SSD TCO Primer
Intel® SSD TCO Modeling
Kevin Crow
Dave Stutznegger
Why do you think SSDs could be beneficial to you?
• What value do SSDs provide?
• What limitations do you see with SSDs?
• What roadblocks exist to implement SSDs in your
environment?
2
Hard Disk Drives versus Solid-State Drives
(Intel whitepaper: “Improving the Mobile Experience with Solid-State Drives” January ‘09)
Value
Vector
Benefit
Hard Disk Drives
(notebook)
Solid-State Drives
Reliability
• Reduced IT costs (HW
costs, technician costs, …)
• Less end-user down time
• Lower risk of lost data
More fragile due to rotating
platters and mechanical
arms (greater risk of data
loss and hard disk failure)
More rugged because there
are no moving parts
Power
Consumption
• Lower battery cost
Reduced battery life due to
high energy consumption –
constantly moving
Longer battery life and
cooler machines due to
reduced energy
consumption – true idle
between operations
Performance
• Improved user
productivity
Decreased performance as
file fragmentation increases
Performance is 10X higher
than HDD
Slower responsiveness and
performance due to drive
spin-up time and
mechanical arm movement
Faster responsiveness and
performance due to no
drive spin-up time, no
mechanical arm movement,
and minimal latency
SSD
SSD delivers
delivers better
better reliability,
reliability, power
power consumption
consumption and
and performance
performance than
than HDD
HDD
3
Hard Disk Drives versus Solid-State Drives
(Cont.) – Datacenters
Value
Vector
Benefit
Hard Disk Drives
(Server, NAS, DAS)
Solid-State Drives
Reliability
• Reduced IT costs
(technician costs, data
recovery,…)
• Lower risk of lost data
Rotating disks, mechanical
arms, risk during start-up
(greater risk of data loss
and hard disk failure)
More rugged because there
are no moving parts
Power
Consumption
• Significant cost savings
due to lower Watt usage
• Avoid Power Tiering, and
Power Caps
3.5 in 15K HDD: 15 Watts*
64GB Intel SSD: 2.4 Watts
.06 Watts while idle
Performance
• Improved user
productivity, possible
replacement ratio
opportunities (i.e. 1 SSD
for 7 HDDs)
High latencies and slower
responsiveness and
performance due to drive
spin-up time and
mechanical arm movement
Where capacity is not an
issue, a few SSDs can
replicate the performance
of many HDDs
Space
(Disk Array)
• Fewer Disk Arrays/Racks
HDD storage may require
more enclosures = more
capital and power cost
SSDs can return space
back to the Datacenter
HDD’s also require
additional Watts to cool –
compounding the cost
Intel SSD’s run much
cooler than 15K HDDs,
avoiding costly cooling
Intel®
Intel® SSD
SSD return
return more
more than
than performance
performance –– possible
possible IT,
IT, Space,
Space, and
and Power
Power savings
savings
* IDC, “The Real Cost to Power and Cool All the World’s External Storage”
4
What is TCO Worth?
SSD Value Over 3-year Period
User Productivity (Performance)
•
Extra time gained from faster performance
(dollarized as time saved x burden rate)
Battery Savings (Power Consumption)
•
Reduced replacement costs (dollarized as
% reduction in usage = % of battery cost)
Reduced IT Costs (Reliability)
•
Reduction in labor needed to build and
service notebooks (time saved x burden
rate)
•
Avoidance of buying new hardware
Less User Downtime (Reliability)
•
5
User downtime avoided from fewer failures
(time saved x burden rate)
High Performance Server Scenario
20 Hard Disk Drives: 15K rpm, 200 GB
• Drives short-stroked at 15% to maximize IOPS
• What value can we provide with Intel SSDs?
$12,564 TCO Benefit
225% Performance increase
11,851 IOPS gained
Assumptions
10 Intel 64 GB SSDs vs. 20 15K HDDs
4 year lifetime
80% Random Read, 20% Random Write
4K transfer size
Raid 5 for HDD and SSD
15K HDD
Intel SSD
Cost
$ 15,000 $ 8,000
Maint/Warranty
$
Power
$ 3,546 $ 66
Disk Array
$ 3,802 $ 3,802
Reliability
$ 1,024 $ 64
2,550 $
1,360
Why Endurance Matters with SSDs
Under demanding enterprise workloads,
SSDs based on NAND flash can wear
out
There can be greater than 10X difference
in endurance between SSDs in
enterprise workloads
To ensure the best SSD value, choose and
configure the SSD to match the
endurance needs of the application
Understanding elements which impact SSD
endurance enable ROI optimization
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What Impacts Endurance?
NAND Technology
Block erase cycles (SLC vs MLC
)
Write Workload
Spare Area
Random vs Sequential
Capacity reserve / work space
Managed by:
Firmware Algorithms
Efficiency of NAND writes (Write amplification) and wearleveling
Delivers:
Drive Endurance
Drive design and arch matters!
Lower write amplification Æ Fewer NAND cycles Æ Faster write perf
Equates to BETTER Intel SSD Endurance
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Endurance Summary
SSD endurance defined
•
SSD endurance is defined as drive write capability for small data transfers written
randomly
Extending the life of your SSD
•
Intel® SSD endurance is managed by efficient firmware algorithms which minimize
write amplification
•
•
NAND technology, write workload, and spare area impact endurance capability
Intel® technology allows adjusting user capacity to increase endurance capability to
meet application requirements
Monitoring endurance
•
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Intel® SSDs provide SMART attributes for monitoring host activity and SSD wear
Backup
10
Solid State Drive Opportunity
Hard Disk Drive
Replacement SSD
• Performance
• Targeted at notebooks
Intel® X25-M Mainstream SATA SSD 80-160 GB MLC
Over HDDs:
•10x to 50x Performance gains,
•60-80% less power
•SATA 3.0 Gb/s Interface and 2.5” Form Factor
•1500Gs - Extremely ruggedized; 7x Improvement in MTBF
Best Fit Use Models for ’09:
“Roadwarriors” – users who are on the road a good portion of the time (sales and service)
“Performance” – users who use applications with high performance requirements
“Sales/Executives” – users with a high cost of downtime
Though TCO alone justifies SSD deployment across all profiles 2H+ 2009
11
Performance Benchmark Tests
Notebooks with solid-state drives scored higher overall in
performance benchmark tests using industry-standard
workloads as compared to hard disk drives.
Intel internal measurements, November 2008.
12
Notebooks with solid-state drives performed Intel IT
workloads significantly faster than hard disk drives
Intel internal measurements, November 2008.
13
Battery Improvement with Solid-State Drives
Overall
Performance
Score
Performance
Improvement
Minutes
Improvement
Intel® X25-M Mainstream
SATA Solid-State Drive (80 GB)
248
2.5” 7200-RPM
SATA 3.0 Gb/s 16-MB Cache Drive
189
31%
59
2.5” 5400-RPM
SATA 1.5 Gb/s 8-MB Cache Drive
178
39%
70
14
Performance Tests in Virtual Environments
An Intel® X25-M Mainstream SATA Solid-State Drive (80 GB) performed up
to 23 percent better than a hard disk drive in a virtual environment.
Intel internal measurements, July/August 2008.
15
Intel SSD vs. High Performance HDD
® X25‐E Extreme SATA SSD
Standard Metrics
15K HDD
Standard Metrics
Price per GB: ~ $10
Watts per Hour: 1.5
Peak IOPS: 35K
AFR: ~ .5%
Price per GB: ~ $2 ‐ $4
Watts per Hour: up to 15
Peak IOPS: ~ 2.5K
AFR: > 5%
Intel SSDs out perform even the best HDDs by more than 10x Performance Metrics
$ per I/O: $.24
I/O per Watt: 5,200
Higher AFR & Watts can lead to higher lifetime costs than SSDs
Performance Metrics
$ per I/O: $2.86
I/O per Watt: 6
Look beyond Price per GB to get the real story
Intel Enterprise SSD TCO Model
Measured Costs:
• Reliability – Average failure rate, IT costs to replace drives
• Disk Array – Network attached storage holding 25 drives
• Power – Cost of drive use and cooling
• Bill Of Materials – Total cost of drives + Maintenance
Unmeasured Costs:
Data Center Expansion Avoidance, Memory Displacement, Power Capping & Tiering, Data
deduplication
TCO Variables:
Model Limiters:
• I/O Transfer Size, Random R/W
• Drive size, platform, RPM, Capacity
• Raid configurations
• Intel Solution
• Capacity – At least stated HDD capacity
• Performance – Never lower than HDD
configuration
• Raid configuration
General Results
Notebook HDD
SSD
Delta
Improvement with SSD
Annual Failure Rate
4.9%
0.5%
4.4%
89.7%
Build time (hours)
1
0.5
0.5
50.0%
Average number of failures over refresh period
0.153
0.015
0.138
90.1%
Average employee PC time lost due to failures
1.83
0.18
1.65
90.1%
IT time spent per employee on PC rebuilds due to failures (hrs)
0.15
0.01
0.145
95.1%
Annual time spent on suite of tasks (hours)
62
35
27
43.5%
Time for initial build with PC
1
Hours
Employee time lost per HDD failure incident
12
Hours
Intel IT Notebook Annual HDD failure rate
4.85%
Refresh period
36
Assumptions:
Months
(from the soon to be released Intel IT whitepaper: “Enterprise-wide Deployment of Notebook PCs
with Solid-State Drives)
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