May 2011
Product Snapshot:
LED Replacement Lamps
A Program of the U.S. DOE
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Prepared for:
U.S. Department of Energy
Prepared by:
D&R International, Ltd.
1300 Spring Street, Suite 500
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Authors:
Jason West
Marci Sanders
Contents
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Executive Summary
1
New in This Edition
3
Lighting Facts: A Tool to Track the LED Replacement Lamp Market
4
LED Replacement Lamps: State of the Market
4
EISA Efficiency Levels for A-Lamps
6
A-Lamps, 2012–2019
6
A-Lamps, 2020
6
A-Lamp Performance Compared to EISA, 2012-2019
7
A-Lamp Performance Compared to EISA, 2020
9
LED A-Lamp Performance Trends and Projections
11
Color Performance of LED A-Lamp Replacements
12
A-Lamp Cost Analysis
14
DOE Energy Conservation Standard: Incandescent Reflector Lamps 16
Reflector Lamps, 2012
17
DOE Energy Conservation Standard:
General Service Fluorescent Lamps
21
Four-Foot Linear Fluorescent Lamps, 2012 22
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Executive Summary
This Lighting Facts® Product Snapshot represents an
analysis of the dataset underlying the DOE Lighting Facts
A Program of the U.S. DOE
product list. This
document is designed to help lighting
retailers, distributors, designers, utilities, and energy
efficiency program sponsors understand the current state
of the LED replacement lamp market and its trajectory.
The lighting industry is experiencing major change, as
new federal efficacy and labeling guidelines are phased
in for the most common types of lamps (light bulbs).
For this reason, most figures in the Snapshot show
lamp performance for LEDs and competing products
relative to federal efficiency levels. The effective dates
of standards for A-lamps begin with 100W lamps in
2012 and end with 40W lamps in 2014, while standards
for incandescent reflector and linear fluorescent lamps
take effect in 2012.
This analysis yielded two principal observations:
•• LED lamp light output has been rising steadily, but
not fast enough to replace 100W A-lamps by 2012.
•• Lamp performance remains highly variable across
all performance metrics. Retailers, distributors,
and lighting professionals should therefore
exercise due diligence when evaluating LED
products. Before making a purchasing decision,
Lighting Facts partners should conduct thorough
performance reviews and test product samples in
homes or offices if possible.
In addition, some LED products will play a key role
in the market transition:
•• LED A-lamps performing at 450 lumens (40W
incandescent equivalent) and 800 lumens
(60W incandescent equivalent) are already
available. If SSL market growth continues, these
products will likely be widely available in 2014,
when increased efficiency levels will affect the
manufacture and import of traditional 40W and
60W incandescent lamps.
•• The Lighting Facts dataset suggests that
1100-lumen LED A-lamps (equivalent to 75W
incandescent A-lamps) will be available between
2011 and 2012. These lamps could be widely
available in January 2013, when standard levels
will affect the manufacture and import of 75W
incandescent A-lamps.
1 I Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
•• LED reflector replacement lamps are already
available at many incandescent and halogen
wattage equivalency levels for PAR20/R20,
PAR30/R30, and PAR38/R38 lamps. The highest
performing LED products may be poised to
replace inefficient incandescent and halogen
reflector lamps in 2012.
•• No LED linear replacement lamps match the
light output of linear fluorescent lamps. Highefficiency linear fluorescent lamps that meet
2012 federal efficacy levels are already widely
available.
Observations about A-lamp, reflector lamp, and
linear lamp replacements include the following:
LED A-Lamp Replacements
•• LED A-lamp replacements meet the 2012–2014
standard efficacy levels, but over 67% of
those products fall below 450 lumens (40W
incandescent A-lamp equivalency). Over 25%
of LED A-lamp replacements do meet that level,
while 8% of LED A-lamp replacements meet or
exceed 800 lumens (60W incandescent A-lamp
equivalency).
•• Seventy-six percent of LED A-lamp replacements
meet the 2020 federal efficacy requirement of 45
lumens per watt.
•• Only 56% of those products meet generally
accepted color performance metrics for A-lamps.
•• The simple payback of 800-lumen
(60W-equivalent) LED A-lamps at current prices
($40 per bulb) is 6.3 years at average electricity
rates. Payback will decline proportionately as the
lamp price decreases. Lamp prices are projected
to drop by a factor of ten over the next decade.
LED Reflector Lamp Replacements
•• LED reflector lamps are available for a higher
level of light output (exceeding 1100 lumens)
than LED A-lamps (which exceed 800 lumens),
but are still missing for the highest equivalency
levels, like 90W halogen PAR38 lamps (1300–
1400 lumens).
•• Only two LED PAR30 replacement lamps approach
the light output of the 75W PAR30 halogen lamps
in the market (the highest widely available PAR30
wattage, which ranges from 950–1100 lumens).
One LED PAR20 replacement lamp exceeds the
light output
of
50W
A Program
of the
U.S. DOEPAR20 halogen lamps (the
highest widely available PAR20 wattage, which
ranges from 500–600 lumens). LED PAR30 and
PAR20 replacement lamps are widely available for
lower wattage equivalency levels.
LED Linear Lamp Replacements
•• LED replacements for 4-foot linear fluorescent
lamps continue to produce, on average, only
half the total light of the fluorescent products
they are designed to replace (1500 lumens
for LED lamps, compared to 3000 lumens for
fluorescent lamps).
•• Sixty-five percent of LED replacements are less
efficient than fluorescents.
•• LED replacements may find niche applications
that take advantage of their directionality,
but they do not perform well enough to be
considered one-for-one replacements of linear
fluorescent lamps.
A Decade of Change
40W-equivalent and
60W-equivalent LED
A-lamps reach the
market
75W-equivalent LED
A-Lamps projected
to reach the market
100W-equivalent LED
A-lamps projected to
reach the market
Federal efficiency levels for
75W-equivalent A-lamps
Federal efficiency levels
for 100W-equivalent
A-lamps
2010
2011
2012
FTC mandatory
consumer labeling
requirements
2013
Federal efficiency
levels for all A-lamps:
45 lm/W
Federal efficiency levels
for 60W-equivalent and
40W-equivalent A-lamps
2014
2015
Federal efficiency levels
for reflector and linear
fluorescent lamps
Analysis and figure: D&R International
2 I Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
New in This Edition
Table 1. Snapshot Updates Since the Last Edition
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Analysis
A-Lamps
Reflector Lamps
Sample Size
September 2010
May 2011
LED product
performance
32
66
Non-LED product
performance
35
70
Cost analysis
NA
80
Performance
projections
NA
66
LED product
performance
163
416
Non-LED product
performance
30
96
Reflector lamp
subtype analysis
NA
416
LED product
performance
23
55
Non-LED product
performance
3
23
218
537
Linear Lamps
Total number of LED
products analyzed
3 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Lighting Facts: A Tool to Track the
LED Replacement Lamp Market
To answer the question of how LED replacement
A Program of the U.S. DOE
lamp performance compares to the required
performance levels mandated by the legislation
and to the performance of incumbent technology,
this Snapshot draws from the database of Lighting
Facts products (available at www.lightingfacts.com/
products). Lighting Facts is a DOE-administered
truth-in-advertising program for LED products. Here
are some quick facts about the program:
•• To have a product added to the Lighting
Facts product list, a manufacturer must
first test the product in accordance with the
industry-accepted test method for electrical
and photometric measurements of solidstate lighting, IES LM-79-08, at an approved
laboratory. The manufacturer must then
submit the test results and performance
claims for independent verification by DOE.1
Lighting Facts is a valuable source of information
on the state of the LED replacement lamp market.
As the Lighting Facts database is growing rapidly,
DOE plans to update this Product Snapshot twice
a year to capture the most current and accurate
information possible.
LED Replacement Lamps:
State of the Market
LED replacement lamps make up almost half of
all products registered on Lighting Facts (Figure
1A), while luminaires (i.e., LED fixtures) represent
the remainder. Figure 1B shows further detail of
replacement lamp types.
•• Five key performance metrics (light output
in lumens, input power in watts, efficacy in
lumens per watt, color rendering index (CRI),
and correlated color temperature (CCT) in
kelvin) are reported on the label and the
online product list.
•• The product list includes a variety of product
types, from manufacturers large and small
and lighting industry veterans to entirely new
companies.
•• As of May 2011, 235 manufacturers, 185
retailers and distributors, and 208 lighting
professionals have partnered with the
program, representing a majority of the
LED industry.
•• Lighting Facts is the largest database of
its kind. More than 2,600 products were
registered as of May 2011.
•• Organizations interested in partnering
with the program may sign up at
www.lightingfacts.com.
1—As of May 2011, all Lighting Facts product data is based on products
that manufacturers selected for testing.
4 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Directional replacement lamps (replacements
for reflector lamps like MR-16s, Rs, and PARs)
make up almost two-thirds of the registered
replacement lamps on Lighting Facts.
Why are most LED replacement lamps directional?
LED technology is inherently directional (light
is emitted in a specific direction), in contrast to
incandescent, halogen, and fluorescent lamps,
which are omnidirectional (light is emitted in
all directions). Manufacturers are investing in
products that take advantage of the inherent
directionality of LEDs. Also, transforming
directional light
omnidirectional light is
A Program ofinto
the U.S. DOE
technically challenging and almost always results
in lower efficacy in the final product.
Despite the prevalence of directional
lamps registered with Lighting Facts, LED
replacements for omnidirectional A-lamps
represent a significant segment of registered
products and will likely play an important
role in the overall A-lamp market. LED
A-lamps, for instance, are estimated to
have an energy savings potential of 84.1
terawatt-hours (TWh)—more than double the
savings potential of LED directional lamps
(including PAR, BR, R, and MR16 lamps),
which is estimated at 41.5 TWh, assuming all
Figure 1A. Lighting Facts Replacement Lamps
and Luminaires
incandescent and fluorescent lamps were
replaced by LEDs. 2
A-lamps registered with Lighting Facts may not
in practice be truly omnidirectional products,
as incandescent lamps are. Manufacturers
select product types from a drop-down list to
better characterize their products and ensure
that they can be compared to similar products.
Lighting Facts does not currently verify product
equivalency based on these types, including
whether the light distribution matches the target
incumbent product. Lighting Facts has started
tracking light distribution data; future versions of
this Snapshot will include that information.
2—Navigant Consulting Inc. “Energy Savings Estimates of Light Emitting
Diodes in Niche Lighting Applications.” Prepared for the U.S. Department
of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building
Technologies Program. January 2011.
Figure 1B. Lighting Facts Replacement Lamps,
by Type
Omnidirrectional
(A-la
amps)
7%
Luminaires
55%
Replacement
Lamps
45%
Other
17%
Linear
(T8)
6%
Decorative
e
5%
2,074 Total Products
Source: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, www.lightingfacts.com/products.
5 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Directional
(PAR38 & R38)
18%
Directional
(PAR30 & R30)
20%
Direcctional
(PAR20 & R20)
6%
933 Replacement Lamps
Note: Replacement lamp percentages do not add up to exactly 100 due to rounding.
Analysis and figures: D&R International.
Directional
(MR16)
19%
EISA Efficiency Levels for A-Lamps
are now 100W, 75W, 60W, and 40W incandescent
products will be required to consume no more
than 72W, 53W, 43W, and 29W, respectively. During
this period, EISA requirements will apply to the
manufacture and import, but not the sales, of
general service lamps.
A-Lamps, 2012–2019
A Program
of the U.S. DOE
Table 2 shows
a summary
of the efficacy levels3 in the
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)
for general service lamps by lamp wattage.
From 2012 to 2014, new power consumption levels
for medium screw base, general service lamps
with light output from 310–2600 lumens will take
effect and will remain in effect until December 31,
2019.4 Lamps with light output in the ranges of what
EISA does not ban incandescent lamps; it increases the
minimum efficacy levels for all general service lamps.
Some incandescent lamps (in the form of halogen
lamps) already meet the new efficacy requirements.
A-Lamps, 2020
3—The term “efficacy” in this document refers specifically to the
luminous efficacy of a lamp or luminaire, which is defined as the ratio
of total light output to input power (in lumens per watt). The term
“efficiency” is also used in this document to describe federal standard
levels and product performance, though “efficacy” is a more common
technical metric for lighting products.
Starting on January 1, 2020, lamps of all lumen
values will be held to a single efficacy requirement
of 45 lumens per watt. At this point, enforcement
of the legislation will shift from manufacture and
import to sales. In 2014, DOE will revisit the 2020
lamp efficacy requirement and will increase the
requirement if necessary.
4—Many lamp types are exempt from EISA, including 3-way lamps,
rough service lamps, and candelabra lamps. A complete list of
exemptions can be found in the EISA summary document located at
www.lightingfacts.com/efficiency.
Table 2. EISA A-Lamp Standards, 2012–2020
Typical Lamp
Wattage
Rated Lumen
Ranges
Maximum
Allowed Wattage
after EISA
Lamp Efficacy
after EISA (lm/W)
Effective Date
100
1490–2600
72
21–36
1/1/2012
75
1050–1489
53
20–28
1/1/2013
60
750–1049
43
17–24
1/1/2014
40
310–749
29
11–26
1/1/2014
All Lamps
All Lamps
45
1/1/2020
6 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
The Lighting Prize
The L-Prize
(www.lightingprize.org)
A Program of the U.S. DOE
is the first governmentsponsored technology
competition designed to
spur lighting manufacturers
A-Lamp Performance Compared to
EISA, 2012-2019
Figure 2 shows the EISA requirements and replacement lamp
product performance. Lamps with performance that falls in the
shaded areas will not comply with the EISA requirements and cannot
be manufactured or imported starting on the effective dates set
by the legislation. Common incandescent lamps will not meet the
requirements.
to develop high-quality,
high-efficiency solid-state
lighting products to replace
the common light bulb. As
of May 2011, one entry is
under review.
Which products will meet the EISA 2012-2019 efficacy levels?
•• LED replacement lamps, which have become commercially available
in the past few years. These lamps are only available at light output
levels below 900 lumens. Approximately 8% of the LED A-lamp
replacements on the Lighting Facts product list emit enough light
to be considered 60W replacements (800 lumens). Similarly, 25%
of these products could be considered 40W replacements (450
lumens).5
•• CFLs, which are already widely available as more efficient
alternatives to incandescent lamps. CFLs are three to four times
more efficient than the minimum EISA requirements. CFLs are
available that meet or exceed light output equivalencies of all the
incandescent lamps affected by EISA.
•• Specially designed halogen lamps. All major lighting
manufacturers have developed new halogen lamp designs which
just meet the minimum EISA 2012–2019 performance standards.
Prices of these products are dropping steadily and they could
become the preferred substitute for traditional incandescents.
Though these products meet the EISA requirements, their rated
light output appears slightly lower than that of the incandescent
lamps they claim to replace.
5—Consistent with ENERGY STAR’s CFL requirements, 40W incandescent light output equivalency is
generally accepted to be 450 lumens and 60W equivalency is generally accepted to be 800 lumens.
Actual incandescent lamp light output may vary.
7 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Figure 2. A-Lamp Performance Compared to EISA, 2012-2019
EISA requirements
A Program of the U.S. DOE
L-Prize
2000
72W (2012)
Light Output (lumens)
100W
1500
53W (2013)
75W
1000
43W (2014)
60W
29W (2014)
EISA impacts
U.S. imports and manufacturing
40W
500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Wattage
LED
CFL
Halogen
Traditional incandescent
60W-equivalent LED lamps
Sources:
Incandescent, Halogen, and CFL: D&R International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major
retailers, February 2011.
LED: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, www.lightingfacts.com/products.
Analysis and figure: D&R International.
8 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
100
A-Lamp Performance Compared to EISA, 2020
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Figure 3 presents the EISA requirement for A-lamps in 2020, as well as
the current performance values for LED, CFL, and halogen lamps. The
sloped line shows the single efficacy requirement of 45 lumens per
watt for all A-lamps.
Which products will meet the EISA 2020 efficacy level?
•• Approximately 90% of currently available LEDs and CFLs already
meet the EISA 2020 efficacy level.
•• Current halogen products will not meet the EISA 2020 efficacy
level.
Other important considerations:
•• DOE projections from the 2011 Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP)
show that the efficacy of LED packages (the light sources
used in LED replacement lamps and other LED products) is
increasing rapidly, and is expected to double between 2010
and 2020.
•• CFLs that meet the light output levels of the four common lamp
wattages affected by EISA are already available.
•• After the EISA provisions take effect, consumers will not be able
to rely on the traditional 40W/60W/75W/100W wattage indicators
to purchase light bulbs. Even if LEDs catch up to the light output
levels of CFLs and the higher-wattage incandescent and halogen
products they are designed to replace, there will be a range of
wattages available for bulbs at all light output levels by 2020.
9 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Figure 3. A-Lamp Performance, Compared to EISA, 2020
A Program of the U.S. DOE
45
lu
m
en
sp
er
wa
tt
Light Output (lumens)
2000
1500
1000
500
EISA impacts U.S. sales
0
10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Wattage
LED
CFL
Halogen
60W-equivalent
LED lamps
Traditional
incandescent
Sources:
Incandescent, Halogen, and CFL: D&R International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major
retailers, February 2011.
LED: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, www.lightingfacts.com/products
Analysis and figure: D&R International.
10 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
100
LED A-Lamp Performance Trends
and Projections
performance improvements and product release
dates cannot be predicted, the projections in
Figure 4 may help partners prepare for important
changes in the replacement lamp market.
Figure 4 shows
the minimum, average, and
A Program of the U.S. DOE
maximum light output of Lighting Factsregistered A-lamps by the quarter within
which they were registered. Two performance
projections—one representing a logarithmic
fit to the maximum light output data and one
representing adjusted performance targets
6
from the 2011 DOE MYPP —are overlaid to
show when 75W- and 100W-equivalent LED
replacement lamps (based on 1100 lumens
and 1600 lumens, respectively) might become
available. While factors like unplanned
6—This performance projection was developed by multiplying DOE
efficacy projections for warm-white luminaires (assuming efficiency
correction factors from package to luminaire are similar to correction
factors from package to lamp) by 12W. Lighting Facts estimated this
maximum design wattage for A19 LED replacement lamps based
on conversations with manufacturers and on the Lighting Facts
product list, in which over 90% of A-lamp replacements are rated
at 12W or less. The MYPP makes efficacy projections by year, while
Lighting Facts makes projections by quarter. To avoid overestimating
performance, Lighting Facts assumed that MYPP projections were for
the fourth quarter of the year.
Figure 4. LED A-Lamp Performance Trends and Projections
2000
1800
75W-equivalents likely
between mid-2011 and
late-2012
1600
100W
(1600 lumens)
60W-equivalents hit
the market in 2010
1400
1200
100W-equivalents likely
between late-2013 and
mid-2015
1000
75W
(1100 lumens)
60W
(800 lumens)
800
600
40W
(450 lumens)
400
200
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Year
Max
Avg.
Min
Adjusted DOE MYPP Projection
Logarithmic fit to Lighting Facts data
Sources:
LED: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, www.lightingfacts.com/products.
Adjusted DOE MYPP Projection: Uses warm-white luminaire efficacy projections from the DOE Solid-State Lighting Research and
Development Multi-Year Program Plan, May 2011, along with an estimated 12W power ceiling for LED A-lamp replacements.
Analysis and figure: D&R International.
11 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Color Performance of LED A-Lamp Replacements
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Evaluating light output and efficacy alone is not enough to
accurately compare the performance of LED products to other
lighting technologies. Stakeholders planning to purchase or specify
LED products should consider other metrics such as CRI, CCT, light
distribution, and lifetime before making a decision. This Snapshot
does not examine those metrics in detail, but the following example
illustrates the importance of a comprehensive performance review.
Figure 5 shows the CRI and CCT of the same LED A-lamp replacements
shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. The three CCT descriptions that
Lighting Facts uses—“warm white,” “bright white,” and “daylight”—
are overlaid for reference. A CRI of 80 (considered acceptable for most
indoor applications where color quality is important7) is also overlaid.
If a buyer is interested only in warm white products with a CRI of 80 or
above, the field of products shrinks in half.
Although all of these products meet the EISA 2012–2014 efficacy
levels (Figure 2), they may not meet buyers’ other requirements
(e.g., CRI, CCT, light distribution, and lifetime). Failure to meet these
other requirements could result in customer disappointment, thereby
slowing market adoption of LED A-lamp replacements. All of these
metrics must be considered when evaluating the performance of LED
replacement lamps.8
®
7—CFLs and LED A-lamps must have a CRI of at least 80 to qualify for ENERGY STAR .
8—Lighting Facts has started tracking light distribution data, including zonal lumen density, beam angle,
and center beam candlepower. Future versions of this report will examine these data. Lighting Facts
does not currently track or verify product lifetime, but DOE has released recommendations on how
the program may accomplish this. In the meantime, partners can use the Residential and Commercial
Product Performance Scales, which are resources Lighting Facts provides to help facilitate a thorough
performance review. Both Performance Scales are located at www.lightingfacts.com/resources.
12 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Figure 5. Color Performance of LED A-Lamp Replacements
100
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Warm White
Bright White
Daylight
90
Example of acceptable CRI level
CRI
80
70
60
50
2,5002700 2900 3100 33003,5003700 3900 4100 43004,5004700 4900 5100 53005,5005700 5900 6100 63006,500
CCT (K)
Sources:
LED: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, www.lightingfacts.com/products.
Analysis and figure: D&R International.
13 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Note on Payback
Assumptions
The payback numbers in this
A Program3of hours
the U.S. DOE of use
analysis assume
per day, consistent with the
2012 FTC mandatory consumer
label for common replacement
lamps and ENERGY STAR.
Some independent studies
commissioned by DOE
and the California Public
Utilities Commission report
average hours of use may be
substantially lower (1.9 hours
per day).
A-Lamp Cost Analysis
Figure 6 shows the total cost of ownership (TCO)—which includes
initial bulb purchase price, the cost of replacement bulbs over
time, and energy cost over time—for 60W incandescent lamps and
60W-equivalent halogen, CFL, and LED lamps based on typical retail
prices in February 2011. A hypothetical scenario assuming a future LED
lamp price of $5 is also included for reference.
Although halogen lamps use nearly 30% less power than incandescent
lamps with equivalent light output, the higher initial price of halogen
lamps results in roughly the same TCO over time. Halogen lamps could
result in a lower TCO than incandescent lamps over time if halogen
bulb prices were reduced.
CFLs use 75% less power than incandescents. When sold in multipacks, CFLs can have a lower TCO than halogens and pay back in less
than a year, saving more than $50 over the typical 10,000-hour life of
the product.
LED replacements for 60W incandescent lamps retail around
$40, which yields a payback of over six years—too long for many
consumers. Lighting Facts partners may have more success
marketing LED replacement lamps by focusing on their other
positive attributes, such as longer life, better light quality, and
dimming capabilities. LED replacement lamp cost is expected to
decrease by a factor of ten over the next decade, according to the
DOE MYPP, which will result in more reasonable paybacks and
greater savings. For example, the hypothetical $5 LED scenario—
possible within the next decade according to DOE projections—
results in a payback of less than one year.
14 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Figure 6. Payback of 60W-Equivalent LED A-Lamp Replacements
80
A Program of the U.S. DOE
70
6.3-year payback
of a $40 LED vs. an
incandescent
Total Cost of Ownership ($)
60
50
$40 LED
40
30
0
0.6
0.8-year payback of a
hypothetical $5 LED vs.
an incandescent
a
Inc
t
en
sc
e
nd
en
log
$
a
0H
.2
$2
20
$5 LED
10
L
$1.50 CF
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
Hours
Assumptions and Sources:
Bulb purchase price: Represents per-bulb multi-pack prices when available and average bulb prices otherwise. Source: D&R
International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major retailers, February 2011.
Daily bulb use: 3 hours, consistent with the 2012 FTC mandatory consumer label for common replacement lamps, and ENERGY STAR.
Electricity rate: $0.11/kWh. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration/Short-Term Energy Outlook - December 2010, using
U.S. average electricity prices for the residential sector, rounded down to the nearest cent.
Lamp lifetime: Incandescent and halogen: 1,000 hours, based on the most common manufacturer-reported lifetime. Source: D&R
International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major retailers, February 2011. CFL: 10,000
hours, based on the median rated life of ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs. Source: ENERGY STAR CFL qualified products list,
September 2010. LED: 25,000 hours, based on the minimum rated life for ENERGY STAR qualified Integral LED Lamps. Source:
ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Integral LED Lamps.
Wattage: 60W, 43W, 15W, and 12W for incandescent, halogen, CFL, and LED, respectively. Sources: Halogen: D&R International,
review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major retailers, February 2011. CFL: D&R International,
September 2010: Analysis of the ENERGY STAR CFL qualified products list. 15W was the maximum wattage that included at
least 10% of qualified products for the 60W equivalency level. LED: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, and D&R
International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major retailers, February 2011.
Analysis and figure: D&R International.
15 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
DOE Energy Conservation Standard:
Incandescent Reflector Lamps
A Program ofConservation
the U.S. DOE
The DOE Energy
Standard will take
effect on July 14, 2012, setting minimum efficacy
levels for general service fluorescent lamps and
incandescent reflector lamps.
Table 3 presents the efficacy requirements for
incandescent reflector lamps. Lamp efficacy is
determined by several factors, including the
lamp’s input power, spectrum, voltage, and
diameter.
Unlike EISA, the DOE Energy Conservation
Standard affects only incandescent lamps, not
9
LED lamps or CFLs.1
However, as LED
replacement products may constitute a significant
portion of the reflector lamp market, it is useful to
examine LED performance in the context of the
incandescent efficacy requirements.
9—Certain types of reflector lamps are exempt from the standard,
including those less than or equal to 2.25 inches in diameter (e.g.,
MR16s); ER30, BR30, BR40, or ER40 lamps rated at 50 watts or less;
BR30, BR40, or ER40 lamps rated at 65 watts; and R20 incandescent
reflector lamps rated at 45 watts or less.
Table 3. DOE Energy Conservation Standards, Incandescent Reflector Lamps
Lamp Spectrum
Type
Standard
Spectrum
Modified
Spectrum
Lamp Diameter
ANSI*
Lamp Voltage
Inches
<125 V
>125 V
>20
>2.5
5.9*P(0.27)
6.8*P(0.27)
<20
<2.5
5.0*P(0.27)
5.7*P(0.27)
>20
>2.5
5.0*P(0.27)
5.8*P(0.27)
<20
<2.5
4.2*P(0.27)
4.9*P(0.27)
Note: Efficacy requirements apply to all incandescent lamps with wattages greater than or equal to 40 W and less than or equal to 205 W.
*ANSI (American National Standards Institute) diameter is expressed in 1/8 inches.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Final Rule Technical Support Document: Energy Conservation Standards for General Service Fluorescent
Lamps and Incandescent Reflector Lamps, July 2009.
16 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Reflector Lamps, 2012
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Figures 7a, 7b, and 7c show the DOE Energy Conservation Standard
efficacy requirements for reflector lamps compared to a sample of
incandescent, CFL, and halogen reflector lamps and LED replacement
lamps registered with Lighting Facts.
Will incandescent reflector lamps be able to meet the new efficacy levels?
Yes. Standard requirements for reflector lamps were written with the
understanding that products on the market would meet the new levels.
Incandescent data points that appear above and to the left of the DOE
standard lines in Figures 7a, 7b, and 7c represent products in the market that
meet the new requirements.These products are able to meet higher efficacies
than products that don’t meet the standard by incorporating various technical
improvements, such as infrared reflectors and silver reflective coatings.
How do LED replacement lamps compare to incandescent/halogen
reflector lamps?
In contrast with LED A-lamp replacements, which have shown a
steady increase in maximum light output10 over time (Figure 4), LED
replacements for reflector lamps have maintained a maximum light
output around 1100 lumens since early 2010. Figure 7a shows these
1100-lumen LED products—all in the PAR38 replacement category—
beside incandescent PAR38 reflector lamps. LED package efficacies are
expected to double over the next decade11, so it is unclear why higher
light output LED PAR38 lamps (i.e., lamps that can produce more than
1300 lumens, which is the approximate light output of 90W halogen
PAR38 lamps) have not become available.
Figures 7b and 7c show LED PAR30/R30 and PAR20/R20 replacement
lamp performance, respectively, compared to the incandescent lamps
they’re designed to replace. Given the generally lower light output
levels of these incandescent products when compared to PAR38
lamps, it is not surprising that some LED products approach the light
output levels of the highest typically available wattages—75W PAR30
lamps (which range from 950–1100 lumens) and 50W PAR20 lamps
(which range from 500–600 lumens).
Similar to LED A-lamps, LED replacements for reflector lamps may not meet
buyers’ other performance requirements, such as CRI and CCT. Partners
considering purchasing or specifying LED replacement lamps should always
conduct a thorough performance review before making a decision.
10—Center beam candlepower and beam angle are more commonly used to measure reflector lamp
performance. However, for this edition of the Product Snapshot, light output is used as a proxy for those
metrics pending the collection of more data.
11­­—DOE Solid-State Lighting Research and Development: Multi-Year Program Plan, May 2011,
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/ssl_mypp2011_web.pdf. 17 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Figure 7a. Performance of Incandescent Reflector and LED Replacement Lamps, PAR38/R38
A Program of the U.S. DOE
PAR38/R38 Lamp Performance
E
E
lam ner
p gy C
di o
am ns
et erv
er at
>2 io
.5 n S
in ta
ch nd
es ar
d,
2000
1800
1600
120W
100W
DO
Light Output (lumens)
1400
150W
90W
1200
1000
75W
800
600
65W
50W
400
Impacts on U.S. imports and manufacturing
(July 2012)
200
20
0
LED
40
CFL
60
80
Wattage
100
120
140
160
Halogen
Sources:
LED: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, www.lightingfacts.com/products.
CFL: D&R International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major retailers, February 2011.
Incandescent/Halogen: D&R International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major
retailers, February 2011.
U.S. Department of Energy, Final Rule Technical Support Document: Energy Conservation Standards for General Service Fluorescent
Lamps and Incandescent Reflector Lamps, July 2009.
DOE CALiPER Program, May 2009.
Analysis and figure: D&R International.
18 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Figure 7b. Performance of Incandescent Reflector and LED Replacement Lamps, PAR30/R30
A Program of the U.S. DOE
1400
PAR30/R30 Lamp Performance
,
rd
da
n
ta s
nS e
it o inch
a
rv .5
se r >2
n
Co ete
gy iam
r
ne d
E E amp
O
l
D
1200
Light Output (lumens)
1000
75W
800
60W
600
65W
50W
400
200
Impacts on U.S. imports and manufacturing
(July 2012)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Wattage
LED
CFL
Halogen
Sources:
LED: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, www.lightingfacts.com/products.
CFL: D&R International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major retailers, February 2011.
Incandescent/Halogen: D&R International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major
retailers, February 2011.
U.S. Department of Energy, Final Rule Technical Support Document: Energy Conservation Standards for General Service Fluorescent
Lamps and Incandescent Reflector Lamps, July 2009.
DOE CALiPER Program, May 2009.
Analysis and figure: D&R International.
Figure does not include the performance of BR30 lamps, which are widely available and exempt from the DOE standard.
19 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Figure 7c. Performance of Incandescent Reflector and LED Replacement Lamps, PAR20/R20
A Program of the U.S. DOE
1400
PAR20/R20 Lamp Performance
Light Output (lumens)
1200
1000
r
se
800
g
er
n
EE
on
yC
s
he
nc
i
.5
<2
er
t
e
iam
pd
m
, la
rd
a
d
an
St
n
tio
va
DO
600
50W
400
45W
200
Impacts on U.S. imports and manufacturing
(July 2012)
0
20
40
60
80
Wattage
LED
CFL
Halogen
Exempt (R20 lamps rated at 45W or less)
Sources:
LED: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, www.lightingfacts.com/products.
CFL: D&R International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major retailers, February 2011.
Incandescent/Halogen: D&R International, review of package labels and website specifications of bulbs sold at major
retailers, February 2011.
DOE CALiPER Program, May 2009.
Analysis and figure: D&R International.
20 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
100
DOE Energy Conservation Standard:
General Service Fluorescent Lamps
Table 4 shows an overview of the DOE Energy
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Conservation Standard requirements for general
service fluorescent lamps. Lamp efficacy for
general service fluorescent lamps depends on the
lamp type and CCT. This report focuses on 4-foot
medium bi-pin (T8 and T12) and mini bi-pin (T5)
fluorescent lamps because of the proliferation
of LED replacements for these product types.12
However, the DOE Energy Conservation
Standard does not affect LED replacement
lamps; it pertains only to the fluorescent lamp
types shown in Table 4.
12—For more information on LED replacements for 4-foot linear
fluorescent lamps, see DOE’s “LED Application Series: LED
Replacements for Four-Foot Linear Fluorescent Lamps” Fact Sheet
at http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/led-t8flourescent-replacement.pdf.
Table 4. DOE Energy Conservation Standard for General Service Fluorescent Lamps
Lamp Type
Minimum Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)
CCT<4500K
4500K<CCT≤7000K
2-Foot U-Shaped
84
81
4-Foot Medium Bi-Pin Based
89
88
4-Foot Mini Bi-Pin Based
Standard Output
86
81
4-Foot Mini Bi-Pin Based
High Output
76
72
8-Foot Slimline
97
93
8-Foot High Output
92
88
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Final Rule Technical Support Document: Energy Conservation Standards for General Service
Fluorescent Lamps and Incandescent Reflector Lamps, July 2009.
21 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Four-Foot Linear Fluorescent Lamps, 2012
Figure 8 shows the DOE Energy Conservation Standard compared to
T5, T8, and T12 fluorescent products and LED replacement lamps.
A Program of the U.S. DOE
Will fluorescent lamps meet the new requirements?
Yes. Fluorescent lamps already on the market meet the new
requirements.
How do LED replacement lamps compare to 4-foot linear fluorescent
T8 lamps?
•• Many LED replacement lamps do not even meet the efficacy level
of the DOE 2012 fluorescent standard. The standard does not apply
to LED lamps and is shown here for reference only.
•• Most LED replacement lamps produce only about half the light
output of fluorescents. Based on light output and efficacy, LED
replacement lamps for 4-foot T8 fluorescent lamps do not appear
to be competitive with 4-foot T8 fluorescent lamps. Additional
information on LED replacements for T8 fluorescent lamps is
available in multiple DOE fact sheets, available at
www.ssl.energy.gov.
Moving Forward: Navigating the Decade of Change
The Lighting Facts Product Snapshot will track the rapid changes
in LED lighting technology, and assess which applications are
appropriate for LED products as the technology develops and EISA’s
lighting provisions take effect. To receive updates to this Snapshot and
other news about Lighting Facts, visit www.lightingfacts.com.
22 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
Figure 8. Performance of Four-Foot Linear Fluorescent and LED Replacement Lamps
A Program of the U.S. DOE
4000
3500
/W
3000
12
2500
r
se
y
rg
n
Co
ta
nS
0
d2
),
m
9l
(8
ar
nd
Light Output (lumens)
s
re
o
flu
nly
to
n
ce
tio
va
ne
E
OE
2000
D
1500
1000
500
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Wattage
LED
Fluorescent T5
Fluorescent T8
Fluorescent T12
Sources:
LED: DOE Lighting Facts Products List, February 2011, www.lightingfacts.com/products.
Fluorescent: U.S. Department of Energy, Final Rule Technical Support Document: Energy Conservation Standards for General
Service Fluorescent Lamps and Incandescent Reflector Lamps, July 2009.
DOE CALiPER Program, May 2009.
Analysis and figure: D&R International.
23 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
50
A Program of the U.S. DOE
24 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011
A Program of the U.S. DOE
D&R International
1300 Spring Street | Suite 500
Silver Spring, MD 20910
P: 301.588.9387 | www.drintl.com
A Program of the U.S. DOE
25 | Lighting Facts Product Snapshot: LED Replacement Lamps 2011