ACSA Collaborative Practice Award
2014-2015 Winner: Submission Materials
DesignBuildBLUFF
RICK SOMMERFELD
University of Colorado Denver
PROCESS: IPD in DESIGN BUILD EDUCATION
Integrated Project Delivery Model:
Two architecture departments and one engineering department have
teamed up with structural and lighting engineers from the local Denver
community to create a unique interdisciplinary environment exposing
students to the emerging field of integrated project delivery, IPD. This
collaborative model has designed and built five sustainable homes in
four years for residences of Navajo Nation.
Process:
During the first week of class students begin research to identify
programmatic and site “anomalies”. These unique features
(opportunities to move the design in a less traditional direction)
become the foundation of exploration for the IPD design team. Over
the next three weeks students collaborate on design ideas, selecting
local consultants and computer programs that will best guide the
design for the remainder of the year. Consultants and students from
other universities are brought in immediately to guide the design in an
interdisciplinary manner.
2010 _ Windcatcher
2011 _ Nakai
2011 _ Skow
2012 _ Raine
2013 _ Hozho
Community Engagement:
On Navajo Nation the universities partner with the Navajo Trust
Fund to select a client. Prior to meeting the client students
work with Urban Indian Center Staff to learn about Indian
culture. After an intense study of the landscape, often with the
client, students look at the material culture of the region and
work with the Navajo families regarding their programmatic
needs. Throughout the design process, and the build, the
families were involved in design input, often helping during
construction.
2010 _ Windcatcher
protection from abuse
2011 _ Nakai
living in books
2011 _ Skow
reinterpreting the “kit home”
2012 _ Raine
privacy for a family of six
Families working with students to help build the homes
An outreach project to rebuild a local bus stop for the kids in the neighborhood
2013 _ Hozho
queit client, queit home
Materiality and Passive Deisgn:
The integrated project delivery team identifies materials and
passive design systems that fit the climate and client. The
team relies on the Navajo family’s knowledge of the landscape
to help inform their design decisions. The goal is to design
energy efficient homes that use local materials to capture and
reuse passive energy in program specific designs.
Since most of the homes were built for $25,000 material reuse
and labor intensive building techniques were often used. In
some instances, with the help of the National Renewable
Energy Lab, students use the newest energy modeling
software to reimagine traditional building techniques.
2010 _ Windcatcher
wind for cooling
rammed earth
2011 _ Nakai
water for humidification
reflective facade
2011 _ Skow
passive heating w/ mass
material reuse
Diagrams:
Analysis of the concrete
thermal mass in Raine
House. The thermally
broken slow pour concrete,
in combination with the sun
and insulated sliding wall
panels, is designed to keep
the interior temperature
relatively stable.
The analysis is a
collaboration between
architecture students,
engineering students and
NREL.
2012 _ Raine
thermally broken concrete
passive heating/ cooling
2013 _ Hozho
aluminum and cedar shading
SIP insulation
2010 _ Windcatcher House
The design focuses on a central hearth, or “windcatcher” acting
as both the primary cooling and heating source for the home.
Thermal mass is utilized through compressed earth blocks
surrounding the stove and rammed earth walls, protecting the
home from harsh winds and the intense summer sun.
Student designed and built a “cooling tower” and wood stove at the center of the home.
Collaborating partners included NREL, Bureau of Reclimation, and various engineers.
Rammed earth compression testing
Client meetings
Work with the Bureau of Reclimantion on cylinder preparation
1’
FLOOR PLAN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
WAITING AREA
ENTRY RAMP
WATER GARDEN
OUTDOOR CLASSROOM
BENCH
COVERED CLASSROOM
BIRD RELEASE PLATFORM
NORTH-SOUTH SECTION
1’
0’
10’
3’
N
0’
10’
3’
2011 _ Nakai Residence
The home opens to the south to accept the cool breezes in the
summer, while the building shields the courtyard from the cold
western winds in the winter. The building is clad in recycled
spandrel glass. The glass reflects the landscape and nearby
historic homes.
A fifty-foot long bookcase on the interior of the home showcases
the client’s collection of books. The bookcase also houses
the kitchen and sleeping nook while creating a threshold for
private spaces behind it.
Reflective spandrel
glass facade
operable doors
2
operable doors
Humidified air
Hydrated fence
1
utilizes existing windmill
Prevailing winds
1
2
Climate consultant analysis
Passive cooling strategies
IPD Team meets to discuss engineering
Client discusssion on Navajo culture
Client presentations
NORTH ELEVATION
10’
1’
EAST ELEVATION
3’
0’
11
12
LOFT PLAN
10
2
1
4
7
5
3
6
8
9
FLOOR PLAN
1
2
3
4
5
6
CLOSET
BED NOOK
BOOKSHELF
UTILITY
BATH
READING NOOK
7
8
9
10
11
12
LADDER TO LOFT
FIREPLACE
ENTRANCE
ROOF ABOVE
LOFT BED
LOFT STORAGE
10’
1’
0’
10’
1’
NORTH - SOUTH SECTION
0’
N
3’
3’
2011 _ Skow House
The public volume containing the living room and kitchen/
dining room opens up to the southwest, providing direct
solar gain, in the winter, through two walls of orientationspecific solar glazing. A large deck wraps the western and
southern sides of the home and brings the ‘livable’ space
outdoors for much of the year. The Eastern entry porch
provides shaded outdoor space to gather during summer
afternoon hours.
The home is constructed using almost all of the materials
from a “home kit”. Home kits are given to families by
Navajo Nation to build pre-designed homes.
SUN STUDIES
orientation specific glazing and
compressed earth block floor
SUMMER- block sun
WINTER- collect sun
Client presentations
IPD discussion on reusing the “kit home” materials. The discussion also included ideas about
inverting the trusses to open the home up to the views and collect water.
NOR
TH
VIEWS
2
3M VHB taped glass facade over custom cedar window mullions
Collaboration with Studio NYL Facade division and Studio NYL Structural Engineers
(no walls in the home touch the roof)
EXISTING HOUSING KIT
RECLAIMED / REPURPOSE
EXISTING HOUSING KIT
DONATED
RECLAIMED / REPURPOSED
LOCAL MATERIAL
DONATED
LOCAL MATERIAL
ALUMINUM SIDING
ALUMINUM FASCIA
TRUSSES
ALUMINUM SIDING
ALUMINUM FASCIA
ROCKET STOVE
TRUSSES
CEDAR SOFFIT
ROCKET STOVE
ROOF FRAMING
STEEL COLUMN KNIFE BLADES
CEDAR SOFFIT
HEAVY TIMBER & STEEL BEAMS
RETRACTABLE SUNSCREEN
ROOF FRAMING
EEL COLUMN KNIFE BLADES
ALUMINUM SCUPPERS
CEDAR DATUM
STRAW BALE
RETRACTABLE SUNSCREEN
EARTH PLASTER HEAVY TIMBER & STEEL BEAMS
CEDAR DECKING
STRAW BALE
EARTH PLASTER
CEDAR RAIN SCREEN
ALUMINUM SCUPPERS
STEEL COLUMNS
CEDAR DATUM
CMU FOUNDATION WALL
CEDAR RAIN SCREEN
CEDAR DECKING
What the home would have looked like had the clients followed the home kit
drawings.
MU FOUNDATION
WALL
STEEL COLUMNS
WATER CISTERN
FLOOR FRAMING
CEDAR FRAME WINDOWS & DOORS
CEDAR LOUVERS
WATER CISTERN
FLOOR FRAMING
CEDAR PORCH SWING
COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCK FLOOR
CEDAR & ALUMINUM CURTAIN WALL
STEEL COLUMN BASE
2012 _ Raine House
The home is constructed primarily of thermally broken slow pour concrete. This
concrete along with the concrete slab helps collect the suns rays and maintain
a year round internal temperature between 57-79 degrees Fahrenheit. Interior
sliding panels cover the glass curtain wall in the evening, providing an additional
R-12 insulation. During the day they nest along the walls in the living room.
Software analysis of Raine House, a thermally broken concrete home,
vs. a concrete home without a thermal break.
Collaboration between NREL, engineering students/ faculty, and
architecture students/ faculty.
Nightime insulation sliding doors
Reconstruction of an old bus stop for the children of the neighborhood
Site analysis and program meeting with the client
Working with the children to help build the home
1’
1’
North Elevation
10’
0’
10’
3’
3’
WH
7
D
0’
1
2
3
4
5
6
W
East Elevation
8
Raine House Floor Plan
1
2
3
4
Lorraine’s Bedrrom
Family Room
Kitchen
Kids Bathroom
5
6
7
8
Boy’s Room
Girl’s Room
Fire Pit
East Entrance
N
1’
0’
10’
3’
2012 _ Hozho House
This single pitched cedar clad house is stitched into the
landscape with a cedar and recycled aluminum rain screen
designed to layer shadows and transparency. The aluminum
sheathing wraps the building, folding out from the facade and
intersecting the cedar screen to create apertures that protect
the glazing, and the main entry, from direct southern sun. The
vertical cedar screen is spaced to reduce direct heat gain on
the façade helping to keep the home cool in the summer. The
walls and roof are constructed with structural insulated panels
that exceed traditional insulation standards.
Hozho House
Design Parameters, Assumptions, & Definitions:
Important Note: The Value of Numerical Parameters Included in Red, Filled Spaces
Modified, Allowing Alternative Designs to Be Evaluated
Can Be
House Dimensions:
Length
Width
Height (North Wall)
Height (South Wall)
Volume
Slab Edge Length
34.00
24.75
12.00
8.00
8415.00
117.50
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft^3
ft
January Temperatures (Ref: NREL Solar Radiation Data Manual, Cedar City Utah):
Avg
Avg Daily Min
Avg Daily Max
Record Min
Record Max
T_Outside Design Conditions (Winter)
T_Inside Design Conditions (Winter)
29.50
17.20
41.70
-16.10
66.90
2.00
70.00
degrees F
degrees F
degrees F
degrees F
degrees F
degrees F
degrees F
Ref. Wujek, Table 4.12, p-117
Ref. Wujek, p-14
Infiltration:
Air Changes Per Hour (ACH): Range 0.81 ACH <-> 0.60 ACH
C= Heat Capacity of air
Window Sizes:
0.81
0.0140
ACH
BTU/ft^3*°F
Medium Construction Quality
C = 0.014 (dry air), C= 0.018 (wet air)
Schedule
A
B
C
D
E
Dimensions (inches)
79" x 46"
88" x 39"
74" x 57"
48" x 36"
48" x 36"
Dimensions (feet)
6.5833' x 3.833'
7.3333 x 3.2500'
6.1667' x 4.750'
4' x 3'
4' x 3'
Definition: R = Thermal Resistance (hr*ft*°F/BTU)
U = Thermal Conductance = 1/R (BTU//hr*ft*°F)
Windows: Double Glazed, Clear, 1/2" Air Space
Overall R
Value = R 2.040 Window (Manufacturer Specified U = 0.4902) + R 0.68 Interior Air Film + R 0.17
Exterior Air Film = R 2.89, U = 0.3460
Window R Values:
Window U Values:
R Windows =
Uwindows =
Note: R Value = (1/ Manufacturer
Specified Window U value) + Interior Air
Film R value + Exterior Air Film R Value
2.89
0.3460
hr*ft^2*°F/BTU
BTU/hr*ft^2*°F
Walls: 4 1/2" SIPs + Gypsum Board + Bevel Lapped Wood Sheathing
Overall R Value = R 14 SIPs + R 0.45 Gypsum Board + R 0.8 Sheathing + R 0.68 Int Air Film + R 0.17
Ext Air Film = R15.3
Wall R Values:
Wall U Values:
Rwalls =
Uwalls =
15.3000
0.0654
hr*ft^2*°F/BTU
BTU/hr*ft^2*°F
Ceiling: Constructed from 11 7/8" TJI 360 joists on 16 in centers
Fiberglass batt insulation used between joints = R38
Overall R value for ceiling, including TJI with thermal bridging (R30) + 5/8' OSB deck
Int Air Film (0.61) = R31.38, U = 0.0319
Ceiling R Values:
Ceiling U Values:
(R 0.77) +
hr*ft^2*°F/BTU
Rceiling =
Uceiling =
31.3800
0.0319
BTU/hr*ft^2*°F
Door: Solid Core, Flush (1 3/4"), R 3.03
Overall R Value
= Door (R 3.03) + Int Air Film (R 0.68) + Ext Air Film (R 0.17) = R 3.88, U = 0.2577
Door R Values:
Door U Values:
Rdoors =
Udoors =
3.8800
0.2577
BTU/hr*ft^2*°F
SHGC = Solar Heat Gain Coefficient for Windows
SHGC =
0.50
Constant, No Dimensions
Summary
Area (ft^2)
163.43
1175.00
847.30
21.00
Windows
Walls
Ceiling
Doors
hr*ft^2*°F/BTU
Slab: 4 inch Conccrete Slab Thickness
Slab Insulation: R5 vertical inulation to a depth of 2 ft
Assumption: No Heat Recovery Ventilator (HRV) Used
Assumption: Wood Stove Uses External Combustion Air
Average Global (Solar) Insolation Data Source = National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL),
Solar Radiation Data Manual for Buildings
Data Used: Cedar City, Utah (Has Approximately Same Latitude as Bluff Utah)
Assumption: Internal Heat Gains Not Included
Billjohn House Thermal Calculations (Winter)
Heat Losses = Sensible Heating Loads
Heat Loss Calculations
Heat Loss due to Windows, Walls, Ceiling, & Doors:
qeach element = U*A*(T_Inside_Design_Condition - T_Outside_Design_Condition)
A = Area of each element (window, wall, ceiling, or door)
U = Element U Value
Windows (Dimensions, Areas, & Number Included in Home)
h (ft)
6.58
7.33
6.17
4.00
l (ft)
3.83
3.25
4.75
3.00
Element Heat Losses:
Total Heat Loss (Sum of Window, Wall, Ceiling, Door Losses) =
11271.78
Original
U Values
0.3460
0.0654
0.0319
0.2577
q (w+w+c+d)
3845.42
5222.22
1836.09
368.04
Total q (w+w+c+d) =
11271.78
Walls
h (ft)
8.00
8.00
2.00
12.00
R = 20 SIP
New Wall
U Values
0.3460
0.0469
0.0319
0.2577
q (w+w+c+d)
3845.42
3751.17
1836.09
368.04
U = 0.2469 Win
New Window
U Values
0.2041
0.0654
0.0319
0.2577
9800.73
q (w+w+c+d)
2268.02
5222.22
1836.09
368.04
Both New
U Values
0.2041
0.0469
0.0319
0.2577
9694.37
q (w+w+c+d)
2268.02
3751.17
1836.09
368.04
Infiltration q, ACH =0.81
6488.97
Infiltration q, ACH Min = 0.6
4806.65
Slab q
4634.20
Max Heat Loss
22394.96
BTU/Hr
Min Heat Loss
17664.17
BTU/Hr
Doors
h (ft)
7.00
w (ft)
3.00
8223.33
#
2.00
2.00
1.00
3.00
A =Area (ft^2)
50.47
47.67
29.29
36.00
Windows
U Value
0.3460
0.3460
0.3460
0.3460
#
2.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
Area (ft^2)
544.00
198.00
136.00
297.00
Walls
U Value
0.0654
0.0654
0.0654
0.0654
#
1.00
Area (ft^2)
847.30
Ceiling
U Value
0.0319
#
1.00
Area (ft^2)
21.00
Total Area =
163.43
ft^2
Total Area =
1175.00
ft^2
Total Area =
847.30
ft^2
Total Area =
21.00
ft^2
qwindows =
3845.42
BTU/hour
qwalls =
5222.22
BTU/hour
qceiling =
1836.09
BTU/hour
qdoors =
368.04
BTU/hour
l (ft)
34.00
24.75
34.00
24.75
Ceiling
l
34.23
w
24.75
BTU/hour
Heat Loss due to Infiltration:
qinfiltration = C*ACH*V*ΔT
C= Heat capacity of air = 0.014 <-> 0.018 BTU/ft^3*°F
ΔT= T_Inside_Dsn_Cond - T_Outside_Dsn_Cond
ACH = Air Changes per Hour
Total Heat Losss (Infiltration) =
6488.97
Heat Loss due to Slab:
qslab = (.58)*ΔT*(Slab Edge Length)
ΔT= T_Inside_Dsn_Cond - T_Outside_Dsn_Cond
Ref: Grondzik, Kwok,
Stein, & Reynolds,
Table E.12, p-1625
BTU/hour
Total Heat Loss (Slab) =
4634.20
BTU/hour
qtotal (loss) = Total Home Heat Loss (Winter) = Sum of Losses
22394.96
BTU/hour
<- Key Spreadsheet Result
#
1.00
1.00
Total Area =
Heat Gains = Solar Gain + HVAC System Gain
1. For Conventional Homes (w/HVAC Systems), Solar Gain is Generally Not Included in Calculations
2. For Passive Solar Homes, Average Solar Gain is Included in Calculations and the Outside Desgin
Conditions Used in Heat Gain Calculations May Include Both Average Winter Temperature Values
(NREL, Solar Radiation Data Manual for Buildings) and Worst-Case temperature Values (Wujek,
Table 4.6)
Window Information for Solar Heat Gain Calculations:
Note: Average Global Solar Insolation from the NREL Solar Rdiation Data Manual is specified for
the month of January
Schedule B
Schedule D
South Windows
h (ft)
7.3333
4.0000
l (ft)
3.2500
3.0000
Note: Insolation Specified in BTU/ft^2/day
Average Global Insolation =
1430
Schedule C
Schedule D
Schedule E
East Windows
6.1667
4.0000
4.0000
4.7500
3.0000
3.0000
Note: Insolation Specified in BTU/ft^2/day
Average Global Insolation =
600.0000
Schedule B
N/A
N/A
North Wondows
7.3333
3.0000
3.0000
3.2500
7.0000
7.0000
Note: Insolation Specified in BTU/ft^2/day
Average Global Insolation =
220.00
Schedule A
Schedule A
West Windows
6.5833
6.5833
Note: Insolation Specified in BTU/ft^2/day
Average Global Insolation =
Average Heat Gain from Solar Insolation:
Average Solar Gain (BTU/hour)
qsolar = (Avg Global Insolation)*(1/24)*(Window Area)*(SHGC)
South Windows
1067.53
East Windows
666.15
North Windows
301.74
West Windows
620.39
qavaerage solar total =
2655.80
Include Solar Gain in Total Home Heat Gain? (Yes/No) Inclusion Factor: Yes = 1, No = 0
0.00
qtotal (gain) = Total Home Heat Gain (Winter) = Solar Gain x Inclusion Factor
3.8333
3.8333
U Value
0.3460
0.3460
SHGC
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
29.29
12.00
12.00
0.3460
0.3460
0.3460
0.50
0.50
0.50
Total Area =
53.29
1.00
1.00
1.00
Total Area =
23.83
21.00
21.00
65.83
0.3460
0.3460
0.3460
0.50
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
Total Area =
25.24
25.24
50.47
0.3460
0.3460
0.50
0.50
590.00
BTU/hour
BTU/hour
BTU/hour
BTU/hour
BTU/hour
0.00
BTU/hour
22394.96
0.00
BTU/hour
BTU/hour
Overall (Net) Heat Transfer = Heat Gain - Heat Loss =
Conclusion: The negative value for overall (net) heat transfer indicates that the home will cool in
winter to a value below the desired internal temperature unless additional heat is provided. In order
for the home to remain at the desired internal termperature of 70°F, i.e., in a state of thermal
equilibrium, where heat losses are equal to heat gains, additional heat gain (energy) must be supplied
by an appropriate heat source. One such source is a woodstove. The Northern Century Heating
Woodstove provides up to 40,000 BTU/hour. Since the heat output from this stove exceeds the
22394.96 BTU/hour net loss, the stove should prove adequate to keep the house warm in winter.
-22394.96
BTU/hour
<- Key Result
Heat Gain Required from HVAC System = - (Heat Gain - Heat Loss) =
22394.96
BTU/hour
<- Key Result
Summary & Conclusions
Total Heat Losses (Winter)
Winterl Heat Gain (Not From HVAC System) = Solar Gain (Include for Passive Homes)
Area (ft^2)
23.83
12.00
35.83
Energy analysis of the homes performance
Collaboration between engineering students/ faculty, and architecture students/ faculty.
Doors
U Value
0.2577
The lighting engineer who helped the students with the design visits the site
to help with the installation. Consultants work with students on the deisgn.
Client interviews and presentations.
SOUTH ELEVATION
1’
0’
10’
3’
1’
EAST ELEVATION
0’
10’
3’
WH
REF.
D
3
6
7
W
5
4
9
1
8
2
9
1
1’
FLOOR PLAN
1
2
3
4
5
ENTRY
LIVING ROOM
KITCHEN
PATIO
HALLWAY
NORTH - SOUTH SECTION
6
7
8
9
0’
BATHROOM
NOOK
BEDROOM
CLOSET
1’
0’
10’
3’
10’
3’
N