Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand
Experience transfer from Europe
co‐organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Ministry of Energy
Efficiency, Ministry of Energy
Wind Energy Projects
T
Tom
Cronin,
C i DTU Wind
Wi d E
Energy, Denmark
D
k
4th October 2012
Wind Energy Projects
Experience Transfer from Europe
Tom Cronin
Special Advisor
D i h Technical
Danish
T h i l University
U i
it
Risø Campus
Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Energy Projects: Outline
Introduction
Tom Cronin, DTU Wind Energy and You
Part 1: 13:00 – 14:15
Wind farm development and good practice
Partt 2
P
2: 14:30
14 30 – 15:45
15 45
Standards, codes and guidelines
Part 3:
3 15:45 – 16:30
6 30
Approaches for low wind areas
• Interaction from you, the delegates
• Please ask questions as they occur to you – no need to wait!
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Energy Projects: Introduction
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Tom Cronin
• Mechanical Engineer BSc, Bristol UK
• Masters in Renewable Energy, MSc, Loughborough UK
consultancies
• 10 years in industry working for engineering consultancies.
• Joined Risø in 2004, Wind Energy Systems section
• Research topics include: integration of wind energy into national power
systems; wind energy and isolated systems; electrical tests for wind
turbines.
• Commercial work: advice concerning wind farm development to
investors, monitoring of wind farm construction and operation.
• Teaching planning and development of wind farms since 2009 (part of
the M.Sc. Wind Energy course)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
DTU Wind Energy 1
Composites and Materials Mechanics
Wind Energy Division
Mate ials Science and Cha
Materials
Characterisation
acte isation
Fluid Mechanics
Test and Measurements
Materials Research Division
Fluid Dynamics
Wind Turbines Structures
Aerolastic Design
Meteorology
Composite Mechanics
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Wind Energy Systems
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
DTU Wind Energy 2
More than 230 staff members
Including
g 150 academic staff
members and 50 PhD students
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Advanced Wind Turbine Aerodynamics
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Turbine Structures
• Load and safety
• Structural design of blades
• Wind turbine structures and
components
• Multi-disciplinary optimization
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Power Meteorology
• Atmospheric
At
h i fl
flow modelling
d lli
• Methods for atmospheric model
verification
• Fundamental atmospheric
processes
• Determination of external wind
conditions for siting and design
of wind turbines
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Turbines in Complex Terrain
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind power variability and prediction
 Improve power system and wind power plant functionality
 Enable integration of large amounts of wind power
 Security and reliability of power supply in power systems with large
amounts of wind power
Relevance
for planning,
design and
!
Example
of Horns
Rev offshore
windoperation
farm
Power fluctuations
 offshore more than onshore
 power gradients of 15MW/min
 from 0 to 160MW in 10-15 min!
Possible impact on:
 system power balancing
 deviations of the power exchanges
between neighbouring countries
DTU Wind Energy,
Technical
University
of Denmark
Source:
DONG
Energy
and Vattenfall
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Who is in the audience?
 Who are you and what is your interest in coming today?
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Energy Projects 1
Wind Farm Development and good practice
Tom Cronin
Special Advisor
D i h Technical
Danish
T h i l University
U i
it
Risø Campus
Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Farm Development and good practice
Overview
• Wind energy in Europe
• Wind farm projects: what is needed?
• Typical phases of wind farm development
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Growth in World Market for Wind Power
45,000
27,000
Total installed: 230 GW
Electricity prod: 470 TWh ~2
2%
of global electricity (2010)
Germany el. cons: 545 TWh/yr*
200,000
150,000
*(2011) www.indexmundi.com
18,000
100,000
• 20 years track record
9,000growth rates of 20-35%
• Annual
• In more than 50 countries
50,000
0
1983
Cumulativ
ve MW
MW per y
year
36,000
250,000
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
Year
Source:
Sou
ce BTM Co
Consult
su - A Part
a o
of Navigant
a ga - March
a c 2012
0
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Installed capacity in Europe
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Rep.
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland (Rep.)
Italy
Latvia
Installed
MW
2010
16
350
339
33
365
7
52
1,186
1,551
284
94
262
948
2
Accu.
MW
2010
1 013
1,013
955
470
193
3,805
138
169
5,961
27,364
1 482
1,482
323
1,449
5,793
33
Installed
MW
2011
73
192
112
2
178
35
9
875
2,007
376
34
239
950
1
Accu.
MW
2011
1 082
1,082
1,147
582
195
3,927
173
178
6,836
29,248
1 856
1,856
357
1,688
6,733
34
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
UK
Rest of Europe: Cyprus,
Malta, Iceland, Balkan states etc
Total Europe
Installed
MW
2010
76
7
15
21
382
363
341
1,516
604
25
528
1,522
Accu.
MW
2010
179
28
2,241
411
1,231
3,837
470
20,300
2,141
42
1,512
5,862
Installed
MW
2011
16
0
68
85
436
377
520
1,050
763
3
470
1,293
Accu.
MW
2011
195
28
2,309
487
1,667
4,214
990
21,350
2,904
45
1,982
7,155
91
164.4
62.0
226.4
10 980
10,980
87 565
87,565
10 226
10,226
97 588
97,588
Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant - March 2012
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Electrical contribution from wind
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Targets
• Europe
Europe’s
s target(s)
• Denmark’s targets
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
History of wind development
 1975 The first grid-connected
grid connected wind
turbine
 1977-82 First generation turbines (1545 kW)
 1980: 20 wind turbine manufacturers
in Denmark
• Some more figures…
• Medium onshore wind farms…
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Offshore wind farms: pilot projects
Vindeby
1991: 11 x 450kW,
2-3 km off-shore
Tunø Knob
1995: 10 x 500kW,
5-6 km off-shore
Middelgrunden
2001: 20 x 2 MW,,
1,5-2,5 km off-shore
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Offshore in Europe in 2012
Wind farm installed
capacities now
commonly >400MW
World-wide offshore
capacity is still only
1.7% of total
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Size of Wind Turbines
12
10
€cent/kWh
8
6
4
2
0
1985
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2001
Year
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Challenges of wind power
Past
• Technology: development from a collection of components to a system
• Connection to a grid
• Rules for operation and payment
• Confidence in the industry to provide a generation source
Presentt
P
• Confidence in resource assessment
• Financing
• Logistics for
f construction
• Public acceptance
Future
• Bottlenecks in power transfer
• Interaction and integration with power systems (balancing, etc)
• Technology and material resources
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Denmark as a demonstration case
National targets and policy
25% of electricity from wind energy today
50% of electricity from wind energy by 2020
Innovation Partnership between Research and Industry
(MegaVind)
… to provide the most effective wind power and wind power plants – that
ensure the best possible integration of wind power …
A demonstration country for wind energy
How to reach the targets and maintain power system
balance
stability
cost efficiency
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
The challenge of integration 1
2008
2020
• Approximately 20% of electricity consumption
met by wind power – annual average
• 50% of electricity consumption to be met by wind
power – annual average
• Around 3GW installed wind power capacity
• Around 6GW installed wind power capacity
• For a few hours in a year wind power covers the
entire Danish demand
• Wind power production will often exceed the
Danish demand
Source: Energinet.dk - EcoGrid
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
The challenge of integration 2
Some challenges
Some promising solutions
• The grid
• Balancing production and consumption
• Enhancing grid infrastructure
• Power transfer from production to
consumers
• Smart grids
• Storage
• Coping with faults
• Power system modelling
• Requirements for ancillary services
• Wind power plant capabilities
• Wind farms behaving more like
conventional power stations
• Low voltage ride through
• Better forecasting of wind power
• More flexible and controllable
turbines
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
European Synchronous Zones
Source: EWEA
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
European DC interconnectors
Existing
Under construction
Under consideration
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
The Danish Grid
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
http://energinet.dk/Flash/Forside/index.html
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
The challenge of wind resource: wind atlas
•
•
•
•
•
Published in 1989
Covered 17 countries
Wind resource at 50m
http://www.windatlas.dk/Europe/Index.htm
Used by authorities, planners and
developers
• Since
Si
th
then many ffurther
th wind
i d
atlases have been published
• Wind atlas techniques refined
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind industry players in Europe 1
• Wind farm developers
– Utility companies
– Development companies
– Construction companies
– Individuals
• Power system organisations
– Transmission
T
i i
system
t
operators
t
(TSO
(TSOs))
– Utilities and distributors
• Manufacturers
– OEMs
O
– Component suppliers
• Investors
– Banks
– Pension companies
– Governments
– Individuals
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind industry players in Europe 2
• Service sector
– Consultants
– Wind resource assessors
– Operations and maintenance companies
• Regulators and certification bodies
– Electricity authorities
– Test
T t and
d certification
tifi ti
b
bodies
di
– Standard organisations (IEC, ISO, etc)
– Government authorities
– Planning
l
authorities
h
• Associations
– Wind industry associations
– European wind energy association
• Research and education sector
– Research institutes
– Universities
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
The wind energy challenge
?
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Discussion in Groups
Thailand has a target of installing having
1200 MW in 2021.
2021 Much of this will have to
be met by sizeable wind farms.
•
•
•
What are the most important
p
issues?
How should a developer develop a wind farm?
What is needed?
Discuss with your neighbours for 10 minutes
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
The fundamentals of wind farm planning
• Wind resource
• Environment and p
public acceptance
p
• Grid connection
• Project
j
economy
y
• Political support
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Typical phases of wind farm development
1)
Measurements & data management
2)
Wind resource assessment
3))
Site selection
4)
Initial design for power system analysis
5)
Feasibility study & economics
6)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
7)
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
8)
Financing & due diligence
9)
Construction and O&M contract bidding and evaluation
WARNING:
Li t iis ttypical
List
i l good
d
practice for Europe but is
not exhaustive. Depends
very much on local
regulations and practices
10) Wind farm construction
11) Operation & Maintenance
12) Decommissioning
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
1) Measurements & data management
• To ascertain the general wind conditions and resources
• Information from literature, airports and met stations
• Use existing wind turbine production statistics
• Wind atlases
p
• Local experience
• Decide where to make more thorough measurement campaigns
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
2) Wind resource assessment
• Typically, a number of locations are measured
• Depending on terrain, more than one mast may be needed
• Measurement campaign one year or longer
• Measurements need to be in a location with same wind climate as
possible sites
p
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
3) Site selection
Selection of which site(s) are suitable to develop is dependent on a number
of factors, including:
• Wind resource
• Physical access to site
• Planning considerations
• Legal access to site
• Environmental considerations
• Distance to suitable grid connection
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
4) Initial design for power system analysis
In
a)
b)
c)
order to:
Find a grid connection suitable (strong enough)
Satisfy the electrical connection requirements
Obtain a Power Purchase Agreement
Then an initial electrical design will need to be done to:
a)) Demonstrate
D
t t wind
i d farm
f
active
ti
power delivery
d li
b) Reactive power characteristics
c) Fault behaviour
d) Controllability
C
ll b l
according
d
to the
h authority’s
h
’ requirements
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
5) Feasibility study & economics
The feasibility study will determine if the project is viable for the next stage
In brief:
 problems and objectives
 technical analysis (including turbine selection and siting)
 organisational
g
and institutional analysis
y
 sociological analysis
 investment budget
 environmental impact
 financial and economic analysis
 assumptions
ti
and
d risks
i k
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
6) Environmental Impact Assessment
Usually carried out by a company specialising in this work,
work the EIA covers:
 noise




visual impact, scenic values and landscaping
impact on flora and fauna
impact on reservation areas, archaeological sites
safety issues for humans
It should not be forgotten that the impact of a wind farm should be
compared to the impact of using other power supply options
 use of fuels and resources
 emissions (NOx SO2, CO2) and waste generated
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
7) Power purchase agreement
This is an essential agreement as if forms the basis for calculating the
financial feasibility of the project:
•
•
•
•
Influenced by political policy
May or may not include conditions for other than active power
Penalties for reactive power consumption
State length of agreement
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
8) Financing and due diligence
Depending on the stage of the project, investors will require:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A description
d
i ti
off the
th project
j t
Wind resource analysis and energy yield report
Technical substantiation for technology chosen
Risk
k analysis
l
and
d mitigation
Company profile and experience
Project capital investment details
Analysis of revenue and costs
Financial spreadsheet for operational lifetime of wind farm
Net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) for project
Contracts with suppliers
Agreements for O&M
Due diligence of the project by independent experts
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
9) Construction and O&M contracts
Two main models for construction contracts:
a) Turn-key: a main contractor (e.g. turbine manufacturer) is responsible
for and executes all the works
b) Separate: contracts are issued by the developer for the various parts of
the project – foundations, buildings, roads, cables, turbines,
switchgear, etc.
Which one is suitable very much depends on the company profile and local
conditions.
The operations and maintenance, similarly has two main models:
a) The turbine manufacturer signs a long-term (10-15 year) contract for
the O&M of the wind farm
b) The developer/owner takes on the responsibility for the O&M
It is usual for the manufacturer to offer a 5-year O&M contract as
standard.
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
10) Wind farm construction
•
•
•
•
•
•
Needs careful planning as some activities are weather-dependent
weather dependent
Special attention to be paid to timing of grid connection
Take into account any special requirements from EIA
Should be monitored carefully
Test and commissioning procedures in contract
Hand-over procedure to include an outstanding actions list
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
11) Operations and Maintenance
•
•
•
•
•
•
Many companies now building up considerable experience
Central control rooms to monitor and plan
O&M is surprisingly labour intensive
Access to machines is required
Distance to source of spare parts is important
Contract conditions require that certain data be recorded to monitor O&M
performance.
performance
• SCADA (System Control and Data Acquisition) system is the main
interface between the equipment and the operator
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
12) Decommissioning 1
• LCA for Vestas V90 – 3MW
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
12) Decommissioning 2
• Recycling of Vestas V80 - 2 MW
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Source: A. Feito-Boirac, T. Vromsky, A. Villaume: Recycling Wind Turbines. Outlook and Technologies. Vestas Poster 029 at EWEA conference 2011
Typical phases of wind farm development
1)
Measurements & data management
2)
Wind resource assessment
3))
Site selection
4)
Initial design for power system analysis
5)
Feasibility study & economics
6)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
7)
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
8)
Financing & due diligence
9)
Construction and O&M contract bidding and evaluation
WARNING:
Li t iis ttypical
List
i l good
d
practice for Europe but is
not exhaustive. Depends
very much on local
regulations and practices
10) Wind farm construction
11) Operation & Maintenance
12) Decommissioning
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand
Experience transfer from Europe
co‐organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Ministry of Energy
Efficiency, Ministry of Energy
Wind Energy Projects 2
T
Tom
Cronin,
C i DTU D
Denmark
k
4th October 2012
Wind Energy Projects
Experience Transfer from Europe
Tom Cronin
Special Advisor
D i h Technical
Danish
T h i l University
U i
it
Risø Campus
Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Energy Projects: Outline
Introduction
Tom Cronin, DTU Wind Energy and You
Part 1: 13:00 – 14:15
Wind farm development and good practice
Partt 2
P
2: 14:30
14 30 – 15:45
15 45
Standards, codes and guidelines
Part 3:
3 15:45 – 16:30
6 30
Approaches for low wind areas
• Interaction from you, the delegates
• Please ask questions as they occur to you – no need to wait!
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Energy Projects 1
Standards, codes and guidelines
Tom Cronin
Special Advisor
D i h Technical
Danish
T h i l University
U i
it
Risø Campus
Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Standards, codes and guidelines
Overview
• Standards in general
• For which phases are standards,
standards etc.
etc applicable to wind
farms?
• The IEC 61400 series standard
• Certification
• Grid codes
• Guidelines
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Discussion in Groups
Standards set
minimum
requirements and
ensure quality
Standards restrict
innovation and stifle
progress
Di
Discuss
with
ith your neighbours
i hb
for
f 10 minutes
i t
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Questions for a new technology
• Terminology
T
i l
•
•
•
•
•
•
Safety
Environmental impact
Performance
Business risk
System integration
Verification
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Standards can provide
common, recognized
– definitions
d fi iti
and
d specification
ifi ti
– requirements to design,
function, safety and risk
level
– methods for tests and
documentation of
performance
p
– Procedures
But will standards allow
innovation?
Component or systems
approach?
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Innovations
(from Wind Directions Sept-Oct 2007 – The Road to Maturity)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Wind Business – A regulated market
Market stimulation through national support mechanisms:
• Fixed tariffs
• Renewable energy obligations – Quotas
• Green certificates
• CO2 premium
• Investment grants
How to secure optimal benefits to society from support?
• Technology development through R&D
• Quality
Q l
requirements and
d verification
f
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Standards?
• Standards are voluntary agreements that regulate the market in order to
facilitate trade. They are important in order to ensure competition and
availability of products and services of high quality and of sustainable
manufacturing processes.
• Standards set uniform rules and specifications for among others
function, safety and environmental effects for products, and formulate
p
, approaches
pp
and terminology.
gy
common specifications,
• (Standards implement laws and directives)
• Standards are prepared on different levels (industry, national,
international and global standards)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Who makes wind energy standards?
• ISO/IEC
• CEN/Cenelec
• National standardization organisations (Danish Standard DS)
• National authorities
• Certification companies (GL, DNV, BV, UL, etc)
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
International Standardisation
• Levels of standardisation
Global
Parallel voting
Europe
EU--harmon
EU
harmon..
National
DS, DIN
TC88
IEC(/ISO)
CENELEC (/CEN)
CLC TC88
 Trend: More international / less national
 Initiative (and hard work) remains on a national level
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Interested parties
Industry
Investors,
consultants,
“developers”
p
Authorities,
society
“Experts”
R&D, test labs,
certification
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
The wind turbine: a complex system
G earb o x
G enerato r
B lad e
vY
O
D pSm
gsA
t,,t
hCatT
T ransfo rm er
H ig h vo ltage cab le
UsaP
D
TY
ft
Power curve
C o ntro l
F o und atio n
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
IEC standardization for wind turbines
Technical committee TC 88 formed in 1988 in order to develop
standards for wind turbine generators
National standardization start mid 80’s, initiated by R&D
community
it
d)
a) Safety & functional requirements
b) Test methods
a)
b)
c)
c) Certification procedures
d) Interfaces & Component
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
IEC TC88: IEC 61400 standards series
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
• IEC
61400-1 Design requirements
61400-2 Small wind turbines
61400-3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbines
61400-4 Gears for wind turbines
61400-(5) Wind Turbine Rotor Blades
61400-11, Acoustic noise measurement techniques
61400-12-1 Power performance measurements
61400 13 M
61400-13
Measurementt off mechanical
h i l loads
l d
61400-14 Declaration of sound power level and tonality
61400-21 Measurement of power quality characteristics
61400 22 Conformity Testing and Certification of wind turbines
61400-22
61400-23 TR Full scale structural blade testing
61400-24 TR Lightning protection
61400-25-(1-6) Communication
61400-26 TS Availability
61400-27 Electrical simulation models for wind power generation
• IEC 60076-16: Transformers for wind turbines applications
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
61400-1
61400
1 Design requirements for wind turbines
61400-2 Safety for small wind turbines
61400-3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbines
61400 4 Wind turbine gearboxes
61400-4
61400-5 Wind turbine rotor blades
61400-11 Acoustic niose measurement techniques
61400 12 Power
61400-12
P
performance
f
61400-13 Measurement of mechanical loads
61400-21 Measurement and assessment of power quality ...
6 00 22 Conformity
61400-22
C f
testing and
d certification
f
– rules
l and
d procedures
d
61400-23 Full scale structural testing of rotor blades
61400-24 Lightning protection of wind turbines
61400-25 Communication ...
61400-26 Availability
61400-27 Electrical simulation models for wind power generation
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IEC61400-1: 2005 Wind Turbines
Design Requirements
Principles
“specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering
integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of
protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime”
Content
• External conditions (e.g. wind) – Wind turbine classes
• Structural design (e.g.
(e g load cases and methods)
• Control and protection system (what to consider)
• Mechanical system (e.g. yaw, brakes)
• Electrical system (e
(e.g.
g lightning)
• Site assessment
• Assembly, installation, erection
• Commissioning,
Commissioning operation
operation, maintenance
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
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Wind turbine classes
• Wind turbine classes are defined in 61400-1
61400 1 and intended to cover most
possible sites
Wind turbine class
I
II
III
50
42,5
37.5
S
Values
Vref
(m/s)
A
Iref (-)
0,16
specified
B
Iref (-)
0,14
by the
C
Iref (-)
0,12
designer
 Iref is the turbulence intensity ratio
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Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Assessment of a wind turbine for sitesite
specific conditions
Two approaches:
• a demonstration that all these conditions are no more severe
than those assumed for the design of the wind turbine;
• a demonstration of the structural integrity for conditions, each
equal to or more severe than those at the site.
Site conditions:
– Topographical complexity;
– Wind conditions;
– Air density;
– Earthquake;
– Electrical
El t i l network
t
k conditions;
diti
– Soil conditions.
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IEC 61400-1 site assessment rules
Checklist
• Extreme winds
• Shear of vertical wind profile
• Flow inclination
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
•
•
•
Background turbulence
Wake turbulence
Wi d
Wind-speed
d distribution
di t ib ti
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Verification by Certification
Certification:
• Procedure by which a third party gives written assurance that a product,
process or service conforms to specified requirements,
requirements also known as
conformity assessment
• IEC WT01 01: 2001 - IEC system for conformity testing and certification
of wind turbines – Rules and procedures
• IEC 61400
61400-22
22 TS: (2009) - Conformity Testing and Certification of Wind
Turbines
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IEC and Wind Turbine Certification
IEC 61400 standard series provides:
– Design criteria, test procedures and specifications
– Rules and procedures for certification
How to apply these in a national certification scheme:
– Legislation
– Management
– National regulations
– Local requirements
q
– Other issues
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Type Certification
(IEC 61400-22)
Verification of product
compliance with standards
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Type Certification
A type certificate is issued on the basis of a
verification of the supplier's documentation
of the wind turbine in consideration and is
issued to the supplier
•
•
•
•
•
Design evaluation
Type Testing
Manufacturing evaluation (ISO9001)
Type characteristics meas.
Foundation design evaluation
Type A:
T
A No
N outstanding
t t di
issues,
i
validity
lidit 5
years
Type B: Issues without significant
i
importance
to primary
i
safety,
f
validity
lidi 1 year.
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
The purpose of type certification is to
confirm that the wind turbine type is
designed, documented and manufactured
conformity with design assumptions,
specific standards and other technical
requirements.
Experience Transfer from Europe
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National Test Station for Large Wind
Turbines
Coastal, flat terrain
5 test positions
Max. 10 MW
Max. height 165 m
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Component Certification
Design Basis
Evaluation
• design evaluation;
• type testing;
• manufacturing evaluation; and
• final evaluation.
The purpose of wind turbine
component certification is to confirm
that a major component of a specific
type is designed,
d
d d
documented
d and
d
manufactured in conformity with
design assumptions, specific standards
and other technical requirements.
Design Evaluation
Foundation Design
Evaluation
Manufacturing
Evaluation
Foundation
Manufacturing
Evaluation
Type Testing
Type Characteristics
Measurements
Final Evaluation
Optional Module
Type Certificate
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Experience Transfer from Europe
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Project Certification
• Issued to the owner
• May be used by local building authority for permitting
•
•
•
•
•
Type certificate
Site assessment
Foundation design evaluation
I t ll ti
Installation
evaluation
l ti
((partially)
ti ll )
O&M surveillance not required
• Grid
G d connection (l
(locall grid
d co.))
• Testing and demonstration (safety)
• Modifications, relocation and use after the expiry of a certificate for
testing and demonstration
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Project certification
The purpose of Project
Certification is to evaluate whether
type-certified wind turbines and
particular support
structure/foundation(s) designs are
in conformity with the external
conditions, applicable construction
and electrical codes and other
requirements relevant to a specific
site.
it
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Certifying bodies
Body
Location
Standards used
Germanischer Lloyd
Germany
GL Rules, DK 472,
NVN11400 0 IEC
NVN11400-0,
Risø / DNV
Denmark
DK 472, IEC
Netherlands
NVN11400-0, IEC
Germany
IEC
Greece
IEC
USA
IEC
CIWI, ECN/KEMA
TÜV
CRES
Underwriters Laboratories
(UL) / NREL
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Standards: some lessons learned
The development of wind energy technology and markets has
gone hand-in-hand with standardization
 Global business requires international standards
 Markets with support mechanisms, new technology or risks
need standards
 Standards promote acceptance of new technologies
 Standardize requirements and documentation methods
rather than technology, i.e. to preserve innovation start
with system,
system then component standards
 Involve all stakeholders
 Include common procedures for verification & certification
according to standards
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Grid codes
• A set of rules that dictate behaviour of equipment connected to the grid
• Usually written and enforced by the Transmission System Operator (TSO)
• Provides a uniform specification
p
of the requirements
q
for p
power p
producing
g
sites to ensure a stable operation of the network
• Common issues addressed:
•
•
•
•
•
Active power and power control
Reactive power control
Voltage and frequency ranges or tolerance
Behaviour during grid faults
Voltage quality
• Requiring wind farms
f
to behave more like conventional generation, whilst
generator characteristics are very different
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Variations in Grid Codes
• Grid codes vary from country to country
• Denmark has specific codes for wind turbines
• TSOs are,, generally,
g
y, conservative and therefore harmonisation is slow
• Many variations in the set-ups of various TSOs, e.g.
• GB - National Grid Transco NGT & Ofgem
• DK - Energinet
• D - Four independent operators
• It is the responsibility of the developer to show compliance with the
codes in order to obtain a licence
• The turbines (and their control) are the main components that affect
compliance, rather than the specific grid connection design
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
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Grid codes: content
• Grid codes are continually being updated as penetration of variable
energy increases and harmonisation occurs.
• Most important: LVRT, frequency response, PQ response & voltage
• Requirements usually expressed in terms of desired response for a time
at certain conditions and often shown graphically.
• Most grid codes are imposed at the point of common coupling (PCC) and
therefore apply
pp y to the wind farm rather than individual turbines
• However, it is the turbines’ combined behaviour that determines the wind
farm behaviour: for this models are required (IEC 61400-27).
• wind plant owners are typically responsible to provide the wind power
plant models to TSO and/or DSO prior to plant commissioning,
• wind turbine manufacturers will typically provide the wind turbine models
to the owner,
Future trends
• Inertia emulation
• Power oscillation damping
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012
Thank you for your attention!
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Experience Transfer from Europe
4 Oct 2012