Swiss mobility days, Martigny, 07.04.2016, Olivier Augé/Global Product Manager & Innovation Agent ,ABB Sécheron
TOSA – Concept
A full electric large capacity
urban bus system
Abstract
15 seconds is the time needed at bus stops to disembark and embark passengers.
That’s also the time we need to put some energy into the full electric TOSA large
capacity bus. Like a trolleybus, the TOSA bus collects the required energy during its
journey, but without overhead lines. Like an overnight charging battery bus, TOSA has
autonomy to ensure the service, but with a small and long-life battery - no oversizing
and limited recycling. At first glance, it looks like a paradox, but by selecting the
appropriate technology and ensuring management of energy within the most optimal
operating range means that a small battery has a much longer life time than the one
used in an overnight charging battery bus. The technical architecture of this
opportunity-charging principle, that we call Flash charging, will be presented along with
its operational, economical and energy efficiency requirements. To achieve the energy
transfer in such a short time, this bus has a laser controlled moving arm that connects
to an overhead receptacle at some bus stops, e.g. every forth in Line 23. The docking
procedure is fast, achieved in less than a second.
The first TOSA articulated bus has been running in Geneva since May 2013. Concept
and experience from the field will be shared, as well as the configuration for
deployment on the full line 23 in Geneva by 2017.
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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A global leader in power and automation technologies
Leading market positions in main businesses
~140,000
$ 40
billion
In revenue
(2014)
employees
Present
in
Formed
in
~100
1988
countries
merger of Swiss (BBC, 1891)
and Swedish (ASEA, 1883)
engineering companies
Our E-Bus offering overview
Products and solutions for onboard and infrastructure
Prefabricated E-Bus
substations
TOSA complete
packaged solution
Fast DC chargers
Onboard components
(traction motor, etc.)
Onboard components
(traction motor, etc.)
Drivetrain solution
(traction converter and
battery pack)
Agenda
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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
The meaning of the project

The concept and the technology

Operational experience and next step
Sustainable mobility challenges
Public transportation

An increase in urbanization and high mobility demands

Traffic congestion


Public health: reduction in CO2 and noise emission

© ABB
April 15, 2016
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The need for a transport system with high capacity (BRT)
Evaporation of carcinogenic substances (OMS) coming from
diesel motors Group 1 (since 2012)

Imagine vehicles with high energy efficiency

Flexible system to be deployed rapidly
TOSA demonstrator project
The Partners
The four partners of the pilot
project “TOSA 2013”:
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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TPG:
Operator
OPI:
Project coordinator
SIG:
Energy supplier
ABB:
Technology provider
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Electro mobility
For public transportation
1. Autonomy challenge
Private usage – unpredictable
effective: 34 km per day*
requested: 150-300km
Public usage - planned
effective = requested
Consequences on technology and investment:
No over-dimensioning
2. Level of usage
Private usage – low
1h per day
12’500 km per year*
Public usage – high
9 -16h per day
50’000km km/year (urban bus)
Economical consequences of a transition from diesel to electric: High
rate of usage of public transportation  economical trigger on the
energy costs  positive return on investments
* Mobility and transport – Statistics 2013 - OFS
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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High capacity and start of operation
May 2013
TOSA is a world premier in sustainable mobility
Doris Leuthard, Member of the Swiss Federal Council,
Head of the Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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The «Flash» Concept
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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
Intelligent energy management

Feeding stations

Technology on the roof
Principle - Intelligent energy management
100% electric
Goal: Reduce the energy storage on board
High energy efficiency and cost efficiency
510
34
32
Altitude [m]
470
30
450
Altitude
Battery energy level
28
430
26
410
390
24
370
22
350
20
9000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Distance [m]
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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6000
7000
8000
Battery energy level [kWh]
490
Why opportunity charging ?
A principle for electrical sustainable mobility
Avantages
Features
•
Driving hours (incl. waiting time at
terminus and dead mileage)
Fleet size to respect the timetable
Infrastructure at terminal: footprint and grid
connection
Layover time at terminus identical to
operation with a fleet of diesel buses.
(charging in hidden time at terminus and bus
stops)
One (1) parking place at terminus
•
•
•
High passenger capacity
Low energy comsumption
BRT and single/double articulated bus
Small footprint and weight of batteries.
Roof mounted technology
•
•
Battery lifetime
Recyclying (battery)
Operating cycle in favor of battery lifetime:
• Low DoD (depth of discharge)
• Partial discharge
•
•
Infrastructure at depot:
• Non dedicated parking place
• Charging point and grid connection
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Buses are harvesting energy during service.
Consequently, recharge at depot is reduce to
the minimum (e.g. 5mn charging at arrival)
Feeding stations
Flash / Terminus / Depot
Network
Flash 2’30’’
50 kVA, 400VAC
Terminus 3-4’
200kVA, 400VAC
Depot 30’
120’ (4 buses)
50kVA , 400VAC
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Bus
Flash 15’’
400kW, 500VDC
Terminus 3-4’
200kW, 500VDC
Depot 30’
50kW,500VDC
Equipment on board – Technology on the roof
An answer to high-capacity requirement
Entirely automatic
energy transfer system
Water-cooled
batteries pack
Two water-cooled motorized axis engine
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Water-cooled traction
chain
I transport passengers and not
batteries
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Equipment on the roof
Energy Transfer System
Entirely automatic energy transfer system
(no action from bus driver)





© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Connection with high capacity power in 1 sec
Compensation for distance to sidewalk: 0 to 55cm
Receptacle; length 3m to optimize approaching speed
High power and safe: Respecting RNI norms and directives
(ICNIRP)
Energy efficiency less than 1% loss
Terminus - Airport of Geneva
3-4’ charging time for a bus stop of 5’
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Infrastructure at Terminus
3’ charging 200kW  13 kWh
Transformer-rectifier
and control
Terminal
Feeding
Station
Back side
Front side
LV feeding
inside the
TFS
(other side)
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Energy
transfer pole
at Airport
Palexpo Flash Stop: 15’’
Flash-charging at every 4th bus stop
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Operational experience
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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
Service

Incidents

Measuring energy consumption

Measuring the noise
Operational experience
Demonstrator
Service
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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
Since 26 Mai 2013, 3 days per week + event at PALEXPO:
9:00-17:00 (100 days in service after Geneva Motor Show)

More than 5’000 connections with the infrastructure until
the end of the last Motor Show (including changing contact
pieces)

~ 11'500 km until today
Energy consumption
The drive
Distance of reference: TPG depot  Airport  TPG depot
Network to wheel*
1.59 kWh/km
Battery to wheel*
1.46 kWh/km
1.59
kWh/km
1.55
kWh/km
Elect.
Network
Exit at bus
stop
1.51
kWh/km
1.46
kWh/km
1.46
kWh/km
point of
view of the
battery
Entry of the
point of
on-board view of the
converter
battery
1.31
kWh/km
© ABB
April 15, 2016
Air-conditioning / heating : 0.4 - 0.8 kWh/km
Passengers:
0.8 kWh/km for 10t
| Slide 26
drive
0.28
auxiliary
Exit of the bus CC
* Variable consume excluded. Following some estimations:
•
•
0.99
+ 1.6 kWh/km (max.)
Energy consumption
The drive: Other routes
Network to wheel*
Battery to wheel*
Route of the demonstrator: Airport  Palexpo  Airport
(3.1 km)
1.76 kWh/km
1.56 kWh/km
With slight rise: depot  Airport
(9.6 km, +25m difference in altitude)
1.77 kWh/km
1.57 kWh/km
With slight descent: Airport  depot (9.6 km, -25m difference in altitude)
1.48 kWh/km
1.34 kWh/km
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Measuring the noise
At night in Geneva
Acceleration phase
From 20 and 30 km/h, maximum acceleration (difference between
20 and 30 is low)
Diesel bus (EURO5)

TOSA:
Approach at bus stop

Diesel bus (EURO5)

TOSA:

78 dB (A)
70 dB (A)
78 dB (A)
69 dB (A)
One delta of 10 dB(A) corresponds a doubling of the noise
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Next steps
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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
TOSA pilot-route – Geneva, bus line 23

Technical progress
TOSA
After the demonstrator…
Tribune de Genève,12.3.2014
Agenda 2014-2018
Department of the Environment, Transport and
Agriculture (DETA), published 14.4.2014
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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TOSA pilot-route – Geneva, bus line 23
Infrastructure
-
P+R47
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
8'
9'
Aéroport
Configuration of the
infrastructure:
 4 Flash downhill
 8 Flash uphill
 3 terminus stops
 4 DFS at depots
10'
11'
14'
15'
17'
20'
22'
23'
26'
32'
33'
34'
36'
38'
39'
40'
42'
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Line 23: 13.0-14.7km
TOSA pilot-route – Geneva, bus line 23
Flash Feeding Station: first sketch
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Technical progress vs. Demonstrator project
Vehicle
Inverted rectifier of the drive used as charger
 Disposal of the allocated charger
ETS: Recognition of the infrastructure type and automatic
equipment of the connection arm
 Increase in information amount for the infrastructure
type and independence vis-à-vis SAIEV
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Technical progress vs. Demonstrator project
Flash / Terminus / Depot
Network
Flash 4’15’’
55 kVA, 400VAC
Bus
Grid
connection
Flash 20’’
AC
DC
MF charger
Terminus 3-5’
600kW, 600VDC
Energy
Storage Unit
Energy
transfer
Grid
connection
Terminus 3-5’
400kW, 600VDC
436kVA, 400VAC
filtering
Depot 30’
120’ (4 buses)
55kVA , 400VAC
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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IGBT
rectifier
Energy
transfer
Depot 30’
Grid
connection
50kW,600VDC
Galvanic
insulation
Rectifier
Plug
Technical progress vs. Demonstrator project
Infrastructure
Height under the girder: >4.5m
 According to European legislation
Flash with or without storage
 Size reduction of infrastructure
Energy storage: Super capacity  Lithium Battery
 About 1/2 reduction of storage size for same capacity
 Reduced grid connection cost
 Management of “train” of buses
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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High capacity Concept
133 to 182 passengers (at 5 pass/m2)
114 à 4 pass./m2
133 à 5 pass./m2
(17.5 m2 + 44 asiss)
156 à 4 pass./m2
182 à 5 pass./m2
(25.1 m2 + 56 assis)
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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I transport even more passengers
and not batteries.
myTOSA
Line configurator
Allow to assess the energy needs of the route taking into
account the elevation profile, number of stops and the
commercial speed
© ABB
April 15, 2016
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Summary: TOSA, a complete packaged solution
In-route flash charging for maximum bus capacity
An full electric bus systems designed according operation and total cost of ownership
requirements
Timetable
high-power in-route charging at some bus stops and short layover time at
terminal  same driving hours and speed as a diesel fleet
High-passenger
capacity
All technology on the roof (all floor for passengers) for articulated and
double-articulated buses.
Long-life battery
thanks to in-route charging principle, the high-power/low energy battery
pack is used in its optimal operating range
Grid
Connection fee and energy cost optimized through embedded peak
shaving functionality
Frequency and
BRT
in-route charging (15’’) while passengers are disembarking-embarking at
some bus stops and layover time compatible with high frequency lines (up
to 4’000 pass./hours)
Light infrastr. at
depot
Either free parking after fast (2-4mn) high power charging upon arrival or
low-power (50kW) mutualized charging for four buses.
Homogenous
fleet
TOSA bus configuration (e.g. battery size) is line independent. The line
profile determine the required infrastructure.
Partners, support and collaboration
Demonstrator project
Partners
With the support of
In collaboration with
© ABB
April 15, 2016
| Slide 39