1.1-1.5 Matter
Anything that has both mass
and volume.
States of Matter
• Bose-Einstein condensate: Exists only near
absolute zero.
• Solid: Definite shape and volume. Particles
restricted to rotational and vibrational movement
• Liquid: Definite volume. Takes on the shape of the
container. Particles free to move among each
other.
• Gas: Indefinite shape and volume. Easily
compressed.
• Plasma: Exists only at high temperatures.
Basic Definitions
• Mass: The amount of matter in an object.
(a measure of how hard it is to change an
object’s state of motion.)
• Weight: The measure of the pull of gravity
on a given mass.
• Volume: The amount of space an object
occupies.
More definitions
• Atom: The smallest unit of matter that
retains its chemical and physical properties.
• Element: A substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by any
physical or chemical change.
• Compound: two or more elements chemically
combined.
• Pure Substance: Elements or Compounds.
• Pure Substances
Pure Substances, continued
Compounds are Represented by Formulas, continued
• These models convey different information about
acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
Elements to LEARN!
“A” block
1st Transition series
Ag, Cd, Au, Hg, Pt,
Sn, W, Pt, U
Mixtures
• A physical combination of two or more pure
substances.
Heterogeneous mixture: not uniform. has
visibly different parts. example: A mixture of sand and
water is a heterogenous mixture.
Homogeneous mixture: uniform. No visibly
different parts. examples: gasoline, syrup, and air
• Types of Mixtures
• Particle Models for Gold and
Gold Alloy
Mixtures, continued
Distinguishing Mixtures from Compounds
• The properties of a mixture reflect the properties of
the substances it contains.
• The properties of a compound often are very different
from the properties of the elements that make it up.
• A mixture’s components can be present in varying
proportions.
• A compound has a definite composition in terms of
the masses of its elements.
• Classifying Matter
Separation Techniques
The following are used to separate components of a
mixture.
• Filtration: separates a solid from a liquid.
• Distillation: separates solid or liquid from liquid.
• Crystallization: used to purify solids by controlled
precipitation.
• Chromatography: separates solids by the
differences in rate of travel through a substrate.
Types include: paper, thin layer (TLC), and column.
Intensive vs Extensive Properties
• Intensive Property: -does not depend on
the amount of the substance
• Examples: density, melting point, boiling
point,
• Extensive Property: -depends on the size of
the sample
• Examples: Mass, volume.
Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
1. Which of the following is best classified as a
homogeneous mixture?
A. blood
B. copper wire
C. pizza
D. hot tea
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
1. Which of the following is best classified as a
homogeneous mixture?
A. blood
B. copper wire
C. pizza
D. hot tea
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
2. Which of the following statements about compounds
is true?
F. A compound contains only one element.
G. A compound can be classified as either
heterogeneous or homogeneous.
H. A compound has a defined ratio by mass of the
elements that it contains.
I. A compound varies in chemical composition
depending on the sample size.
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
2. Which of the following statements about compounds
is true?
F. A compound contains only one element.
G. A compound can be classified as either
heterogeneous or homogeneous.
H. A compound has a defined ratio by mass of the
elements that it contains.
I. A compound varies in chemical composition
depending on the sample size.
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
3. Which of the following is an element?
A. BaCl2
B. CO
C. He
D. NaOH
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
3. Which of the following is an element?
A. BaCl2
B. CO
C. He
D. NaOH
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
4. Is photosynthesis, in which light energy is captured by
plants to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water,
a physical change or a chemical change? Explain
your answer.
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
4. Is photosynthesis, in which light energy is captured by
plants to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water,
a physical change or a chemical change? Explain
your answer.
Answer: Photosynthesis is a chemical change because
the products of the change are different substances
than the starting materials.
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
5. A student checks the volume, melting point, and
shape of two unlabeled samples of matter and finds
that the measurements are identical. He concludes
that the samples have the same chemical
composition. Is this a valid conclusion? What
additional information might be collected to test this
conclusion?
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
5. A student checks the volume, melting point, and
shape of two unlabeled samples of matter and finds
that the measurements are identical. He concludes
that the samples have the same chemical
composition. Is this a valid conclusion? What
additional information might be collected to test this
conclusion?
Answer: The conclusion is not valid because volume and shape
give no information about identity and two different substances
can have the same melting point. Additional information could
include determining additional physical properties or chemical
properties.
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
6. Describe the physical and chemical changes that
occur when a pot of water is boiled over a campfire.
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Standardized Test Preparation
Understanding Concepts
6. Describe the physical and chemical changes that
occur when a pot of water is boiled over a campfire.
Answer: A physical change is the conversion of liquid
water to vapor. A chemical change is the reaction
between wood and oxygen that generates heat while
forming carbon dioxide and ash.
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Physical and Chemical
Changes:
Physical Property: Anything you can
observe about a substance without
changing its identity.
Examples: Density, melting point,
boiling point, color, etc…
Physical Change: process that does
not alter the chemical properties of
the substance.
Examples: melting, boiling, freezing,
tearing, dissolving, etc…
Chemical Property:
How the substance reacts
chemically. (Irons tendency to
rust is a chemical property)
Chemical Change: process that
produces new substances with
new physical and chemical
properties.
Examples: burning, oxidation,
electrolysis, decomposition.
Evidence
of a
Chemical Change
Evidence of a chemical
change
1.
2.
3.
4.
Color Change
Evolution of a gas.
Heat and or light.
Formation of a precipitate.