Remote 2013
Monitoring & Control
December 12-13, 2013
Las Vegas, NV
Automation Initiatives for Critical
Infrastructure Integrating Remote
Monitoring & Control With FLISR
Systems
Presented by
Jerry Baskin
Senior Product Manager
Federal Pacific
Bristol, VA
Automation Components
Automation Solutions
Automation Components
Critical for Interoperability
Switches
Protective Devices
Insulation Mediums
Operating Mechanisms
Relays & Communications
Circuit Interruption
Every Circuit Interrupting Device Must Do 3 Things
1. Elongate the arc
2. Confine the arc
3. Cool the arc
Circuit Interruption
There are two types of Air-Insulated Switches
1. Ablative Interrupters
a. Develop a gas by consuming material of arc compressor
b. Consuming itself, they have limited life
2. Puffer Interrupters
a. Uses renewable source of air to cool the arc
b. Has longer life, since air is renewable
Circuit Interruption
Vacuum Interrupters have longer life and are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Insulated in Air
Insulated in SF6
Insulated in Liquid
Insulated in Solid-Dielectric Materials
a. Rubber
b. Cycloaliphatic Epoxy
Switches
Ablative
Puffer
Vacuum
Switches
Ablative
Puffer
Vacuum
Protective Devices
Fuses
a. Current-Limiting
b. Expulsion
Vacuum Fault Interrupters
Fuses and Vacuum Fault Interrupters
Expulsion
Current-Limiting
Fuses
Vacuum Fault
Interrupters
Insulation Mediums
Liquid Dielectrics
SF6 Gas
Solid Dielectrics
Air-Insulated
Insulation Mediums
Liquid Dielectrics
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vegetable Oil
Mineral Oil
Non-Flammable
Bio-degradable
At Some Temperature they will Burn
Electric Arcs Can reach a Temperature to 30,000°C
-- A Fault Event in the Liquid Dielectric
-- A Fire or Heavy Smoke as a Minimum will occur
-- Regardless of what is said, HAZMAT will make you dig dirt
Insulation Mediums
Liquid Dielectrics
•Issues associated with liquid dielectrics
-Environmental (soil contamination associated with leaks)
-Cost and depletion of natural resources
-Personal safety issues associated with fire generation
during breakdown of liquid dielectric
-Handling necessary to maintain integrity of the dielectric
-Visual inspection to verify presence of adequate dielectric
-Testing to verify integrity of the dielectric
-Weight of the dielectric impacts on support structure
Insulation Mediums
Gas Dielectrics
Over the last 20 years there has been diminished
interest in liquid and a very positive move to gas-insulated
switchgear by both industrial/commercial and utility markets.
Insulation Mediums
SF6
• Worst Greenhouse Gas
• Develops 15 Carcinogenic Materials when Arc Interrupts in SF6
• It will Leak and Requires Monitoring and Refill
• Refill Must be Accomplished Without Introducing
Contamination
Insulation Mediums
SF6
• No Field Maintenance Possible Except Refilling of Gas
• Annual Reporting Requirement of SF6 Emissions to Federal
Government
• DOD Policy is now to avoid SF6 at all Military Installations
Insulation Mediums
Solid Dielectrics
•
Rubber and epoxies may present detrimental impact on the
environment
•
May have a hidden potential to develop disruptive failures if
manufactured with small voids
•
Materials do not biodegrade in any reasonable time
frame and are therefore materials that
are harmful to the environment
Insulation Mediums
Solid Dielectrics
•
These compounds require considerable energy to
manufacture, consuming resources
•
Solid-dielectric materials typically are employed to
encapsulate vacuum Interrupters
•
Encapsulated interrupters have not been successfully
integrated with a visible disconnect
•
Compromise the operational security and ease of operation
afforded by insulation in air
•
Preserves the size reduction inherent with the gas and liquids
Insulation Mediums
Air –Insulated
•
Air as an insulating medium is replenishable and self-renewing
•
Avoids the inherent hazards associated with every
other insulating medium
•
Air is a naturally occurring compound that does not
deplete or consume other energy resources in its production.
•
An air-insulated electrical component does not require a refill valve, a
pressure indicator or a volume level gauge.
•
Air involved in an electrical arc does not develop any
hazardous properties.
•
Air is the most economical insulating medium.
Insulation Mediums
Air-Insulated
•
Air is the ultimate green-energy technology for switching and
protection on electrical power distribution circuits.
•
Air is an environmentally neutral medium, it is successfully
used in the widest range of applications to provide
insulating properties that are fully effective when combined
with appropriate design controls.
•
In-air insulation, manifested in the vacuum interrupter
technology, provides the visible open gap not offered by most
other varieties of switchgear with vacuum interrupter technology.
•
Each group-operated vacuum interrupter is integrated with a
three-pole, group-operated visible disconnect.
Insulation Mediums
Air-Insulated
•
Allows Visible Disconnect
•
Vacuum Interrupter Mechanically and Electrically interlocked with the
visible disconnect
•
Disconnect cannot be opened until after the vacuum interrupter has
opened to interrupt the circuit
•
Interlocking makes certain that the vacuum interrupter cannot be closed
until after the visible disconnect is closed.
Insulation Mediums
Air-Insulated
Eliminating reliance on liquid (oil), gas (sulpur hexafluoride -- SF6),
and solid materials (rubber and epoxy) as encapsulating and
insulating materials, and utilizing air as a dielectric medium in a
controlled environment, vacuum interrupter switchgear is the
leading-edge green technology revolutionizing distribution system
reliability while providing unsurpassed operational flexibility.
Operating Mechanisms
Run-and-Trip
Fast Trip
Magnetic Latch
Magnetic Actuators
Operating Mechanisms
Run-and-Trip
Operating Mechanisms
Fast Trip
Operating Mechanisms
Magnetic Latch
Induced Field Actuates Spring-Loaded Plunger
Magnetic-Latch Plunger
Trip Lever
Operating Mechanisms
Magnetic Actuators
Induced Field Magnetizes Concentric Actuators
In Base
Relays
Self-Powered Relays
Relays Requiring Control Power
Relays with Communications
The Self-Powered Relay
The Magnetic Latch
The Relay
The Current Transformer
Relays Requiring Control Power
Relays with Communications
Communication Components
Seamless and Secure
Ethernet Switch (MM Fiber)
Communication Protocol Converters
Control Power & Sensors
Automation Solutions
Remote Supervisory Control
Automatic Source Transfer
Automatic Sectionalizing
Remote Supervisory Control
Hardwire
Radio
Fiber Optic
Remote Supervisory Control
Remote Supervisory Control
Automatic Source Transfer
Totally Self-Contained
Remote Capable
Automatic Source Transfer
Automatic Source Transfer
Automatic Source Transfer
Relays with Pre-programmed Automatic-Transfer Scheme
Automatic Sectionalizing
Switching & Protection Package
Control Package
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
Lets Look at Automated Switching and What it Offers.
The so-called SMART GRID.
First, three Terms you will want to know:
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
Lets Look at Automated Switching and What it Offers.
The so-called SMART GRID.
First, three Terms you will want to know:
SAIDI
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
Lets Look at Automated Switching and What it Offers.
The so-called SMART GRID.
First, three Terms you will want to know:
SAIDI – System Average Interruption Duration Index
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
Lets Look at Automated Switching and What it Offers.
The so-called SMART GRID.
First, three Terms you will want to know:
SAIDI – System Average Interruption Duration Index
SAIFI
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
Lets Look at Automated Switching and What it Offers.
The so-called SMART GRID.
First, three Terms you will want to know:
SAIDI – System Average Interruption Duration Index
SAIFI – System Average Interruption Frequency Index
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
Lets Look at Automated Switching and What it Offers.
The so-called SMART GRID.
First, three Terms you will want to know:
SAIDI – System Average Interruption Duration Index
SAIFI – System Average Interruption Frequency Index
FLISR
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
Lets Look at Automated Switching and What it Offers.
The so-called SMART GRID.
First, three Terms you will want to know:
SAIDI – System Average Interruption Duration Index
SAIFI – System Average Interruption Frequency Index
FLISR – Fault Location Isolation and Self Restoration
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
Automation Products
SCADA Controlled
Automatic Transfer
FLISR
Automatic Sectionalizing
Self-Restoring
Self-Healing
All help utilities improve the SAIDI and SAIFI scores,
which are performance measures Public Utility Commissions
use to establish rate increases to be allowed for the utility
to recover capital equipment investment.
Case 1
Sectionalizing Faults on a Typical
Open Loop Implemented with
Manual Switches
Case 1
Typical Manual
Open Loop
Normal Condition:
Each half of the
loop is served by
its normal red or
green source
(remember there are
many more units
on these red and green
feeders)
Case 1
Typical Manual
Open Loop
Fault at X
X
Case 1
Typical Manual
Open Loop
Produces immediate
overcurrent stress and
under-voltage condition
on all components up to
the location of the fault;
Loss of voltage on all
components beyond the
fault up to the open point
APVE-3
APVE-3
X
Represents a very
simplified
System – Typically
more open loops
off these two
feeders.
Case 1
Typical Manual
Open Loop
The source breaker
opens with resulting
loss of voltage to all
loads on the red circuit
(including parallel
red circuits)
Case 1
Typical Manual
Open Loop
Crews are dispatched:
a. to locate and isolate the
faulted section;
b. to close the normally
open switch; and
c. then the source breaker
is closed to pick up the
load that was lost
The sequence takes a
minimum of 45 minutes
to 60 minutes
Case 1
Typical Manual
Open Loop
If say 1000 customers on
this feeder lost power for
45 minutes = 45,000 min.
or outage of 750 hours
Case 2
Vacuum Interrupter with Overcurrent
Relay installed in the first Pad-Mounted
Unit of each Loop Section and relayed
to Open on any fault on its section up to
the normally open point
Case 2
Typical Manual
Open Loop
Normal Condition:
Each half of the
loop is served by
its normal red or
green source
Case 2
APVE-3
APVE-3
Typical Manual
Open Loop
Fault at X
X
Case 2
Typical Manual
Open Loop
APVE-3
APVE-3
With fault at X
Power is lost to
the PVE-9 at the
bottom left
X
Case 2
Typical Manual
Open Loop
The vacuum interrupter
in the first unit of the
Loop operates
immediately, dropping
all load on that section
of the loop
Case 2
Typical Manual
Open Loop
Manual switching is
performed to isolate the
faulted section and
restore power to the
extent possible by closing
the normally open switch
Outage time for the
affected section is
about the same but
the number of customers
and the frequency are
reduced significantly.
Case 2
Open Loop with a
Vacuum Interrupter with
Overcurrent Relay at
each tap
Only 500 customers
on the affected feeder
lost power for
45 minutes = 22,500
min.
or outage of 375 hours
Case 3
FLISR Automatic Sectionalizing
Switches Response to Faults
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
FLISR
Automatic Sectionalizing
Self-Healing Schemes
Self-Restoring Schemes
Normal condition is illustrated
with peer-to-peer communication
between each adjacent Vacuum
Interrupter, including at the
normal open Point or with the
substation breaker
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
FLISR
Automatic Sectionalizing
Self-Healing Schemes
Self-Restoring Schemes
Fault at X
X
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
FLISR
Automatic Sectionalizing
Self-Healing Schemes
Self-Restoring Schemes
Vacuum Interrupter Action:
#4 above the fault sees the
overcurrent; Vacuum Interrupter
#5 below the fault does not see the
overcurrent;
They communicate these facts to
each other and the algorithm
identifies the fault as between them;
The loss of voltage at Vacuum
Interrupter #5 is identified by the
Normally Open Vacuum Interrupter
#6 on the Green circuit, establishing
that there is an outage above
Vacuum Interrupter # 5
4
X
5
6
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
FLISR
Automatic Sectionalizing
Self-Healing Schemes
Self-Restoring Schemes
With the foregoing intelligence,
communicated among all the
Vacuum Interrupters and to the
substation breakers, the FLISR
algorithm is initiated.
4
X
5
6
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
FLISR
Automatic Sectionalizing
Self-Healing Schemes
Self-Restoring Schemes
FLISR algorithm initiates operations:
Vacuum Interrupter #4 above the
fault opens;
Vacuum Interrupter #5 below the
fault opens; the faulted cable is
isolated;
Vacuum Interrupter #6 receives
these communications and closes;
Service is restored to the extent
possible
4
5
6
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
FLISR
Automatic Sectionalizing
Self-Healing Schemes
Self-Restoring Schemes
The number of customers affected
is minimized
The duration of the outage is
minimized
Total outage time is probably less
than 10 seconds, depending on
time delay for coordination
For a 1,000 customers that’s only
167 minutes outage per
occurrence
4
5
6
Vacuum Interrupter with In-Line Visible Disconnect
FLISR
Automatic Sectionalizing
Self-Healing Schemes
Self-Restoring Schemes
In this case, there are only say
250 customers out for 10 seconds =
2500 seconds or 41.7 minutes
4
X
5
6
Relative Comparison of Outages
For Different Levels of Automation
Number of
Customers
Affected
Duration
Of
Outage
Customer
Outage
Hours
1000
45 minutes
750
One Vacuum
500
Interrupter
at each feeder tap
45 minutes
375
One Vacuum
250
Interrupter at every
Sectionalizing
Point
10 seconds
0.7
Manual
Relative Comparison of Outages
For Different Levels of Automation
Number of
Customers
Affected
Duration
Of
Outage
Customer
Outage
Hours
1000
45 minutes
750
One Vacuum
500
Interrupter
at each feeder tap
45 minutes
375
One Vacuum
250
Interrupter at every
Sectionalizing
Point
10 seconds
0.7
Manual
Thank You
Remote 2013
Monitoring & Control
For this Opportunity and it is Hoped that the
Presentation has been Informative