Energy We Need Formulas and User Guide INTRODUCTION: This guide explains each formula used in Energy We Need to calculate your energy use, the inputs for which you enter in the BEFORE page. In the NOW page there are up to 100 actions you can perform—the savings of which is calculated instantly. Finally the SUMMARY page displays the net impact of all your pledged reductions, relative to other countries, and using other units of measure. The GROUPS page lets you set up groups and invite people to aggregate your individual impacts and send out newsletters or engage in discussion(s). The Library has an advanced search database of all sources (datasets, reports, conversion factors, papers, etc.) used in the models. Everyone maps all users on a map of the world and shows our total impact! 5-minute video: Intro to All Tools
Useful References: Sustainable Energy – without the hot air by David MacKay, free online textbook. What is a kWh? (1-­‐pager, website page) Conversion Factors (download) State of Earth’s Biosphere (website page) kWh/day Scale: All the formulas are set up to calculate your lifestyle’s resulting energy (kWh, kilo-­‐watt-­‐hour) use on a daily basis. This way you can compare the energy cost of one flight per year to that of driving 10 miles per day, to that of eating out 2 times per week, to that of consuming a typical meat-­‐eating diet at 3,000 calories per day. The p
arameters p
repare t
he c
alculator f
or y
our i
nputs. PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT Select the METRIC or U.S. CUSTOMARY system for the units of weight, length and distance you are comfortable with SYSTEM inputting. Note: You can switch between them as you enter data. Selecting your country of residence does a number of things: RESIDENCE 1. PUBLIC services energy use is allocated to you on a per capita basis. 2. The average annual temperature will soon be loaded from the 157 U.S. and 167 international cities (compiled by the University of Dayton). 3. A likely distribution of ELECTRICITY GENERATION SOURCE (see: “More Detail” on the site), i.e. what portion of your electricity is generated with coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, etc. This is important later to estimate emissions (you will be able to increase renewable energy sourcing). 4. Estimate the AVERAGE GROUNDWATER TEMPERATURE of water, affecting the energy cost of heating water for laundry and showers. 5. Maps you on the Energy We Need World Map of users (“Everyone” page) and locates you on Group maps. 1 of 12 save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need LIGHTING HOME LIGHTING PER BULB kWh Average Watts per bulb Average light_hours
1
=
∗
∗
day
1000
day
# users
Lighting incurs energy. This formula performs a simple calculation (it doesn’t distinguish between shared bulbs v. your bulbs). kWh
Watts light_hours
1
=
∗
∗ #bulbs ∗
day
1000
day
# uers
If you select “More Detail” you can add numerous light entries to distinguish: types of light bulbs (wattages), lights only you use (ex. reading lamp, bedside lamp, bathroom lamp), lights that you share with other people (e.g. in your family or dorm floor, like hallways, kitchens, living rooms), and out door lamps (gardens, front door, stairways). Note: SCHOOL/WORK !"#
!"#
LIGHITNG =
!"#$%&# !"##$ !"# !"#!
!"""
∗
# !"#!$
!"##$
∗ floors ∗
!"#$%_!"#$%
!"#
/
# !"#$%#&' !""#$%&'(
!"#
Example: If you work in a building that has 60 light bulbs (each 150 watts) on each floor, for 8 hours per day throughout the year in a building with 8 floors and a daily population of 800 people: 150 watts / 1000 * 60 bulbs * 8 floors * 8 hours / 800 occupants = 0.7 kWh per person per day. Or you could just do one floor (if you typically work on the same floor every day), and add some extra bulbs to incorporate entrance, lobby, elevator, and/or fire-­‐stair lighting. GADGETS GADGETS !"#
!"#
=
!"##$ !"
!"""
∗ hours ON
+
!"##$ !"#$%&, !" !"##$%&'
!"""
∗ hours Idle
+
!"##$ !""
!"""
∗ hours OFF Gadgets (ex. laptops) need power (measured in watts or kW, i.e. kilo-­‐watts meaning 1,000 watts). Gadgets draw energy when sleeping/idling, sometimes even when turned off (called “vampire energy” by some). The total energy (kWh) we use for powering a gadget over 24-­‐hours is the sum of energy used when the gadget is On, Idling/Inactive, Sleeping, and Off. Example: If a laptop uses 250 watts (0.25 kW) while on, 15 watts (0.015 kW) while sleeping and 0 watts when unplugged, and suppose you use it 10 hours per day, leave it to sleep 5 hours, and turn it off for 9 hours—the total energy used per day for powering your laptop is: (0.25 kW * 10 hours) + (0.015 kW * 5 hours) + (0 kW * 9 hours) = 2.5 kWh + 0.1 kWh + 0 kWh = 2.6 kWh. 2 of 12 save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need MASS TRANSIT kWh Distance (km, mile)
kWh
=
∗
day
day
passenger_km
The energy cost of your daily use of mass transit—trains, buses, subways, and/or flights. Flights may not be considered a regular form of mass transit, even though a lot of flying is done every day, but some people do fly on a daily basis. Example: It multiplies the average distance you travel each day by the energy-­‐cost per passenger-­‐mile (or passenger-­‐km). Because TRANSPORT PERSONAL TRANSIT WATER TRANSIT CRUISE SHIPS ONE-­‐TIME TRANSIT 3 of 12 many people typically share each ride, the kWh/p-­‐mile assumes an average passenger-­‐load for each trip, dividing the vehicle’s energy use per mile by that assumed number of passengers—to calculator your average per passenger energy cost. !"#
!"#$%&'( (!",!"#$)
!"#
!
!"#
=
!"#
∗ !"#$%&'( !",!"#$
∗ # !"##$%&$'# This calculation includes typical vehicles: cars, electric cars, motorcycles, trucks, taxis and bicycles. Unlike the Mass Transit formula, here you specify average passenger load, to account for everyone driving. This makes it clear how valuable carpooling can be. Example: If you and your friend together drive about 16 miles per day to and from work (8 miles each way), which is 16 * 5 work days / 7 week days = 11.43 miles per day (annualized), in a “Car (V8 or SUV)” (that as has been calculated for you as consuming (on average) 2.59 kWh/mile, or 1.61 kWh/km), then your personal associated energy cost is: 16 miles * 2.59 kWh/mile * ½ (passengers) = 14.8 kWh per day. Your friend’s energy cost is also 14.8 kWh (but this is not included in your energy cost figure). kWh kWh hours trips
1
1
=
∗
∗
∗
∗
day
hour trip year 365 # passengers
We are in the process of collecting a sample of representative kWh/hour figures from water taxi and ferry services. If you have access to some that could be used, please do send them our way (save@energyweneed.com). kWh
kWh
trips
1
=
∗ Cruise days ∗
∗
day
p_day
year 365
This formula takes an average per day energy-­‐cost of traveling on a cruise ship, multiplies this by the total number of days you spend each year cruising, and divides that kWh figure by 365 days to provide energy use on a kWh per day scale. This per day “amortization” lets you compare various aspects of your lifestyle activities always on a per day scale (kWh/day). Example: If you spend 10 days this year on a cruise ship with your family: 744 kWh per passenger-­‐day * 10 days * 1 trip per year * 1/365 = 20.4 kWh/day. Note: This calculation assumes a 95% capacity because, as the “GHG-­‐Energy-­‐Calc-­‐Background Paper” 2010 explains, “the worldwide cruise industry occupancy rates were projected at 90% for 2003” but for the “3 large groups cruising from the US was 108% in the year”. kWh trips
kWh
1
=
∗ distance (km, mile) ∗
∗
day
year
passenger_km, mile 365
This formula makes it possible to calculate one-­‐time trips, such as flying or busing somewhere for holiday. Make note of the distance being one-­‐way; this is if you drive across the country on a road-­‐trip, and then fly back, then you can calculate those both as one-­‐way trips; if you fly both ways, select “return” trip—but still enter the distance as one way. save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need ADDITIONAL CAR DETAILS !"#
!"#
=
!"#$%&'( !", !"#$
!"
!"#$ !"#$#%& (!"#$%, !"#)
∗
!"# !"!#$% !"#$%#$
!"#$%, !"##$%
∗
!
# !"##$%&$'#
∗
!
!"#
You can use this more detailed or flexible method of calculating the energy cost of driving—by entering your car’s cars exact mileage. Note: this assumes a steady mpg or km/liter (which does differ with terrain, weather, your mood, etc.). Example: If you drive on average 5 miles per day all-­‐year-­‐round in a car that gets 20 mpg, and suppose you always drive three people in the car (maybe you carpool): 5 miles * 365 / 20 mpg * 33.65 kwh per gallon * 1/3 passengers * 1/365 days = 2.8 kWh per day per person energy cost (if your car burns gasoline). Other fuel types have different energy contents per volume of fuel. FOOD & BEV BASIC DIET ESTIMATE TAKE OUT & DINING OUT MORE DETAIL (BY KG, LB) DRINK 4 of 12 !"#
!"#
=
!"#$%&'(,!"#$
!"#
!"
!
!"
!"# !"#$
∗ 4.187 !"#$ ∗ !"## !"# ∗ !"# !""# !"#$%&'( This formula performs a quick estimate of the energy cost of your diet. It takes the average calories you consume each day (converts it into kJ and then kWh per day) and multiplies by an approximate ratio of kWh cost per kWh food energy consumed. For the typical meat-­‐eating diet this ratio is 6.0 kWh energy cost per kWh food energy consumed. Example: If you consume 3,000 calories per day eating a typical meat-­‐diet, the approximate energy cost of that diet: 3,000 calories per day * 4.187 kJ per calorie * 1/3600 kWh per kJ = 3.49 kWh per day consumed. Multiply this by 6.0 kWh yields 20.9 kWh (of energy) required to produce your daily diet. kWh
kWh
$ spent per week
=
∗
day
$ spent on food
7 days
The assumed conversion factor for take out & dining out is not universal. The energy cost of producing a $5 meal at McDonald’s is quite different from that of sushi at a fancy restaurant (or vegetables at a vegan restaurant). This formula assumes a constant ratio of kWh (energy) per dollar spent on food to estimate the energy cost per day of eating out. Example: If you spend $100 dollars per week eating out, and assuming it costs 3.1 kWh (energy) per $ spent, then: $100 / 7 days * 3.1 kWh per $ spent = 44.3 kWh per day eating out. kWh amount kg, lb
kWh
1
=
∗
∗
day
week
amount kg, lb 7 days
If you take the time, it’s rewarding to perform a sum-­‐of-­‐the-­‐parts calculation with each food items in your diet. It’ll show you what aspect of your diet costs the most energy. Note: If you chose the U.S. customary in Parameters, you can enter weights using pound (lb.), or kilogram (kg) if you choose metric. Note: You can switch between the two measurement systems at any time—all the data inputs will convert automatically. Your kWh (energy) will remain as is. kWh volume litre, fl. oz.
kWh
1
=
∗
∗
day
week
volume litre, fl. oz.
7 days
This formula applied to drinks operates as the formula for food items, except it uses liters or fl. oz., rather than kg or lb, as the unit of measure. For example, you can calculate the energy cost of drinking 2 liters of Coca-­‐Cola per week, on a per day basis. save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need kWh # Bottles (by type)
kWh
1
=
∗
∗
day
week
Bottle type 7 days
BOTTLES PETS This formula lets you calculate the energy cost of manufacturing the plastic, glass and aluminum cans and bottles that were used to hold many of the drinks you consume. For example, if you drink 2 liters of Coca-­‐Cola per week using 2 one-­‐liter bottles, this formula lets you calculate the energy cost of manufacturing these plastic bottles. kWh
kWh per Animal Type
1
=
∗
day
day
# people sharing pet
The pets we have cost energy predominantly in the food they eat. For example, the dog pellets (food) that many people buy in bags to feed their dogs cost energy to process. This formula, for example, calculates the kWh per day used to raise a dog and then divides that energy cost between everyone (your family perhaps) that shares the dog. In this way, the energy cost of raising a dog is distributed among all the people enjoying the company of said pet. kWh
kWh = # Fridges by type ∗
by type
day
day
KITCHEN FRIDGES kWh minutes per day Watts
1
=
∗
∗
day
60
1000 # users
This formula is very much like the Gadgets formula and the Bathroom Devices formula, except that it allows you to factor in the total number of users sharing said devices—because it’s often the case that kitchens are used to cook for several people. BATHROOMS SHOWERS 5 of 12 1
# users
There is almost always a fridge and/or freezer in the kitchen. This formula assumes that the appliance is on 24 hours per day, and lets you enter how many users share this item (i.e. share the energy cost). KITCHEN APPLIANCE ∗
!"#
!"#
=
!"#$%&!
!""#
!"#$
∗ !"#$%& ∗ flow rate !"#$%,!"#
!"#$%&
∗ (Shower temp − Source temp) ∗
!"#
!"#$%,!"#
!"#$""
!
∗ ! !"#$ The direct energy cost from showering is to heat the water. This formula calculates how much water you use per week and multiplies by the average degrees you raise the water temperature by. We multiply your volume-­‐degrees by the heat capacity of water (i.e. the energy required to heat water, i.e. 4200 J per liter per C°, or 8800 per gallon per F°) and divide by seven. Note that the “average degrees you raise the water temperature by” is determined as the difference between your shower temperature and the groundwater temperature of incoming water (that you set in Parameters). save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need BATHS FLUSHES BATHROOM DEVICES PRODUCTS Example: If you shower 7 times per week, 5 minutes per day, at a Regular 106°F temperature, with a Pre-­‐1990 flow rate on your faucet (5 gal/minute) and the groundwater temperature in your region is 45°F: (7 showers per week * 5 minutes per shower * 5.5 gallons per minute * (106°F -­‐ 45°F)) * 8500 J per gal per F° * 1/3,600,000 kWh per J *1/7 days = 4.0 kWh per day heating water. kWh
baths
kWh
1
=
∗ bath size litre, gal ∗ (Shower temp − Source temp ∗ !"#$%,!"# ∗
day
week
7 days
!"#$"!
This formula works like the Shower formula above, except that the total volume of water your need to heat is based on the tub size. Note: If you enter 100 gallons, the formula assumes you heat 100 gallons—so if you typically fill 80 gallons of a 100 gallon tub, then you should enter 80 in the formula. Water litre, gal = volume (litre, gal) flushes
∗
flush
day
At the moment, this formula doesn’t yet calculate an energy cost associated with water even though it costs energy to transport water, build, install and maintain piping and sewage systems, and perform water treatment. These would be indirect energy costs of flushing, embodied in the water. Another indirect costs would be building materials to construct a toilet, the manufacturing process of producing the parts of a toilet, and finally the installation process of putting the toilet in your bathroom. kWh Watts (ON) minutes per day
=
∗
day
1000
60
This formula works like the Gadgets formula at the top, except it assumes devices are only plugged in while in use. The electric toothbrush you may have would consume electricity all day—but is no doubt miniscule relative to other aspects of your lifestyle. kWh
Average kWh
1
= Amount kg, lb ∗ # products ∗
∗
day
Amount (kg, lb) days in use
This formula takes the total weight of the product, applies an embodied energy cost (kWh) per kg of product, and divides by the number of useful days (lifetime) of that product. Note: this assumes that when the product is used up you will purchase a new product to replace it, for example, hand soap. LAUNDRY kWh loads minutes per wash Watts
1
1
WASHING =
∗
∗
∗
∗
MACHINE day
week
60
1000
# users 7 days
Cleaning clothes can become a fairly complex calculation. This formula simplifies it by assuming, for example, a front load washing machine runs at 3500 watts. If you wash two loads per week for 60 minutes each time: 2500 watts / 1000 * 60 minutes / 60 minutes per hour * 2 load per week / 7 days per week / 1 user (i.e. you) = 0.7 kWh per day energy cost washing laundry. DETAILED 6 of 12 !"#
!"#
loads
= week *
machine kWh
wash
+
volume water
wash
*(Wash temp – Source temp)*
kWh
gallon
degree
1
1
* # users * 7 days save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need AIR-­‐CUPBOARD HAND WASHING DRYER DETERGENT IRON HEATING HEATING SYSTEM FIRE PLACE 7 of 12 This provides a more exact measure of energy consumption—given that nearly all the direct energy used in washing goes towards heating the water. Like showering, it calculates the total volume of water and degrees by which you raise the temperature, multiplying this “volume-­‐degrees” by the heat capacity of water (i.e. the energy required to heat water; 4200 J per liter per C°, or 8800 per gallon per F°). This figure is converted into a per day scale. kWh
amount kg, lb kWh
1
1
=
∗
∗
∗
day
week
kg
# users 7 days
An air-­‐cupboard could be calculating on a per kg basis, but it simply assumes the air-­‐cupboard doesn’t dry more than 1 kg (2.2 lbs) at a time, and it takes about an hour to dry your clothes. This formula will be changed slightly to accommodate air-­‐dryers (as it currently overstates the air-­‐cupboards energy consumption). kWh
kWh
1
= Volume litre, gal per wash ∗ (Wash temp − Source temp ∗ # washes per week) ∗ !"#$%,!"# ∗
day
7 days
!"#$""
This formula is most similar to Baths in Bathroom. It only factors in the energy cost of heating the water. kWh
loads minutes per load Watts
1
1
=
∗
∗
∗
∗
day
week
60
1000
# users 7 days
Drying your clothes as the info tab says can be done entirely by hanging it to dry, cutting energy cost by 100%. If you do dry using a machine, this formula operates much like the Kitchen Appliances formula. kWh
loads amount kg, lb
kWh
=
∗
∗
day
week
load
amount kg, lb
∗
1
1
∗
# users 7 days
This formula tries to factor in the embodied energy of the detergent you use to wash your clothes (detergents have embodied energy, because producing it required gathering chemicals and/or substances, processing, bottling, transporting, etc.). Like the other Gadgets, Devices and Appliances. kWh
Watts hours days
1
1
= #devices ∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
day
1000
day year # users 365 days
Like Cooling System, and much like an Appliance or Device, except that the total energy cost is annualized and then converted to per day scale. kWh
kWh
amount [kg, lb] days
1
1
=
∗
∗
∗
∗
day
amount [kg, lb]
day
year # users 365 days
Coal, wood and paper have different average energy contents (kWh per kg). This affects the kWh per day associated with using a furnace. save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need WORK/SCHOOL
HEATING YOUR OWN ESTIMATE kWh
kWh
6 months
1
= total building s floor area m! , ft ! ∗ (!! ,!!! ) ∗
∗
day
12 months users per day
!"#
This formula uses the average energy cost of heating and cooling various building types (kWh per unit area per day), divides by the number of users sharing the building, and then divides by 2 (6 months / 12 months) so as not to double count when the same parameters are entered in Cooling. Note: Heating usually accounts for a much larger fraction of a building’s energy consumption than cooling, but for simplicity-­‐sake this model assumes that half of the building energy is used for heating and half for cooling. 2
Example: 10 people live in a 1000 square meter European (Average Home) that consumes 0.77 kWh per m per year: 0.77 kWh * 2
1000 m / 7 people * 6/12 = 55 kWh per day cooling the building. In all scenarios (Home, School and Work Heating) you have the option to enter your own personal heating energy cost in kWh per year. To convert this figure to the per day scale, it is divided by 365. If you calculated 365 kWh per year in heating energy cost, it will convert that into 1.0 kWh per day, 730 into 2.0 kWh per day and so forth. This section asks that you provide an explanation of how you calculated your figure. This isn’t for the purpose of checking your work really—but so that we can start incorporating various methods of calculating cooling energy cost into the model so that other users can more easily calculate or learn to calculate their cooling energy cost. COOLING kWh
Watts hours days
1
1
COOLING = #devices ∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
SYSTEM day
1000
day year # users 365 days
Calculating the energy cost of cooling your house on an annualized daily basis, this formula calculates the total kWh per year and divides this by 365 and the number of users (that often share a cooling device/system). Example: If you use a 36-­‐inch ceiling fan at high speed 10 hours per day for 6 months out of the year in the living room of the apartment you share with your flat mate: 1 fan * 55 Watts(On) / 1000 * 10 hours * 182.5 / 2 users / 365 days = 0.1 kWh per day (annualized). !"#
! !"#$%&
!
WORK/SCHOOL !"#
= total building s floor area m! , ft ! ∗ (!!,!!!) ∗
∗
!"#
!" !"#$%&
!"#$" !"# !"#
COOLING !"#
This formula uses the average energy cost of cooling and heating for various building types (on a kWh per unit area per day), divides by the number of users sharing the building, and then divides by 2 (6 months / 12 months) so as not to double count when the same parameters are entered in Heating. Note: Heating usually accounts for a much larger fraction of a building’s energy consumption than cooling, but for simplicity-­‐sake this model assumes that half the building energy is used for cooling and half for heating. 2
Example: 10 people live in a 1000 square meter European (Average Home) that consumes 0.77 kWh per m per year: 0.77 kWh * 2
YOUR OWN ESTIMATE 8 of 12 1000 m / 7 people * 6/12 = 55 kWh per day cooling the building. In all scenarios (Home, School and Work Cooling) you have the option to enter your own personal cooling energy cost in kWh per year. To convert this figure to the per day scale, it is divided by 365. If you calculated 365 kWh per year in cooling energy cost, it will convert that into 1.0 kWh per day. Please explain your calculation, we may be able to incorporate it into a new input! save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need EMBODIED ENERGY OF STUFF PAPER CLOTHING MISC. BUILDING WASTE !"#
!"#
= # Papers type per week ∗ !"#$%&#'( !"# !"#$%&'% !"#$%&
!"#$% (!"#$)
∗
!
! !"#$
∗
!
# !"#$"
All the embodied energy formulas work very similarly, using an estimated embodied energy (kWh) cost per unit weight of material or item. For example, if each week you used 1 block of regular letter (A4) paper (that’s 500 sheets per block) that would cost: 2.5 kg * 10 kWh per kg / 7 days / 1 user = 3.6 kWh per day in embodied energy spent on paper. !"#
!"#
= # Clothings type ∗
!"#$%&#'( !"# !"#$%&'% !"#$%&
!"#$%&'( !"#$
∗
!
!"# !"#$
∗
!
# !!"#!
Here, instead of dividing the embodied energy of clothes by 7 days, this formula divides by the projected total number of days (lifetime) of each piece of clothing in order to correctly depreciate the energy cost daily. For example: If you have 10 pairs of shoes (sneakers, dress shoes or boots) and expect each will last you approximately 5 years on average: Then 10 * 100 kWh per show / (5 * 365 days) = 0.05 kWh per day in embodied energy spent on shoes. !"#
!"#
= # Items type ∗
!"#.!"#$%& !",!"
!"#$ !"#$
∗
!"#$%!"#$ !"#
!",!"
∗
!
!"# (!"#$)
!"#
!"#
!"#
= !"#$%&"' ∗
!"#
!
# !"#$" !"# !"#
= Weight kg, lb material type ∗
∗
!
# !"#$"
kWh
kg,lb
1
1
∗ age days ∗ # users per day You can use this formula to perform a sum-­‐of-­‐the-­‐parts (SOTP) embodied energy cost calculation for the materials used to build 3
3
the home(s) and building(s) you live in and/or use currently. You can use either unit weight (kg, lb) or unit volume (m , ft ) to estimate how much of a particular material is used in a building. Hopefully this makes estimating the amount of material used in a building a little easier to estimate. Note: To calculate the shared embodied energy cost of publicly shared buildings (ex. libraries, hospitals, schools) or public infrastructure (bridges, waste water plants, power plants, grid networks, etc.) is more difficult. For a public building, one way could be to divide the total energy cost of the building by (number of visitors per day * expected age in years * 365); the amount per person would be very small, but it adds up of course. Factoring in waste here may double-­‐count food-­‐waste, bottles, etc. from the F&B section. But it’s valuable to calculate the energy cost embodied in waste—because that’s embodied energy you no longer will be able to capitalize on once you throw it away! That is to say, if it cost 100 kWh to manufacture a laptop, and you throw it away after three years, that 100 kWh was only capitalized on for 3 years; if you recycle the laptop and reuse some of the materials pieces, you are also saving the embodied energy in those materials/pieces. It’s probably less energy costly to recycle and reuse materials/pieces in your laptop—than mining and manufacturing those materials/pieces from scratch. If it’s less energy costly it should also be less polluting. 9 of 12 save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need PUBLIC DATA CENTERS URBAN LIGHT ROADS FERTILIZER OIL TRANSPORT GOVERNMENT MILITARY DEFENSE !"#
!"# (!"#$%&')
= Data Center kWh [region] ∗
!"#$%"
!"#
!"# (!"#$%&)
∗
!
!"#$%&'(") (!"#$%&')
!"#
=
!"#$%"
!"#
!"#$% !"#$%"&# !"# !"# & !"
!"#$% !"#$ !"#$$#%
∗ Population ∗ % Urban ∗
!"#
!",!!! !"#
= Roads km ∗ 1000 ∗ % paved ∗
!"#$%"
!"#
!"#"$
∗ 50% ∗
!
!",!"" !"#$
!
!"#$%&'(")
∗
!
!"#$%&'(")
!"#
= Arable Land hectares ∗
!"#$%"
!"#
!"#$%&%'"# !"
∗
!"#$%&"
!
!"!#$%&'"(
!".! !"#
∗
!"
∗
!
!"#
!"#
= Oil transport mm ton/km ) ∗ 1,000,000 ∗
!"#$%"
!"#
!"#
!"#
!"
∗
!
!"#
∗
!
!"#$%&'(")
!"#
=
!"#$%"
!"#
!"#
!"#$%"
!"#
!"#
!"#$%"
!"#
primary energy ∗
!"# [!""#$%]
!""#$% !"#$%&'$&( !"#$%&$&
= $Annual Military Spending ∗ 25% ∗
!
$"##
∗
!""".!" !"#
!"##$%
∗
!
!"#$%&'(")
∗
!
!"#
Below are the citations for ratios and kWh energy costs used in each of the Publicly allocated costs above. There are instances when some people in a population use more of some public goods than others. Some may use a larger share of the energy for building roads or airport landings; people that live in cities may consumer a larger share of the country’s urban lighting than people living in the suburbs. But these publicly allocated energy cost calculations are per capital estimate. Sources for Public Data Inputs:
i
ii
•
All calculations: Population ; GDP . iii
•
Data Centers: Data Center kWh (i.e. electricity used by data centers) . •
Urban Lighting: Urban Lighting kWh (i.e. electricity used in urban cities) vii
that is urban) viii
iv, v, vi
; % Urban (aka percentage of population ix
x
•
Roads: Roads (km) ; % paved ; 35,000 kWh / meter (i.e. life-­‐time energy cost per meter of road) ; Note: applying 50% reduction in total area of paved roads is an arbitrary reduction. xi
xii
xiii
Fertilizer: Arable land (hectares) ; Fertilizer (kg) ; 10.7 kWh / kg (Fertilizer) ; •
Oil transport: Oil transport (million ton-­‐km) ; kWh/ton-­‐km transport (i.e. energy intensity) . •
Government: Primary energy ; Government expenses
•
Military Defense: Military spending 2011 ; 25% spending for oil
•
xiv
xvi
xix
(energy content)
xxiii
xv
xvii
; Price per barrel crude oil (2011)
xx, xxi
xviii
; Price per barrel crude oil (2011)
xxii
; kWh/barrel . 10 of 12 save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need SOME BASICS ELECTRICITY 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 (POWER, ENERGY) 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑘𝑊ℎ = 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡_ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 =
∗ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 (𝑂𝑁, 𝑂𝐹𝐹) 1000
𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
=
∗ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
1000
1 kW = 1000 Watts HEAT CAPACITY 1 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 1 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 OF WATER 1 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒 = 4.187 𝐽; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 1000 = 1 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 4187 𝐽
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 !"#$%
!"#$"" !"#$%&$
1 𝑘𝑊ℎ = 3.6 𝑀𝐽 = 3,600 𝑘𝐽 = 3,600,000 𝐽 !"#$ !
!.!!""#$ !"!
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠
= !"#$%
!"#$%
!"#$"" !"#$%&$
!"#$"" !
9
𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡: 1 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 ∗
+ 32 5
5
𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠: 1 𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡 − 32 ∗ 9
1 degree Celsius change = 1.8 degree Fahrenheit change 1 U.S. Gallon = 3.785 Liters !"#$ !
!
!!"# ! !.!!"##$ !"!
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: ∗ 3.785 ∗ =
=
!"#$%
!"##$%
!"#$%
!.!
!"#$"" !"#$%&$
!"#$"" !"!!"#!!"#
!"#$"" !
1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒 (𝐸𝑈 𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍, 𝑈. 𝑆. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔) = 4.184 𝑘𝐽 FOOD (CALORIES, KCAL) 1 𝑘𝑊ℎ
0.00116 𝑘𝑊ℎ
1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙, 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 4.184 𝑘𝐽 ∗
=
3,600 𝑘𝐽
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒
Watt is power (rate per hour). If you need to know volts, use the volt for the country you’re in: U.S. and Japan mostly 120 volts, EU and others mostly 240 volts. kWh is total energy used over a period of time (dependent on the power, i.e. rate per hour). Calorie conversion used here is from International Steam Table. Calorie conversion used here is a thermochemical calorie. Food Energy (source). i
“Population, total”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.
11 of 12 save@energyweneed.com Energy We Need ii
“GDP (current US$)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.
iii
Jonathan G Koomey. “Worldwide electricity used in data centers”. 2008 Environmental Research Letters 3 034008. http://iopscience.iop.org/17489326/3/3/034008/. Accessed September 2012.
iv
“Green Light, Sustainable Street Lighting for NYC”. New York City Web site.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/sustainablestreetlighting.pdf . Accessed September 2012.
v
“Best Practice: LED Street Lighting System”. New York City Global Partners.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/gprb/downloads/pdf/LA_LEDstreetlights.pdf/. Accessed September 2012.
vi
MacKay, David JC. “Chapter 9, Light”, p. 57. Sustainable Energy – without the hot air. (Online)
http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c9/page_57.shtml. Accessed September 2012.
vii
“Urban population (% of total)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.
viii
“Roadways”. The World Factbook, CIA. < https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2085rank.html>. Accessed
September 2012.
ix
“Roads, paved (% of total roads)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.
x
MacKay, David JC. “Bigger Stuff”, Chapter 15, Stuff, p. 90. < http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c15/page_90.shtml>. Accessed
September 2012.
xi
“Arable land (hectares).” The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.
xii
“Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.
xiii
Steinfeld, Henning, et al. Chapter 3 “Livestock’s role in climate change and air pollution”. Livestock’s long shadow – environmental issues and
options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, 2006. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/A0701E00.pdf.
Accessed September 2012.
xiv
“Inland Freight Transport (million Ton-km)”. International Transport Forum/OECD. Data from 2010.
http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/statistics/trends/index.html. Accessed September 2012.
xv
MacKay, David JC. “World power consumption”, Chapter I, Quick Reference, p. 334. Sustainable Energy – without the hot air. (Online) <
http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/cI/page_334.shtml>. Accessed September 2012.
xvi
“Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.
xvii
“General Government Final Expenditure ($US)". The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.
xviii
“2011 Brief: Brent crude oil averages over $100 per barrel in 2011”. U.S. Energy Information Administration, January 12, 2012. <
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4550>. Accessed September 2012.
xix
“The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database”. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). < http://milexdata.sipri.org/>. Accessed
September 2012.
xx
“The Elephant in the Room: The U.S. Military is One of the World’s Largest Sources of CO2”. Washington’s Blog. <
http://georgewashington2.blogspot.com/2009/12/big-secret-no-one-is-discussing-us.html>. Accessed September 2012. Sourcing: Michael T. Klare,
“The Pentagon v. Peak Oil”, June 15, 2007. Truthdig < http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20070615_the_pentagon_v_peak_oil/P100/>.
xxi
Flounders, Sarah. “Pentagon’s Role in Global Catastrophe: Add Climate Havoc to War Crimes”. Blog: Did You Know (Politics, War, People,
Poverty, Human Rights, Pollution), December 19, 2009. < http://rainbowwarrior2005.wordpress.com/2009/12/19/pentagons-role-in-globalcatastrophe-add-climate-havoc-to-war-crimes/>. Accessed September 2012.
xxii
“2011 Brief: Brent crude oil averages over $100 per barrel in 2011”. U.S. Energy Information Administration, January 12, 2012. <
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4550>. Accessed September 2012.
xxiii
Rose, Aldo Vieira da. “Conversion Factors”, Energy and Utility. (near the beginning). Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes 2nd Ed.
Academic Press; 3 edition (September 25, 2012). 12 of 12 save@energyweneed.com