Solutions for Unified Critical Communications Active Shooter Preparedness and Response February 18th, 2016 Agenda • The evolving threat posed by active shooters • The special concerns associated with campus and community event settings • Recommendations for preparedness, response and recovery • A look at Everbridge • Q&A 2 House Keeping Managing Incidents. . . Engagement Webinar ID 123-456-789 Use the Q&A function to submit your questions. We’ll send out a recording after the event. @everbridge #ActiveShooterPrepLinkedIn Member? Join our LinkedIn Everbridge Incident Management Professionals Group #everbridge #EBCommunity 3 Speakers Steve Crimando Principal of Behavioral Science Applications Claudia Dent V.P., Product Management Everbridge 4 Beyond Run > Hide > Fight: Advances in Active Shooter Incident Management Special Considerations for Institutions of Higher Learning & Community Emergency Management Authorities Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. About the Presenter Steven Crimando, MA, BCETS, CHS-V • Consultant/Trainer: U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security; U.S. Dept. of Justice; National Criminal Justice Training Center; U.S. Health & Human Services Administration; OSHA; United Nations; NYPD; U.S. Military, others. • Diplomate: National Center for Crisis Management; American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress. • 4Board Certified Expert in Traumatic Stress (BCCETS); Certified Trauma Specialist (BCETS). • • • Police Surgeon, International Society of Police Surgeons, New Jersey Police Surgeons team. Advisor, Active Shooter Rescue Task Force (Morris County, NJ) On-scene Responder/Supervisor: ‘93 and 9/11World Trade Center attacks; NJ Anthrax Screening Center; TWA Flight 800; Unabomber Case; Int’l kidnappings, hostage negotiation team member. Discussing active shooter incident response on the Dr. Oz Show. • • Qualified Expert: to the courts and media on violence prevention and response issues. • Author: Many published articles and book chapters addressing the behavioral sciences in violence prevention, disaster and terrorism response. Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 6 Realties of Modern Life The possibility of an Active Shooter Incident is no longer a question of if, but rather when and where. Incidents can occur at any time and at any place. No type of location or geographic area is immune. Higher Education environments present unique challenges in Active Shooter planning and response. Active Shooter events evolve rapidly and end quickly, often before law enforcement can arrive. In the initial phase, bystander intervention and civilian response are essential. 7 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Assumptions We will assume that participants have: A fundamental knowledge of general recommended response strategies (Run>Hide>Fight). Access to key planning guidance's An interest in optimizing the violence prevention and active shooter response capabilities at their facilities. This program will not be all inclusive: Campuses are complex and communities are open environments. There are many types and sources of violence. There is not “one-size-fits-all” active shooter plan. 8 Copyright ©2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Primary Resources: Active Shooter Guidance General 9 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Primary Resources: Specific Guidance 10 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Four Areas of Evolution 1. 2. 3. 4. Shooters & Shootings Police Response Procedures Bystander Intervention Threat Assessment/Violence Prevention 11 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Section One: Evolution of Shooters and Shooting Events 12 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. An Important Distinction: Active Shooter vs. Shooting Incident • “Active Shooter is a term used by law enforcement to describe a situation in which a shooting is in progress and an aspect of the crime may affect the protocols used in responding to and reacting at the scene of the incident.” (FBI, 2015) • The U.S. Department of Homeland Security defines an Active Shooter as, “an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area.” (DHS, 2013) • In these pre-planned (predatory=“cold blooded”) events, the Shooter has prepared to injure and kill as many people as possible before he is stopped. • Active Shooter incidents average 12 minutes in duration; During this events, on average another person is shot every 15 seconds. • 69% are over in 5 minutes or less. 60% end prior to arrival of Law Enforcement personnel. Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 13 An Important Distinction: Active Shooter vs. Shooting Incident • A Shooting Incident is typically spontaneous and emotionally driven (affective=“hot blooded”) rather than predatory (i.e., not pre-planned). • These unplanned events are often opportunistic or angry reactions. They include: • A shot fired in hospital or health care setting • An accidental discharge of a weapon • A gun fight between two or more individuals • Other scenarios • It is important when notifying police and initiating a response that this difference is kept in mind. 14 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. The Big Picture FBI, 2014 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 15 Active Shooter Events by Year FBI, 2014 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 16 Casualty Type by Year FBI, 2014 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 17 Location FBI, 2014 18 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Police Response Time FBI, 2014 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 19 Numbers Shot FBI, 2014 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 20 Weapons Used FBI, 2014 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 21 Relationship: Shooter to Victim NYPD, 2011 & 2013 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 22 Active Shooter Events (ASEs) in Higher Education Environments At the end of 2014, the FBI issued its Study of Active Shooter Events (ASEs) in the United States between 2000-2013. • 7.5% of incidents studied occurred at an institution of higher education (the fifth highest of the 11 categories). Findings included: • 60 deaths resulted and 60 individuals were wounded • Ages of shooters ranged from 18 to 62; 5 former students, 4 current students, 2 employees, and 1 patient visiting a medical center; • 2 of the shooters were female and 10 were male; • 4 of the shooters committed suicide at the scene, while 2 were killed by police at the scene. 23 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Motives: Higher Education • Desire for attention or recognition (Herostratus Syndrome) • Suicide or desperation • Attempt to solve a problem • Multiple motives • Revenge • Felt bullied/ persecuted or threatened The Santa Barbara shooting/stabbing by others spree (May 2014) is an example of -Source: US Secret Service several of these motives combined, and the concept of the INCOMPETENT JOINER. 24 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Herostratus Syndrome • Herostratus was an arsonist. On July 21, 356 BC, seeking notoriety, he burned down the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus in ancient Greece (now Turkey). • The Temple of Artemis was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. • His name has become a metonym for someone who commits a criminal act in order to become famous. 25 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Motives: Government Targets • Ideology; Anti-government beliefs • Feelings of injustice/unfairness • Blame and/or responsibility • High-profile, notoriety • Psychologically unstable/delusional • Suicide-by-Cop; others… 26 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Military & Government Properties The Concept of Type V Violence • 11 incidents resulted in 24 killed (including 3 law enforcement officers) and 14 wounded (including 4 law enforcement officers). • The ages of the shooters, 1 of whom was female, ranged from 23 to 88. • In all, 4 shooters were killed by police at the scene, 1 shooter was killed by an airport security guard, 3 shooters were apprehended by police at the scene (1 after the shooter was restrained by a citizen), 2 shooters committed suicide at the scene (1 before and 1 after police arrived), and 1 shooter fled and is still at large. 27 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Benefits of an Expanded Typology More representative of our current situation. • Creates understanding that some extremist-driving violence may be directed at the workplace. • Allows for more inclusive training: • Warning signs of workplace violence and • “Seven Signs of Terrorism” • Promotes “force-multiplier” effect with more eyes and ears. 28 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Type V: Ideological Violence • Violence directed at an organization, its people, and/or property for ideological, religious or political reasons. • Violence perpetrated by extremists; environmental, animal rights, and other value‐driven groups may fall within this category. The recent shooting incident at a Planned Parenthood facility in Colorado Springs is an example of Type V workplace violence. The shootings at the recruiting center in Chattanooga and Fort Hood also blur the lines between workplace violence and terrorism. • Target selection is based on rage against what the targeted organization does or represents. 29 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Hybrid Targeted Violence (HTV) • HTV is defined as the use of violence, targeting a specific population, using multiple and multifaceted conventional and unconventional weapons and tactics. • The HTV attackers often target several locations simultaneously. Frazzano, Tracy L., and G. Matthew Snyder. “Hybrid Targeted Violence: Challenging Conventional “Active Shooter” Response Strategies.” Homeland Security Affairs 10, Article 3 (February 2014). https://www.hsaj.org/articles/253 30 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Examples of HTV Incidents Examples include: Beslan School Siege Mumbai Siege Westgate Mall Paris Attacks Boston Marathon San Bernardino While HTV attacks are not exactly new, or unheard of in the U.S., intelligence estimates show that international extremist groups are very interested in initiating, supporting and inciting this kind of attack on American soil. Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 31 Elements of HTV HTV attacks differ from the more common Active Shooter incidents: • Well-trained, tactically competent, and willing-to-die perpetrators. • Multiple operators (attackers) working in small tactical units. • Effective internal and external communications/coordination. • Purposeful luring of first responders to inflict even more carnage. • Use of fire to complicate first-responder operations and cause further damage. • Potential use of CBRN agents. • Use of high-powered military type weapons and explosives, including suicide bomb vests. 32 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Section Two: Police Response Procedures 33 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Nightmare Scenario: Any Shooting Incident The large number of students, faculty and staff on hand in academic settings mean that a shooting incident may produce multiple casualties. Violence can easily migrate from the surrounding community to the school or vice versa. A true “Active Shooter” (i.e., seeking maximum casualty count) in an academic setting is a nightmare scenario. Colleges and universities are : • Soft targets • “Target rich” environments • Have other dynamics that increase risk (ex.: age of onset of serious mental illnesses in young males, others) 34 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 1st Generation “Contain and Wait” • Pre-Columbine • Establish perimeter • Request/Await specialize teams • Prevent entry or evacuation from location • Officers outside the school were not aware that the killers had killed themselves. It would be several more hours before the buildings were secure and the victims inside the school could be treated. • One teacher bled out from a survivable wound during that delay. 35 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. nd 2 Generation: Teams/Formations • Wait for next arriving officers. • Form into small hunter cells/entry team • Don’t wait for arrival of specialized teams. • Move past injured. • Move toward threat (shots). 36 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. rd 3 Generation: Solo Entry • First officers arriving make either solo or two-officer entries at their discretion. • Additional arriving officers enter, contact and “link up” with first officers to for team/cell. • Multiple ingress points are employed, converging quickly on the suspect. • As the number of officers from outlying allied agencies increases, the security of the perimeter improves • FBI report states 1/3 of officers entering alone will be shot. 37 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 4th Generation: MACTAC • MACTAC (Multi-Assault Counter-Terrorism Action Capabilities). • Coordinated violent attacks by terrorists and antigovernment extremists are on the rise. Terrorist events cause high numbers of casualties or involve the use of victims as tools to gain notoriety or media attention. • Multiple Assault Counter Terrorism Action Capabilities. • LE’s plan for engaging assailants who are actively killing in multiple locations. The Paris Attacks were a recent example of a multiple-attacker, multiple-location incident. 38 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Section Three: Threat Assessment/Threat Management 39 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. The Role of Warning Behaviors Research is increasingly pointing away from individual personality traits as useful indicators of risk, and towards patterns of behavior and communication referred to as “Warning Behaviors.” Warning Behaviors are acute and dynamic correlates of risk: • They are accelerants—focus on accelerating change. • Patterns of behavior rather than individual risk factors. The Role of Warning Behaviors (Meloy et al., Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 29:2011) Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 40 Established Warning Behaviors • Pathway • Fixation • Identification • Novel aggression • Energy burst • Leakage • Directly communicated threat • Last resort behavior The Role of Warning Behaviors (Meloy et al., Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 29:2011) 41 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Leakage Leakage warning behavior – the communication to a third party of an intent to do harm to a target through an attack (Meloy & O’Toole, 2011). • The communication to a third party of an intent to do harm to a target through an attack. • In adult mass murders*, 67% had leaked intent to third parties before an attack. • In adolescent mass murders, 58% leaked information prior to attacks. • In an FBI study of school shooters ALL (100%) engaged in some sort of pre-attack leakage. * Using the FBI definition, “mass murder” indicates three or more people killed in a single incident. Adult here means a subject >18 y.o. 42 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Methods & Themes of Leakage Methods of Leakage Themes of Leakage • Threats: overt, veiled, innuendos, etc. • Diary/Journal entries • Social media/web postings • Doodling/Artwork • Video/Audio recordings • Violence/ Suicidality • Hopelessness/Despair • Hatred/ Vengeance • Isolation/ Loneliness • Nihilism /“End of the World” 43 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Section Four: Bystander Intervention 44 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Bystander Intervention: Stop the Killing • Unlike other violent crimes, the active aspect of an Active Shooter incident inherently implies that both law enforcement personnel and citizens have the potential to affect the outcome of the event based upon their responses. (FBI, 2015) • Students, faculty and staff serve as the first on-scene responders – are they trained FOR THIS? • REMEMBER: Train civilians that Fight is always the LAST RESORT…only if no other options are available. 45 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Precise Skill Training: Example-”Fight” People best approach frightening challenges when they have a reasonable degree of: Concern (Threat) • Severity-How bad/dangerous is it? • Susceptibility-Does it threaten me? Confidence (Efficacy) • In self • In the organization’s ability to respond (Witte, K., 2000) 46 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Threat Control vs. Fear Control Research demonstrates people go through a sequential appraisal process in decision-making related to crisis response. Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 47 Response Categories 48 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Perceptions & Attitudes Research participants also indicated significant attitudes including: “My response makes a difference.” “I can do what is expected of me.” “I have an important role in the response.”* * Those with perceived “important roles” declared substantially higher rates of participation 49 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Bystander Intervention Bystanders are your initial First Responders positioned to Stop the Killing. Even when law enforcement was present or able to respond within minutes, civilians often had to make life and death decisions, and, therefore, should be engaged in training and discussions on decisions they may face. Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 50 Training to Fight Fight means: Distract: Interrupt the Shooter’s focus. Disrupt: Interrupt the Shooter’s momentum/rhythm. Disarm: Interrupt the Shooter’s access to weapons. Many of those you train will have no prior experience being near or touching a firearm. Teach them to push the weapon: DATTS: Down, And to The Side Not up or Straight Down Use Teams Use Improvised Weapons Use Surprise Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 51 Bystander Intervention: Stop the Dying • National Average: It takes approximately 7 to 15 minutes for first responders to reach the scene and often longer for them to safely enter and start treating patients. • Victims who experience massive trauma don’t have that much time and can often bleed to death in as little as three minutes. 52 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Bystander Intervention: Stop the Dying OLD SCHOOL • Stage-and-Wait (No EMS or fire response until scene is completely secure) • How long will it take to completely clear and secure a scene? • What happens to the victims? • Access by EMS, in some cases, could take up to 30 minutes before initial patient contact – likely longer. • Mortality rates are high as patients “bleed out” prior to medical contact while our resources are waiting in staging. • “One size fits all” mentality regarding response and treatment could result in a mass fatality instead of mass casualty. Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 53 An Accurate Picture of Casualties • A high percentage of victims will have head wounds. • 90% of deaths occurred prior to definitive care* The most common cause of preventable death in an active shooter incident is the failure to control severe bleeding. • • • • 42% immediately 26% within 5 minutes 16% within 5 – 30 minutes 8-10% within 30 minutes to 1 hour • Golden Hour – most die within 30 minutes of injuries that require simple interventions *Matthew Dreher, “The Active Shooter and Your Quick Response 54 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. NEW SCHOOL 55 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. The Case for B-CON (Bleeding Control) • The incident doesn’t end with “Shooter Down.” • Depending upon the magnitude of the event, law enforcement may need to search, clear and secure every part of the facility. • Envision the immediate post shooting environment and the response gap. • Casualty throw kits and wall mounted kits within potential critical target facilities (similar to AED allocation) • Shift from Stopping the Shooting to Stopping the Dying. 56 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Pre-positioning Civilian B-CON Kits Wall Kit Carry Kit Throw Kit • Designed to provide bystanders and initial first responders with quick and easy access to essential medical equipment for stopping life-threatening bleeding. • Throw Kit contains illustrated instructions that take the user through step-by-step procedures to ensure proper care and device application based on what they observe for injuries. 57 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Rapidly Deployable B-CON Throw Kits • High-Resolution Instructional Card • Tourniquet • Occlusive Trauma Bandage • Petrolatum Gauze • Tape Board • Emergency Blanket • Casualty Marking Card 58 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Rapidly Deployable Emergency Notifications • Incidents evolve quickly; Time is of the essence. • Valuable moments are lost if people are milling around in confusion and panic, leaving them vulnerable and exposed. • Communication that is clear and actionable can help avoid a dangerous event unfolding. • There’s nothing better to foil a shooter than to take away their targets. 59 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Plain Language Messaging • Authorities (i.e., DHS, FBI, others) suggest Plain Language and not code words for Active Shooter incident notification. • Research shows people do not panic when given clear and informative warnings; They want accurate information and clear instructions on how to protect themselves in the emergency. • Not everyone will understand a code system, and so plain language warnings and clear instructions should be given to make sure everyone in danger understands the need to act. 60 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Rapid Psychological Support • It is also important to manage psychological trauma as early as possible. • Emotional reactions can make someone part of the problem, instead of the solution and put themselves and others at risk. • Psychological First Aid is intended for the 0-48 hours of an incident. It is ideal for active crisis scenarios. From “Run > Hide > Fight” “Psychological first aid (PFA) refers to a set of skills identified to limit the distress and negative behaviors that can increase fear and arousal.” (National Academy of Sciences, 2003) 61 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. A Distinction: Psychological First Aid vs. vs. Mental Health First • PFA is intended for anyone experiencing an overwhelming emotional response to a disaster or emergency, with or without a pre-existing mental health condition. Both are “every person” skills sets. Just as you don’t have to be a doctor, nurse or EMT to use basic medical first aid, you don’t have to be a mental health professional to use PFA. • MHFA is intended primarily for individuals with a pre-existing psychiatric conditions experiencing a psychiatric emergency. 62 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Take Aways When planning for Active Shooter Incident Management in Academic or Government settings, remember: • That these are complex and different settings with unique challenges. • The nature of Shooters and Shooting Incidents in these settings is different in significant ways that should inform planning, exercising and response. • Develop compressive violence & response plans. • Provide precise skill training: • Bystander Intervention • B-CON • Psych First Aid • Pre-position critical supplies • Pre-develop critical messages and communications 63 Copyright ©2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. 64 Copyright ©2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. For More Information Toll Free 888-404-6177 New York Metro Area 917-289-1186 Email: info@behavioralscienceapps.com Web: www.behavioralscienceapps.com 65 Copyright © 2016. Behavioral Science Applications. All Rights Reserved. Solutions for Unified Critical Communications Everbridge for Active Shooter Incidents Three Critical Communication Channels Respond Emergency Responders Protect Impacted Constituents Notify Commanders Executives 67 Everbridge Critical Communications Predefined templates automate the communication workflow WHAT To alert? Missing Person Fire Medical Active Shooter WHO Needs to know? RESPONDERS On-call STAKEHOLDERS CITIZENS/RESIDENTS HOW To reach them? HOW Are You? 1. Available? 2. Busy with other issue? To collaborate? ONE CLICK CONFERENCE BRIDGE ESCALATE BASED ON RULES POLLING 68 Automated Communication + Predefined templates + Easy to select + Easy to fill out + Communication automated behind the scenes • • • • What message Who Map based How 69 Everbridge Universe: Polygon Targeted Messaging 70 Intelligent Profiles: Protect Students and Employees 33: Last known location 56: Office location Know immediately Who is in the building? What floor? Everbridge Connectors • Network Access • Security Badge Access Controls 71 Everbridge: Unified Critical Communications Founded 2002 GLOBAL Offices LOS ANGELES BOSTON BEIJING LONDON FRANKFURT 18 Global Offices & Data Centers 150+ COUNTRIES & 100+ MODALITIES 3,000+ UNIFIED CRITICAL COMMUNICATION CUSTOMERS SCALABLE 1 Billion Messages per Year 100 Million Contacts Managed MARKET LEADING 11th straight year of growth as the Market Leader 72 3,000+ Customers Across Multiple Markets CORPORATE FINANCE HEALTH / BIOTECH GOVERNMENT TRANSPORTATION ENERGY 100 of the Fortune 1000 3 of Top 5 Investment Banks 9 of the Top 10 Healthcare Systems 6 of the Top 10 US Cities 21 of the Top 25 Airports 3 of the Top 5 Nuclear Systems 73 Q&A #EBCommunity Note: Presentation slides will be available on our blog at blog.everbridge.com Use the Q&A function to submit your questions. 74 THANK YOU! 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