E-Highway2050
WP3 workshop April 15th, 2014 Brussels
Active power technologies at 2050 – Outlook 2050
Speaker: Jerker Roos, T&D Europe
Talk plan
•
Scope
•
Trends at 2050
•
Limitations and open questions
•
Conclusions
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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Scope
•
Development of key active technologies until 2050
– HVDC technology assessment report:
• Datasheet on CSC (current source converter) technology
• Datasheet on VSC (voltage source converter) technology
• Datasheet on HVDC breaker technology
– FACTS technology assessment report:
• Datasheet on Shunt compensation technology
• Datasheet on Series compensation
– Transformers technology assessment report:
• Datasheet on phase shift transformers
• Datasheet on transformers with tap changes
– Protection technology assessment report:
• Datasheet on protection at substation level (AC breaker and fault current limiter technology)
• Datasheet on protection at system level
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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Scope II
•
•
Methodology for data gathering
– For each technology data parameters were identified by a group of key experts within T&D Europe
– This set of parameters were verified and approved in T&D Europe.
– Prepared a first draft during several workshops with 5-10 experts from organizations in T&D Europe
– The data gathering sources are reference projects, published articles and R&D plans that give the robustness needed to the
figures.
– The data gathering of VSC technology was presented in WP 3 group meeting as a dry-run test with all WP’s to agree on the
proposed approach to be used for the remaining active transmission technologies
– Second round of validation with all the relevant stakeholders
Parameters
– Technology performance: capacity, security of supply, losses, distance,
– Technology readiness: TRL
– Implementation constraints: footprint
– Costs: assest costs, O&M, economic lifetime
– Environmental impact: footprint, noise, EMC, HSE, emissions
– Market and supply: market size and operational experience
– Dynamic performance
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Trends at 2050 - Evolution of grid design
What will characterize future grids?
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•
•
•
•
Centralized and distributed power generation
Intermittent renewable power generation
Consumers become also producers
Multi-directional power flow
Load adapted to production
Operation based more on real-time data

Smart Grid is the future evolution of the entire power network.

Smart Grid includes both transmission and distribution, focuses on the
integration of renewable generation, reliability and efficiency of the grid.
© ABB
2009-11-11 SmartGrid and FACTS | 5
Grid initiatives
© ABB HVDC
© ABB6 Group
Slide
April 23, 2014 | Slide 6
10MP1795
Limitations and open questions
•
•
Market development
– Market scenarios: degree of change in generation mix
– Public acceptance
Uncertainties
– Long time horizon
– R&D effort and resulting technical solutions
– Demand for specific solutions may stimulate technology development
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Conclusions
•
•
Security of supply is at the center of attention
– Focus on power transmission
– Security of supply is at the center of attention for TSOs and manufactures
– Environmental & cost aspects are highly relevant, but secondary to security of supplies
2050 outlook
– HVDC
• CSC: mature technology, incremental improvement, less focus in Europe
• VSC: increase in capacity close to CSC, lower losses
• HVDC Grids: HVDC breakers, tapping, DC-DC converters
– FACTS
• SVC: mature technology, incremental improvement
• STATCOM: increase in capacity close to SVC
• Support overall system control
– Transformers:
• Mature with incremental improvements foreseen will follow based on change in market requirements.
– Protection (at substation level and at system level)
• Need to adapt protection components and systems to new market requirements
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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E-Highway2050
WP3 workshop April 15th, 2014 Brussels
Active power technologies at 2050 – HVDC options for transmission in Europe
Speaker: Peter Lundberg, T&D Europe
Talk plan: HVDC options for transmission in Europe
•
Scope
•
State of the art
•
Highlights on technical performance
•
Highlights on costs
•
Highlights on environmental issues
•
Open questions for the considered technology
•
Conclusions
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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Scope – HVDC options for transmission in Europe
•
Development of HVDC technologies
– CSC technology
– VSC technology
•
Evolution HVDC Grids
– From point-to-point to multi-terminal systems
– From one to several protection zones
– From radial systems to meshed HVDC Grids
•
New components needed
– HVDC breaker
– Tapping
– DC-DC converter
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State of the art – HVDC technologies
•
HVDC CSC technology
– Commercially available since 1954
– Conventional, mature and well established: around 150 systems today
– Applications: connection of remote generation, long submarine cable transmission and for interconnection
of asynchronous systems
– Require a synchronous voltage source
– Used for multi-terminal systems (3 stations)
•
HVDC VSC technology
– Commercially available since 1999
– Around 20 systems today
– Applications: connection of remote generation, long undergrounding/submarine cable transmission,
interconnection of asynchronous systems
– Can rapidly control both active and reactive power independently from each other
– No synchronous voltage source is required
– Planned for future multi-terminal systems
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HVDC applications
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Interconnecting grids
Connecting remote generation
Offshore wind connections
DC links in AC grids
Power from shore
City-center infeed
Connecting remote loads
Upgrades
© ABB Group
April 23, 2014 | Slide 13
HVDC is a growing technology
Connecting remote generation
Offshore wind connections
Interconnecting grids
DC links in AC grids
Power from shore
© ABB Group
April 23, 2014 | Slide 14
And more applications to come
Remote sun power
City center infeed
Upgrades
© ABB Group
April 23, 2014 | Slide 15
Interconnecting grids
Increases cross-border energy exchange capacity
• Security of supply
• Energy trading
• Optimize utilization of generation
assets
© ABB Group
April 23, 2014 | Slide 16
Connecting remote generation
Requires cost efficient transmission
• Energy demand is growing
• Renewable energy sources
• Large scale generation plants
• Distance to load centers
© ABB Group
April 23, 2014 | Slide 17
DC links in AC grids
Enhance the AC grid performance
• Bottle-necks in existing AC grids
• Difficulty to get right-of-way for new
overhead lines
• Improve the AC grid stability and
reliability level
• Power quality
© ABB Group
April 23, 2014| Slide 18
Power from shore
Driving forces
• Reduce OPEX
– Maintenance
– Fuel
• Minimize emissions
• Increase efficiency
• Space and weight on platform
• Improve working conditions
© ABB Group
April 23, 2014| Slide 19
Trends at 2050 – Example VSC vs CSC performance
Data type
Capacity
CSC
unit
maximum length of the line
km
2013
700 km
2050
3000 km
2013
2000 km
2050
3000 km
km
300 km
1000 km
580 km
1000 km
losses per converter station
% of rated power
0,9-1,3%
0,5-1,0%
0,7-1,1%
0,5-1%
Voltage (line to ground) for
converters
kV
500 kV
1100 kV
800kV
1100 kV
Current
kA
1,5-2 kA
4-6 kA
4-5kA
5-6kA
MW
2000 MW
13200 MW
8000
13200
n. of trips per year
2 trips/year
1 trips/year
scheduled energy availability
in % of total hours per year
99%
99,9%
99%
99,5%
Outages frequency
Every 2'nd year
Every 5'th year
Every 2'nd
year
Every 5'th
year
Time required to perform
maintenance
1 weeks/year
2 days/year
transmission distance maximum length of the
cable
Losses
VSC
comment
Max Power per VSC
substation (bipole)
reliability (per station)
Availability
Security of Supply M (Maintenance) frequency
M (Maintenance) - outage
time
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
2 trips/year 1 trips/year
1 weeks/year 2 days/year
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Highlights on technical performance
•
•
•
HVDC CSC technology
– Max power: 8000 MW (bipole)
– Max voltage: OH-lines: 800kV, cables: 550kV
– Losses per converter station: 0,7-1,1%
– High reliabiliaty and availability
– Used for multi-terminal systems (3 stations)
HVDC VSC technology
– Max power: 2000 MW (bipole)
– Max voltage: OH-lines: 500kV, cables: 500kV
– Losses per converter station: 0,9-1,3%
– High reliabiliaty and availability
– Planned for future multi-terminal systems
Outlook 2050
– VSC: The VSC technology will increase its transmission capacity and reduce losses to become close to the
conventional CSC technology. This could make VSC the predominant HVDC technology in Europe.
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Highlights on technical performance (continue)
•
Outlook 2050
– Evolution HVDC Grids
• From point-to-point to multi-terminal systems
• From one to several protection zones
• From radial systems to meshed HVDC Grids
–
New components needed
• HVDC breaker
– to separate faulty parts of the grid during earth faults
– more than one protection zone by separating faulty parts of the grid during earth faults
– Hybrid concepts: mechanical and electrical components
• Tapping
– Cost efficient tapping of smaller loads in a multi-terminal system
• DC-DC converter
– convert one DC voltage to another, i.e. the equivalent of a transformer on an AC grid
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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Highlights on costs
•
•
Respecting EU competition requirements, T&D Europe can only provide general considerations on costs
Need for full life cycle approach
– Costs related to permitting and planning
– Investment costs of system components
– Costs of operation and maintenance
– Costs of possible end of life
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Highlights on environmental issues
•
HVDC CSC technology
– Footprint foreseen to reduce somewhat:
• Today: 1000MW, 500kV: 250x220m
• Future: reduced by 10-20%
– Incremental improvements for noise and CO2 emissions foreseen
– EMC will not be an issue in future
•
HVDC VSC technology
– Footprint foreseen to reduce significantly:
• Today: 1000MW, 320kV: 150x100m
• Future: reduced by 50-25%
– Incremental improvements for noise and CO2 emissions foreseen
– EMC will not be an issue in future
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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Conclusions
•
Market scenarios
– Security of supply is key for Europe
– Change in generation mix and location drives need for transmission
– Degree of speed and level of change will impact required transmission solutions
•
Development of HVDC technologies
– CSC technology
– VSC technology
•
Evolution of HVDC Grids
– From point-to-point to multi-terminal systems
– From one to several protection zones
– From radial systems to meshed HVDC Grids
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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E-Highway2050
WP3 workshop April 15th, 2014 Brussels
Active power technologies at 2050 – Integration of FACTS and HVDC into the grid
Speaker: Peter Lundberg, T&D Europe
Talk plan: Integration of FACTS and HVDC into the grid
•
Scope
•
State of the art
•
Highlights on technical performance
•
Highlights on costs
•
Highlights on environmental issues
•
Open questions for the considered technology
•
Conclusions
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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Scope – Integration of FACTS and HVDC into the grid
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–
HVDC technology assessment report:
• Datasheet on CSC (current source converter) technology
• Datasheet on VSC (voltage source converter) technology
• Datasheet on HVDC breaker technology
FACTS technology assessment report:
• Datasheet on Shunt compensation technology
• Datasheet on Series compensation
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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State of the art – FACTS technologies
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•
•
FACTS technology
– Commercially available since late 1980’s
– Applications: industrial and utilities
– Combination of traditional power system components (such as transformers, reactors, witches, and
capacitors) with power electronics elements (such as various types of transistors and thyristors).
– Control of active and reactive power flows, reduce network losses
– Utilization of transmission line capacity
– Limit oscillation and enhance system damping
Shunt controllers:
– Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Series controllers:
– Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and
Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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FACTS and Smart Grid
Smart Grid is a lot about connecting, transmitting and distributing
renewable power:
•
•
Wind
Solar
FACTS is a vital ingredient in Smart Grid
With FACTS, we get smart grids, enabling:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Improved power transmission capability
Dynamic voltage control
Dynamic grid stability
Power Quality control
Reliability and availability
Dynamic energy storage
© ABB
2009-11-11 SmartGrid and FACTS | 30
Effective extension of capacity
with proven technology
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wide area monitoring and control
systems for very large scale stability
(WAMS)
Supervisory control and data
acquisition systems for large
networks (SCADA)
Flexible AC transmission systems
(FACTS) for improved power transfer
and stability
High voltage DC systems to connect
different grids, provide stability and
transport power from challenging
locations (HVDC)
Substation automation for
instantaneous fault detection and
system restoring
High quality products (transformers,
etc)
Required systems to unfold the full potential of the grid
© ABB
2009-11-11 SmartGrid and FACTS | 31
Smart Grid:
FACTS and integration of renewables
Voltage control of
sea cable
transmission
grid power flow control
increasing grid capacity
and stability
efficient long
distance
transmission
Dynamic energy
storage for load
support and
frequency regulation
© ABB
2009-11-11 SmartGrid and FACTS | 32
Smart Grid solutions:
Integration of renewables
•
•
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) including SVC, Series Capacitors and
STATCOM for increased grid capacity, voltage control and compliance with Grid
Codes
Series Capacitors for efficient long distance transmission
© ABB
2009-11-11 SmartGrid and FACTS | 33
Integrating renewable power
Intermittent power generation
Capacity
Reliability
•
Electricity from wind and solar
plants is intermittent
•
Spinning reserves between 5
and 18 percent of installed wind
energy are required1
•
Plant interconnections and a
wide range of storage
technologies could reduce the
need for reserves
Efficiency
Sustainability
1
Wind impact on power system, Bremen 2009
The future electrical system must be able
to cope with these challenges
© ABB
2009-11-11 SmartGrid and FACTS | 34
Integrating renewable power
Challenging locations
•
Capacity
Reliability
•
Efficiency
Sustainability
Regions with high wind intensity
•
China
Main consumption centers
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•
•
Wind farms are built where
wind availability is highest
For energy transport, AC
technology with FACTS is often
the optimum choice
Often remote and deserted or
off shore
For offshore installations cables
are the only option for energy
transport
For long subsea distances DC
technology is the optimal choice
For medium and short subsea
distances AC technology with
FACTS is the optimum choice
The future electrical system must offer
economic and reliable solutions
© ABB
2009-11-11 SmartGrid and FACTS | 35
Smart Grid solutions:
Solar power
•
Large scale solar power stations in the
range of several MW to hundreds of
MW are predicted to become
increasingly common
•
Solar power, particularly from PV
sources is extremely variable (100% to
near zero generation common with
cloud cover)
•
Grid operators expect power stations
to produce constant power (real and
reactive), at a stable voltage with a
high level of reliability and integrity
© ABB
2009-11-11 SmartGrid and FACTS | 36
Controlling power flow through transmission lines
Capacity
Reliability
•
Efficiency
Sustainability
•
•
The world’s largest SVC
with 500kV, -145 /+575 MVAr
FACTS devices compensate the
inductance of the lines for
maximum power transfer
(series compensation)
They also mitigate disturbances
and stabilize the grid (dynamic
shunt compensation)
In some cases power system
transmission capacity can be up
to doubled
© ABB
2009-11-11 SmartGrid and FACTS | 37
Trends at 2050 – Example STATCOM vs SVC
Data type
Losses
Capacity
variable
losses per converter
station
STATCOM
2013
2050
SVC
2013
2050
% of rated
power
1,5-2,0%
1,0-1,5%
1,5-2,0%
1,0-1,5%
Voltage (line to ground)
for converters
kV
765kV*
765kV*
765kV*
765kV*
Dynamic Reactive power
MVAr
-200/+200*
-300/+600**
-300/+600
-300/+600
kA
2-3 kA
3-4 kA
4-5 kA
4-5 kA
n. of trips per
year
2 trips/year
1 trips/year
2 trips/year
1 trips/year
99,0%
99,9%
98,5%
99,0%
Every 2'nd year
Every 5'th
year
Every year
Every year
1 weeks/year
2 days/year
2 days/year
2 days/year
Current
Reliability (per station)
Security of Supply
unit
Availability
M (Maintenance) frequency
M (Maintenance) outage time
scheduled
energy
availability in %
of total hours
per year
Outages
frequency
Time required to
perform
maintenance
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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Highlights on technical performance - FACTS
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•
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Shunt controllers:
– Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
• Dynamic reactive power: -300/+600 MVAr
• Max voltage: 765kV
• Losses per unit: 1,5-2,0%
• High reliabiliaty and availability
– Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
• Dynamic reactive power: -200/+200 MVAr
• Max voltage: 765kV
• Losses per unit: 1,5-2,0%
• High reliabiliaty and availability
Series controllers:
– Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
• Dynamic reactive power: 1350 MVAr
• Max voltage: 765kV
• Losses per unit: negligble
• High reliabiliaty and availability
Outlook 2050
– STATCOM technology will increase its transmission capacity and reduce losses to become close to the conventional SVC
technology. This could make STATCOM the predominant HVDC technology in Europe.
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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Highlights on costs
•
•
Respecting EU competition requirements, T&D Europe can only provide general considerations on costs
Need for full life cycle approach
– Costs related to permitting and planning
– Investment costs of system components
– Costs of operation and maintenance
– Costs of possible end of life
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
40
Highlights on environmental issues - FACTS
•
•
•
SVC technology
– Footprint foreseen to reduce somewhat:
• Today, -100/+300 MVAr: 20000m2
• Future: reduced by 0-20%
– Incremental improvements for noise and CO2 emissions foreseen
– EMC will not be an issue in future
STATCOM technology
– Footprint foreseen to reduce significantly:
• Today, -100/+300 MVAr: 10000m2
• Future: reduced by 0-20%
– Incremental improvements for noise and CO2 emissions foreseen
– EMC will not be an issue in future
Series controllers: Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
– Footprint foreseen to reduce significantly:
• Today, 1350 MVAr: 40000m2
• Future: reduced by 0%
– Incremental improvements for noise and CO2 emissions foreseen
– EMC will not be an issue in future
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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Conclusions
•
Market scenarios
– Security of supply is key for Europe
– Change in generation mix and location drives need for transmission
– Degree of speed and level of change will impact required transmission solutions
•
Development of FACTS technologies
– Shunt technology
– Series technology
•
Outlook 2050
– STATCOM technology will increase its transmission capacity and reduce losses to become close to the
conventional SVC technology. This could make STATCOM the predominant HVDC technology in Europe.
WP3 Workshop, April 15th 2014
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