Solutions for Unified Critical Communications
Active Shooter Preparedness and Response
February 18th, 2016
Agenda
• The evolving threat posed by active shooters
• The special concerns associated with campus
and community event settings
• Recommendations for preparedness, response
and recovery
• A look at Everbridge
• Q&A
2
House Keeping
Managing Incidents. . . Engagement
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3
Speakers
Steve Crimando
Principal of
Behavioral Science
Applications
Claudia Dent
V.P.,
Product Management
Everbridge
4
Beyond Run > Hide > Fight:
Advances in Active Shooter Incident Management
Special Considerations for Institutions of Higher Learning
& Community Emergency Management Authorities
Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved.
About the Presenter
Steven Crimando, MA, BCETS, CHS-V
•
Consultant/Trainer: U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security;
U.S. Dept. of Justice; National Criminal Justice
Training Center; U.S. Health & Human Services
Administration; OSHA; United Nations; NYPD; U.S.
Military, others.
•
Diplomate: National Center for Crisis Management;
American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress.
•
4Board Certified Expert in Traumatic Stress
(BCCETS); Certified Trauma Specialist (BCETS).
•
•
•
Police Surgeon, International Society of Police
Surgeons, New Jersey Police Surgeons team.
Advisor, Active Shooter Rescue Task Force (Morris
County, NJ)
On-scene Responder/Supervisor: ‘93 and 9/11World
Trade Center attacks; NJ Anthrax Screening Center;
TWA Flight 800; Unabomber Case; Int’l kidnappings,
hostage negotiation team member.
Discussing active shooter incident
response on the Dr. Oz Show.
•
•
Qualified Expert: to the courts and
media on violence prevention and
response issues.
•
Author: Many published articles and
book chapters addressing the behavioral
sciences in violence prevention, disaster
and terrorism response.
Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved.
6
Realties of Modern Life
 The possibility of an Active Shooter
Incident is no longer a question of if,
but rather when and where.
 Incidents can occur at any time and at any place.
No type of location or geographic area is immune.
 Higher Education environments present unique
challenges in Active Shooter planning and response.
 Active Shooter events evolve rapidly and end quickly,
often before law enforcement can arrive. In the initial
phase, bystander intervention and civilian response are
essential.
7
Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved.
Assumptions
We will assume that participants have:
 A fundamental knowledge of general recommended response
strategies (Run>Hide>Fight).
 Access to key planning guidance's
 An interest in optimizing the violence prevention and active
shooter response capabilities at their facilities.
This program will not be all inclusive:
 Campuses are complex and communities are open
environments.
 There are many types and sources of violence.
 There is not “one-size-fits-all” active shooter plan.
8
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Primary Resources:
Active Shooter Guidance
General
9
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Primary Resources:
Specific Guidance
10
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Four Areas of Evolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shooters & Shootings
Police Response Procedures
Bystander Intervention
Threat Assessment/Violence
Prevention
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Section One:
Evolution of Shooters and Shooting Events
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An Important Distinction:
Active Shooter vs. Shooting Incident
• “Active Shooter is a term used by law enforcement to describe a
situation in which a shooting is in progress and an aspect of the crime
may affect the protocols used in responding to and reacting at the
scene of the incident.” (FBI, 2015)
• The U.S. Department of Homeland Security defines an Active Shooter
as, “an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill
people in a confined and populated area.” (DHS, 2013)
• In these pre-planned (predatory=“cold blooded”) events, the Shooter
has prepared to injure and kill as many people as possible before he is
stopped.
• Active Shooter incidents average 12 minutes in duration; During this
events, on average another person is shot every 15 seconds.
• 69% are over in 5 minutes or less. 60% end prior to arrival of Law
Enforcement personnel.
Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved.
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An Important Distinction:
Active Shooter vs. Shooting Incident
• A Shooting Incident is typically spontaneous and emotionally
driven (affective=“hot blooded”) rather than predatory (i.e.,
not pre-planned).
• These unplanned events are often opportunistic or angry
reactions. They include:
• A shot fired in hospital or health care setting
• An accidental discharge of a weapon
• A gun fight between two or more individuals
• Other scenarios
• It is important when notifying police and initiating a response
that this difference is kept in mind.
14
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The Big Picture
FBI, 2014
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15
Active Shooter Events by Year
FBI, 2014
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16
Casualty Type by Year
FBI, 2014
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17
Location
FBI, 2014
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Police Response Time
FBI, 2014
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19
Numbers Shot
FBI, 2014
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Weapons Used
FBI, 2014
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Relationship: Shooter to Victim
NYPD, 2011 & 2013
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22
Active Shooter Events (ASEs)
in Higher Education Environments
At the end of 2014, the FBI issued its Study of Active Shooter
Events (ASEs) in the United States between 2000-2013.
• 7.5% of incidents studied occurred at an institution of higher
education (the fifth highest of the 11 categories). Findings
included:
• 60 deaths resulted and 60 individuals were wounded
• Ages of shooters ranged from 18 to 62; 5 former students, 4
current students, 2 employees, and 1 patient visiting a medical
center;
• 2 of the shooters were female and 10 were male;
• 4 of the shooters committed suicide at the scene, while 2 were
killed by police at the scene.
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Motives:
Higher Education
• Desire for attention or recognition
(Herostratus Syndrome)
• Suicide or desperation
• Attempt to solve a problem
• Multiple motives
• Revenge
• Felt bullied/
persecuted or threatened
The Santa Barbara shooting/stabbing
by others
spree (May 2014) is an example of
-Source: US Secret Service
several of these motives combined, and
the concept of the INCOMPETENT
JOINER.
24
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Herostratus Syndrome
• Herostratus was an arsonist. On July
21, 356 BC, seeking notoriety, he
burned down the Temple of
Artemis at Ephesus in ancient
Greece (now Turkey).
• The Temple of Artemis was one of
the Seven Wonders of the Ancient
World.
• His name has become a metonym for
someone who commits a criminal act
in order to become famous.
25
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Motives:
Government Targets
• Ideology; Anti-government beliefs
• Feelings of injustice/unfairness
• Blame and/or responsibility
• High-profile, notoriety
• Psychologically unstable/delusional
• Suicide-by-Cop; others…
26
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Military & Government Properties
The Concept of Type V Violence
• 11 incidents resulted in 24 killed (including 3 law
enforcement officers) and 14 wounded (including 4 law
enforcement officers).
• The ages of the shooters, 1 of whom was female, ranged
from 23 to 88.
• In all, 4 shooters were killed by police at the scene, 1 shooter
was killed by an airport security guard, 3 shooters were
apprehended by police at the scene (1 after the shooter was
restrained by a citizen), 2 shooters committed suicide at the
scene (1 before and 1 after police arrived), and 1 shooter
fled and is still at large.
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Benefits of an Expanded Typology
More representative of
our current situation.
• Creates understanding that
some extremist-driving violence
may be directed at the
workplace.
• Allows for more inclusive
training:
• Warning signs of workplace
violence and
• “Seven Signs of Terrorism”
• Promotes “force-multiplier”
effect with more eyes and ears.
28
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Type V:
Ideological Violence
• Violence directed at an
organization, its people, and/or
property for ideological, religious
or political reasons.
• Violence perpetrated by
extremists; environmental,
animal rights, and other
value‐driven groups may fall
within this category.
The recent shooting incident at a Planned
Parenthood facility in Colorado Springs is
an example of Type V workplace violence.
The shootings at the recruiting center in
Chattanooga and Fort Hood also blur the
lines between workplace violence and
terrorism.
• Target selection is based on rage
against what the targeted
organization does or represents.
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Hybrid Targeted Violence (HTV)
• HTV is defined as the use of violence, targeting a
specific population, using multiple and multifaceted
conventional and unconventional weapons and
tactics.
• The HTV attackers often target several locations
simultaneously.
Frazzano, Tracy L., and G. Matthew Snyder. “Hybrid Targeted Violence: Challenging
Conventional “Active Shooter” Response Strategies.” Homeland Security Affairs 10,
Article 3 (February 2014). https://www.hsaj.org/articles/253
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Examples of HTV Incidents
Examples include:
 Beslan School Siege
 Mumbai Siege
 Westgate Mall
 Paris Attacks
 Boston Marathon
 San Bernardino
While HTV attacks are not exactly new, or unheard of in the U.S.,
intelligence estimates show that international extremist groups
are very interested in initiating, supporting and inciting this kind
of attack on American soil.
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31
Elements of HTV
HTV attacks differ from the more common Active Shooter
incidents:
• Well-trained, tactically competent, and willing-to-die perpetrators.
• Multiple operators (attackers) working in small tactical units.
• Effective internal and external communications/coordination.
• Purposeful luring of first responders to inflict even more carnage.
• Use of fire to complicate first-responder operations and cause
further damage.
• Potential use of CBRN agents.
• Use of high-powered military type weapons and explosives,
including suicide bomb vests.
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Section Two:
Police Response Procedures
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Nightmare Scenario:
Any Shooting Incident
The large number of students, faculty and staff on hand in
academic settings mean that a shooting incident may produce
multiple casualties. Violence can easily migrate from the
surrounding community to the school or vice versa.
A true “Active Shooter” (i.e., seeking maximum casualty count) in
an academic setting is a nightmare scenario.
Colleges and universities are :
• Soft targets
• “Target rich” environments
• Have other dynamics that increase risk (ex.: age of onset of
serious mental illnesses in young males, others)
34
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1st Generation
“Contain and Wait”
• Pre-Columbine
• Establish perimeter
• Request/Await specialize teams
• Prevent entry or evacuation from location
• Officers outside the school were not aware that the killers
had killed themselves. It would be several more hours before
the buildings were secure and the victims inside the school
could be treated.
• One teacher bled out from a survivable wound during that
delay.
35
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nd
2
Generation:
Teams/Formations
• Wait for next arriving officers.
• Form into small hunter cells/entry team
• Don’t wait for arrival of specialized teams.
• Move past injured.
• Move toward threat (shots).
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rd
3
Generation:
Solo Entry
• First officers arriving make either
solo or two-officer entries at their
discretion.
• Additional arriving officers enter,
contact and “link up” with first
officers to for team/cell.
• Multiple ingress points are
employed, converging quickly on
the suspect.
• As the number of officers from
outlying allied agencies increases,
the security of the perimeter
improves
• FBI report states 1/3 of officers
entering alone will be shot.
37
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4th Generation:
MACTAC
• MACTAC (Multi-Assault Counter-Terrorism Action
Capabilities).
• Coordinated violent attacks by terrorists and antigovernment extremists are on the rise. Terrorist events
cause high numbers of casualties or involve the use of
victims as tools to gain notoriety or media attention.
• Multiple Assault Counter Terrorism Action Capabilities.
• LE’s plan for engaging assailants who are actively killing in
multiple locations.
The Paris Attacks were a recent
example of a multiple-attacker,
multiple-location incident.
38
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Section Three:
Threat Assessment/Threat Management
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The Role of Warning Behaviors
Research is increasingly pointing away
from individual personality traits as useful
indicators of risk, and towards patterns of
behavior and communication referred to
as “Warning Behaviors.”
Warning Behaviors are acute and dynamic
correlates of risk:
• They are accelerants—focus on
accelerating change.
• Patterns of behavior rather than
individual risk factors.
The Role of Warning Behaviors (Meloy et al.,
Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 29:2011)
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Established Warning Behaviors
• Pathway
• Fixation
• Identification
• Novel aggression
• Energy burst
• Leakage
• Directly communicated
threat
• Last resort behavior
The Role of Warning Behaviors (Meloy et al.,
Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 29:2011)
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Leakage
Leakage warning behavior – the communication to a third party
of an intent to do harm to a target through an attack (Meloy &
O’Toole, 2011).
• The communication to a third party of an intent to do harm to
a target through an attack.
• In adult mass murders*, 67% had leaked intent to third parties
before an attack.
• In adolescent mass murders, 58% leaked information prior to
attacks.
• In an FBI study of school shooters ALL (100%) engaged in some
sort of pre-attack leakage.
* Using the FBI definition, “mass murder” indicates three or more people killed in a single
incident. Adult here means a subject >18 y.o.
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Methods & Themes of Leakage
Methods of Leakage
Themes of Leakage
• Threats: overt,
veiled, innuendos,
etc.
• Diary/Journal
entries
• Social media/web
postings
• Doodling/Artwork
• Video/Audio
recordings
• Violence/ Suicidality
• Hopelessness/Despair
• Hatred/ Vengeance
• Isolation/ Loneliness
• Nihilism /“End of the
World”
43
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Section Four:
Bystander Intervention
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Bystander Intervention:
Stop the Killing
• Unlike other violent crimes, the active aspect of an
Active Shooter incident inherently implies that both law
enforcement personnel and citizens have the potential
to affect the outcome of the event based upon their
responses. (FBI, 2015)
• Students, faculty and staff serve as the first on-scene
responders – are they trained FOR THIS?
• REMEMBER: Train civilians that Fight is always the LAST
RESORT…only if no other options are available.
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Precise Skill Training:
Example-”Fight”
People best approach frightening challenges when they
have a reasonable degree of:
Concern (Threat)
• Severity-How bad/dangerous is it?
• Susceptibility-Does it threaten me?
Confidence (Efficacy)
• In self
• In the organization’s ability to respond
(Witte, K., 2000)
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Threat Control vs. Fear Control
Research demonstrates people go through a sequential
appraisal process in decision-making related to crisis
response.
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47
Response Categories
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Perceptions & Attitudes
Research participants also indicated significant attitudes
including:
 “My response makes a difference.”
 “I can do what is expected of me.”
 “I have an important role in the response.”*
* Those with perceived “important roles” declared
substantially higher rates of participation
49
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Bystander Intervention
Bystanders are
your initial First
Responders
positioned to
Stop the Killing.
Even when law enforcement was present or able to respond
within minutes, civilians often had to make life and death
decisions, and, therefore, should be engaged in training and
discussions on decisions they may face.
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50
Training to Fight
Fight means:
 Distract: Interrupt the Shooter’s focus.
 Disrupt: Interrupt the Shooter’s momentum/rhythm.
 Disarm: Interrupt the Shooter’s access to weapons.
Many of those you train will have no prior experience
being near or touching a firearm. Teach them to push the
weapon:
DATTS: Down, And to The Side
Not up or Straight Down
Use Teams
Use Improvised Weapons
Use Surprise
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51
Bystander Intervention:
Stop the Dying
• National Average: It takes
approximately 7 to 15 minutes
for first responders to reach
the scene and often longer for
them to safely enter and start
treating patients.
• Victims who experience
massive trauma don’t have
that much time and can often
bleed to death in as little as
three minutes.
52
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Bystander Intervention:
Stop the Dying
OLD SCHOOL
• Stage-and-Wait (No EMS or fire response until scene is
completely secure)
• How long will it take to completely clear and secure a
scene?
• What happens to the victims?
• Access by EMS, in some cases, could take up to 30 minutes
before initial patient contact – likely longer.
• Mortality rates are high as patients “bleed out” prior to
medical contact while our resources are waiting in staging.
• “One size fits all” mentality regarding response and
treatment could result in a mass fatality instead of mass
casualty.
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53
An Accurate Picture of Casualties
• A high percentage of victims
will have head wounds.
• 90% of deaths occurred prior
to definitive care*
The most common cause of
preventable death in an
active shooter incident is
the failure to control severe
bleeding.
•
•
•
•
42% immediately
26% within 5 minutes
16% within 5 – 30 minutes
8-10% within 30 minutes to 1 hour
• Golden Hour – most die within
30 minutes of injuries that
require simple interventions
*Matthew Dreher, “The Active Shooter and Your
Quick Response
54
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NEW SCHOOL
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The Case for B-CON
(Bleeding Control)
• The incident doesn’t end with “Shooter Down.”
• Depending upon the magnitude of the event, law enforcement
may need to search, clear and secure every part of the facility.
• Envision the immediate post shooting environment and the
response gap.
• Casualty throw kits and wall mounted kits within potential
critical target facilities (similar to AED allocation)
• Shift from Stopping the Shooting to Stopping the Dying.
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Pre-positioning Civilian B-CON Kits
Wall Kit
Carry Kit
Throw Kit
• Designed to provide bystanders and initial first responders
with quick and easy access to essential medical equipment for
stopping life-threatening bleeding.
• Throw Kit contains illustrated instructions that take the user
through step-by-step procedures to ensure proper care and
device application based on what they observe for injuries.
57
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Rapidly Deployable
B-CON Throw Kits
• High-Resolution
Instructional Card
• Tourniquet
• Occlusive Trauma
Bandage
• Petrolatum Gauze
• Tape Board
• Emergency Blanket
• Casualty Marking Card
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Rapidly Deployable
Emergency Notifications
• Incidents evolve quickly; Time is of the essence.
• Valuable moments are lost if people are milling around in
confusion and panic, leaving them vulnerable and
exposed.
• Communication that is clear and actionable can help
avoid a dangerous event unfolding.
• There’s nothing better to foil a shooter than to take away
their targets.
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Plain Language Messaging
• Authorities (i.e., DHS, FBI, others) suggest
Plain Language and not code words for
Active Shooter incident notification.
• Research shows people do not panic when
given clear and informative warnings; They
want accurate information and clear
instructions on how to protect themselves
in the emergency.
• Not everyone will understand a code
system, and so plain language warnings
and clear instructions should be given to
make sure everyone in danger understands
the need to act.
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Rapid Psychological Support
• It is also important to manage
psychological trauma as early as
possible.
• Emotional reactions can make
someone part of the problem, instead
of the solution and put themselves
and others at risk.
• Psychological First Aid is intended for
the 0-48 hours of an incident. It is
ideal for active crisis scenarios.
From “Run > Hide > Fight”
“Psychological first aid (PFA) refers to a set of skills identified to
limit the distress and negative behaviors that can increase fear
and arousal.” (National Academy of Sciences, 2003)
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A Distinction:
Psychological First Aid
vs. vs. Mental Health First
• PFA is intended for
anyone experiencing an
overwhelming emotional
response to a disaster or
emergency, with or
without a pre-existing
mental health condition.
Both are “every person” skills
sets. Just as you don’t have to be
a doctor, nurse or EMT to use
basic medical first aid, you don’t
have to be a mental health
professional to use PFA.
•
MHFA is intended
primarily for individuals
with a pre-existing
psychiatric conditions
experiencing a psychiatric
emergency.
62
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Take Aways
When planning for Active Shooter Incident Management in
Academic or Government settings, remember:
• That these are complex and
different settings with unique
challenges.
• The nature of Shooters and
Shooting Incidents in these
settings is different in
significant ways that should
inform planning, exercising
and response.
• Develop compressive violence
& response plans.
• Provide precise skill training:
• Bystander Intervention
• B-CON
• Psych First Aid
• Pre-position critical supplies
• Pre-develop critical messages
and communications
63
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64
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For More Information
Toll Free
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917-289-1186
Email: info@behavioralscienceapps.com
Web: www.behavioralscienceapps.com
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Solutions for Unified Critical Communications
Everbridge for Active Shooter Incidents
Three Critical Communication Channels
Respond
Emergency
Responders
Protect
Impacted
Constituents
Notify
Commanders
Executives
67
Everbridge Critical Communications
Predefined templates automate the communication workflow
WHAT
To alert?
Missing
Person
Fire
Medical
Active
Shooter
WHO
Needs to know?
RESPONDERS
On-call
STAKEHOLDERS
CITIZENS/RESIDENTS
HOW
To reach them?
HOW
Are You?
1. Available?
2. Busy with other issue?
To collaborate?
ONE CLICK
CONFERENCE BRIDGE
ESCALATE
BASED ON RULES
POLLING
68
Automated Communication
+ Predefined templates
+ Easy to select
+ Easy to fill out
+ Communication
automated behind
the scenes
•
•
•
•
What message
Who
Map based
How
69
Everbridge Universe: Polygon Targeted Messaging
70
Intelligent Profiles: Protect Students and Employees
33: Last known location
56: Office location
Know immediately
Who is in the building?
What floor?
Everbridge Connectors
• Network Access
• Security Badge Access Controls
71
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