visible light spectrum so that a modulated signal is more easily detected.
3. Focal Arrangement - Lenses are used at the emitter and receiver to focus the beam for optimum signal transmission. This lens arrangement actually makes the image of the emitter focus on the receiver just like a camera would focus an image on a sheet of film.
Ambient temperature
The ambient temperature is the temperature range in which the function of the photoelectric switch is guaranteed. Balluff Standard: –15 °C ≤ Ta ≤ +55 °C
AmplifierA device that enables an input signal to control an output signal of that device.
Analog Sensors
Autocollimation
Emitter and receiver use a common lens. The emitter light passes
through the beam splitter and the lens to the reflector. The reflector
bounces the emitter light back to the lens. This gives retroreflective
sensors that work with autocollimation a small, round beam profile.
Additional benefits: no dead zone for scanning and for the reflector,
better small parts detection, and the switching characteristic is
independent of the approach direction.
Axial Approach
When a target to be detected approaches the sensing face “head on.”
Background suppression (BGS)
968
The output current or voltage is proportional to the target distance or surface.
Beam splitter
Emitter
Detection
area
Lens
Receiver
Reflector
Through the background suppression, objects within a set switching distance are detected, without being impeded by the reflective background, and nearly independent of color and surface of the ob-
ject (object reflection). Background suppression is achieved by cutting the beam from the emitter to the receiver. To do so, it divides the visible field into an active area and the background. In addition, by dividing the receiver into at least two adjacent areas (e. g. by using a dual diode or a PSD ele-
ment) and by means of a geometric arrangement (triangulation), the actual position of the object within the sensing range can be determined. Through this, the object and the background can be distinguished accurately. Diffuse sensors with background suppression are characterized by low gray value shift and hysteresis.
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Beam Pattern
In the operation of thru-beam and retroreflective sensors, a degree of deviation from absolute align
ment of the emitter and receiver (within which the beam intensity is sufficient to activate the receiver) determines the beam pattern.
Color Mark Detector
A sensor designed to differentiate between different colored marks, or between a color mark and the
background color it appears on. The contrast between the two marks, not the true color of the mark, is used for this detection. The color mark detector is available with either Red or Green LED emitters for this purpose.
Color Registration/Mark Detection
Proximity (diffuse) sensing mode that detects the contrast between two colors on a surface.
Light Source Code:
G = Green
R = Red
RG = Red or Green
X = not possible
Color Registration Sensor
The color registration sensor is a highly specialized diffuse proximity sensor that has the ability to detect fine changes in contrast on a surface. But unlike the standard diffuse proximity sensor, this type of unit uses a powerful lens system and must be positioned at a specific focal distance from the target.
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
Component System
Separately mounted optical sensing head and amplifier used for remote sensing applications.
sensors
Capacitive
Constant Current Source Source which provides constant current to the output of a sensing transistor, and allows the voltage at the sensors
output to vary from zero up to the supply voltage.
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Contamination
Contamination reduces the specified response range of sensors and fiber optics compared to clean air,
Cables
(influence on the response range) because the dirt and dust particles
Materials
■■deposit on the lenses and
IEC Standards
impair their light transmission,
Quality/
Standards
■■and absorb and scatter light in the beam path.
Conversion
An oil-free source of compressed air can be used to prevent the effects of dirt and contamination due to impure air. Tables
Complementary Outputs
Sensors with both N.O. and N.C. outputs that change state simultaneously.
Contamination indicator
The contamination indicator (green) lights in the safe zone if the input energy exceeds the threshold energy by at least 30 %.
The threshold energy, at which a signal change affects the output, is defined at 100 %.
From this, the safe zone results
■■if the input signal exceeds at least 130 % of the
threshold energy
■■if the input signal exceeds at least 70 % of the threshold energy.
n www.balluff.com
969
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Contamination indicator
The contamination indicator (green) lights in the safe zone if the input energy exceeds the threshold energy by at least 30 %.
The threshold energy, at which a signal change affects the output, is defined at 100 %.
From this, the safe zone results
■■if the input signal exceeds at least 130 % of the
threshold energy
■■if the input signal exceeds at least 70 % of the threshold energy.
Stability
(green LED)
Output
(red LED)
unstable Switching
threshold
Dark-on
Light-on
stable
stable
Correction factors
(for diffuse sensors)
For objects with varying reflection characteristics, the range can be determined by using the cor-
rection factors shown. See the adjacent table.
Correction factor
1
1.2...1.6
1.2...1.8
1
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.1
Object, surface
Paper, white, matte 200 g/m²
Metal, shiny
Aluminum, black anodized
Styrofoam, white
Cotton fabric, white
PVC, gray
Wood, rough
Cardboard, black, shiny
Cardboard, black, matte
Current Consumption
Maximum amount of current required to properly operate a sensor.
Current Sinking
NPN output - an output type such that when it is ON, current flow is from the load into the device’s output, then to ground. Output is normal high. The sensor “sinks” current from the load through the sensor to ground. The load is connected between the positive lead of the supply and the output lead of the sensor.
Current Sourcing
PNP output - an output type such that when it is ON, current flow is from the device into the load. Output is normally low. The sensor “sources” current to the load. The load is connected between the output lead and the negative ground lead of the supply. Considered safer than NPN outputs due to the way current flows when wired up.
Dark Operation (Mode)
Degree of contamination
Dark mode output is energized when the target is present (proximity output is energized when target is not detected).
Output mode that will result in an output from a device when light from the emitter is not being received upon the receiver. The beam is being interrupted, thus creating an output.
Pure air
Trace contamination
Ideal conditions
Relatively clean air in indoor rooms
Slight contamination
Workshop and storage rooms
Moderate contamination
Dirty and dusty environments; switching distance is
reduced to s = 0.5 su
Heavy precipitation, whirled-up particles and
swarf: Functional failure of the photoelectric sensor is possible.
Coal dust precipitating on the lens.
Photoelectric sensor function may fail.
High contamination
Highest contamination
Detectable Object
970
Refers to the requirements of an object size, reflection qualities, light transmission properties, in order for that object to be detected by the photoelectric sensor.
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Differential The distance between the operating point and the release point as the target is moving away. It is expressed as ei-
ther a linear dimension or in number of degrees. The distance between the operating points where the target enters the sensing field (sensor energizes) to the release point (sensor re-energizes).
All discrete sensing technologies must have a differential. In some technologies, differential occurs as a by-product of the basic laws of physics; however, in other technologies it must be manufactured through additional circuitry.
Photoelectrics - The distinctive property of a photoelectric sensor that results in the operation point being different from the release point. This distance is expressed as a % of the total sensing distance of the photoelectric sensor. It is the distance difference between the operating point when approaching the photoelectric and the release point when moving away from the photoelectric.
DiffuseWhere the unit senses the light directly from the target. The emitter and receiver are in the same housing, the same as retroreflective; however, the receiver is more sensitive to the weaker light that is diffused by the surface of the target.
Directional Angle
The angular range within which an emitter, receiver, emitter/receiver pair or reflector can be rotated or shifted about on the optical axis and still have the photoelectric properly operate.
Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT)
Sensors that make and break two separate circuits. This circuit provides a normally open and
normally closed contact for each pole.
Dynamic Optical Window
Thru-beam sensors in an array used to detect moving parts in a confined operating space while ignoring non-moving parts.
Effective Sensing Distance This is the actual sensing distance realized by the sensor installed in the actual application. The ef-
fective sensing distance will be no less than the usable sensing distance, and is usually closer to the nominal in average circumstances.
Emitter
A device that emits light when an electric current is passed through it. Emitters can give off visible light (red, green, blue, white) but the majority used for industrial applications emits invisible electro-
magnetic waves (infrared).
Emitter light n www.balluff.com
Photoelectric sensors use mainly the following transmission components:
■■Red light LED: Visible light, well-suited as an orientation aid and for sensor adjustment.
■■Infrared LED (IR): Invisible beam with high energy.
■■Red light laser: Visible light, optimal for detecting small parts and high ranges due to the physical
properties of the laser.
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
971
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Excess Gain
The measure of light energy striking the receiver above the threshold required to activate the reeiver.
Excess gain is used to predict the performance of optical sensors in various environments.
Excess Gain Ratio
Maximum light available at a given distance. Level of light intensity needed to operate the photoelectric sensor.
Fiber Optic Cables
Optical conductors are made of glass or plastic with a diameter of as little as 50 µm and bunched in bundles of several hundred individual fibers to form so-called fiber optics. The fiber ends are ground and polished to meet the quality criteria of the optical industry.
The individual fibers are coated with a very thin layer of lubricant. This reduces friction against the outer jacket and between the fibers, so that broken fibers are prevented even when the cable is continuously flexed. The transmission properties are guaranteed through this over a long span of time.
The ends of the bundles are potted with the connection sleeve and the jacket. Balluff fiber optics thus have an IP 67 rating (IP 65 for metal jacket). Moisture and aggressive media cannot hurt either the fibers or the slide coating, so the optical properties remain unaffected.
This design distributes axial pull forces evenly over all the fibers, and protects the individual fibers from excessive pull loads.
Polyurethane jacket
Metal jacket
■■Temperature T = +85 °C
■■Temperature T = +150 °C
■■Excellent chemical resistance
■■Resistant to hot swarf
■■Flexible
■■Flexible
■■No embrittlement from oils and cooling emulsions.
■■Crush-resistant
972
Corrugated metal tube, silicon jacketed
■■Temperature T = +150 °C
■■Highly flexible
■■Crush-resistant
■■Can be sterilized.
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Fiber Optic Sensing The use of fiber optic cables and a fiber optic amplifier to remotely sense in either a confined location or an environment that a normal sensor will not function (High temperatures, chemicals).
Fixed Focus
A diffuse reflective photoelectric sensor that the optical axis of the emitter and receiver is adjusted to a focal point or it utilizes an aperture to focus on an area in front of the sensor.
Focusable Diffuse
A diffuse reflective photoelectric sensor that either allows the optical axis of the emitter and receiver to be adjusted to a focal point or it utilizes an aperture to focus on an area in front of the sensor.
Fork sensor Fork sensors are through-beam designs in which the emitter and receiver are arranged across from each other in a Ushaped housing. Through the housing type, alignment and electrical connection are simplified. Different ranges are available by selecting different housing configurations. Fork openings of 5...220 mm are possible in various increments. The built-in potentiometer and apertures
allow you to adjust the fork sensors easily for detecting parts down to a diameter of 60 µm.
Gray value shift
Gray value shift is the switching distance difference when calibrating using different object reflectivities. The sensor is calibrated for a distance using a Kodakgray card with 90 % reflection. With the Kodakgray card with 18 % reflection, the distance achieved with it is measured. The
difference between these two switchpoints in % is referred to as the gray value shift. The smaller the gray value shift, the more color-independently the sensor operates.
Hysteresis
The distance between the operating point and the release point as the target is moving away in order to make a precise determination of target presence without factors of the environment intervening to create a noisy output signal. (see Differential)
Interface
Translates the presence of a target into an electrical signal.
Internal Reflection
Internal reflection occurs whenever a light ray strikes the surface of a medium whose refractive index is less than that of the medium in which the light is traveling. An example of this is a light source in water, where light is internally reflected from the surface of air. The amount of light that is reflected depends upon the angle at which it hits the surface. The critical angle is 49°. At this angle the ray of light is completely contained within Basic
the medium.
information
Inductive
sensors
Lasers, laser class The purpose of laser protection classes is to protect persons from laser radiation by specifying limit Photoelectric
sensors
values. Based on this, the lasers used are classified according to a scale reflecting the degree Capacitive
of hazard. The calculations and associated limit values relevant for the classification are described in sensors
the standard EN 608251:200111. The grouping is based on a combination of output power and Magnetic
cylinder
wavelength, taking into account emission duration, number of pulses and angle extension.
sensors
Cables
Balluff sensors work in the following laser protection classes:
Materials
Class 1: Not dangerous, no protective measures.
IEC Standards
Class 2: Low output, lid-closing reflex sufficient for protection.
Quality/
Standards
With devices of protection class 2, the eye closes on its own due to
Conversion
the lid closing reflex before it has been open to the beam for too long. Laser warning signs on the Tables
device and possibly also on the machine in which a laser is being used are sufficient. Additional protective measures are not required. When using devices of protection classes 1 and 2, no laser safety officer is necessary in the company.
Lateral Approach When the target to be detected approaches the sensing face from the side (slide by).
Leakage Current
The amount of current that flows through, or leaks from, the output of an energized device when the device is in the OFF state. Most common problem involves leakage current when a device is wired as an input to a programmable logic controller. Leakage current should be less than 1.7mA.
LED (Light Emitting Diode) Solid state device that produces visible red, green or yellow light or invisible infrared light radiation. Indicator on a sensor that emits visible light to show operation of the unit. Infrared types are used for emitters. Red or green types are used also as emitters in special applications (polarized, plastic fiber optics, etc.)
n www.balluff.com
973
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Light Incident
The condition met when light from the emitter is reaching, or incident upon, the receiver.
Light Interrupted
The condition met when light from the emitter is not reaching, or incident upon, the receiver.
Light Operation (Mode)
Light mode output is energized when the target is not present (proximity output is energized when target is detected).
Output mode that will result in an output turning ON when light from the emitter is incident upon the receiver.
Light Refraction Light beams experience a change in direction (interruption) at the
border between two optical media with different optical
thicknesses(e.g. glass/air). The degree of interruption depends on
the quotients of the optical thicknesses of both media and on the
angle of incidence  to the optical axis.
n
flectio
re
Total
If a light beam travels from a dense medium, n, into a thinner one,
n’, its course there will show a greater angle ’. However, above
crit. (boundary angle at which the broken beam runs parallel to the boundary layer), it again enters the medium with the
thickness n; this means that a total reflection is pending.
Light Source
Type of light used in the emitter portion of the photoelectric. Most common, pulse modulated LED or
incandescent lamp.
Light transmission Without the total reflection at boundary layers described above,
by total reflection
fiber optics of today’s quality would not be feasible. They consist of
a cylindrical, light-conducting core and a surrounding thin-wall
jacket. The optical density n of the core is greater than that of the
jacket. A light beam is always completely reflected at the junction
between core and jacket, and can therefore never leave the core in
a radial direction. Theoretically, the light is not weakened by these
reflections; however, contamination and small defects both in the
core material as well as the boundary layer do cause losses
(attenuation) and effectively limit the fiber optic length over which
reliable information can be transmitted.
Line-Powered Sensor
A sensor that draws its operating current directly from the line. Its operating current does not flow through the load, and a minimum of three (3-wire) connections is required. A 4-wire has complimentary outputs and requires four connections.
974
Loads
There are basically two different kinds of loads:
Resistive - Lamps, heaters, solid state PLC input modules
Inductive - Relays and solenoid valves
Load-Powered
A sensor that draws its operating current (leakage current) through the load. The sensor is always in series
with the load and only two connections are required.
Method of Detection
Sensing technique used by the photoelectric sensor. Three types - Thru Beam, Retroreflective, or Diffuse Reflective.
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Minimum Load
Minimum current that the external load must draw to ensure proper operation of the photoelectric sensor. Most often associated with standard AC 2-wire devices.
Luminescence To locate invisible marks on objects, so-called luminescent materials (contained in special chalks, inks, paints etc.) are used which can only be made visible under ultraviolet (UV) light. The fluorescent materials convert the invisible UV light (short wavelength, here 380 nm) into visible light (between blue 450 nm and dark red 780 nm). This effect is called photoluminescence. The visible light can then be detected as usual by the receiver component of the sensor.
Maximum Load
The most current that can flow through a device continually without damaging the device.
Method of Detection
Sensing technique used by the photoelectric sensor. Three types - Thru Beam, Retroreflective, or Diffuse Reflective.
Minimum Load
Minimum current that the external load must draw to ensure proper operation of the photoelectric sensor. Most often associated with standard AC 2-wire devices.
Modulated LED
Pulsations of light at a specific frequency reduce interference from ambient light and increase sensing distance.
Mutual Interference
N.C. (Normally Closed)
A feature in photoelectric sensors that eliminates false-signaling between similar protection sensors mounted next to (or in close proximity to) each other.
Current flow through the sensing device is possible only when the device is in the off state or de-energized. Contacts are closed when the sensor is not operated and when there is no external force on the actuator. The sensor opens a circuit to the load when a target is detected or sensor is operated.
N.O. (Normally Open)
Current flow through the device is not possible when the device is de-energized (turned OFF). Contacts are open when the sensor is not operated and when there is not external force on the actuator. The sensor closes a circuit to the load when a target is detected or sensor is operated.
Nominal Sensing Distance
The rated operating distance for which the sensor is designed. This value should only be taken as a guide, since no manufacturing tolerances or changes in external operating environment are taken into account.
Basic
information
You should be aware that manufacturers arrive at performance standards for their products using standardized Inductive
sensors
criteria so you can compare “apples to apples” in determining which product is right for your application. These criteria reflect, to a reasonable extent, the real performance that can be expected in an “average” con trolled environment. Photoelectric
Non-Incentive
Non-Inductive Ratings
sensors
Capacitive
Unable to release sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal operating conditions to cause sensors
ignition of specific hazardous materials. Non-incendiary equipment can be used without additional Magnetic
precautions in Division 2 hazardous locations where the hazardous materials can be present only in cylinder
sensors
case of accidental rupture or breakdown of the enclosure containing them.
Cables
Materials
This rating indicates the resistive load only that the contacts can make or break. Resistive ratings are IEC Standards
generally based on a 75% power factor for AC.
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
NPNA transistor having an n-type semiconductor as its emitter and collector and a p-type semiconductor as its base.
Observable Time
Observable time is the real time that the target can be observed by the sensor.
Off DelayThe time required for the interface to trigger a change of state when a target is removed from the sensing area.
On DelayThe duration of time required for the interface to trigger an output change of state when a target is introduced to the sensing area.
One-Shot
An output signal produced for a preset time that is independent of the duration of the input signal. It may begin at the start of the input signal or be delayed.
OpaqueMaterial which neither reflects, emits, nor allows light to pass through it. Photoelectric controls easily detect opaque objects.
Operating Distance The distance from the sensing face to the plane of the target’s path once it reaches the operating point.
n www.balluff.com
975
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Operating Mode
Two possible modes that will cause the sensor to operate and produce an output: Light-ON or Dark-
ON mode.
Operating Point
Operating Range
The point at which a target is sensed as it approaches the sensing field of the sensor. Also called the “trip point.”
The range in the x, y, and z plane that will cause the sensor to operate when a detectable object is in it.
Output Circuit
Interfaces with data acquisition systems (PLCs, dedicated controllers, etc.) or other control circuits (relays, counters, timers, etc.).
Output Transistor
Photoelectric Sensor
A semiconductor device used to provide ON/OFF sensing of external loads.
A light sensitive device that converts visible and infrared light waves into an electrical signal. A no-touch sensor consisting of a light emitter and detector. Its output turns on or off, depending on the absence or presence of this light at the detector that is determined by the absence or presence of a target.
Permitted humidity The permitted humidity is 35 to 85 % (not condensed).
With diffuse types, the emitter and receiver are
integrated into a single housing. The alignment to a
detection object is largely uncritical. A target object
(e. g. a standard target which is 90 % reflective)
bounces a part of the light from its surface back to the
receiver. If the standard target reaches the response
curve (see image), the output signal changes. The
sensing distance depends on the size, shape, color
and properties of the reflective object surface. Using a
Kodakgray card with 90 % reflectivity (like white paper),
distances of up to 2 m can be obtained.
Emitter/receiver
beam
Actual beam
Emitter/
Receiver
Standard target 90 %
reflective
Power-Up Delay
A target is present in the sensing area when power is applied, the output state does not change. For confidence, the delay must last longer than the duration of any start-up transient.
Proximity Diffuse
Sensing mode with emitter and receiver in the same housing. Light is bounced back at the receiver by the target. Also called direct detection.
Pulse Modulated
Light sources that are pulsed (ON/OFF) at a high frequency by an oscillator circuit. The receiver of a pulse modulated photoelectric only receives light at that frequency, thus minimizing interference from ambient light.
Receiver A device that changes its electrical characteristic when light is received. Receivers can be photovol
taic cells, photo-transistors, photodiodes, and photoresistors.
Release Point
The point at which a sensor returns to its original state as the target leaves the sensing field. Also called “reset point.”
Pilot Duty Rating of contacts when making or breaking inductive loads such as coils and solenoids; based on a .35 power factor.
PNP
A junction type transistor having a p-type semiconductor as its emitter and collector and an n-type semiconductor as its base.
976
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Polarity reversal protection The power supply connections can be reversed without destroying the sensor. In combination with the short-circuit protection, there is protection against total reversal.
Polarized
Visible light from the emitter of a retroreflective photoelectric sensor that is filtered so as to be pro-
jected in only one plane. The receiver of a polarized unit is filtered to accept only light that is reflected perpendicular to the emitted light. Corner cube reflectors are required to properly rotate the emitted light source.
Polarizing filters When do you need them?
A part of the emitter light in retroreflective systems is reflected directly back to the receiver from tar-
get objects with shiny surfaces, e. g. stainless steel, aluminum or tinplate. Simple Retroreflective light sensors can therefore not reliably distinguish reflected light from the object and reflected light. Erroneous readings therefore cannot be ruled out. For this reason, Balluff retroreflective light sensors are alternatively equipped with polarizing filters, 0which, together with a Balluff reflector, an op-
tically activated prismatic mirror, form a selective barrier against the reflected light from the object, but still allow the reflector light to occur.
How do they work?
Light consists of a wide variety of individual beams, which all
sinusoidally oscillate on their dispersal axes. Their oscillation levels,
however, are independent of one another and can take on any
angle position desired (see image).
If they meet a polarizing filter (fine line grid), then only the beams
oscillating parallel to the grid level are let through, and the vertically
oscillating ones are entirely deleted. Of all the other oscillation
planes, only the portion which consists of parallel components is
allowed to pass.
To suppress mirror reflections
Behind the filter, the light only oscillates parallel to the
polarization plane. For this light, an additional 90º rotated
polarizing filter becomes an impassable barrier.
With a 90º rotated polarizing filter in front of both the emitter
and receiver of a retroreflective system, you can therefore
prevent the reflected light of a reflecting target object from
falsely triggering the signal of the photo-receiver.
For reliable detection of reflective target objects
On the other hand, the light reflected from the triple mirror, with
its polarization plane rotated by 90º as described above, is
allowed to pass unhindered by this filter.
The receiver of a retroreflective system is thereby fully shielded
even when a reflecting target object enters the beam, so that the
object is still reliably detected.
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
Polarized Retroreflective
A retroreflective system that can detect, in addition to normal opaque objects, the shiny objects that fool a normal reflex sensor. This includes mirrors, metal straps, foils, metal boxes, cans, shrink-wrap and Mylar tape.
Power Consumption
Power-Up Delay
n www.balluff.com
Maximum amount of power required to properly operate the device.
A target is present in the sensing area when power is applied, the output state does not change. For confidence, the delay must last longer than the duration of any start-up transient.
977
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Proximity Diffuse
Sensing mode with emitter and receiver in the same housing. Light is bounced back at the receiver by the target. Also called direct detection.
Pulse Modulated Light sources that are pulsed (ON/OFF) at a high frequency by the oscillator circuit. The receiver of a pulse modulated photoelectric only receives light at that frequency, thus minimizing interference from ambient light
Receiver
A device that changes its electrical characteristic when light is received. Receivers can be
photovoltaic cells, photo-transistors, photodiodes, and photoresistors.
Reflectors The two-dimensional principle of retroreflection described above
(optically active triple mirrors)
can be carried over to a spatial system with three mirrors which
are oriented at right angles to each other (one corner of a cube
standing on its point). A light beam entering this system is totally
reflected by all three surfaces and exits parallel to the incident beam.
Triple mirrors are called optically active, because they also turn
the polarization level of the reflected light beam by 90°.
This property first enables a secure recognition of reflective
detection objects, together with a polarization filter with
retroreflective light sensors.
Each six triple mirrors are to be arranged into a hexagon and
arranged in a honeycomb next to each other. Their orientation with
respect to the light beam is then totally unproblematic. These are
generally made of plastics with high optical density, injected as
sheets or pressed into flexible tape.
Reflection What is it?
Light beams extend to a straight line in free space. Upon striking an
object, they are reflected. Depending on the surface composition of
the object, one of three types of reflection occurs: total reflection,
retroreflection, and diffuse reflection.
The total reflection reaches a highly reflective (mirroring) surface.
The angle of incidence is thereby the same as the angle of
reflection εI = εE ). The reflection losses are in the ideal case negligible.
The retroreflection is caused by two mirrors aligned vertically to
each other. A light beam is again projected back through double
reflection in the same direction. The angle of incidence can thus be
altered in a relatively wide range.
Diffuse reflection occurs on an uneven and rough surface. It
can be illustrated through a wide variety of poorly reflective and
differently aligned miniature mirrors. Incidental light is widely
“scattered” from such a surface. The reflection losses are higher
the darker and more matte finished the surface is. Diffuse
sensors, for example, detect diffuse reflecting light from target
objects.
978
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Release Point
The point at which a sensor returns to its original state at the target leaves the sensing field. Also called “reset point”.
Repeatability
A measure of the maximum variance in the operating distance that can be experienced in succes-
sive operations of a sensor under specified operating conditions.
Repeat Accuracy
The measure of variation in operating distance between successive operations under constant oper-
ating conditions. This measurement is often expressed as a maximum percentage of the “operating distance” (i.e., 5%).
Note: The target must also remain within the sensing field long enough to allow the load sufficient time to respond to the output signal of the sensor.
Resistive Ratings
This rating indicates the resistive load only that the contacts can make or break. Resistive ratings are generally based on 75% power factor for AC.
Response Time
It is defined as being the duration of time required for the interface to trigger an output. Measure of time lapse between receipt of an input signal by a receiver to the activation of its putput.
Retroreflective With retroreflective light sensors, the emitter and the receiver are
in a single housing. A reflector on the opposite side of the beam
bounces the emitter‘s light back to the receiver.
A target object interrupts the reflected light beam and causes a
change in the output signal. With reflective interfaces, it is
advisable that the light reflected from the object is to be blanked
out with a polarizing filter in front of the receiver optics, in order
to prevent possible error signals.
Reverse Polarity
Internal circuitry that protects a device from being ruined if proper polarity of voltages is not main-
tained when wiring the device.
SCP
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
The maximum distance at which, under specifications, a photoelectric sensor can detect a target.
Photoelectric
sensors
Dark or Light mode condition to the receiver in activating its output.
Capacitive
sensors
The maximum operating range at which the sensor will reliably detect a standard target under condi- Magnetic
tions of nominal voltage and temperature. The distance between an emitter and a receiver, reflector, cylinder
sensors
or object in the path of the beam within which nominal operation is achievable.
Cables
Materials
The output leads can be connected to the wrong potential without destroying the sensor. Together IEC Standards
with their polarity reversal protection, these sensors are completely protected against miswiring.
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Internal circuitry that protects the solid state sensor in the event that the protection load becomes Tables
Sensing Distance
Sensing Mode
Sensing Range
Short-circuit protected Emitter/Receiver
Reflector
Target
Short Circuit Protection without external fusing. In DC it also includes overload protection.
Short Circuit Protection
shorted.
Sinking
A device that swtiches the negative supply voltage to a load wired to the positive supply voltage. NPN type sensor.
Slot Sensor
A self-contained thru-beam sensor shaped like a slot or fork. The spacing between the emitter and receiver can vary.
Solid State
A device, circuit or system whose operation is dependent upon any combination of optical, electri-
cal, or magnetic phenomena within a solid—generally referred to as having an infinite life and no moving parts.
Sourcing
A device that switches a positive voltage to a load wired to the negative supply voltage. PNP type sensor.
n www.balluff.com
979
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Specular Reflection
The perfect, mirror-like reflection of the light off of a target’s surface.
Stability
The output state of the photoelectric is stable ON, unstable, or stable OFF. Unstable outputs cause the system to perform erratically. Unstable output occurs when the amount of light incident on the receiver is near the trigger level of the device.
Standard Target
An object with standardized dimensions or characteristics — common among manufacturers — used in the product laboratory to determine benchmark performance characteristics for a sensor.
Supply Voltage
The nominal voltage, or voltage range, at which the device is designed to be operated continuously.
Sensing surface
Kodakgray card
Switching distance s The switching distance is the
distance between the
standard target and the
“sensing surface” of the light
sensor for causing a signal
change (per EN 6094752).
Rated switching The rated switching distance
is a switching distance
characteristic, which does
not take
into account manufacturing
tolerances, sample
differences, operating
temperatures, supply
voltages, etc.
Real switching The actual switching distance
distance sr
is the switching distance at
measured voltage Ue , taking
into account the
manufacturing tolerances at
an ambient temperature of
(T = +23 °C ±0.5).
Usable switching The usable switching distance
is the permitted switching
distance within fixed voltage
and temperature limits
(0.80 sn ≤ su ≤ 1.20 sn).
sn
sr
135 %
100 %
su
120 %
80 %
0%
Detection range sd
980
The detection range is the area
in which the switching distance
of a photoelectric sensor to
the standard target can be set.
Blind zone
Blind zone The blind zone is the range
between the sensing surface
and the minimum switching
distance in which a detection
object cannot be detected.
sd
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
Teach-in Sensor settings are no longer carried out with potentiometers or slide switches with Teachinsensors. Everything is controlled by pressing a button. The microcontroller integrated in Teachinsensors enables the complete control of the setting process by buttons. Through defined setting steps, there is the advantage that the sensor cannot be set in an unreliable range. The micro
controller also assumes control of the contamination indicator and the contamination output.
A wide variety of Balluff Teachinswitches have remote control; the setting process via Teachin can also be triggered externally via cable.
Technical data, general
Rated switching distance sn
Actual switching distance (in % of sn)
Switching hysteresis (in %)
Ø the response beam at sn/2 typical (mm)
Ø of the active area (mm)
Photoelectric sensor
100 mm 200 mm 400 mm
125
125
125
≤ 20
≤ 20
≤ 25
20
25
150
1m
135
≤ 15
300
2m
150
≤ 15
300
Background suppression
120 mm 250 mm 1.1 m
135
135
135
≤1
≤1
≤1
6
10
25
Retroreflective sensor
2m 4m 8m
150 150 150
≤ 10 ≤ 10 ≤ 10
50
100 150
Through-beam sensor
5 m 8 m 16 m 50 m
150 150 150 150
≤ 15 ≤ 15 ≤ 15 ≤ 15
8
12
12
20
Temperature drift The temperature drift is the switching point shift at temperature changes in % of s r.
Test input The test input of the emitter interrupts its light impulses and, through that, enables the function check of emitter and receiver. If Test+ is used, then Test– has to be at 0 V, and if Test– is used,
then Test+ has to be placed at 10...30 V. The receiveroutput has to switch every time if there is a voltage of 10...30 V DC (Test+) or 0 V DC (Test–) at the test input. Contamination or maladjustment of the optical axis causes the emitter signal to reach the receiver only weakly, if at all. Therefore, the output will not switch, even though the test input is activated. The test function corresponds to a remote monitoring of the photoelectric sensor and enables a preventive system control.
Thru-Beam
Through-beam sensors consist of separate emitter and receiver
units which have to be aligned opposite each other at the two
sides of the detection range. A target interrupts the light beam
Emitter
and causes the receiver to switch, regardless of the surface
characteristics. In unfavorable conditions (e.g. dust, moisture, oil),
you achieve the best results with through-beam sensors. Ranges of
up to 50 m can be achieved.
Triangulation With a triangulation, the emitter and the receiver beam are cut by
a photoelectric sensor at a pointed angle. A target object will only
be detected in the range where the beams overlap.The emitter light
which is reflected or diffused from objects outside this limited zone
cannot be registered by the photo-receiver.
With the triangulation, relatively small changes in distance can be
recognized (e.g. slots, offsets on shafts). Color and shape of the
object have very little effect on the registration.
Trigger or Threshold Level
Triggers the output circuit when the signal reaches a predetermined level.
Turn-off delay
The turn-off delay is the time which the sensor requires for actuation when the target object leaves the sensing zone, at a transmission efficiency factor of 0.5.
Receiver
Target
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Timing
Links the trigger and the output circuit. The time duration of this link can be as fast as technology will Photoelectric
sensors
permit, or controlled for a desired effect.
Capacitive
sensors
Translucent
Material which permits the passage of light to some extent.
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Transmission The transmission is a measure for the light transmission ability of a medium. It is defined as the ratio Cables
of: – passed to – entering light (in %). Diffuse transmission is the term which is used when the light is Materials
partially or completely diffused.
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Transparent
Targets that permit transmission of essentially all incident light.
Conversion
Tables
E
n www.balluff.com
mitte
r
Targe
t
iver
Rece
981
Basic Information and Definitions
Photoelectric sensors
982
Turn-on delay
The switching delay is the time which the sensor requires for actuation when the target object leaves the sensing zone, at a transmission efficiency factor of 2.
Usable Sensing Distance
Taking the actual operating conditions into account, the usable sensing distance is the maximum reliable operating range for a given system. The most important factors to consider are atmospheric environment and the reflective nature of the target.
Visible Light
Measured in wavelength. Wavelengths of visible light range between 400 and 700 nanometers.
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Capacitive sensors
Ambient temperature Ta The ambient temperature determines the temperature range in
which the sensor may be operated. Balluff manufactures both sensors for the standard temperature range –30...+70° C and sensors for more stringent temperature requirements up to max. +250° C.
Effective switching distance sr The real switching distance is the switching distance of a single proximity switch measured under specified conditions such as flush mounting, rated operating voltage Ue, temperature Ta = +23 °C ±5 °C. For capacitive sensors, the effective switching distance sr can be set using a potentiometer.
Flush-mount (shielded) Proximity switches
Flush mountable sensors can be installed with their sensing surface flush to the metal. The distance between two proximity switches (in row mounting) must be ≥ 2d.
Hysteresis The hysteresis is the difference in distance between the switch-on
point (for an object that is approaching) and the switch-off point
(for an object that is receding).
Switching distance
Hysteresis
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
n www.balluff.com
983
Basic Information and Definitions
Capacitive sensors
Operating principle The non-contacting capacitive sensor converts a variable of interest in technical production terms (e.g. object or level) into a signal which can be processed further. The function is based on the alteration in the electrical field around its active zone. The sensor is comprised essentially of:
■■Sensor electrode and shielding
■■Oscillator
■■Demodulator
■■Trigger
■■Output driver
These two electrodes form the open capacitor of the sensing surface. This is part of an RC oscillator.
Sensor field and
electrode
Oscillator
Demodulator
Trigger
Output driver
When metallic or non-metallic objects approach the sensing
surface of the capacitive sensor, the capacitance changes and
the oscillator begins to oscillate. This causes the trigger stage
down stream of the oscillator to trip, and the switching amplifier
to change its output status. The switching function at the output
is either an N.O., N.C. or changeover contact, depending on the
type of unit involved. The function of the capacitive sensor can be
explained using the equation for capacitance:
C = 0 × r × F × (1/S)
r:
Relative dielectric constant
(property of the target medium)
0:
Absolute dielectric constant, unchanging
F:
Area
S:
Distance
Shield
Sensor electrode
Sensing surface
From the formula above it follows that objects which have a
sufficiently large relative dielectric coefficient (r) and area will be
detected by the capacitive sensor. Besides the standard
(multi-purpose) sensor technology, in which the sensor is a
part of the oscillator circuit, there are also more modern processes
designed to meet special application requirements.
Operating conditions and correction factors
If an electrically non-conducting actuation element (target) enters the sensor field, the capacitance changes proportionally to r and to the immersion depth or to the distance to the sensing surface.
Since the rated switching distance sn is based on a grounded standard target made of Fe 360, the switching distances must be corrected when using other materials.
Correction factors for typical materials
Metal 1
Water 1
Glass 0.4...0.6
Ceramic 0.2...0.5
PVC 0.2...0.47
Lucite 0.39...0.45
Polycarbonate 0.26...0.4
Correction factors should be determined using the target material directly.
984
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Capacitive sensors
Opposing Installation of two sensors
The opposite installation of two sensors requires a minimum distance of a ≥ 4d between the sensing surfaces.
Output current or operating current Ie
The output current is the maximum current with which the output of the sensor may be loaded in continuous operation.
Polarity reversal protection The sensor electronics are protected against possible polarity reversal or interchanging of the con-
nection wires.
Rated switching distance sn The rated switching distance is a parameter without taking manufacturing tolerances, parameter scatter and external influences such as temperature and voltage into account.
Repeat accuracy Repeatability is the maximum sensing distance differential between any two measurements, mea-
sured within 8 hours with multiple “approaches” to the object being scanned. The repeat accuracy generally lies between 2 and 5% of the effective switching distance sr.
Residual ripple The residual ripple is the maximum permissible AC voltage which may be superimposed on the sup-
ply voltage US without affecting the function of the sensor.
Sensing surface The sensing surface is the area through which the high-frequency sensor field enters the air space. It is determined mainly by the surface area of the cover cap and corresponds approximately to the area of the outer sensor electrode.
Sensors for level detection (non-flush/unshielded sensor version)
These sensors have a spherical electrical field. These units are
designed to detect the product, bulk goods or liquids (e.g.
granulate, sugar, flour, corn, sand, or oil and water) with their
sensing surface, by touching the medium or through the container
wall. The choice of the appropriate sensor depends on the
operating conditions and the kind of medium and should in each
case be tested beforehand with samples.
Sensors for object detection These sensors have a straight-line electric field. They recognize
(flush)
fixed bodies (e.g. wafers, components, circuit boards, hybrids,
cartons, stacks of paper, bottles, plastic blocks and boards),
measure liquids through a separating wall (glass or plastic,
thickness max. 4 mm) and, in individual cases, are to be
pre-tested with samples.
n www.balluff.com
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
985
Basic Information and Definitions
Capacitive sensors
Shielded sensors Normally, the rectilinear field of flush-mounted sensors scans objects from a distance. To ensure flawless switching of the sensor, the maximum switching distance must be checked before using the device. The following example applications show how you can do this.
Detecting solid bodies made of different
materials
A shielded capacitive sensor will be used to
detect a ceramic plate. The sensor is set to the
maximum rated switching distance sn of, for
example, 4mm from metal or by approximation
from your hand. With this preset distance of
4 mm, move the sensor towards the ceramic
plate. The rated switching distance sn to the
ceramic plate has been reduced to approx.
2mm.
The distance of 2 mm is now the maximum
permissible switching distance for the ceramic
plate. You can also adjust for smaller sensing
distances than 2mm.
Important!
To ensure that our sensors work reliably within
their technical specifications, they have a
greater sensing distance than the indicated
maximum rated switching distance sn. If the
user now adjusts the switching distance for
the above described ceramic plate to 4mm,
the sensor will operate outside the permitted
range. This entails a risk that temperature and
other environmental factors, plus electrical
interference in the mains, may lead to faulty
switching by the sensor.
Metal
Ceramic
Sensing levels through container walls
A shielded capacitive sensor will be used to
detect a liquid, e.g. water, through the container wall. This partition wall may only be
made of glass or plastic. The basic calculation for the thickness of the wall thickness
yields a value in millimeters of approx. 10 to
20% of the switching distance, but max.
4mm (for standard sensors).
The sensor's face (sensing surface) is now
glued to the glass or plastic wall or mounted
on it in a maximally form-fitting configuration. The tank is then filled with water until
approx. 30 to 50% of the sensor's sensing
surface is covered.
Particularly when small and ultra-small
quantities of liquid are being scanned, and if
the sensor has not been mounted in a formfitting configuration (flat sensor surface on a
tank wall with a small radius),
30% should be selected as the coverage
area. Now turn the sensor's potentiometer
counter-clockwise (lower sensitivity) until the
sensor switches off (for NO versions "LED
OFF"). Now turn the potentiometer clockwise again (higher sensitivity) just enough
until the LED, and thus the output signal,
switch on again. Using the calibration process described here ensures that the sensor
does not detect the wall or the media
residues on the wall, but only switches when
the liquid has again reached the abovedescribed level of 30 to 50%.
Wall thickness
(max. 4 mm glass or plastic)
Water
Ceramic
986
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Capacitive sensors
Short-circuit protection and overload protection
All DC sensors feature this protection device. In the event of overload or short-circuit at the output, the output transistor is automatically switched off. As soon as the malfunction has been corrected,
the output stage is reset to normal functioning.
Standard target The standard target is a grounded, square plate made of Fe 360 (ISO 630), with the switching
distance determined per EN 60947-5-2. The thickness is d = 1 mm; and the side length a
corresponds to
■■The diameter of the registered circle of the “sensing surface” or
■■3 sr, if the value is greater than the given diameter.
Standby current The no-load supply is the power consumption of the sensor with a maximum operating voltage UO and with no connected load.
Supply voltage US The supply voltage is the voltage range in which flawless functioning of the sensor is assured. It includes all voltage tolerances and ripple.
Switching frequency The switching frequency is a succession of periodically repeated activation and de-activation of the sensor during an established interval (one second). Measuring method in conformity with
IEC 60947-5-2.
Temperature drift
The temperature drift specifies the amount by which the switching distance can change based on the temperature. This lies between 15 and 20% of the real switching distance sr (–5...+55 °C).
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
n www.balluff.com
987
Basic Information and Definitions
Capacitive sensors
Unshielded sensors These capacitive sensors with their spherical electrical field are especially suited as level detectors for liquids, granulates or powders.
Sensing levels directly in the container
An unshielded capacitive sensor will be used to
detect a granulate in a tank. The sensor is now
installed in the tank with its sensing surface
(clear zone at the head as described in the
catalog), in a configuration ensuring that the
head is completely covered by the product.
Now turn the sensor's potentiometer counterclockwise (lower sensitivity) until the LED, and
thus the output signal, switch off. Now turn
the potentiometer clockwise again (higher
sensitivity) just enough until the LED, and thus
the output signal, switch on again. Then turn
the potentiometer another ¼-turn (90°-rotation)
clockwise. This is to compensate for possible
temperature fluctuations or changes in the
moisture level of the product being scanned.
If a medium has a high r, especially water,
the sensor will react much more sensitively.
Therefore, the adjustment should be made for
around 50 to 80% coverage, or a sensor in the
SMARTLEVEL series should be used.
Detecting levels of conductive liquids
directly in the container or through a
container wall
The ideal level sensors SMARTLEVEL detect liquid media directly and all conductive
or adhesive liquids through thicker container
walls. And they do it without adjustment as
long as the wall thickness does not exceed
6mm. For thicker walls the SMARTLEVEL
will need to be adjusted. Adjustment is possible with the container empty or full.
Adjusting with a full container
First fill the container and install the sensor
on the container wall. Now the
SMARTLEVEL has contact and turns itself
on.
Now turn the potentiometer slowly counterclockwise until the sensor turns off. Now
slowly turn the potentiometer (with the sensor switched off) clockwise until the sensor
turns on again. At the turn-on point then
turn the potentiometer another half-turn
(approx. 180°) clockwise and the
SMARTLEVEL sensor is adjusted.
Wall
Plastic granulate
With level sensors in the MicroLevel housing, an
adjustment is only necessary in exceptional cases.
This potentiometer has a setting path of 270° and
has to be carefully adjusted > no limit stop.
Adjusting with an empty container
Install the SMARTLEVEL sensor on the
container wall. Now the SMARTLEVEL has
contact and turns itself on. Now turn the
potentiometer slowly counter-clockwise until
the sensor turns off. Now slowly turn the
potentiometer (with the sensor switched off)
clockwise until the sensor turns on again.
At the turn-on point the potentiometer only
needs to be turned 3 times by approx. 360°
counter-clockwise and the SMARTLEVEL
sensor is adjusted.
Wall thickness
(max. 10 mm glass or plastic)
Water
With level sensors in the MicroLevel housing, an
adjustment is only necessary in exceptional cases.
This potentiometer has a setting path of 270° and
has to be carefully adjusted > no limit stop.
Wall
Water
988
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Capacitive sensors
Unshielded proximity switches The sensing surface must extend ≥ 2sn from the metallic
installation medium. The distance between two proximity switches must be ≥ 2d.
Voltage drop Ud The voltage drop is the voltage measured across the active output of the proximity switch when carrying the operational current flows under specified conditions.
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
n www.balluff.com
989
Basic Information and Definitions
Magnetic cylinder sensors
Adjustment
and installation
1.
Set piston to end position.
2.
Slide sensor (with power on)
from the cylinder edge
to the 1st switch-on point
(LED on). Mark the edge of
the sensor on the cylinder.
3.
Continue to slide the sensor
until the output is off (LED off).
4.
Slide sensor back to 2nd
switch-on point. Mark the
edge of the sensor on the
cylinder.
5.
Install the sensor with
the edge between the two
marked points.
990
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Magnetic cylinder sensors
Benefits Magnetic electronic cylinder sensors of the series BMF query the piston position with pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders and grippers.
Depending on the model, the sensor housing will be made of plastic, aluminum, brass or stainless steel.
Balluff offers a comprehensive variety of form factors and mounting brackets for your pneumatic cylinders with the BMF sensors. Most require only one sensor model with various mounting brack
ets for the different cylinder manufacturers and sizes. This reduces your inventory costs. Mounting with our brackets allows sensors to be replaced without losing your switchpoints.
■■Reliable, bounce-free switching
■■Long service life
■■Non-contact, wear-free piston sensing
■■Insensitive to contamination
■■Detects piston position through the cylinder wall
■■Space-saving design, small sizes and shapes
■■Can be installed on any common cylinder size with corresponding mounting bracket
■■Significantly greater switching distances for the same size
■■Switches through alloy and aluminum walls without a reduction in switching distance
■■Magnet can be flush mounted in steel
■■Polarity reversal protected
■■Supply voltage 10...30 V DC
■■Responds to both magnetic field directions equally
■■Semiconductor sensor, wear-free
■■Vibration-resistant
■■Short-circuit protected
■■Housing material is highly resistant to aggressive media
BMF V-Twin BMF V-Twin is a sophisticated and cost-effective plug concept with two sensors and a plug. During installation, you will reduce costs and gain back time.
Low initial costs compared to two individual sensors:
BMF 204/214 approx. 20 % savings
BMF 303/305 approx. 30 % savings
BMF 307 approx. 35 % savings
Space in the splitter box for twice as many sensors.
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
Effective distance se The effective distance is the point in the middle of the linear range sI, used as a reference point for other specifications.
Function Permanent magnets are installed in the piston ring of the pneumatic cylinder, which recognize the magnetic cylinder sensor by the non-magnetic cylinder walls. As the piston approaches, the sensor changes its output signal state.
n www.balluff.com
991
Basic Information and Definitions
Magnetic cylinder sensors
Installation notices It is recommended that the BIL and position encoder be installed or attached to non-magnetizable materials, such as non-ferrous metals, austenitic steels, plastics, etc. This applies both to the instal
lation of the sensor as well as the magnet.
Magnetizable materials may affect the geometry and strength of the effective sensing magnetic field.
Magnetic fields near the BIL can affect the output signal depending on their location and the strength of the output signal. This also applies to position sensors of neighboring BILs.
Recommended minimum distances from magnetizable materials or other BILs
Units in mm
Installation notices
Magnetic cylinder sensors
Magnetic cylinder sensors are used chiefly on cylinders and grippers for monitoring the piston position. The sensor detects the field from the magnet embedded in the piston. Thanks to non-contacting position detection, electronic magnetic field sensors from Balluff function
reliably and without wear, with no contact erosion, no bouncing, no sticking and just one switching
point. The piston position is reliably detected even at high traverse speeds.
Magnetic cylinder sensor BMF
Magnet ring
Non-magnetic cylinder wall made of
aluminum or stainless steel
Linear position sensors
with analog output
Displacement sensors with analog output are sensors that generate a continually varying output signal that depends on the distance between its sensing surface and the location of the position encoder relative to the sensor (BIL).
Linear range sI The linear range corresponds to the working range in which the displacement sensor exhibits a defined linearity.
992
Magnetic sensors for object detection
While for the magnetic cylinder sensors for pneumatic cylinders, the magnet is integrated in the cylinder piston, an external magnet is needed for position sensing with cylindrical magnetic field sensors. Cylindrical magnetic field sensors are characterized by their small, extremely compact design and very high switching distances. This means that you can query positions up to 90 mm away in a non-contact method using a single sensor with a diameter of 6.5 mm. These sensors are industrial grade and resistant to soiling. Positions can also be retrieved through containers or pipes because magnetic fields can penetrate many non-magnetizable materials. The detection of codes using magnets is also possible.
Measuring speed
Through measurement speed, the position (with BIL) of a linear moving object can be measured accurately. The direction of movement of the object is parallel to its sensing face.
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Magnetic cylinder sensors
Mounting distances The response travel of a magnetic field sensitive
Adjustment and installation
sensor is virtually independent of the field strength
of typical piston magnets. This design and operating
principle eliminates multiple switchpoints.
When using multiple magnetic field-sensitive
BMFsensors, these can be installed directly next
to or behind one another.
Non-linearity
Non-linearity specifies the maximum deviation of the characteristic from a straight reference line. This value applies to the linear range.
Operating principle
Output curves
Repeat accuracy R
Repeat accuracy RBWN Response time
BIL AMD0
BIL EMD0
BIL ED0
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
The repeat accuracy is the value of output signal changes under defined conditions, expressed as a Capacitive
percentage of the upper distance. In doing so, you have to measure in the lower, upper and middle sensors
areas of the linear range. It corresponds to the repeat accuracy R of proximity switches and is deter- Magnetic
cylinder
mined under the same standardized conditions (EN 6094752).
sensors
Displacement sensors with analog output achieve the value R of ≤ 5% defined in the standard.
Cables
Materials
Repeat accuracy describes the precision an analog sensor achieves when moving to a measuring IEC Standards
point multiple times. The value specified on the basis of the Balluff Factory Standard (BWN Pr. 44) Quality/
Standards
describes the maximum deviation from this measuring point.
Conversion
Tables
The response time is the time a sensor requires to reliably and steadily change the output signal. The specified time, which has been determined at the maximum measuring speed, includes both the electrical response time of the sensor and the time for the mechanical change of the damping state.
Slope The slope is a measure of the sensitivity of the sensor with respect to a distance change. This physi-
cal relationship can be calculated for travel sensors as follows:
Ua max –Ua min
Slope S [V/mm] =
sa max –sa min
or
Slope S [mA/mm] =
n www.balluff.com
Ia max –Ia min
sa max –sa min
993
Basic Information and Definitions
Magnetic cylinder sensors
Temperature coefficient TC
The temperature coefficient describes the deviation of the sensor output signal under the influence of a temperature change, and thus also represents a quality criterion for the sensor.
Temperature drift
The temperature drift is the shift a point experiences on the actual output curve at different tempera-
tures. The temperature drift is described by the temperature coefficient.
Temperature load curve For series BMF 10E, BMF 21, BMF 32, BMF 305,
BMF 307, BMF 315.
Tolerance T The tolerance is a variable that defines the manufacturing tolerance band of the output curve, thereby determining the maximum sample deviation.
for series BMF 305M...SA4 and
BMF 315M...SA3,
with increased temperature range (–25...+105 °C).
Using in AC welding The magnetic cylinder sensors BMF 305M/315M/32M..W.. can be operated in external fields up environments
to a field strength of Emax = 200 kA/m. This limit is often exceeded in the direct vicinity of high cur-
rent lines, e.g. welding equipment. The sensor should therefore be mounted at a distance dmin from such lines, as shown in the diagram below showing the relationship between current and conductor diameter.
994
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Cable stranding for cable out sensors
No. × Cross-Section
of the Conductors
[mm²]
Type
Stranding
Cable Outside
Diameter
PUR Cable
2 × 0.14
2 × 0.14
2 × 0.34
2 × 0.50
3 × 0.14
3 × 0.14
3 × 0.25
3 × 0.34
3 × 0.34
3 × 0.75
4 × 0.14
4 × 0.25
4 × 0.25
4 × 0.34
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LiY I8-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LifY-Y-11Y-0
LiY I8-11Y-0
72 ×0.05
72 ×0.05
42 ×0.10
256 ×0.05
72 ×0.05
72 ×0.05
128 ×0.05
19 ×0.15
42 ×0.10
384 ×0.05
72 ×0.05
128 ×0.05
32 ×0.10
19 ×0.15
3.9 ± 0.2
3.2 ± 0.2
4.9 ± 0.2
6.0 ± 0.2
3.5 ± 0.2
2.9 ± 0.2
4.5 ± 0.2
4.9 ± 0.2
4.9 ± 0.2
6.7 ± 0.2
3.7 ± 0.2
5.1 ± 0.2
5.1 ± 0.2
5.5 ± 0.2
PVC Cable
2 × 0.14
2 × 0.14
2 × 0.34
3 × 0.14
3 × 0.14
3 × 0.14
3 × 0.25
3 × 0.34
4 × 0.25
LifYY-0
LifYY-0
LifYY-0
LifYY-0
LifYY-0
LifYY-0
LifYY-0
LifYY-0
LifYY-0
72 ×0.05
18 ×0.10
7 ×0.25
18 ×0.10
18 ×0.10
18 ×0.10
14 ×0.15
7 ×0.25
14 ×0.15
3.0 ± 0.2
3.0 ± 0.2
4.9 ± 0.2
3.5 ± 0.2
2.9 ± 0.2
3.5 ± 0.2
4.5 ± 0.2
4.9 ± 0.2
5.1 ± 0.2
Comparison of PVC to PUR Cable - Cable Out Sensors
This table is a comparison of the PVC jacketed cable used for standard proximity sensors and Balluff PUR cable.
Size
PVC Cable
Number of
PUR Cable
2
Conductors
mm AWG
# Strands x Dia.
Jacket O.D.#
# Strands x Dia.
Jacket O.D.#
2
0.14
26
72 x 0.05 mm
3.0 ± 0.2 mm
72 x 0.05 mm
3.0 ± 0.2 mm
3
0.14
26
18 x 0.1 mm
3.4 ± 0.3 mm
72 x 0.05 mm
3.5 ± 0.2 mm
4
0.14
26
18 x 0.1 mm
3.8 ± 0.3 mm
72 x 0.05 mm
3.9 ± 0.2 mm
4
0.25
24
14 x 0.15 mm
4.9 ± 0.3 mm
128 x 0.05 mm
5.1 ± 0.2 mm
2
0.34
22
7 x 0.25 mm
4.4 ± 0.3 mm
180 x 0.05 mm
4.5 ± 0.2 mm
3
0.34
22
7 x 0.25 mm
4.8 ± 0.3 mm
180 x 0.05 mm
4.9 ± 0.2 mm
2
0.5
20
16 x 0.20 mm
5.6 ± 0.2 mm
256 x 0.05 mm
5.6 ± 0.2 mm
2
0.75
18
24 x 0.20 mm
5.8 ± 0.2 mm
384 x 0.05 mm
6.3 ± 0.2 mm
3
0.75
18
24 x 0.20 mm
6.1 ± 0.2 mm
384 x 0.05 mm
6.7 ± 0.2 mm
4
0.75
18
24 x 0.20 mm
6.7 ± 0.2 mm
384 x 0.05 mm
6.9 ± 0.2 mm
n www.balluff.com
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
995
Basic Information and Definitions
Chemical resistance cable out sensors
The following ratings are general guidelines, designed only to be used as an initial screening tool. Keep in mind that dynamic vs.
static application, temperature, and chemical mixtures can significantly affect or change these ratings either positively or negatively.
Careful testing under actual conditions is essential. Accuracy for these ratings is not given or implied.
Cable Type
Sensor Jackets
PUR
P/E
PVC
= Polyurethane
= Polyethylene
= Polyvinyichloride (vinyl)
P
U
R
P
/
E
P
V
C
Ethyl Ether
Ethylene Chloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Ethylene Trichloride
3
4
4
4
4
—
3
1
3
—
—
4
1
3
—
1
—
1
—
—
Ferric Chloride (aq)
Ferric Nitrate (aq)
Ferric Sulfate (aq)
Fluorine (Liquid)
Formaldehyde (RT)
1
1
1
4
4
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
—
—
Formic Acid
Freon 11
Freon 12
Freon 22
Fuel Oil
3
4
1
4
2
2
3
3
—
3
4
2
3
2
21
2
—
3
—
3
1
1
—
—
Furtural Glucose
Glue
Glycerin
Glycois
Green Sulfate Liquor
4
1
11
11
4—
1
—
3
1
1
1
21
4
1
33
1
1
1
1
3
23 2
1
1
1
P
U
R
996
RATINGS:
P
/
E
P
V
C
Acetic Acid, Glacial
Acetic Acid, 30%
Acetone
Acetylene
Alkazene
4
1
4
1
42
41
4—
4
4
4
1
—
Aluminum Chloride (aq)
Aluminum Nitrate (aq)
Ammonia Anhydrous
Ammonia Gas (cold)
Ammonia Gas (hot)
3
3
4
3
4
2
—
2
—
—
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Sulfate (aq)
Amyl Alcohol
Amyl Napthalene
Animal Fats
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
2
—
—
Aqua Regia
Arsenic Acid
Asphalt
ASTM Fuel A
ASTM Fuel B
ASTM Fuel C
Barium Chloride (aq)
Beer
Beet Sugar Liquors
Benzene
1
2
3
4
=
=
=
=
little or no effect
minor effect
moderate effect
severe effect
P
U
R
P
/
E
P
V
C
Phenol
Phenyl Ethyl Ether
Phosphoric Acid-45%
Picking Solution
Picric Acid
32
4
—
1
2
4
—
2
—
3
—
2
—
4
1
1
1
4
1
Potassium Acetate (aq)
Potassium Chloride (aq)
Potassium Cyanide (aq)
Potassium Hydroxide (aq)
Producer Gas
4
1
1
4
1
—
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Propane
Propyl Alcohol
Propylene
Propylene Oxide
Pydraul, 10E, 29 ELT
33
4
—
4—
4
—
4
—
1
—
—
—
—
1
3
1
—
—
Pydraul, 30E, 50E, 65E
Pydraul, 115E
Pydraul, 230E, 312C, 540C
Rapeseed Oil
Red Oi l(MIL-H-5606)
4
4
4
2
1
—
—
—
—
—
RJ-1 (MIL-F-23338 B)
RP-1 (MIL-F-25576 C)
Salt Water
Sewage
Silicate Esters
1
—
1
—
2
1
4—
1
—
—
—
1
—
—
1
1
4
4
3
1
2
—
—
3
1
1
—
—
1
1
2
1
—
1
1
1
2
—
1
—
1
1
1
1
—
—
—
—
—
Benzine
Blast Furnace Gas
Bleach Solutions
Borax
Boric Acid
2—
4
—
4
—
11
1
1
—
—
1
2
1
Hexane
Hydraulic Oil
Hydrochloric Acid
(cold) 37%
Hydrochloric Acid
(hot) 37%
Hydrofluoric Acid
(Conc.) Cold
Hydrofluoric Acid
(conc.) Hot
Hydrogen Gas
Brake Fluid
Brine
Bromine Water
Bunker Oil
Butane
4
—
24
4
—
2
—
13
—
3
—
—
3
Isobutyl Alcohol
Isooctane
Isopropyl Acetate
Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropyl Ether
4
—
2—
4
2
3
—
2
1
—
—
4
—
2
Sodium Chloride (aq)
Sodium Hydroxide (aq)
Sodium Peroxide (aq)
Sodium Phosphate (aq)
Sodium Sulfate (aq)
1
4
4
1
1
Butter
Butyl Alcohol
Butylene
Calcium Chloride (aq) Calcium Hydroxide (aq)
1—
4
1
41
1
2
1
2
—
2
1
1
1
Kerosene
Lacquers
Lacquer Solvents
Lard
Lavender Oil
13
42
4
2
12
4
—
4
3
3
1
—
Soy Bean Oil
Steam Under 300°F
Steam Over 300°F
Stoddard Solvent
Styrene
2
1
4
—
4
—
1
3
3—
1
—
—
3
4
Calcium Nitrate (aq)
Calcium Sulfide (aq)
Cane Sugar Liquors
Carbolic Acid
Carbon Dioxide
1
1
4
3
1
—
—
—
2
3
—
—
1
3
1
Lead Acetate (aq)
Linseed Oil
Lubricating Oils
Lye
Magnesium Chloride (aq)
4
1
2
3
2
4
4—
1
1
1
1
2
—
1
Sucrose Solution
Sulfuric Acid (Dilute)
Sulfuric Acid (Conc.)
Sulfuric Acid (20% Oleum)
Sulfurous Acid
4
3
4
4
3
—
1
4
—
1
Carbonic Acid
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Caster Oil
Chlorine (dry)
1
1
4
1
4
2
2
2
—
2
1
1
2
1
1
Magnesium Hydroxide (aq)
Mercury
Methane
Methyl Acetate
Methyl Acrylate
4
1
11
3—
4
2
4
—
1
2
—
4
—
Tannic Acid
Tetrochloroethylene
Toluene
Transformer Oil
Transmission Fluid Type A
1
2
42
43
1
—
1
—
1
4
4
—
—
Chlorine (wet)
Chloroform
Chlorox
Chromic Acid
Citric Acid
4
—
43
4—
4
1
1
1
—
4
—
1
2
Methyl Alcohol
Methyl Butyl Ketone
Methyl Chloride
Methylene Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
4
4
4
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Turbine Oil
Turpentine
Varnish
4—
43
1
3
43
33
3
4
1
2
4
Coal Tar
Coconut Oil
Cod Liver Oil
Coke Oven Gas
Copper Chloride ·(aq)
3
2
1
4
1
—
1
1
—
1
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Milk
Mineral Oil
Naphtha
Naphthaline
4
—
41
1
2
21
21
—
1
1
3
4
Vinegar
Vinyl Chloride
Water
Whiskey, Wines
White Oil
42
4
—
11
2
3
1
—
1
—
1
1
—
Copper Cyanide (aq)
Corn Oil
Cotton Seed Oil
Creosol
Cyclohexane
1
2
1
3
1
2
43
12
1
2
2
4
4
Natural Gas
Neatsfoot Oil
Nitric Acid (Conc.)
Nitric Acid (Delute)
Nitroethane
2
—
1
—
4
3
3
—
4—
—
—
4
4
—
Wood Oil
Xylene
Zinc Acetate (aq)
Zinc Chloride (aq)
3
—
43
4
—
1
1
—
4
—
1
Denatured Alcohol
Detergent Solution
Diesel Oil
Dioxane
Dowtherm Oil
4
—
4
1
3
3
4—
3
—
—
1
1
—
—
Nitrogen
N-Octane
Oleic Acid
Oleum Spirits
Olive Oil
1—
4—
2
3
3
4
1
1
—
—
3
4
3
Dry Cleaning Fluids
Ethane
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethyl Benzine
4
—
3—
4
—
4
—
4
—
—
4
—
—
—
Oxygen-Cold
Oxygen (200-400°F)
Paint Thinner
Perchloric Acid
Perchloroethylene
1—
4
—
4
—
4
—
44
—
—
—
—
3
Ethyl Cellulose
Ethyl Chloride
2
2
—
—
Petroleum-Below 250°F
Petroleum-above 250°F
2
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
—
—
4
2
2
4
—
—
3
—
—
4
1
—
1
—
1
Silicone Oils
Silver Nitrate
Skydrol 500
Skydrol 700
Soap Solutions
1
—
3
3
2
—
—
—
1
3
—
2
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
TPE cables
General Properties of TPE Jacketed Cable
- Oil Resistant
3 wire O.D. = 5.1 mm
- 10 million+ rolling C-track Flex Cycles
4 wire O.D. = 5.3 mm
- 10 million Tick/Tock Test Cycles
- Temperature Rating: 105°C to -24°C
- Flame Retardant
- Sunlight Resistant
- Weld Flash Resistant
- Bend Radius = 10 x O.D.
Resistance to Acids & Bases
Chemical
TPE
PVC
Neoprene
PUR
30% Sulfuric Acid
R
R
R
R
10% Nitric Acid
R
R
R
R
Glacial Acidic Acid
S
NR
R
-
Carbon Tetrachloride
NR
NR
NR
-
10% Sodium Hydroxide
R
R
S
S
10% Ammonium Hydroxide
R
R
S
S
20% HCL
R
R
R
-
Resistance to Oils & Fuels
Chemical
TPE
PVC
Neoprene
PUR
Mobil Oil DTE 26
R
-
-
-
Mobil Oil DTE 24
R
-
-
-
Castor Oil
R
-
-
R
Simeol
R
-
-
-
Trimsol
R
-
-
-
ASTM Oil 1, 2 or 3
R
S
S
-
Transformer Oil
S
S
R
R
Diesel Fuel
S
NR
S
L
Gasoline
S
NR
S
S
Kerosine
R
R
S
L
KEY: R = Recommended - Unaffected by chemical
S = Satisfactory - Very little effect
L = Limited use - Chemical attack probable with slow deterioration
NR = NOT recommended - Severe attack is imminent
n www.balluff.com
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
997
Basic Information and Definitions
TPE cables
Castrol Coolant Testing
Castrol Oils
TPE
PUR
Control Water
1.392
1.671
WS3-908D 10%
3.671
7.331
WS3-933B 10%
7.028
11.499
WY4-876A 10%
2.518
8.702
SYNTILO 9904 10%
1.547
1.918
SUPEREDGE 6768 10%
5.872
12.576
WS3-908D conc
0.688
5.491
WS3-933B conc
3.392
10.763
WY4-876A conc
-0.839
-0.289
SYNTILO 9904 conc
-0.489
0.145
SUPEREDGE 6768 conc
2.737
8.475
This testing was done by removing a piece of jacket material from the test cables and placing them
in a bath of various Castrol coolants for 6 weeks.
The solutions were kept at a constant temperature
of 120°F (based on a standard operating temperature for machine coolants of 80-90°F). The mass
of the samples were measured before the testing
and at 1 week intervals during the testing. These
values are a 6 week average mass percentage
increase or decrease.
Note: In every coolant environment that has been
field tested, TPE has performed as good or better
than PUR.
Relative Cable Performance
998
Resistance to:
PVC
PUR
TPE
Oxidation
Heat
Oil
Low Temperature Flexibility
Weather, Sun
Ozone
Abrasion
Electrical Properties
Flame
Nuclear Radiation
Water
Acid
Alkali
Gasoline
Benzol
Degreaser Solvents
Alcohol
Weld Slag
E
G-E
F
P-G
G-E
E
F-G
F-G
E
F
G-E
G-E
G-E
P
P-F
P-F
G-E
F
E
E
O
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
G-E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
O
O
O
O
O
E
E
E
O
P
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
KEY:
P = Poor
F = Fair
G = Good
E = Excellent
O = Outstanding
Note: These relative ratings are
based on average performance.
Special selective compounding of the
jacket can improve the performance.
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
TPE cables
Mounting Suggestions for Cable-out Sensors
To obtain the maximum cable life from a cable-out sensor, the following mounting guidelines
should be followed. These guidelines apply to both types of cable jackets supplied: Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and Polyurethane (PUR). The bend radius values shown apply to all cable-out
sensors and all pigtail (cable with moulded connector) sensors with potted in cables.
Tension (fixed) Installation
Non-tensioned Installation
The minimum bend radius should be
3 times the cable diameter.
The minimum bend radius should be
4 times the cable diameter.
(D) Diameter
R=3xD
Radius
(R)
CABLE CLAMP
SUPPORT
NOTE: Even when the minimum bend radius is observed, unintentional stress can
be placed on the rear of the sensor body at the cable exit. Proper cable loops
should be maintained to prevent unnecessary stress to this area.
Tightening torques
For permissible tightening torque, see data
sheets or sensor packaging.
Removal clearance
The removal clearance refers to the necessary clearance
which must be allowed for when removing the connector
without difficulty. It results from the connector height “y”
plus a space “s”, which is determined mainly by the spatial
conditions.
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
Housing tolerances for unthreaded tubular sensors
Diameter tolerance
∅ 3 mm
∅ 4 mm
∅ 6.5 mm
∅ 8 mm
n www.balluff.com
± 0.1
± 0.1
± 0.15
± 0.15
999
Basic Information and Definitions
Materials
Metals
Materials
Use and characteristics
Al
Aluminum wrought alloy
Standard aluminum for cut shaping. Can be anodized.
Used for housings and fastening parts.
CuZn
Brass
Standard housing material. Nickel plated for
surface protection.
Stainless steel
Plastics
1000
Excellent corrosion resistance and strength.
Quality 1.4034, 1.4104: (430F)
Standard material.
Quality 1.4305 (303), 1.4301: (304)
Standard material for food grade applications.
Quality 1.4401 (316),1.4404,1.4571: (316T)
For food grade applications with heightened requirements for
chemical resistance
GD-Al
Cast aluminum
Low specific gravity. Good strength and wear resistance.
Some types can be anodized.
GD-Zn
Cast zinc
Good wear and strength. Usually with protective surface
coating.
ABS
Acrylonitrile Butadiene
Styrene
Impact-resistant, stiff, flame retarding, self-extinguishing
AES/CP
Acrylonitrile-Ethylene-propylene-Styrene
Impact resistant, inflexible, limited chemical resistance.
Used for housings.
EP
Epoxy resin
Duromer, molding resin, highest mechanical strength and temperature resistance. Very good dimensional stability.
Non-melting.
LCP
Liquid Crystalline Polymer
High mechanical strength and temperature resistance. Very
good chemical resistance. Inherently non-flammable.
PA 6, PA 66, PA mod.,
PA 12
Polyamide
Good mechanical strength. Temperature resistance.
PA 12 approved for food industry applications.
PA transp.
Transparent polyamide
Transparent, hard, inflexible. Good chemical resistance.
PBT, PBTP
Polybuteneterephthalate
High mechanical strength and temperature resistance.
Some types flame-retardant. Good chemical resistance.
Good oil resistance.
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Materials
Plastics
Other
n www.balluff.com
Materials
Use and characteristics
PC
Polycarbonate
Clear, hard, elastic and impact resistant. Good temperature
resistance. Limited chemical resistance.
PEEK
Polyetheretherketone
Thermoplastic. Very high strength and temperature resistance. Good chemical resistance. Can be sterilized, good
resistance to ionizing radiation.
PEI
Polyetherimide
High mechanical strength and good temperature resistance.
Good chemical resistance against many solvents. Transparent with amber-yellow inherent color (not pigmented).
PMMA
Polymethylmethacrylate
Clear, transparent, hard, scratch-resistance, UV resistant,
mainly for optical applications.
POM
Polyoxymethylene
High impact resistance, good mechanical strength. Good
chemical resistance.
PP
Polypropylene
Very good electrical properties. Impact resistant, tough,
mechanically resilient. Very low water absorption. Good to
very good chemical resistance.
PPE
Polyphenylenether
Tough, inflexible, high mechanical strength over a wide temperature range. Good chemical resistance. Good hot water
resistance.
PTFE
Polytetraflourethylene
Very good temperature and chemical resistance.
PUR
Polyurethane
Elastic, abrasion-resistant, impact-resistant. Good resistance to oils, greases, solvents (used for gaskets and cable
jackets).
PVC
Polyvinylchloride
Good mechanical strength and chemical resistance (used
for cable).
PVDF
Polyvinylidenfluoride
Thermoplastic. High temperature resistance and mechanical
strength. Good chemical resistance (similar to PTFE).
TPE
Thermoplastic elastomer
A Thermoplastic compound which combines the best
properties of PVC and rubber insulation. Resistant to oils,
chemicals, acids, solvents and weld slag.
Glass
Good chemical resistance and strength. Used primarily in
optical applications (lenses, covering panes).
Ceramic
Very good strength and chemical resistance. Electrically
insulating. Excellent temperature resistance.
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
1001
Basic Information and Definitions
IEC enclosure standards
The IEC publication 529 and DIN Standard number 40050 both address the classification of degrees of protection provided by enclosures. The following is a brief overview of the coding system described in these standards.
General
The degrees of protection are indicated by a symbol consisting of the two code letters IP, always the same,
(International Protection) and two reference numbers indicating the degree of protection.
Example
IP
4
4
Code letters
First reference number (see table)
Second reference number
First Number
**Test and assessment in italic
0 = no special protection.
*no test
1 = protected against a rigid sphere of 50mm ø
* A rigid 50 mm sphere must not pass through an opening with an applied force of 50 N.
2 = protected against solid objects greater than 12.5mm ø.
* A rigid 12 mm sphere must not pass through an opening
with an applied force of 30 N.
3 = protected against solid objects greater than 2.5mm.
*
A straight rigid steel wire 2.5 mm in dia. must not enter the equipment with an applied force of 3 N.
4 = protected against solid objects greater than 1mm.
* A straight rigid steel wire 1 mm in dia. must not enter the equipment with an applied force of 1 N.
5 = dust protected
* A straight rigid steel wire 1 mm in dia. must not enter the equipment with an applied force of 1 N. Also, dust chamber test to DIN 40 052.
6 = dust-tight and complete protectionagainst contact.
* A straight rigid steel wire 1 mm in dia. must not enter the equipment with an applied force of 1 N. Also, dust chamber test to DIN 40 052.
Second Number
*Test and assessment in italic
0 = no special protection
*no test
1 = protected vertical falling water
* Dripping device or sprinkler nozzle in accordance with
DIN 40 053 part 1 or part 5 respectively.
2 = protected against vertical falling water drops when enclosure
tilted at 15°
* Dripping device or sprinkler nozzle in accordance with
DIN 40 053 part 1 or part 5 respectively.
3 = protected against splashing water at an angle up to 60°
* Oscillating tube or spray nozzle in accordance with
DIN 40 053 part 2 or part 3 respectively depending on the shape and size of sample.
4 = protected against splashing water from any direction
* Oscillating tube or spray nozzle in accordance with
DIN 40 053 part 2 or part 3 respectively depending on the shape and size of the sample.
5 = protected against water jets
* Jet nozzle of nominal size 6 in accordance with DIN 40 053 part 4.
6 = protected against powerful water jets
* Jet nozzle of nominal size 12 in accordance with DIN 40 053 part 4.
7 = protected from the effects of temporary immersion.
* Enclosure is completely immersed in water and the following conditions must be met:
a) water must be at least 150 mm over the highest point of the enclosure
b) lowest part of the enclosure must be at least 1 m below the surface
c) test must last for at least 30 minutes
d) water temperature must not deviate by more than 5°C;
Water must not enter in harmful quantities.
Note:
This standard does not specify degree of protection of electrical
against mechanical damage, against the risk of explosion or against
conditions such as moisture (produced for example by
condensation), corrosive vapors, fungus or vermin.
1002
8 = protected from the effects of continuous immersion
* Test conditions have to be agreed to by the manufacturer and the customer but can not be less stringent than those described in 7 above.
9K = protected from the effects of high pressure steam cleaning per DIN 40050 part 9
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Quality
Quality and the environment
Quality management system
as per DIN EN ISO 9001:2008
Balluff companies
Balluff GmbH
Balluff SIE Sensorik GmbH
Balluff Controles Elétricos Ltda.
Balluff Sensors (Chengdu) Co., Ltd.
Balluff Ltd.
Balluff Automation S.R.L.
Balluff Canada Inc.
Balluff de México S.A. de C.V.
Balluff GmbH
Balluff Sp. z o.o.
Balluff Hy-Tech AG
Balluff Sensortechnik AG
Balluff S.L.
Balluff CZ, s.r.o
Balluff Elektronika Kft.
Balluff Inc.
Germany
Germany
Brazil
China
Great Britain
Italy
Canada
Mexico
Austria
Poland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Spain
Czech Republic
Hungary
USA
Environmental management
system as per
DIN EN ISO 14001:2009
Balluff companies
Balluff GmbH
Balluff Sensors (Chengdu) Co., Ltd.
Balluff Elektronika KFT
Germany
China
Hungary
Testing laboratory
Balluff products comply with
EU directives
The Balluff testing laboratory operates in accordance with ISO/
IEC 17025 and is accredited by DAkks for testing electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC).
Products that require labeling are subject to a conformity evaluation
process according to the EU directive and the product is labeled
with the CE marking.
Balluff products fall under the following EU directive:
2004/108/EC
2006/95/EC
94/9/EC
Product approvals
EMC directive
Low Voltage Directive valid for
products with supply voltage
≥ 75 V DC/≥ 50 V AC
ATEXdirective valid for products
with Exlabel
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
Product approvals are awarded by domestic and international institutions. Their symbols affirm that our products meet the specifications
of these institutions.
"US Safety System" and "Canadian Standards Association"
under the auspices of Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (cUL).
CCCCode by the Chinese CQC.
n www.balluff.com
1003
Basic Information and Definitions
Standards
Degree of protection
(enclosure rating)
IP 60...67
EN 60529/IEC 60529
IP 68 per BWN Pr. 20
Balluff Factory Standard (BWN):
Temperature storage 48 h at 60 °C,
8 temperature cycles per EN 600682-14/IEC 60068-2-14 between the
reference temperatures as per data
sheet, 1 h under water,
IP 68 per BWN Pr. 27
Balluff Factory Standard (BWN):
Product testing for DIN 40050
Part 9
24 h under water, isolation testing,8
temperature cycles per EN 600682-14/IEC 60068-2-14 between the
reference temperatures as per data
sheet, 7 days under water, insulation
test.
IP 69K
Testing of products for use in the
food industry.
Protection against infiltration of water
under high pressure and steam
cleaning.
1004
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Standards
EMC
(Electromagnetic
Compatibility)
Environmental
simulation
Ex-zone
Emissions, RF noise voltage and RF noise radiation from
electrical equipment
EN 55011
Static discharge immunity (ESD)
EN 61000-4-2/IEC 61000-4-2
Radio frequency immunity (RFI)
EN 61000-4-3/IEC 61000-4-3
Immunity to fast transients (burst)
EN 61000-4-4/IEC 61000-4-4
Immunity to line-carried noise induced by
high-frequency fields
EN 61000-4-6/IEC 61000-4-6
Immunityto voltage dips and voltage interruptions
EN 61000-4-11/IEC 61000-4-11
Surge-voltage stability
EN 60947-5-2/IEC 60947-5-2
Vibration, sinusoidal:
EN 60068-2-6/IEC 60068-2-6
Shock
EN 60068-2-27/IEC 60068-2-27
Continuous shock
EN 60068-2-29/IEC 60068-2-29
Electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres,
general requirements.
Succeeded by:
Electrical equipment for gas explosive atmospheres,
general requirements.
EN 50014
Electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres,
intrinsically-safe “i”.
EN 50020
EN 60079-0
For conformity, see product marking.
FMS approval for
select sensors and
sensing amplifiers
FMS: Factory Mutual System.
Factory Mutual Research Corp. (FMRC) researches, tests and creates standards designed to prevent property loss through fire or other hazards. The
FMS logo and the “APPROVED” approbation indicate that the manufacturer’s product meets the current FM requirements for this product class.
J.I. OR1HO.AX and
J.I. 4V9A4.AX.
Insulation class
IIEN 60947-5-2/IEC 60947-5-2
Sensors
Low-voltage equipment
EN 60947-5-2/IEC 60947-5-2
NAMUR sensors
EN 60947-5-6/IEC 60947-5-6
n www.balluff.com
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
1005
Basic Information and Definitions
Table of inch fractions & decimals to millimeters
Inches
1006
Inches
Inches
FractionsDecimalsmm FractionsDecimalsmm
— .0004.01
29/64 .453111.509
— .004.10
15/32 .4687511.906
—.01.25
—
.472412
1/64 .0156.397
31/64 .4843712.303
— .0197.50
— .49212.5
FractionsDecimalsmm
1 1/32
1.0312
26.194
1 1/16
1.062
26.988
— 1.06327
1 3/32
1.094
27.781
—
1.102428
—
1/32
—
3/64
—
.0295.75
.03125.794
.03941
.04691.191
.0591.5
1/2
—
33/64
17/32
35/64
.50012.700
.511813
.515613.097
.5312513.494
.5468713.891
1 1/8
—
1 5/32
—
1 3/16
1.125
28.575
1.141729
1.156
29.369
1.181130
1.1875
30.163
1/16 .06251.588
5/64 .07811.984
— .07872
3/32 .0942.381
— .09842.5
—
9/16
—
37/64
—
.551214
.562514.288
.57114.5
.5781214.684
.590615
1 7/32
—
1 1/4
—
1 9/32
1.219
30.956
1.220531
1.250
31.750
1.259832
1.281
32.544
7/64
—
1/8
—
9/64
.10932.776
.11813
.12503.175
.13783.5
.14063.572
19/32
39/64
5/8
—
41/64
.5937515.081
.6093715.478
.625015.875
.629916
.640616.272
—
1 5/16
—
1 11/32
1 3/8
1.299233
1.312
33.338
1.338634
1.344
34.131
1.375
34.925
5/32
—
11/64
—
3/16
.156253.969
.15754
.171874.366
.1774.5
.18754.763
—
21/32
—
43/64
11/16
.649616.5
.6562516.669
.669317
.6718717.066
.687517.463
—
1 13/32
—
1 7/16
—
1.377935
1.406
35.719
1.417336
1.438
36.513
1.456737
— .19695
13/64 .20315.159
— .21655.5
7/32 .218755.556
15/64 .234375.953
45/64
—
23/32
—
47/64
.703117.859
.708718
.7187518.256
.728318.5
.7343718.653
1 15/32
—
1 1/2
1 17/32
—
1.469
37.306
1.496138
1.500
38.100
1.531
38.894
1.535439
— .23626
1/4 .25006.350
— .25596.5
17/64 .26566.747
— .27567
—
3/4
49/64
25/32
—
.748019
.750019.050
.765619.447
.7812519.844
.787420
1 9/16
—
1 19/32
—
1 5/8
1.562
39.688
1.574840
1.594
40.481
1.614241
1.625
41.275
9/32
—
19/64
5/16
—
.281257.144
.29537.5
.296877.541
.31257.938
.31508
51/64
13/16
—
53/64
27/32
.7968720.241
.812520.638
.826821
.828121.034
.8437521.431
—
1 21/32
1 11/16
—
1 23/32
1.653542
1.6562
42.069
1.6875
42.863
1.692943
1.719
43.656
21/64 .32818.334
— .3358.5
11/32 .343758.731
— .35439
23/64 .359379.128
55/64
—
7/8
57/64
—
.8593721.828
.866222
.875022.225
.890622.622
.905523
—
1 3/4
—
1 25/32
—
1.732344
1.750
44.450
1.771745
1.781
45.244
1.811046
— .3749.5
3/8 .37509.525
25/64 .39069.922
—
.393710
13/32 .406210.319
29/32
59/64
15/16
—
61/64
.9062523.019
.9218723.416
.937523.813
.944924
.953124.209
1 13/16
1 27/32
—
1 7/8
—
1.8125
46.038
1.844
46.831
1.850447
1.875
47.625
1.889848
—
27/64
—
7/16
31/32 .9687524.606
—
.984325
1 1.00025.4
— 1.023626
1 29/32
—
1 15/16
—
1.9062
48.419
1.929149
1.9375
49.213
1.968550
.41310.5
.4218710.716
.433111
.437511.113
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Table of inch fractions & decimals to millimeters
Inches
Inches
Inches
FractionsDecimalsmm FractionsDecimalsmm
1 31/32
1.969
50.006
—
3.267783
2
2.00050.800
—
3.307184
—
2.007951
3 5/16
3.312
84.1377
—
2.047252
—
3.346485
2 1/16
2.062
52.388
3 3/8
3.375
85.725
FractionsDecimalsmm
— 5.9055150
6 6.000152.400
6 1/4
6.250
158.750
— 6.2992160
6 1/2
6.500
165.100
—
2 1/8
—
—
2 3/16
2.086653
2.125
53.975
2.12654
2.16555
2.1875
55.563
—
—
3 7/16
—
3 1/2
3.385886
3.425287
3.438
87.313
3.464688
3.500
88.900
—
6 3/4
7
—
—
6.6929170
6.750
171.450
7.000177.800
7.0866180
7.4803190
—
—
2 1/4
—
2 5/16
2.204756
2.24457
2.250
57.150
2.283558
2.312
58.738
—
—
3 9/16
—
—
3.503989
3.543390
3.562
90.4877
3.582791
3.62292
7 1/2
—
8
—
8 1/2
7.500
190.500
7.8740200
8.000203.200
8.2677210
8.500
215.900
—
—
2 3/8
—
2 7/16
2.322859
2.362260
2.375
60.325
2.401661
2.438
61.913
3 5/8
—
3 11/16
—
—
3.625
92.075
3.661493
3.6875
93.663
3.700894
3.740195
—
9
—
—
9 1/2
8.6614220
9.000228.600
9.0551230
9.4488240
9.500
241.300
—
—
2 1/2
—
—
2.440962
2.480363
2.500
63.500
2.519764
2.55965
3 3/4
—
3 13/16
—
—
3.750
95.250
3.779596
3.8125
96.838
3.818997
3.858398
— 9.8425250
1010.000254.000
— 10.2362260
— 10.6299270
1111.000279.400
2 9/16
—
2 5/8
—
—
2.562
65.088
2.598466
2.625
66.675
2.63867
2.677268
3 7/8
—
—
3 15/16
—
3.875
98.425
3.897699
3.9370100
3.9375
100.013
3.9764101
— 11.0236280
— 11.4173290
— 11.8110300
1212.000304.800 Basic
information
1313.000330.200
2 11/16
—
2 3/4
—
—
2.6875
68.263
2.716569
2.750
69.850
2.755970
2.795371
4
4 1/16
4 1/8
—
4 3/16
4.000101.600
4.062
103.188
4.125
104.775
4.1338105
4.1875
106.363
— 13.7795350
1414.000355.600
1515.000381
— 15.7480400
1616.000406.400
2 13/16
—
—
2 7/8
—
2.8125
71.438
2.834672
2.874073
2.875
73.025
2.913474
4 1/4
4 5/16
—
4 3/8
4 7/16
4.250
107.950
4.312
109.538
4.3307110
4.375
111.125
4.438
112.713
1717.000431.800
— 17.7165450
1818.000457.200
1919.000482.600
— 19.6850500
2 15/16
—
—
3
—
2.9375
74.613
2.952775
2.992176
3.00076.200
3.031577
4 1/2
—
4 9/16
4 5/8
—
4.500
114.300
4.5275115
4.562
115.888
4.625
117.475
4.7244120
2020.000508
2121.000533.400
2222.000558.800
2323.000584.200
2424.000609.600
3 1/16
–
—
3 1/8
—
3.062
77.788
3.070978
3.110279
3.125
79.375
3.149680
4 3/4
4 7/8
—
5
—
4.750
120.650
4.875
123.825
4.9212125
5.000127
5.1181130
2525.000635.000
2626.000660.400
2727.000685.800
2828.000711.200
2929.000736.600
3 3/16
—
—
3 1/4
3.1875
80.963
3.189081
3.228382
3.250
82.550
5 1/4
5 1/2
—
5 3/4
5.250
133.350
5.500
139.700
5.5118140
5.750
146.050
3030.000762.000
3131.000787.400
3232.000812.800
3333.000838.200
n www.balluff.com
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
1007
Basic Information and Definitions
US measures to metric conversion tables
Length
Inches (“) to Millimeters (mm)
Inches
mm = in x 25.4
mm
0.0010.0254
0.005
0.127
0.010
0.254
0.015
0.381
0.020
0.508
0.030
0.762
0.040
1.016
0.050
1.270
0.060
1.524
0.070
1.778
0.080
2.032
0.090
2.286
Inches
mm
Inches
1/8
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3.175
6.350
12.700
19.050
25.4
50.8
76.2
101.6
127.0
152.4
177.8
203.2
228.6
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
mm
Inches
254.0
279.4
304.8
330.2
355.6
381.0
406.4
431.8
457.2
482.6
508.0
533.4
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
mm
558.8
584.2
609.6
635.0
660.4
685.8
711.2
736.6
762.0
1016.0
1270.0
Microinches (µ”) to Micrometers (µm)
10.0254
2
0.0508
3
0.0762
4
0.1016
5
10
20
30
0.127
0.254
0.508
0.762
Pressure
Pounds per Square Inch (psi) to Kilopascal (kPa) and bar
psi
kPa
bar
1
2
3
4
6.90
13.79
20.69
27.58
0.0691
0.138
0.207
0.276
Temperature
Fahrenheit (°F) to Celcius (°C)
F°C°
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
1008
-40
-34
-29
-23
-18
-12
-7
psi
kPa
5
34.48
10
68.95
20 137.90
30
206.85
µ”µm
µ”µm
µ”µm
µ”µm
40
50
100
200
1.016
1.270
2.540
5.080
300
400
500
1000
7.62
10.16
12.70
25.40
1 psi = 0.0691 bar 1 bar = 14.47 psi
bar
psi
40
50
100
200
0.346
0.690
1.379
2.069
kPa
275.80
344.80
689.50
1378.95
bar
psi
kPa
bar
2.758
3.448
6.895
13.790
300
400
500
1000
2068.50
2758.00
3447.50
6895.00
20.685
27.580
34.475
68.950
°C = 5/9 (°F - 32) (Values for °C are rounded off)
F°C°
F°C°
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
-1
4
10
16
21
27
32
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
38
43
49
54
60
66
71
F°C°
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
77
82
88
93
99
104
110
For more information, visit us online!
Basic Information and Definitions
Metric to US measures conversion tables
Length
Millimeters (mm) to Inches (“)
mm
0.1000
0.2000
0.3000
0.400
0.500
in = mm x 0.03937
Inches
mm
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.020
1
2
3
4
5
Inches
0.039
0.079
0.118
0.157
0.197
mm
6
7
8
9
10
Inches
0.236
0.276
0.315
0.354
0.394
mm
Inches
20
30
40
50
100
0.787
1.181
1.575
1.969
3.937
mm
200
300
400
500
1000
Inches
7.874
11.811
15.748
19.685
39.37
Micrometers (µm) to Microinches (µ”)
µm
µm
µ”
µ”
0.519.69
1
39.37
2
78.74
3
118.0
0.13.937
0.27.874
0.311.811
0.415.75
µm
4
5
6
7
µ”
157.5
196.9
236.2
275.6
µm
µ”
µm
µ”
8
315.0
9
354.3
10394
20787
301181
401575
501969
1003937
kPa
kPa
Pressure
Kilopascal (kPa) to Pounds per Square Inch (psi)
kPa
psi
10.145
20.290
30.435
40.580
50.725
kPa
psi
10
20
30
40
1.45
2.90
4.35
5.80
kPa
psi
50 7.25
100 14.50
200 29.0
300 43.5
psi
400 58.0
500 72.5
1000 145.0
2000 290
psi
3000 435
4000 580
5000 725
10000 1450
Temperature
Celsius (°C) to Fahrenheit (°F)
°F = 9/5 (°C) + 32°
C°F°
C°F°
-155
-10 14
-5 23
032
541
10 50
15 59
20 68
n www.balluff.com
C°F°
25 77
30 86
35 95
40104
C°F°
C°F°
45113
65149
50122
70158
55131
75167
60140
80176
C°F°
85185
90194
95203
100212
Basic
information
Inductive
sensors
Photoelectric
sensors
Capacitive
sensors
Magnetic
cylinder
sensors
Cables
Materials
IEC Standards
Quality/
Standards
Conversion
Tables
1009