The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
UniversityPressScholarshipOnline
OxfordScholarshipOnline
SpeakingPittsburghese:TheStoryofaDialect
BarbaraJohnstone
Printpublicationdate:2013
PrintISBN-13:9780199945689
PublishedtoOxfordScholarshipOnline:January2014
DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199945689.001.0001
TheHistoryofYinzandtheOutlookforPittsburghese
BarbaraJohnstone
DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199945689.003.0009
AbstractandKeywords
Thischaptertracesthesemiotichistoryofyinz,startingfromwhenitwasanunremarked
featureofvernacularPittsburghspeechandendingin2012,whenyinzwasalsoakey
featureofPittsburghese,talkedabout,performed,andotherwisedeployedmorethan
almostanyotherPittsburgheseword.Usingthemodelofmeaningandmeaningchange
elaboratedearlierinthebook,thechapterexploreshowyinzbecameenregisteredwith
correctness,classandlocalness,payingparticularattentiontotheroleoftalkandmaterial
artifactsinthisprocess.Thissetofsocialmeaningshasbeentakenupintoanewsemiotic
order,suchthatyinzcannowindexyouthfulurbanhipness.Intheprocessoflayingout
themultipleordersofmeaninginwhichyinznowmakesdifferentkindsofsenseto
differentpeopleinPittsburgh,thechapterrecapitulatessomeofthebook’smajor
themes.
Keywords:yinz,enregisterment,history,semiotics
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
Thesecond-personpluralpronounyinzhasbeenasemioticresourceinPittsburghever
sincecolonial-eraScotch-Irishimmigrantsbroughtittothearea.Itsusethenisstilloneof
itsusesnow:inaddresstotwoormorepeople.Inthecourseofthetwentiethcentury
andthebeginningofthetwenty-first,however,yinzhasacquirednewwaysofmeaning,
suchthatitisnowoneofthemostoftencitedexamplesofPittsburghese,andoneofthe
mostvisibleiconsoflocalnessinPittsburgh.YinzappearsonbumperstickersandTshirtsthatsaythingslike“YinzareinSteelerCountry.”Itisusedasagraffititag(figure
9.1).
Figure9.1 YinzasaGraffitiTag
(PhotographbyBarbaraJohnstone)
Yinzhasbecomeaproductivemorpheme.Thatistosaythatyinzisnowanelementof
meaningthatcanbeusedinnewways,asitisinwordslikeYinzer,Yinzburgh,oryinz
play.YinzshowsupwhenpeoplewanttoclaimtheyarePittsburghersandwhen
PittsburghersaddresstheworldasPittsburghers.Itcanshowthatsomeoneisan
insider.Somespectatorsatthe2012SaintPatrick’sDayparadeindowntownPittsburgh
woreT-shirtsthatsaid“Yinz,I’mIrish”or“Irish,yinz?”Thesesloganspointtothe
wearer’sbeingaPittsburgher—knowingtheinsidertermtousewithfellow
Pittsburghers—aswellasbeing“Irish”—anethnicdesignationthatisaccurateformany
PittsburghersandplayfullyadoptedbymanyotherseveryApril17.ThetextonaT-shirt
thatwasforsaleforatimeattheAndyWarholMuseummadetheinsider/outsider
distinctiontransparent:“wesayyinz/yousayyouall.”
YinzcanalsobeusedbyoutsiderstoaddressPittsburghers,asonasignataprotest
duringtheG-20summitmeetingthatwasheldinPittsburghin2008.Thesignread“Yinz’
liveinapolicestate.”Thespelling“yinz’,”withafinalapostrophe,suggeststhatthesign
writerwasnotfromPittsburgh,wherethewordisneverspelledthatway.Alternately,
yinzcanleaveitambiguouswhethertheaddresserisaPittsburgherornot.For
example,anewspaperreportonasetofpodcastsaboutPittsburghspeechwasentitled
“YinzcanlearnaboutPittsburgheseonline—Podcastsprovideoriginsofthecity’smost
colorfulwords”(Fleming2008a).WhetherornottheheadlinewriterwasaPittsburgher,
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
the(p.229) useofyinzintheheadlinesuggeststhatthepodcastswillbeofinterestto
Pittsburghers.
Inthepagesthatfollow,Itracethesemiotichistoryofyinz,startingfromwhenitwasan
unremarkedfeatureofvernacularPittsburghspeech,withnosocialresonance,and
endingin2012,whenyinzcouldstillbeheardinPittsburghers’unselfconscious
vernacularspeechbutwasalsoakeyfeatureofPittsburghese,talkedabout,performed,
andotherwisedeployedmorethananyotherPittsburgheseword.Exploringthemore
strictlylinguistichistoryoftheword,Ishowhowtracesofitsderivationhavebeen
erasedaspeoplehavereanalyzeditsinternalstructureandchangeditsspelling.Thishas
meantthattherangeofgrammaticalrolesthiswordcanplayhasbroadened.Usingthe
modelofmeaningandmeaningchangeIelaboratedearlierinthebook,Iexplorehow
yinzbecameenregisteredwithcorrectness,class,andlocalness,payingparticular
attentiontotheroleoftalkandmaterialartifactsinthisprocess.Ithendescribehowthis
setofsocialmeaningshasbeentakenupintoanewsemioticorder,suchthatyinzcan
nowindexyouthfulurbanhipness.Intheprocessoflayingoutthemultipleordersof
meaninginwhichyinznowmakesdifferentkindsofsensetodifferentpeoplein
Pittsburgh,Irecapitulatesomeofthebook’smajorthemes.
Manylanguageshavedistinctpronounsthatmean‘you’inthesingularand‘you’inthe
plural(morethanone‘you’,inotherwords):Frenchhas(p.230) tu(singular)andvous
(plural),Germanhasdu(singular)andihr(forfamiliars)orSie(themoreformaloption)
forplural,andsoon.WhenEnglish-speakersusepronounstopointtothemselvesorto
peopletheyarenottalkingto,we,too,usedifferentformstodistinguishbetween
singularandplural.Inthefirstperson,weusethesingularIandthepluralwe;inthe
thirdpersonweusehe,she,it(singular)andthey(plural)However,duetoasetof
historicalaccidents,standardEnglishhasonlyoneform,you,forreferringtotheperson
orpeoplebeingaddressed.YoudoesdoubledutyinstandardEnglishasboththe
singularandthepluralform.ThisleavesagapintheEnglishinventoryofpronouns,and,
atleastinmorecasualspeech,English-speakersoftentrytofillthisgap.
TheformthatbecameyinzwasfirstbroughttoAmericabyScotch-Irishimmigrants
(Montgomery2002;2006).Aswesawinchapter3,theseweremainlythedescendantsof
ProtestantpeoplefromScotlandandnorthernEnglandwhohadbeensettledinnorthern
Irelandbeginningin1610.Duringthenineteenthcentury,whenmanyIrishspeakers
switchedtospeakingEnglish,theyfoundthegapintheEnglishpronounsystem
problematic,becausetheIrishlanguagehasbothasingularsecondpersonpronoun,tu,
andapluralone,sibh.Inresponse,thesespeakerscoinedavarietyofEnglish-based
second-personpluralforms,includingyouall,yous,youns,yiz,andyouones.Subsequent
IrishspeakersofEnglish,aswellastheScotch-Irishwholivedalongsidetheminnorthern
Ireland,inheritedtheseformsandbroughtthemalongwhentheyemigrated.Beginning
intheearlyeighteenthcentury,aswehaveseen,hundredsofthousandsofpeoplefrom
northernIrelandmigratedtoAmerica,andasecondwaveofemigration,mainlyfrom
Ireland’smoresoutherncounties,followedthepotatoblightthatcausedwidespread
famineinthe1840sand1850s.Y’all,acontractedformofyouall,isnowusedacrossthe
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
southernUnitedStates.OtherformsareusedinotherplaceswhereIrishorScotchIrishpeoplesettled.Thewordnowspelled“yinz”inPittsburghisacontractedformof
youones.Youones(oftenspelled“you’uns”)isusednotonlyinthePitttsburghareabut
alsoelsewhereintheAppalachianMountains,whereitoftenactuallysoundsmorelike
[yuǝnz](“you’unz”).
Aformofyou’unshasthusbeenusedinthePittsburghareasincetheearlyeighteenth
century,andthewordcontinuestobeusedelsewhereinAppalachia.However,most
PittsburghersthinkthatyinzisuniquetothePittsburgharea.Theyarenotawarethat
thewordtheythinkofas“yinz”isrelatedtoyou’uns.Yinzhasbecomedisconnected
fromitslinguistichistorythroughthreerelatedprocesses.Foronething,the
pronunciationoftheformhaschanged,from[yuǝnz](“you’unz”)to[jʊnz](“yunz”)to
(forsomespeakers)[jɪnz](“yinz”).Thischangeisstillinprogress,andpeopleargue
abouthowthewordshouldsound.Nowadays,however,theargumentismainlybetween
[jʊnz]and[jɪnz],asissuggestedinthisexcerptfromane-mail:
(p.231) MywifeandIlivedinPittsburghfrom1974–1977,andoursonhaslived
thereforthelasteightyears.Irememberthewordtobe“yunz,”butheclaims
thatit’smoreproperly“yinz.”Hecitesanotherword,“yinzer,”indefenseofthis.
Myargumentisthatthewordwaslikely“you-uns,”contractedtobecome“yunz.”
(DevlinGualteri,e-mailtoauthor,Jan.21,2011)
Thewriternotes(correctly)thatthewordstartedoutas“you-uns”andremembersit
beingpronouncedinawaythatsoundedclosertothat,whilehissonthinksthe“proper”
pronunciationis“yinz.”Anothere-mailcorrespondent(PetePetersontoauthor,Jan.6,
2011)complainedtomeabout“themisuseof‘yinz’[ratherthan‘yunz’]bythosewho
wanttotalktheworking-classlingo.”
Gualteri’sson’sperspectivereflectsaseconddevelopmentinthelinguistichistoryof
yinz,namelythatpeoplenowtendtounderstandyinzasasingleunitofmeaningrather
thantwo.JasonE.,theseventeen-year-oldintervieweefromwhomweheardinchapter4,
saidthathe“didn’tget”yinz,because“it’snotacontraction”—inotherwords,nota
shortenedformof“anywords”:“Idon’treallyevenget[yɪnz],”saidJason,“‘causeit
doesn’tmakeanysense,it’snotacontraction,becauseit’snotanywords,‘yinz’isnota
‘you’—.”Toputitinmoretechnicalterms,peoplelikeJasonE.havereanalyzedthe
morphology,orinternalstructure,ofyinz,imaginingitasmonomorphemic(asingle,
indivisibleunitofmeaning)ratherthanbimorphemic(twounitsofmeaning).
Finally,thespellingofthewordhaschangedinwaysthatreflectthesedevelopmentsand
atthesametimehelppushthemforward.Becauseyinzisnonstandard,itdoesnothave
anofficial,dictionary-approvedspelling,andpeoplehavebeenfreetowriteitvarious
ways.ThespellingofyinzisaneasilysparkedtopicofdiscussioninPittsburgh.Variants
include<yunz,><yins,><you’uns,>and<youns>or<younz.>Peopletendtosuppose
thatthereisacorrectspelling,buttheyarenotsurewhatitis,andtheyexplainthe
variabilityintheword’sorthography(whichcaneasilybeobserved)withreferenceto
variabilityinitspronunciation;theyimagine,inotherwords,thatpeoplemustspellthe
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
worddifferentlybecausetheypronounceitdifferently.
Themostfrequentspellingisnow<yinz.>AGooglesearchconductedinApril2011
(figure9.2),uncoveredfarmoreusesof<yinz>togetherwiththewordPittsburghthan
of<yunz,><younz,>or<you’uns.>Whileearlierspellings,suchas<you’uns>
preservedtracesofthehistoryoftheword(treatingitasacontractionandspellingyou
thestandardway),readingfromrighttoleftonthechartinfigure9.3showshowthe
spellingshavebecomemoreandmorephonetic:moreandmorebasedonhowtheword
sounds,notwhereitcomesfrom.<Younz>preservesatraceofthefactthatpartofthe
wordwasonceyou,butspellstherestthewayitsounds:<unz.><Yunz>and<yinz>
havelostthistraceofhistoryandareevenmorephonetic.
Figure9.2 SpellingsofyinzontheWorldWideWeb:GoogleSearch
April12,2011.
(p.232) Howhasyinzcometomeansomanythings?Forone,personalpronounsoccur
frequentlyintalkingandwriting,andtheybothreflectandreinforcedistinctionsamong
categoriesofpeoplethatcaneasilysparkcontroversy.Englishpersonalpronounshavea
historyofbecomingcontroversialbecauseofsocialmeaningswithwhichtheybecome
enregistered.Oneexampleisthenowunfashionable“generic”useofhe(asin“Eachof
thestudentsopenedhisbook”).Inothercontexts,heindexesbiologicalmalenessor
culturalmasculinity,andoncethedistinctionbetweengenericheandsomeotheroption
(heorshe,s/he,they)wasenregisteredwithgenderitcametosoundasifitsuggested
thatthetypicalordefaultpersonwasmale.ThedistinctionbetweenIandwecancarry
socialmeaning,too,aswhenindividualsusewetorefertothemselves—the“royalwe”
thatcausedafurorwhenusedbynotroyalPrimeMinisterMargaretThatcherafterthe
birthofherson’sfirstchild(“Weareagrandmother”).
Morespecifically,though,thesemiotichistoryofyinztracksthesemiotichistoryof
Pittsburgheseingeneral.Inorderforyinztobeassociatedwithonewayoftalkingas
opposedtosomeotherwayoftalking,Pittsburghersfirsthadtobecomeawarethatnot
everybodyusesyinz.Aswesawinchapter4,untilaroundthemiddleofthetwentieth
century,Pittsburghersrarelynoticedthattheyusedaformthatwasdifferentthan
anyoneelse’s.WeheardfromDottieX.,borninthelate1920s,whosaidthatasachild,
she“neverevenheard”yinz,despitethefactthatsheandeveryonearoundherusedit
ineverydayspeech.
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
Tomodelhowyinz,togetherwithotherfeaturesofPittsburghese,movedfrombeingan
unremarked,unremarkablefeatureofPittsburghspeechtobeingameaningfulchoice
thatcouldexpresssocialmeaning,Iintroducedtheideaofenregisterment(Agha2003;
2007a):thelinkingofalinguisticfeature(aword,sound,orbitofgrammar)withasocial
meaning(apersona,situation,oridentity).Thesocialmeaningsoflinguisticfeaturesare
enregisteredaccordingto(p.233) “ideologicalschemas”—inotherwords,localideas
aboutlanguageandsocietyandhowthetwoarerelated.
Forexample,averywidespreadideologicalschemaisthatthereare“better”and
“worse”waysoftalking.Americanchildrenlearnfromcaregiversandteachersthatsome
wordsare“bad,”thatinsomesituations(ifnotall)youneedtospeak“properly,”and
thatsomewaysofsayingthings“soundbetter”thanothers.InPittsburgh,peoplewho
noticedthattheysometimesheardyinzandsometimesyouasthepluralpronoun
mappedthisdifferenceontotheideathatsomewaysoftalkingarebetterthanothers:
youstartedtobeheardasbetter,yinzasworse.
Yinzhasalsobeenenregisteredwithsocialclass.Itisthoughtofasafeatureofworkingclassspeech.Thishashappenedpartlythroughpeople’slived,everydayexperience.The
peopleinthenextneighborhood,whoallworkedinthesteelmill,mighthavesounded
differentfrompeopleinyourneighborhood.Thismighthavecausedyoutoenregister
thewaythepeopleintheotherneighborhoodtalkedwiththefactthattheywereworking
class.MaterialartifactsliketheYappin’Yinzersalsohelpenregisteryinzwithsocialclass.
ChippedHamSamsaysyinzoftenandlookslikeastereotypicalworking-class
Pittsburgher.
Yinzhasalsobeenenregisteredwithcorrectness,however,sothatevenpeoplewith
working-classrootsthattheyareproudofwilldenythattheyuseit.JenandDonna,the
motheranddaughterweheardfrominchapter5,talkedaboutyinz.Thedaughterclaims
thattheneighborssayyinz“constantly.”Hermotherrespondswith,“Wedon’tusethat!
…YourdadandIdon’tusethattoooften.”
Inadditiontobeingsemioticallylinkedwithclassandwithincorrectness,yinzhasalso
beenlinkedwithplace,asperhapsthemosticonicfeatureofPittsburghese.Leavinga
GiantEaglegrocerystoreinSeptember2007,Ipassedthreeemployeesonbreak.One
ofthemusedyinzinanunselfconsciousway,inaddressingtheothertwo.Ratherthan
respondingtowhatshehadactuallysaid,anotheroftheemployeesrespondedwith,
“Yinz.Yes,that’sPittsburgh.”OtherPittsburghersagree.Abloggerwritingaboutthe
wordclaimsthat“anySteelersfanwilltellyouthat‘yinz’ispurePittsburghese.” 1 A
youngmanIinterviewedagreed,tellingme,“Probablythenumberoneprimeexampleof
Pittsburgheseis‘yinz.’”AndanentryunderPittsburgheseonUrbanDictionary.com,a
sitewhereuserspostdefinitionsofnewandnonstandardwords,saysthis:“Emblematic
ofPittsburgheseis‘yinz’asthepluralof‘you’,with‘yunz’asavariant.” 2
Yinzhasbecome“emblematicofPittsburghese”partlybecausemanyPittsburghersnow
liveinplaceswherepeopleuseadifferentform,y’all,inthesamecontexts.Overthe
courseofrepeatedinteractionswithsoutherners,thepatternthiscreates—apatternI
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
referredtoinchapter3astextmetricality—comestohighlightthecontrast.Thefactthat
differentpeopleusedifferentwordsinthesamecontexts,todothesamething—address
multiplehearers—pointsupthe(p.234) possiblesemioticvalueofyinzbeyondits
meaningasapronoun.SeveralpostsintheWTAEdiscussionforum(chapter5)alludeto
this.“Alas,mykidsgrewupsaying‘ya’ll’andIstillcan’tgetusedtoit,”wrotesomeone
who“movedtothesoutheighteenyearsago.”Thediscussiontookplacein2002,which
meansthatthisparticipantleftPittsburghin1984,exactlywhenthemassivecontraction
ofthesteelindustryforcedsomanyyoungPittsburghersout,andthefactthatthis
personhasgrownchildrensuggeststhatsheorhewaspartofthatcohort.Another
participantsaidthathe“live[s]inGeorgia,thelandofya’ll,”andsuggeststhatothers“try
livingamongthe‘y’allers’forafewyears.You’llappreciatethe‘yunz’alittlemore.”
Yinzhasalsobeenfurtherreanalyzed.Inadditiontobeingusedasapersonalpronoun,it
cannowbeusedasanadjective,prefix,orsuffix,tomodifyanoun.Intheseuses,yinz
means“Pittsburghy,”somehowconnectedtoPittsburghortypicalofPittsburgh.For
example,“YinzPlay”wasthenameofanexhibitatthePittsburghChildren’sMuseumin
2010.Thiswasnotmeantasanimperative(“Yinz,play!”)butratherasachancetofind
outmoreaboutPittsburghbyplaying.Yinzservedasanadjectivemodifyingthenoun
play.Theexhibitincludedanareacalled“PittsburgheseIllustratedWordPlay,”where,
accordingtothePittsburghPost-Gazette,childrencould“placePittsburghesephrases
andfamousquotesinthemouthsofsuchimagesasTroyPolamalu[aPittsburghSteelers
footballstar]andMisterRogers[oncethehostofapopulartelevisionshowforchildren.]
Forexample,AndyWarholmightasktogo‘dahntahn’,withMr.Rogersresponding‘Nuh,
uh!’”(Chapman2010).(TheartistAndyWarholwasfromPittsburghandismuch
celebratedthere.)
TherewereotherPittsburghyactivitiesaswell.“Otherelementsoftheexhibit,”saidthe
Post-Gazette,“allowvisitorstocreatetheirownversionofaPrimantiBrothers’sandwich,
pretendtopaddleakayak,anddomuchmore.”PrimantiBrothers’overstuffed
sandwicheshavebecomeanemblemoflocalness;kayakingisarecentandoften
advertisedpossibilityonthenowcleanerrivers.Alsoinvolvingyinzusedasanadjective
istheYinzTeddyBear,aplushbear,forsaleonline,dressedasaPittsburghSteelers
footballfan.
“Yinzfloat”(figure9.3)isthelabelofapictureofthreepeopleinaboatjustbigenough
forthem,acooler,andsomefishinggear.ThephotoappearsinaFlickrstreambyan
amateurphotographer,DavidKent,called“simplepleasure”(Kent2009).Thesceneis
theMonongahelaRiver.Takenfromaboveastheboatpassedunderabridge,the
pictureshowstheboaterslookingrelaxed,thetwoyoungwomeninbikinissunbathing,
theolderman,shirtless,atthetilleroftheoutboardmotor,inhisotherhandabeverage
caninafoam“beerkoozie.”Oneofthewomensitsinafoldinglawnchair.Yinzsuggests
thattheyarePittsburghers,engagedinatypicalPittsburghactivity.
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
Figure9.3 “YinzFloat”
(PhotographbyDavidKent,usedwithpermission)
Asaprefixorsuffix,yinzisusedtomodifynounsinwordslike“Yinzburgh”(anexhibitat
theCarnegieScienceCenterconsistingofphotographsofunidentified(p.235)
Pittsburghers,togetherwithactivitiesaimedatgettingvisitorstothinkabouttheir
family’shistoryandthehistoryofindustry),aswellasYinzPittandYinzSports(websites
aboutPittsburgh).YinzBlogwasasectioninthePittsburghCityPaperconsistingof
excerptsfromblogsaboutthecity.Ablogonthewebsiteiheartpgh.comin2012was
calledQuestyinz.3Readerswereinvitedtosubmit“questionsaboutPittsburghorlifein
Pittsburgh.”
Asnoted,aYinzerisastereotypicalPittsburgher.Yinzercanbeuseddisparaginglyor
fondly,dependingonwhousesittolabelwhom,butitisincreasinglyusedinthelatter
way,asaclaimtolocalness.In2003–2004,Iaskedallmy(p.236) intervieweeswhether
theywerefamiliarwiththetermYinzer.Olderpeopletendednottorecognizetheword,
whileyoungerpeopledid.McCool’sPittsburghesedictionary,publishedin1982,does
notincludeYinzer,andYinzerdoesnotappearinthecorpusofprintrepresentationsof
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
PittsburghspeechIassembledbetween1997and2000.Overthecourseofthe2000s,
thewordYinzerhasbecomemoreandmorevisible,anditsappearanceinthefinal
volumeoftheDictionaryofRegionalAmericanEnglish(JoanHoustonHall2012)has
givenitanofficialsealofapproval,insomepeople’seyes.4
AJuly2012Googlesearchyieldedmorethan223,000hitsforYinzer.Photostagged
Yinzertendtobeofmalesportsfans,sometimesdrinking(ordrunk).Figure9.4shows
YinzerusedinthenameofashopthatsellssportsteamT-shirts,additionalgearforfans,
andotherPittsburghsouvenirs.Yinzerparty.comprovides“StreetStyleandNightlife
PhotosofPortlandandPittsburgh.”Thesite’snameinvitesreaderstoimaginethatthe
bloggerisfromPittsburgh,notfromPortland.
Figure9.4 YinzerasPartofaShopName.
(PhotographbyBarbaraJohnstone)
However,thetermisalsousedinmanycontextsthatdonotcallupsportsandparties,
contextsinwhichitappearssimplytomean“Pittsburgh.”TheNewYinzerisaliterary
magazinefoundedintheearly2000sbyagroupofpeopleintheirtwenties.(Thenameis
atake-offonTheNewYorker,aprominent(p.237) USliterarymagazine.)Thewebsite
makesanexplicitlinkbetweenthe“newYinzer”and“Pittsburgh’snewlyemergent
identity:”
Welcometothefall2011issueofPittsburgh’sliterarymagazine,TheNewYinzer.
Ourmissionistoquestion,develop,andembodyPittsburgh’snewlyemergent
identityvialiterarydiscourse.
Weprovideregionalwriterswithaworkingclassroomtocultivatewritingfrom
freshideatofinishedproductonthepageandonstage.5
A2011PittsburghPost-GazettereviewofthenewalbumbyaPittsburghrapperwas
headlined,“MillerpoundsoutashowforPittsburgh’sYinzers.”Pittsburgh’sPenn
BreweryproducesanIndiaPaleAlecalled“CheekyYinzer.”Yinzerhasitselfbecomea
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
productivemorphemeinwordsliketheblend“Yinzercation”(ablogaboutthe
Pittsburghpublicschools).Yinzermakover.comwasthedomainnameofawebsiteabout
anonlinecontest,heldin2008,describedinaFacebookannouncementas“Pittsburgh’s
BiggestFashionDisaster:WhatYinzShouldn’tWear.”
Figure9.5 VisuallyEnregisteringyinzwithPlace
(PhotographsbyBarbaraJohnstone).
ThelinksbetweenyinzanditssocialmeaningshavebeenforgedinthekindsofactivitiesI
describedinthesecondhalfofthisbook:inconversationandstorytelling,inthemedia,
onartifactsthatareforsale,andinperformancesbothfleetingandcarefullydesigned.
Thevisualartifactsinfigure9.5,forexample,inviteviewerstoenregisteryinzwithlocal
identityinvariousways.OntheT-shirtinfigure9.5,yinzissuperimposedonthe
Pittsburghskylineandfurtherlinkedwiththecityviathecolorsblackandgoldandby
virtueoftheT-shirt’stitle:Picksburgh.Onthemotorscooter,asouvenirstickerofthe
kindthatusuallyindicatesaplacename(likeOBXfortheOuterBanks)says“YINZ”
whereaviewermightexpect“PGH.”TheSubwaySandwichdrinkdispenserthatthanks
“yinz”forvisitingPittsburghwasintheairport,wherepeoplearrivingattheconcourse
whereitwaslocatedmightencounteryinzasoneoftheirfirstPittsburghexperiences.
(p.238) Thesocialpracticesthroughwhichyinzhasbeenenregisteredasincorrect,as
workingclass,asPittsburghy,andasanemblemof“rustbeltchic”(Doig2012)have
beenshapedbythehistoryofthecityanditspeople,whichhasinturnbeenshapedby
thephysicalgeographyofthearea.
Whatdoesyinzmeannow,intheseconddecadeofthetwenty-firstcentury?Yinzisa
second-personpluralpronoun.Yinzisanounprefixorsuffix,oranadjective.Yinzisa
noun.Yinzsoundsincorrect.Yinzisaworking-classword.YinzisaPittsburghword.Yinz
iship.Inshort,peopleuseyinzinmanydifferentactivities,eachofwhichdrawsonand
reinforcesadifferentoverlappingsetofideologicalschemas.Yinzisenregisteredin
multipleways.Itisaresource,indifferentways,fordifferentpublicsinPittsburgh.Its
meaningsarebothlayeredintimeanddispersedinsocialspace,sothat,dependingon
whenandwhereapersonissociallylocated,somemeaningsareavailableandothersare
not.
Olderusesofthewordcansometimesbeseenthroughnewerones:yinzcansound
workingclasspartlybecauseitcansoundincorrect;itcansoundPittsburghypartly
becauseitcansoundworkingclass.Yinzissometimesawindowonthepast,itsnewer
meaningslaminatedonitsolderones.Sometimes,though,forsomepeople,newersocial
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
meaningshavereplacedolderones.Acollegestudentfromoutofstateusesyinzina
bar,asawayofshowingthathefitsin,unawareofitsothersocialresonances;his
Pittsburgherfriendcringes,hearinganembarrassingallusiontotheuneducated
Pittsburghersofthepast.Acolleaguewhoreadsanonlineforumforvideogamers
noticedthatonecontributorcalledhimself“YinzerSlayer”andaskedwhetherthatmeant
“Yinzerwhoslays”or“onewhoslaysYinzers.”YinzerSlayer’sreplywasscaffoldedon
anoldermeaning:“slayerofYinzers—Ihatethestupiditythatsomewillfullyignorant
peoplearoundPittsburghdisplayonaregularbasis.Somepeopletake‘Yinzer’asaterm
ofendearment,Idon’t.”PeoplewhodotakeYinzerasatermofendearmentmight,on
theotherhand,payforanitemmadebyjewelerSharonMassey,whodesigns,produces,
andsellssilverpendants,earrings,cufflinks,andotherwearableproductsintheshapes
ofPittsburghesewordsorwithPittsburghesewordsonthem.Masseymarketsher
Yinzerpendanttopeoplewhoare“proudtobeaYinzer”(Massey,n.d.).
Massey’sjewelrycanlinkPittsburghesewithavarietyofsocialmeanings,dependingon
whobuysitforwhomandwhowearsit.ThefactthatMassey’spendants,beltbuckles,
andearringsareexperiencedonthebodiesofpeoplewhowearthemratherthanonthe
bodiesofstandardizeddollslikeChippedHamSam,orinthevisualcontextofthefronts
andbacksofT-shirts,opensupthepossibilitythatthewordstheyrepresentmaybe
takenintonewordersofindexicality,givenmeaningaccordingtonewculturalschemata.
UnlikethePittsburgheseonT-shirts,Pittsburgheseasjewelryneednotbevisually
linkedwithimagesofthecity,localnamesandactivities,oraspectsofvisualdesign(like
color)thatlookPittsburghy.UnlikethePittsburgheseutteredbythe(p.239) Yappin’
Yinzerdolls,PittsburghesejewelryisnotdirectlylinkedwiththepersonaoftheYinzer.
If,forexample,apendantthatsaysYinzerwerewornbyayouthfulhipster,itcouldlink
PittsburghesetoadifferentsortofsocialidentitythanthatoftheYappin’Yinzerdolls,still
perhapsevokingtheYinzeridentityinamoreironic,detachedway,orperhapsnot.Like
theoralperformanceswelookedatinchapter8,thejewelryservesasacentrifugal
force,pushingyinzintonewsemioticdomains.
FromRememberedLocaletoImaginedPersona
OneofthebiggestsurprisesformeasIhavepiecedtogetherthehistoryof
Pittsburghesehasbeenthehugeroleplayedbythebabyboomers,thegenerationof
Pittsburghersandex-PittsburgherswhowerebornafterWorldWarIIandwhobecame
working-agedinthe1980s.ThiscohortofPittsburghershasbeenthebridgegeneration,
anchoredbothinPittsburghspeechandinPittsburghese.Intheirlifetimesandwiththeir
participation,economicandsocialhistory,ideasaboutlanguage,andthehistoryof
westernPennsylvaniaspeechcametogetherwithcommunicationtechnologytoput
Pittsburgheseinplace.
Storiesaboutlanguagechangeareoftenstoriesaboutyoungpeople,andpartofthe
Pittsburghesestorytracesthebabyboomers’youthinastill-industrialPittsburghwhere
highunionwagesandthehighwaybuildingboomofthe1950sand1960smadeitpossible
fortheirparentstomovefromLawrencevilletothesuburbsorfromEastPittsburghto
ForestHills.TheirparentshadgrownupsoundinglikePittsburghers,unawareofhow
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
theysoundedandwhatitcouldmeantosoundonewayoranother,butthese
Pittsburghers,moreawareofotherwaysofspeakingbecausetheyweremoremobile,
linkedPittsburghesewithclassandknewitcouldsounduneducatedandsloppy.Theytry
nottosay“dahntahn”oryinz.Still,theyknowtheyhavePittsburghaccents,because
peoplehavetoldthemso.TheygrewupreadingarticlesaboutPittsburgheseinthe
newspapersandstilltodaygetrecognizedasPittsburghersbyhowtheytalk.Aswehave
seen,theygrewupthinkingofthemselvesasPittsburghers,too,notasimmigrantsorthe
childrenofimmigrants.
HugenumbersofbabyboomerswereforcedawayfromPittsburghwhentheeconomy
contractedinthe1980s.Manyofthemmovedtothe“sunbelt,”agroupofsouthernand
southwesternstatesthatwereattractingindustryinpartbecauseoflowerlaborcosts.
Coincidentally,personalcomputerswerejustbecomingwidelyavailable,firstin
workplaces,theninhomes.Bytheearly1990s,manyyoungeradultswerecomfortable
withe-mail,andbythemid-1990stheywereexploringtheWorldWideWeb.Stillyoung
orinearlymiddleage,theex-Pittsburghersquicklycaughtontopersonalcomputingand
usedittokeepintouchwithhomeandtalkabouthome.Aswehaveseen,thisinvolved
talking(p.240) abouthowPittsburgherstalk.Theycontinuetodoso,perhapseven
morenowthattheirchildrenaregrownandtheyhavemoretimefornostalgia.
ThechildrenofthisgenerationgrewupwithPittsburghese.Thoseinthediasporic
“SteelerNation”mayhaveseenPittsburgheseorhearditdiscussed,mainlyonfootball
Sundays,butitisunlikelythattheyareinterestedenoughinittocarryonintheir
parents’onlinefootsteps.ThosewhogrewupinPittsburghmaystillspeakwiththeir
parents’unselfconsciousPittsburghaccents.Ontheotherhand,iftheirparentsmoved
upsociallyandeconomically,theyprobablyspeakinamoreleveled,regional-sounding
way,maintainingsomefeaturesofthewaytheirparentsspeak(theypronouncewords
likenotwiththeroundedlowbackvowel,wordslikeschoolwithavocalized/l/)butnot
thefeaturesthathavecometosoundPittsburghy.Thesepeopleareprobablyabletotalk
aboutPittsburghese,though,andtheymayuseitplayfullytoclaimalocalorinsider
identity.Thein-migrationtoPittsburghbycollegestudentsandyoungprofessionals
meansthatthesePittsburghersarejoinedbypeoplewholearntotalkabout
Pittburghese,evenusebitsofit,butwhorelativelyrarelyhearanyonespeakingwitha
Pittsburghaccent.Iftheydo,theymaynotevenrecognizeit.
ThepeoplewhoenregisteredasubsetofPittsburghwords,phrases,andsoundsas
Pittsburgheseinthelatterhalfofthetwentiethcenturytypicallyhadpersonalmemories
ofchildhoodsinPittsburgh,andthePittsburgheseofthetwentiethandearlytwenty-first
centuryincludedmanyformsthatevokedactivitiesandartifactstheyassociatedwith
theiryouth.ListsofPittsburghesefromthoseyearsincludedlocalplacenamesandlocal
productsaswellasdistinctivewords,andthesetendedtobeembeddedinphrasesand
sentencesthatevokedthepast.Thepeoplewhogeneratedtheselistsandarguedover
theircontentsknewmanypeoplewhoactuallyusedthesewordsandsounds,peoplewho
reallysoundedlikePittsburghers,andtheexperienceofbeingrecognizedbytheir
accentsmadethemsensitivetothesoundsoflocalspeech.Thus,listsofPittsburghese
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
fromthe1980s,1990s,andearly2000stendedtorepresentavarietyoflocal
pronunciations,iniconicwordslike“dahntahn,”“Stillers,”and“GiantIggle,”butalsoin
lessiconiccontextslike“stillmill”(‘steelmill’)and“cahch”(‘couch’).
ThePittsburghesethathasbeencreatedbyandforthebabyboomersisshapedbythe
ideathatPittsburgheseislinkedtothePittsburghoftherememberedpast.Itisan
aspectofPittsburgh’sculturalheritage,albeitrarelyacknowledgedassuchinmore
officialkindsoftalkaboutthecity.Ithasbecomeunloosedfromthekindofsocial
evaluationthatcanmakeitshamefultohaveanactualPittsburghaccentorprovincialto
usePittsburghwords.PittsburghPost-GazettecolumnistBrianO’Neill,writingin2004,
gavevoicetothisideainane-mailtomeinwhichhesuggestedthathehadusedalocalsoundingterminoneofhiscolumnsbecause“‘rubberbands’hasnoauthorityover
‘gumbands.’”Thisistosaythatthestandard,“correct”form(rubberbands)nolonger
trumpsthelocal(p.241) form(gumbands).GiventhatmostpeopleintheUnitedStates,
mostofthetime,userubberbandsinsteadofgumbands,theworldinwhichO’Neill’s
claimmakessenseisaworldinwhichthelocalisasgoodastheglobal.Pittsburghersno
longerliveinsuchaworld,butmanymissit.
AstherealmofdiscourseaboutPittsburghesebecomesfurtherandfurther
disconnectedfromtherealmofpeoplewhospeakthewayPittsburghersspeak,the
repertoireofPittsburgheseitemshasshrunkandstandardized.OlderPittsburgheseTshirtdesigns,withtenormorewordsonthefrontandalongerlistontheback,arenow
soldnexttonewerdesigns,whichtendtoplaywithasinglePittsburgheseword:“I’m
surroundedbyjagoffs,”“YNZ”,“Drinkup,yinzbitches,”“Stillers,”“Wegot[Super
Bowl]ringsn’at.”Anapparentlyself-published2012bookcalledYinzerBible(Anon2012)
includesa“PittsburgheseDictionary”thatisdifferentfromearlieronesinsometelling
ways.SomeoftheentriesappeartobecopiedfromtheliststhatcirculateviatheMcCool
dictionary,T-shirtsandotherartifacts,andonline.Others,however,suggestthatthelist
makerwasnotveryfamiliarwiththewayPittsburgherstalk.Reddupisspelled“Red-up”
andwronglydefinedas“togetready,”andhoagieismisspelled“hogie.”Mostofthe
otherentriesareeyedialect:“picknick”forpicnic,“rilly”forreally,“grahj”forgarage,
andsoon.Themonophthongal/aw/soundisspelled<aaw>,<ah>,<awh>,and<ha>,
whichsuggeststhatthewriterofthelistmaynotbesurewhatitactuallysoundslike.But
thenewdictionaryincludesoneitemthatismissingfromearlierlists:“Yinzer,”defined
as,“ThebelovedPittsburgherwhospeaksPittsburgheseandfollowstheculture.”
ParticularlyforpeoplewhodonotrememberthePittsburghofthe1950sand1960s,the
meaningofPittsburgheseisshifting.Pittsburgheseisbeingenregisterednotwiththe
city’sidentityingeneralbutmorespecificallywiththepersonaoftheYinzer.AsInotedin
chapter7,theYinzerfigurerepresentsastyleofcommunicationaswellasalifestyle;
Yinzersareforthright,loud,anddirectivebecausetheyarefreeoftheneedtocontrol
theirspeechfortheneweconomy.Theyarealsofrustratedandpetulant.Theycallpeople
jagoffs,rantineffectivelyaboutthe“Stillers,”andyellattheirkids.WhenIaskolder
peopletoexplainwhatPittsburgheseis,theylistwordsandphrases;whenIaskyounger
people,theybreakintoperformancesoftheYinzer,oftenleaningforward,raisingtheir
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
voices,soundingabitaggressive.SpeakingPittsburghese,forthem,isnotsomucha
matterofknowinglocalspeechformsthatevokethepastasamatterofputtingona
speechstylethatevokesastereotypicalworking-classcharacter.
Ithasbeenarguedthateconomicandculturaldevelopmentshavediminishedthe
relevanceofplaceinhumanlives.AccordingtoRobertN.Bellahandhiscolleagues(Bellah
etal.1985),contemporaryAmericansinhabit“lifestyleenclaves”ratherthancommunities
centeredaroundcommonexperienceofplace.Theinstabilityofmeaningingeneraland
thethreattomeaningfulplacesinthe(p.242) modernworldisoftensaidtobethe
resultofrapidchangeandmobility(Ogilvy1977).EdwardSaid(1978,18),forexample,
speaksofthe“generalizedsenseofhomelessness”experiencedbythegloballymobile.
AccordingtosociologistAnthonyGiddens(1991),thedynamismofmodernlifehasthe
effectofseparatingplacefromspace,removingsocialrelationsfromlocalcontexts.Once
sociallifebecomes“disembedded”inthisway,“placebecomesphantasmagoric”
(Giddens,1991,146),“muchlesssignificantthanitusedtobeasanexternalreferentfor
thelifespanoftheindividual”(147).Theworldisnolongerjustthephysicalworldin
whichapersonmovesthrough.
Butitisalsoclaimedthatlocal,place-basedcommunitystillhasaroletoplay,albeita
changingone.Giddenspointsouthowpeopleattemptto“re-embedthelifespanwithina
localmilieu”(1991,147),suchasthroughattemptstocultivatecommunitypride.Cultural
geographerswhocontinuetofocusontraditionalculturesandtraditionalaspectsof
culturerecognizethecontinuedpersistenceandimportanceoftraditionalsourcesof
meaningsuchaslocalness(Entrikin1991,41).Thatlocalnesscanstillbevaluedcanbe
seeninactivitiesaimedatperpetuatingorevencreatingit.Localcontextsoflifemaystill
betiedtohumanidentityinmoreimmediateways,too.AsStuartHallpointsout(1991,
33–36),globalizationisnot,afterall,anewphenomenon,and“thereturntothelocalis
oftenaresponsetoglobalization…Itisarespectforlocalrootswhichisbroughttobear
againsttheanonymous,impersonalworldoftheglobalizedforceswhichwedonot
understand.”Face-to-facecommunityisknowableinawaymoreabstractcommunities
arenot:one“knowswhatthevoicesare.Oneknowswhatthefacesare”(35).Insum,itis
increasinglydifficulttopredictexactlyhowthelocalwillarticulatewithanindividual’slife.
InexploringoneofthewaysinwhichPittsburghersarticulateexperiencewithplace,I
hopeIhavesaidsomethingnewaboutthemeaningofplaceinhumanlives.Duetoa
particularsetofgeographical,economic,linguistic,andideologicalcircumstances,people
inPittsburghgrabbedontolanguageasawayofdefiningthemselves,andarguments
aboutwhatPittsburghmeanscontinuetobeframedasargumentsaboutPittsburghese.
(AcontroversyoverwhetherthePost-Gazetteshouldcontinuetoallowitswriterstouse
thewordjagofferuptedasIwaswritingthischapter.Onthesurfaceitwasaboutthe
meaningofaword,buttheargumentactuallyhadasmuchtodowiththemeaningofthe
city’shistory.)ThesetofcircumstancesthatproducedPittsburghesehascoincided
nowhereelse.Therearesimilarstories,butnoneidentical.Thisisthesociolinguistic
historyofaparticularspotontheplanetataparticulartime.Intellingthestoryof
Pittsburghese,Ihopetohaveopenedupsomenewwaysofthinkingaboutwhatregional
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The History of Yinz and the Outlook for Pittsburghese
dialectsareandwhattheymeanatatimewhenmobilityappearstobeerasingdifference.
Notes:
(1).http://www.grammarphobia.com/blog/2011/02/yinz.html,accessedJuly17,2012.
(2).http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=pittsburghese,accessedJuly4,
2012.
(3).http://iheartpgh.com/quest-yinz/,accessedJuly3,2013.
(4).IfYinzerdidnotstartwithaletterthatisclosetotheendofthealphabet,itwould
nothaveappearedinDARE,whoseearliervolumeswereallpublishedbeforetheword
cameontothescene.
(5).http://www.newyinzer.com/archive/fall2011/tocindex.html,accessedJuly3,2013.
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