RFID and NFC
Basics
Uni. of Applied Sciences Jena
24-06-2015
Konstantin Aslanidis
Prof. Dr. Bernd Ploss
Texas Instruments Deutschland GmbH
MCU Safety & Security
Product Line NFC, Animal ID & RFID
University of Applied Sciences Jena
Department of SciTec
email:
web:
Email: bernd.ploss@fh-jena.de
Web: http://www.fh-jena.de/~ploss
k-aslanidis@ti.com
http://www.ti.com/rfid
NFC & RFID Technology Basics and
Applications
Near Field Communication (NFC) and RFID
is a bi-directional radio technology for short
range communication between devices.
It helps to make life easier and more convenient
for consumers around the world by making it
simpler to identify, make transactions, exchange
digital content, connect electronic devices with a
touch, and control of processes.
A short tour on the technology basics will
help to better understand the NFC
technology and the current applications.
It will help developers coming from different
applications areas to trigger new use cases in
their technology using RFID and NFC.
http://www.ti.com/lit/sg/slyt493/slyt493.pdf
Prof. Dr. Bernd Ploss
Konstantin Aslanidis
University of Applied Sciences Jena
Department of SciTec
Texas Instruments Deutschland GmbH
MCU Safety & Security
Product Line NFC & RFID
Email:
University of Applied Sciences Jena
Department of SciTec
bernd.ploss@fh-jena.de
email:
web:
k-aslanidis@ti.com
http://www.ti.com/rfid
Content



Intern @ TI – TI Web Links
What’s RFID
How does RFID work


RFID Technologies
HF Tag Technology– 13.56MHz





6/24/2015
What’s RFID
NFC Technology
NFC Devices and Tags
 TRF7970 Near Field Communication (NFC) Transceiver IC
 RF430CL330H Dynamic Tag
 RF430FRL152H Sensor Tag
NFC Application
Open Discussion
3
TI – RFID / NFC Links
References / Links:
TI General: http://www.ti.com/
NFC/RFID:
http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/wireless_connectivity/nfc_rfid/overview.page
TRF7970A:
http://www.ti.com/product/trf7970a
TRF7970A EVM: http://www.ti.com/tool/trf7970aevm
http://www.ti.com/tool/trf7970atb
RF430CL330H: http://www.ti.com/product/rf430cl330h
RF430CL330H EVM: http://www.ti.com/tool/rf430cl330htb
RF430FRL152H: http://www.ti.com/product/rf430frl152h
TI NFC Brochure: http://www.ti.com/lit/sg/slyt493a/slyt493a.pdf
TI University Program:
http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/university_program/ti_university_program.page
Werksstudenten / Praktika:
http://careers.ti.com/content/ti-deutschland-0
6/24/2015
4
Intern @ TI
6/24/2015
5
Intern @ TI : Systems and Applications Engineer Intern (m/f)
Change the world, love your job. At Texas Instruments (TI), you will have the opportunity to learn and grow – and create world-changing
technology. For more than 80 years, TI has continually reinvented itself by believing in people with endless curiosity who refuse to leave the
world just how they found it. From developing leading-edge semiconductor technologies and practicing responsible manufacturing, to caring for
our employees and communities, innovating a better world is in our DNA. Come discover TI and why you belong here.
About the job
In this role you'll be part of a team of Engineers that are working with customers, development and marketing teams. The team determines their
major design challenges and partner with them on creating solutions that focus on ease-of-use and add value to their solution. You may also
spend hands-on time in a TI lab tackling problems and delivering innovative development solutions that support our products and drive revenue.
Responsibilities may include
• Analyzing, Evaluating and adaptation of embedded systems (hardware and software)
• Supporting the team translating customer problems into technical solutions
• Creation and refinement of collaterals for our products (documentation, software)
• Design and test of application circuits, reference designs or prototypes and related software
• Troubleshooting and debugging silicon and application circuits
• Support improvement and automation of system design and application activities
• Support Systems and Application Engineers working with customers solving their design challenges
• Product specific measurements and spec compliance evaluation by using technology specific tools
Requirements
• Student of electrical engineering, electrical and computer engineering, computer engineering or related field
• A basic understanding of electrical circuits
• Experience with schematic design and layout is preferred
• Hands-on experience with lab equipment (e.g. oscilloscopes) is preferred
• Basic understanding of software development (C or similar)
• Team work and collaboration skills
• For our wireless connectivity products dedicated measurement equipment will be used
Possible locations:
Freising, Frankfurt, Garching b. München
Our Offer
• The possibility to gain new experiences and to implement theoretical knowledge in practical solutions
• Exciting, challenging and creative tasks
6/24/2015
• Interesting projects
• An open-minded team and international environment
• An attractive compensation
6
Wireless Technologies
RFID
What’s RFID?
RFID is a :
• passive
Foil capacitor
(laser trimmed)
Foil carrier
• maintenance-free
• contactless
•wireless technology
Chip
Antenna
Why RFID?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Passive (non-battery operated) RF solution
Operating frequency at 134Khz (LF), 13.56Mhz (HF) , 868MHz/915Mhz (UHF)
HF and LF systems use the Magnetic field to transfer power by induction
UHF systems (>100MHz) use the Electric field to transfer power
Tags are mainly in label (flat) and moderately inexpensive
Applications include POS (point of sale), access control, authentication, medical etc.
• RFID Tags can also operate with battery (active) for data logging operations
• Dual Interface Tags can connect to external sensors, actors, uC, etc.
6/24/2015
8
How does an RFID system work?
Server
The radio waves are generated by
the reader’s antenna.
Interface
Antenna
Reader
Mobile/ Hand
Reader
Tag
A tag in the RF field uses energy from the radio
waves to respond to the reader’s instructions
6/24/2015
9
Energy Transfer (LF/HF)
Transformer Concept
– LF/HF Readers use the magnetic component (H-field) of the electromagnetic
wave to transfer energy from the Reader’s antenna to the tag’s antenna.
– This can be compared to the way a transformer works but using air in place of a
ferrite core
– The Reader’s antenna induces a voltage in the Tag’s antenna
6/24/2015
READER /
Mobile phone
TAG/
Transponder
ANTENNA
ANTENNA
10
(Passive) RFID Development Path
Identification + Function + uC Interface + Long Range Wireless + “cloud”
Combined Wireless Systems + IoT + cloud app
SPI interface to uC
Design-in product
Supply on board modules with Power/Voltage
Wake-up function for uCs and functional modules
Initiate uC command Execution
Communicate uC instructions via the RF Interface
Passively store configuration and calibration data for uC or Sensor
Identification + Function
Activate Sensor, Read Data, Store Data in the memory
Communicate stored data on instruction
Identification
Larger user memory
Write capability
OTP version
6/24/2015
Fixed Programmed ID
11
Frequency Spectrum
H, dBµA/m /10m
ERP, mW
non-ITU
BC, LW-/MW- Navigation
(< 30 MHz)
(> 30 MHz)
SW (Com., BC,Mobile, Marine...)
80
FM Radio, Mobile Radio , TV
Microwave Link, SAT-TV
ITU, but not fully deployed by all countries
ITU, preferred
100-135kHz
60
13,56MHz
2.45 GHz
40
20
6.7813.5627 40.68 433 868, 915 2.450 5.800 77.000 MHz
f:
l:
6/24/2015
0,01
30000
VLF
0,1
3000
LF
1
300
MF
10
30
HF
100
3
VHF
1000
0,3
UHF
10000
0,03
SHF
100000
0,003
MHz
m
12
RFID Operating Model
M
L2
L1
See Slide 73 for
parameter details
K, coupling
coefficient is
related to M as:
k
M, mutual inductance
M
L1L 2
k (typical) = 1% to 10 %
Resonance Circuit
H – Field from Reader coil vs. distance
H(d) 
2

N r I r rr2
rr2
Rectifier
Vind

3
2 2
d
Induced voltage in parallel coil vs. distance
Vid  2fN T Q T ST  o H (d )
6/24/2015
RFID IC (Load)
13
Fieldstrength example (LF/HF)
•
•
Field can be analytically computed by Biot-Savart or magnetic potential technique
On the axis
Square loop antenna
Circular loop antenna


NIab
1
1

H

2
2
2
2
a
b
2
2
a b
2 
4       x    x    x
2
2
2 2






H
2R  x
2
Axial field of rectangular antenna
14
INR 2
2

3
2
Axial field of circular antenna
12
R=0.05
0.03x0.05
R=0.1
0.06x0.1
12
10
10
8
H [A/m]
H [A/m]
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
0
6/24/2015
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
distance [m]
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
distance [m]
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
14
Fieldstrength Measurements
Reader
Tag/Probe
Antenna
x
H(d) 
2

N r I r rr2
Spectrum An.

3
rr2  d 2 2
Tag min activation
field strength
(operating energy)
16-01-2014
15
Carrier Frequency Modulation / Spectrum
● EU Limits
EN 300 330 Standard
dBµA/m @ 10 m
42
100%
10%
0%
Carrier
Carrier Modulation
9
LIMIT
-3.5
-150kHz
+150kHz
16-03-2010
16
13.56 MHz ISM Band
Modulation / Spectrum
Reader Command
Tag Response
Reader 1: spectrum in 10 kHz measurement bandwidth
60 dBµA/m
Peak
QP (calculated)
40 dBµA/m
New Limit
Field strength in 10m distance
Old Limit
20 dBµA/m
0 dBµA/m
-20 dBµA/m
-40 dBµA/m
6/24/2015
-60 dBµA/m
-500 kHz
-400 kHz
-300 kHz
-200 kHz
-100 kHz
0 kHz
Offset
100 kHz
200 kHz
300 kHz
400 kHz
500 kHz
17
NFC/RFID System, Parameter Selection
Passive /
Active
Requirements:
- Read Range
- Tag size
- Antenna size
- Power
- Comm. / Data
Security
- Data Rate
- Cost
- etc
6/24/2015
Application
Requirements
RFID Standards
ISO14443
ISO15693
ISO18000-2, -3
NFC
ETSI
FCC
etc
Operating with:
- Battery supply or
- RF supply
Operating
Frequency
Operating Frequency:
- Low Frequency <135kHz
- High frequency13.56 MHz
- UHF > 100MHz
ISO Standard
/ Regulation
18
NFC Technology
NFC Forum group http://www.nfc-forum.org
6/24/2015
19
What is NFC ?
Passive
RFID Tag
RFID
Reader
Request
Response
NFC
Device
Reader/Writer  Initiator
Tag  Target
(Passive of Active)
Initiator  Target
Initiator  Target
NFC
Device
NFC
Device
NFC
Device
Passive
RFID Tag
20
NFC Technology Brief

It is a short-range radio technology that enables bi-directional short range communication between
devices. Based on existing ISO contactless card standards (RFID)

The communication distance is 5-10 cm depending on the antenna geometry and output power.

is being defined in the NFC Forum group http://www.nfc-forum.org


Data-Rates: 106-424Kbps (848Kbps)
Frequency-Band: 13.56MHz (ISM Band)

is based on the existing 13.56 MHz RFID standards.
 ISO 14443 A/B, (JIS) X 6319-4, ISO15693

NFC Forum specifications for extended functionality and interoperability are standardized by
ECMA, ETSI and ISO/IEC groups
 NFCIP-1 Standard (ECMA-340, ISO/IEC 18092 , ETSI TS 102 190)
 NFCIP-2 Standard (ECMA-352, ISO/IEC 21481, ETSI TS 102 312)


Supports data transmission rates of 106kbps, 212 kbps, and 424 kbps (848Kbps)
Supports Active and Passive communication modes

Supports
Peer to Peer communication
Reader/Writer
Tag Emulation
21
NFC Interoperability Flow
Start
NFCIP-2 device shall
have its RF field
switched off
ISO15693
PICC MODE
Select ?
no
yes
External RF
detected ?
yes
ISO 14443
no
yes
NFCIP-2 device
selects
NFC / PCD or
VCD MODE
ISO18092 NFCIP 1
yes
VCD MODE
PCD MODE
NFC
MODE
ISO 14443
PICC
MODE
NFC MODE
RF detection
and Initial RF
generation
RF detection
and Initial RF
generation
External RF
field detected
External RF
field detected
no
no
PCD
MODE
VCD MODE
Mode Execution
END
22
NFC Applications
Consumer
Medical
Wireless Audio
Cameras
Fitmess
Diagnostics
Tablets
Printers
Bio med patch
Routers
Automotive
Smart Grid
eMeters, Flow meters,
Home automation gateways
Wireless Charging
Infotainment Systems
Access Control
Product Authentication
Circuit Breakers
Industrial
Point of sale
Connected Home
White Goods
Retail
23
NFC Operating Modes
Card Emulation Mode
•
In Card Emulation mode a NFC device is able to behave like a tag / contactless smartcard.
•
Only the initiator generates the RF field for the communication
•
The NFC Device in Card Emulation Mode responds to an Initiator command by applying a load modulation on
the RF field.
•
The device in Card Emulation may draw the power from the RF signal.
•
NFC devices may have the ability to emulate the protocol of more than one card / protocol
RF Signal shape
Card
Emulation
Reader /
Writer
Tag
Response
PCD / VCD (Reader/Writer)
o The NFC device behaves like: ISO14443A/B and ISO15693, Felica
o The device has the ability to read, write and communicate with the a passive RFID tag.
Reader Request
Tag / Target Response
TRF7970A Overview
LEVEL SHIFTER
6/24/2015
25
TRF7970A – Application Schematic
TRF7970A System using SPI with SS Mode
26
Part-Number:
TRF7970AEVM
TRF7970A –Tools
TRF7970AEVM – Evaluation Kit
Integrated PCB
Antenna
TRF7970A
NFC Reader
chip
+ +
LED Indicators
(for auto run mode)
MSP430F2370
13.56 MHz Xtal
EVM
=
=
=
=
USB Interface
Ease in evaluation
Available Schematic, BOM, Gerber Files
Available Source Code
Quicker time to market
Graphical User Interface
For peer-to-peer communication
two EVMs are required
RF430CL33xH - Dynamic NFC Tag
NFC Tag Type 4
• ISO14443B RF Protocol Compliant
• I2C and SPI interface
• Fixed function ROM code device
• 3kByte SRAM for NDEF Messages
• Interrupt register and output pin to indicate
NDEF read/write completion
• Automatic checking of NDEF structure
Fixed function ROM code. Not user-programmable.
• RF wake up
Typical Implementation
• 14-pin TSSOP
MSP430-EXP430FR5739 Board
RF430CL330HTB Target Board
Target Applications
• Secure pairing of Bluetooth® and Wi-Fi®
• IoT Gateway
• Remote Sensing and service interface
• Health and Fitness – Blood Glucose Meters, ECG Patch
RF430CL330HTB Voltage over Distance
Reader: TRF7970A EVM
Reader: TRF7970A 1W PA
http://www.ti.com/tool/TRF7970AEVM?keyMatch
=trf7970aevm&tisearch=Search-EN
Tag: RF430CL330HTB
Design data available
on request
http://www.ti.com/tool/rf430cl330htb?keyMatch=rf
430cl330htb&tisearch=Search-EN
Voltage (VCC) over Distance (Schottky)
TRF7970AEVM, 2.5x2.5 cm antenna
TRF7970AEVM, on-board antenna
TRF7970A, 1W PA with 5x5 ANT
3
2,5
Voltage [V]
Min. Operating Voltage
2
Charge duration @ 2cm <30ms
1,5
1
Reading distances results:
0,5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7


3 cm with the TRF7970ATB
1.5 cm with a Nokia Lumia 720
and a Samsung Galaxy S3/S4
Distance [cm]
6/24/2015
TI Confidential – NDA Restrictions
29
Current Supply over Distance
Reader: TRF7970A EVM
http://www.ti.com/tool/TRF7970AEVM?keyMatch
=trf7970aevm&tisearch=Search-EN
6
ISO Antenna Classes
5
3
1
Tag: RF430CL330HTB with
External Antenna
http://www.ti.com/tool/rf430cl330htb?keyMatch=rf
430cl330htb&tisearch=Search-EN
6/24/2015
TI Confidential – NDA Restrictions
30
RF430FRL15xH - Sensor Transponder
Embedded Dual Interface Device
Features
Smart Sensor Tag IC
• Both Active and Passive functionality
Memory
• 16-bit MSP430 MCU
16-bit RISC
Orthogonal
MCU
• Microcontroller powered by RF field or battery
• External Sensor powered by RF field or battery
• Supply voltage 1.5V
4 MHz
• Antenna Rectified Voltage of 3.3V
• 14bit Sigma-Delta ADC
Debug
2 kB FRAM
JTAG
8 kB ROM
Embedded
Emulation
4 kB SRAM
Clock
Power
4 MHz HF clock
1.5 V Battery
256 kHz LF clock
13.56 MHz RF field
Connectivity
System
• ISO15693 RF Protocol Compliant
ISO 15693 (AFE 26 kbps)
ISO 15693 encode/decode
16-bit Timer_A0
3 CC Registers
• 2 kByte FRAM
1× USCI B (I2C/SPI)
16-bit CRC
• 64 bit unique serial number
8 General Purpose I/Os
Watchdog
• 8 GPIOs
Sensor Interface
14-bit ΣΔ-A/D Converter
• On-chip Temp Sensor
• I2C/SPI Interface
Device
RF430FRL151H
RF430FRL152H
RF430FRL153H
RF430FRL154H
RAM(KB)
1
4
4
4
FRAM(KB) USCI
2
Yes
2
Yes
2
No
2
Yes
SD 14
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Sensor
On-Chip Temp Sensor
31
TI Designs
http://www.ti.com/general/docs/refdesignsearch.tsp
Reference Design Library
6/24/2015
•
Comprehensive designs include schematics or block
diagrams, BOMs, design files and test reports
•
Created by experts with deep system and product
knowledge
•
Spans TI's portfolio of analog, embedded processor and
connectivity products
•
Supports a broad range of applications including
industrial, automotive, consumer, medical and more
TI Confidential – NDA Restrictions
32
Beats Speaker Pairing Application
NFC (BT_DATA)
BT connection data
Stored on the device
Basic concept: Smart phone connects to the speaker
(Master)
(Slave)
BT connection data
Stored on the device
BT connection data
Stored on the device
BT Connect BT(BT_DATA_2)
BT(User_Data)
6/24/2015
Smart phone connects to the speaker 1.
Speaker 2 connects to Speaker 1.
33
Non invasive disposable sensors for different vessels
6/24/2015
Continuous multi-parameter monitoring
Battery less Sensor into the Petri dish
34
Galvanic isolation / Remote Sensor
Galvanic
Isolation
Isolated
DC/DC
Sensor
MCU
Example isolated sensor powered by
4/20mA loop
DC/DC
TRF7970A requires 60-120mA for operation. This power can be
derived from the 4-20mA current loop.
Use in industrial environment for
• rotating parts with passive sensors
• isolated (sealed) sensors
• Machines
Power Supply
Isolated
Data
MCU
Basic Block diagram
Galvanic
Isolation
DC/DC
Sensor
MCU
RF430
CL330
TRF79xx
Reader
4/20mA DAC
4/20mA Loop
Pmax ~ 36mW
MCU
6/24/2015
35
RF430CL330H – Wireless Supply DEMO
Wireless battery-less
sensor
CLOUD
Connectivity Gateway
Remote terminal
Power Management
WAN
Integrated Ethernet PHY
Multi-Protocol
Integrated 13.56MHz RFID/NFC
Transceiver
IC
Dynamic
NFC
Transponder
Interface
WiFi
Network Processor
LAN
WLAN
VCC
ULP MCU
VCC
Embedded ARM
Bluetooth
Cortex A / Cortex M Processor
Low Energy SoC
Sensor(s)
Remote terminal
Color LCD display
36
Wireless Connectivity Portfolio
RF430CL330TIApplication
RF430CL330H & Water / Gas meter / Any meter application
Meter Board
Metall Housing
External Antenna
Around LCD
RF430CL330H
Target Board Rev.A
Thank
you for the attention
For Question and feedback, please contact
Kostas Aslanidis
k-aslanidis@ti.com
6/24/2015
38
Back-up
6/24/2015
39
RFID Technology Matrix
LF
HF
15693 only
UHF
Frequency
120 to 134kHz
13.56MHz
840 to 960MHz
Wavelength
2500m
22m
30cm
Liquid Immunity
excellent
good
poor
Data rates
12 kb/sec
27 kb/sec
640 Kb/sec
Read rates
~28 tags/sec
~50 tags/sec
+100 tags/sec
Anticollision
No
Yes
Yes
Read Range (typ)
0~2m
0~1m
.1~10m
Tags / Inlays
6/24/2015
40
LF - HF Antenna Design Basics
TI Embedded RF
6/24/2015
41
Resonance Circuit Transponder
– If a capacitor (C) and inductor (L) are used in combination, they form the
electrical equivalent to a mechanical pendulum. The pendulum moves
backwards and forwards at a set frequency using little energy. For any LC
circuit, the inductive reactance (XL) and capacitive reactance (XC) will be
equal at some frequency. This frequency is called the resonant frequency
and if the values of L and C are known, can be calculated:
RFID
1
ƒ(res) =
2LC
High "Q"
IC
Low "Q"
ƒ0
INDUCTANCE
CAPACITANCE
Frequency
50 Ohm Matching for Reader Antenna
•
Cmatc
h
Capacitive matching is the normal method
Cres and Rpar
Adjusts the resonant
frequency
Cres
Cmatch
Cres
Rpar
Lcoil
= Series capacitance
= Parallel capacitance
= Damping resistor
= Inductance
Rp
Lcoil
Cmatch
Adjusts the 50 Ω matching
– The series capacitance (Cmatch) adjusts the 50 Ω matching
– The parallel capacitance (Cres) adjusts the resonant frequency (13.56 MHz)
16-03-2010
“TI Information – Selective Disclosure”
43
Network / Spectrum Analyzer
Fres = 13.6.5MHz
Df=1.7MHz
Q=8
Frequency
Resistance
Indicator
SWR Indicator
6/24/2015
44