“Education is the kindling of a flame, not the
filling of a vessel” - Socrates.
Thermodynamics Lecture Series
Capturing the Lingo
“Learning is not a spectator sport.
You do not learn much just sitting in classes
listening to teachers, memorizing prepackaged
assignments, and spitting out answers. You
must talk about what you are learning, write
reflectively about it, relate it to past experiences,
and apply it to your daily lives. You must make
what you learn part of yourselves.”
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jaafar Jantan aka DR. JJ
Applied Science Education Research
Applied Science, UiTM, Shah Alam
Deep Impact
Mission: Flyby
camera capturing the
image when
impactor spacecraft
collides with Tempel
1 on July 3rd.
Journey towards
Enrichment and
Balance utilizing
Arts and Sciences i n
Teaching & Learning
-Source:"Implementing the Seven
Principles: Technology as Lever" by Arthur
W. Chickering and Stephen C. Ehrmann
Voice: 019019- 455
455-- 1621 email: drjjlanita@hotmail.com
drjjlanita@hotmail.com;; jjnita@salam.uitm.edu.my
Website: http://www3.uitm.edu.my/staff/drjj/drjj1.html
8/10/2005
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CHAPTER
Learning
1
Objectives/Intended Learning Outcome:
At the end of this session, participants should be able to:
1. State, discuss and apply the terminologies used in
thermodynamics to daily life.
Basic Concepts
of Thermodynamics –
2. State and identify origins and transformations of the
many different forms of energy
The science of Energy
3. State and discuss the characteristics and description of
changes from and to a system
4. State and discuss the zeroth law of thermo.
8/10/2005
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FIGURE 1–5
Some application areas of
thermodynamics
.
Steam
SteamPower
PowerPlant
Plant
1-1
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2004
1
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or disp l a y .
FIGURE 1–13
System,
surroundings, and
boundary.
FIGURE 1–14
Mass cannot cross
the boundaries of a
closed system, but
energy can.
1-3
1-4
Systems
Systems
Dynamic
Dynamic Energies
Energies
cross
cross in
in and
and out
out
Qin
Qout
Win
Wout
NO
NO VOLUME
VOLUME CHANGE
CHANGE
V
= V final
Vinitial
initial = Vfinal
V
V == constant
constant
NO
NO mass
mass transfer
transfer
m
=0
minin == m
mout
out = 0
NO
NO dynamic
dynamic energy
energy transfer
transfer
E
=0
Einin == E
Eout
out = 0
A rigid tank
An isolated system
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FIGURE 1–17
A control volume may involve fixed, moving,
real, and imaginary boundaries.
Open system devices
Heat Exchanger
Throttle
1-5
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2004
2
First
FirstLaw
Lawof
ofThermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Properties:
Properties:
•Temperature
•Temperature
•Pressure
•Pressure
•Volume
•Volume
•Internal
•Internalenergy
energy
•Entropy
•Entropy
Properties
Movable boundary
position gone up
System
expands
System
System
System
The system can be either open or
closed. The concept of a property
still applies.
A change has taken
place.
Classes of properties
Box
Box with
with 33 sections
sections after
after equilibrium
equilibrium
Classes of properties
•• Extensive
Extensive
•• Intensive
Intensive
–– MASS,
MASS,m
m
–– VOLUME,
VOLUME,VV
–– ENERGY,
ENERGY,EE
–– TEMPERATURE,
TEMPERATURE,TT
–– PRESSURE,
PRESSURE,PP
–– DENSITY
DENSITY
–– Specific
Specificproperties
properties
ADDITIVE
ADDITIVEOVER
OVER
THE
THE SYSTEM.
SYSTEM.
SYSTEM.
NOT
NOT ADDITIVE
ADDITIVEOVER
OVER
THE
THESYSTEM
SYSTEM..
Extensive:
Extensive: Total
Total ::
V
V == V
V11 ++ V
V22 ++ V
V33
E
E == E
E11 ++ E
E22 ++ E
E33
m
m == m
m11 ++ m
m22 ++ m
m33
States
•• State
State
––AAset
setof
ofproperties
propertiesdescribing
describingthe
the
condition
conditionof
ofaasystem
system
•• AAchange
changein
inany
anyproperty,
property,changes
changesthe
the
state
stateof
ofthat
thatsystem
system
Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM,
2004
Intensive:
Intensive: not
not size
size
independent
independent
νν == νν11 == νν22 == νν33 == V/m
V/m
ee == ee11 == ee22 == ee33 == E/m
E/m
T,
T, P
P
States
•• Equilibrium
Equilibrium
––AAstate
stateof
ofbalance
balance
––Thermal
Thermal––temperature
temperaturesame
sameat
atall
allpoints
points
of
ofsystem
system
––Mechanical
Mechanical––pressure
pressuresame
sameat
atall
allpoints
points
of
ofsystem
systemat
atall
alltime
time
––Phase
Phase––mass
massof
ofeach
eachphase
phaseabout
aboutthe
the
same
same
––Chemical
Chemical––chemical
chemicalreaction
reactionstop
stop
3
States
•• State
State postulate
postulate
Processes and cycles
––Must
Musthave
have22independent
independentintensive
intensive
properties
propertiesto
tospecify
specifyaastate:
state:
•• Pressure
Pressure&
&specificinternal
specific internalenergy
specificinternal
energy
•• Pressure
&
specific
Pressure & specificvolume
volume
•• Temperature
Temperature&
&specific
specificenthalpy
enthalpy
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First Law of Thermodynamics
FIGURE 1–25
A process
between states
1 and 2 and
the process
path.
Properties will change
indicating change of
state
Mass in
Qin
Qout
System
E1, P1 , T1, V 1
To
E2, P2 , T2, V 2
Win
Wout
Mass
out
1-6
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FIGURE 1–28
The P-V diagram of a
compression process.
p
Thermodynamic process
State 1
State 2
V
T
1-7
Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM,
2004
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Example: Heating water
System analysis of the slow heating process:
Neglect vapor loss
System Boundary
T1
T 1 +dT
T 1 +2dT
T2
Assume no heat
losses from sides
and bottom.
Twater
….
T1
T1 +dT
T1 +2dT
T2
T heater
Heat supplied by electricity or combustion.
Energy in via electricity
or gas combustion
System analysis for the water under equilibrium processes:
Twater
p
Twater
T heater
Processes & Equilibrium States
S1
Process Path
T heater
V
S2
Energy In
What
Whatisisthe
the
state
stateof
ofthe
the
system
systemalong
along
the
theprocess
process
path?
path?
Energy Out
Heating via an equilibrium process
Reversed process of slow cooling,
which is reversible for the water
T
Thermodynamic process
Thermodynamic cycles
Process 1
p
P1
State 1
State 2
Process 2
T
Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM,
2004
V
State 1
State 2
Process Path I
Process Path II
P2
5
Example: A steam power cycle.
Combustion
Products
Steam
Turbine
Fuel
Air
Pump
Types of Energy
Mechanical Energy
to Generator
Heat
Exchanger
Cooling Water
System
SystemBoundary
Boundary
for
forThermodynamic
Thermodynamic
Analysis
Analysis
Types of Energy
•• Dynamic
Dynamic
–– Heat,
Heat,QQ
–– Work,
Work,W
W
–– Energy
Energyof
ofmoving
moving
mass,
mass,EEmass
mass
Crosses
Crossesin
inand
andout
outof
of
system’s
system’sboundary
boundary
Types of Energy
•• System
System
–– Internal,
Internal,UU
–– Kinetic,
Kinetic,KE
KE
–– Potential,
Potential,PE
PE
•• Internal,
Internal, U
U
––Sensible,
Sensible,
•• Relates
Relatesto
totemperature
temperaturechange
change
––Latent
Latent
•• Relates
Relatesto
tophase
phasechange
change
Changes
Changesoccuring
occuring
within
withinsystem
system
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FIGURE 1–32
The various forms of
microscopic
energies that make
up sensible energy.
Types of Energy
•• Kinetic
Kinetic
––Changes
Changeswith
withsquare
squareof
ofvelocity
velocity
22)/2, kJ; ke = v22/2, kJ/kg
•• KE
=
(mv
KE = (mv )/2, kJ; ke = v /2, kJ/kg
––IfIf velocity
velocity doubles,
doubles,
•• KE
KE==(m(2v)
(m(2v)22)/2
)/2==(4mv
(4mv22)/2,
)/2,kJ
kJ
––IfIfdecrease
decreaseby
by½,
½,then
then
•• KE
KE==(m(v/2)
(m(v/2)22)/2
)/2==(mv
(mv22)/8,
)/8,kJ
kJ
1-8
Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM,
2004
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Types of Energy
•• Potential
Potential
––Changes
Changeswith
withvertical
verticalposition,
position,
•• PE
=
mg(y
PE = mg(yff -yyi)i)==mgh,
mgh,,kJ;
mgh
kJ;pe
pe ==gh,
gh,,kJ/kg
gh
kJ/kg
––IfIfposition
positionabove
abovereference
referencepoint
pointdoubles,
doubles,
•• PE
PE==mg(2h),
mg(2h),kJ;
kJ; pe
pe ==g2h,
g2h,kJ/kg
kJ/kg
––IfIfdecrease
decreaseby
by½,
½,then
then
•• PE
PE==mgh/2,
mgh/2,kJ;
kJ;pe
pe ==gh/2,
gh/2,kJ/kg
kJ/kg
APPLICATION OF THE
EQUILIBRIUM PRINCIPLE
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Heat, and Temperature
Heat & temperature
Large
Largebody
body
at
atconstant
constant
temperature
temperature
TT1
1
Temperature & heat...
Large
Largebody
body
at
atconstant
constant
temperature
temperature
TT2 <T
2 <T11
Our sense of the direction of
heat flow - from high to low temperature.
Temperature and heat are related.
Caloric definition of temperature
TT11
Isolating
boundaries
TT11
T2
TT22
For metals, high
heat flow - diathermal
materials.
T1
TT22
For nonmetals, low
heat flow - insulating.
Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM,
2004
T1 > T2
7
Bring systems into thermal contact and surround
with an isolating -- adiabatic -- boundary.
T1
T1
T2
Initial configuration of the closed, combined
systems with a diathermal wall between the two.
T 1,final
T2
Heat is observed to flow from the subsystem at the
higher temperature to that with the lower temperature.
T 2,final
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics...
The final observed state of the total system is
that when the temperatures are equal. Heat
flow from subsystem 1 to subsystem 2 decreases
in time.
Demonstration of the Zeroth Law
Thermal equilibrium
A
T1
B
T2
Adiabatic
Diathermal
D
Initial State: T1 > T2
T 1,final
T 2,final
Final State: T1 = T2
Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM,
2004
D
C
Two subsystems in equilibrium with a third subsystem
8
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The Zeroth Law
FIGURE 1–41
The greenhouse effect on
earth.
Two systems in thermal
equilibrium with a third
system are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
1-11
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FIGURE 1–45
P versus T plots of the
experimental data
obtained from a
constant-volume gas
thermometer using
four different gases at
different (but low)
pressures.
1-12
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FIGURE 1–47
Comparison of
temperature scales.
1-13
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FIGURE 1–51
Absolute, gage, and
vacuum pressures.
FIGURE 1–55
The pressure is the same at all
points on a horizontal plane in a
given fluid regardless of
geometry, provided that the
points are interconnected by the
same fluid.
1-14
1-15
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2004
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FIGURE 1–57
The basic
manometer.
FIGURE 1–61
Schematic for Example 1–
8.
1-16
1-17
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FIGURE 1–63
The basic barometer.
1-18
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FIGURE 1–75
Some arrangements that
supply a room the same
amount of energy as a
300-W electric resistance
heater.
1-19
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FIGURE 1–39
Ground-level ozone,
which is the primary
component of smog,
forms when HC and
NOx react in the
presence of sunlight
in hot calm days.
FIGURE 1–40
Sulfuric acid and
nitric acid are formed
when sulfur oxides
and nitric oxides
react with water
vapor and other
chemicals high in the
atmosphere in the
presence of sunlight.
1-9
1-10
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2004
10
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FIGURE 1–7
The definition of the force units.
1-2
Copyright DRJJ, ASERG, FSG, UiTM,
2004
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