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978-0-521-81014-2 - The Social Costs of Underemployment: Inadequate Employment as
Disguised Unemployment
David Dooley and Joann Prause
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Name Index
Addams, J., 134
Ades, A., 73, 83, 94, 106
Alci, J. A., 6, 16
Allan, E., 47
Allen, H. M., 74
Aller, B., 185
Amick, B., 11
Andersen, M., 184
Anderson, H., 185
Aneshensel, C. S., 135, 144, 179
Arnetz, B., 185
Aseltine, T. H., 93, 94, 106, 108,
222
Athanasou, J. A., 24, 25, 34
Atkinson, T., 198, 220
Aviram, A., 86, 108
Babbi, E., 36, 41
Bachman, J. G., 73, 83, 94 106
Bagley, S. C., 191
Baker, P., 100
Baker, R., 39
Baltaro, R., 184
Bandura, A., 72
Banks, M. H., 73, 83, 94, 96
Barakat, A., 184
Barfield, W., 185
Barraclough, B., 136
Barron, R., 59
Bartley, M., 20
Bartley, M. J., 137, 157, 212
Baumgardner, A., 85, 90
Beck, U., 1, 8, 9
Bennison, D., 136
Berglas, S., 32
Bernhardt, A., 3, 4
Bernstein, J., 6
Bijleveld, C. C. J., 36
Billings, A. C., 135
Bocknek, G., 90, 94
Bolton, W., 136
Bongers, P., 11
Boomsma, D. I., 112
Booth, C., 65
Borman, K. M., 90
Borus, M., 58
Bottoms, S. F., 185
Bowie, C. E., 227
Bradburn, N., 39
Bregger, J. E., 226–229
Brenner, M. H., 20, 24, 27, 70, 114
Brenner, S.-O., 185
Bridges, W., 7
Brisson, C., 11
Broman, C. L., 136, 161
Bromet, E. J., 24, 198, 220
Brook, J. S., 67, 160, 179
Brown, G. W., 135
Brown, J., 6
Burkhauser, R. N., 70, 71
Burnam, A., 111, 112
Burnett, J., 17, 18, 91, 92
Buss, T. F., 115
Caetano, R., 117, 118
Cahoon, L. S., 227
Calkins, C., 66
Campbell, E., 184
Caplan, G., 223
Caplan, R. D., 116, 133
Capuzzo, E., 184
Caritis, S. N., 185
Caspi, A., 67, 72, 160, 179, 183
Cassaday, G., 185
Cassel, J., 184, 197
Castillo, S., 123, 132
Catalano, R., 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 71, 74, 83, 85,
113–116, 132, 136, 137, 143, 154, 161, 162,
261
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262
Catalano (cont.)
179, 183–186, 189, 198, 205, 206, 210, 220,
223–225
Cheung, L. W. Y., 197
Chomitz, V. R., 197
Chung, T., 112, 117
Clain, S., 58
Clark, V. A., 144
Clogg, C. C., 11, 12, 47, 48, 51, 52, 58, 60
Cobb, S., 24, 115
Cochran, W., 46
Cohen, J., 59, 148
Cohen, L. E., 27
Cohen, P., 59, 67, 148, 160, 179
Cohn, R. M., 28, 96, 107, 137, 205
Colamosca, A., 5
Collins, B., 185
Colton, M. E., 93, 94, 106
Controneo, P., 185
Cook, D. G., 137, 157, 212
Cook, P. J., 5
Cooper, P., 184
Copper, R., 185
Coyne, J. C., 135
Cox, J., 6
Craig, T. J., 57, 143
Crawford, A., 114
Crombie, I. K., 116, 117, 123, 132, 179
Cronkite, R. C., 67, 160
Crouse, D., 185
Cunningham, C., 6
Dack, P., 185
Dammann, O., 185
Daly, M. C., 70, 71
Darity, W., 154, 159
Das, A., 185
Dasinger, L. K., 180
Davenport, A., 123, 132
Dawes, R. M., 108
Dawson, D. A., 162
Day, A. 184
Demo, M., 85
Dew, M. A., 24, 198, 220
Dippo, C. S., 226, 227
Dohrenwend, B. P., 66–68, 159, 160, 179
Dohrenwend, B. S., 66, 160
Donovan, A., 73, 83, 94, 106
Dooley, D., 22–24, 27, 28, 30, 37, 56, 59,
71–74, 77, 80–83, 85, 93, 97, 101, 102, 105,
107, 115, 116, 121 125–130, 132, 136, 137,
143, 146, 148, 149, 152, 154, 161, 162, 167,
173, 179, 183, 198, 205, 206, 209, 210, 219,
220, 223–225
Drengacz, S., 114
Drescher, J., 185
Dressler, W. W., 136
Driscoll, A., 161, 180
Druss, B. G., 74
Dukes, R., 73
Dunham, H. W., 66, 160
Durkheim, E., 16
Dwyer, J. H., 133
Eales, M. J., 157, 212
Eden, D., 86, 108
Edin, K., 159
Eisenberg, P., 88
Elder, G. H., 183
Elder, N., 185
Elovainio, M., 6
Eltis, W., 17, 19, 20
Eneroth, P., 185
Ensel, W. M., 135
Erikson, E. H., 90, 94
Faden, V. B., 130
Faris, R. E. L., 66, 160
Favero, R., 143
Feather, N. T., 15, 24, 34, 73, 94, 216
Feldman, D. C., 162
Felson, M., 27
Fenwick, R., 29, 107, 130, 206
Ferris, J. E., 6
Fielding, J., 24
Fillmore, K., 115
Findeis, J. L., 12, 13, 228
Firebaugh, G., 28
Fishbach, R. L., 135
Fisher, A. G. B., 214
Fitzgerald, J., 41
Flay, B. R., 133
Flett, G. L., 144
Fogarty, J., 185
Forrester, V., 3
Frank, R. H., 5
Frankel, M., 45
Frerichs, R. R., 135, 144
Friedland, D. S., 229
Fryer, D. M., 15, 29, 33, 34, 36, 208, 215
Fujiwara, L., 161, 180
Gallagher, L. J., 180
Gallagher, M., 180
Gallant, M., 100
Garraty, J. A., 17
Giesbrecht, N., 115
Gill, J., 74, 161
Gilroy, C., 47
Givlin, J., 47
Glyde, G., 47
Goldenberg, R., 185
Goldney, R. D., 24, 34, 72, 93–95, 102, 106,
162, 217
Goldsmith, A. H., 154, 159
Golomb, B. A., 191
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Gordon, D. M., 19
Gordon, H., 47, 48, 51
Gore, S., 93, 94, 106, 108, 224
Gottschalk, P., 41
Grant, B. F., 122, 162
Granville, H. S. E., 27
Green, R. S., 161, 180
Greenberger, E., 89
Griffiths, A., 6
Gritz, R., 42, 46
Grzywacz, J. G., 219
Gudeman, J., 112
Gurney, R. M., 73, 83, 94, 106
Hage, J., 19
Hall, D. T., 8
Hall, E. M., 136
Ham, J., 47
Ham-Rowbottom, K. A., 81, 82, 146, 148,
149, 210
Hamilton, V. L., 136, 161
Hammarström, A., 74, 93, 115, 161
Hammer, T., 115
Handcock, M., 3, 4
Handy, C., 8
Hanna, E. Z., 130
Hansen, H. T., 185
Hansen, J., 123, 132
Hansen, W. B., 133
Harford, T. C., 122, 130
Harris, T., 135
Harter, S., 73
Hartig, T., 185, 186, 189
Hartka, E., 115
Hassan, M., 185
Haugen, S. E., 228, 229
Hauser, P. M., 11, 47
Heather, N., 24
Heckhausen, J., 32
Helzer, E., 111, 112
Hendry, L., 73, 90
Herring, C., 113
Herzenberg, S. A., 6, 16
Hill, M., 39
Hiroshige, Y., 184
Hjelm, R., 185
Hodge, R. W., 16
Hoffman, W. S., 136, 161
Hofvendahl, E., 185
Holmes, T. H., 31
Homer, C., 184
Hope, D., 136
Horwitz, A. V., 24
Hosmer, D., 60, 61, 191
Hough, R., 74, 85, 115, 116, 132, 161, 162,
179, 205
House, J. S., 32, 24, 74, 84, 116, 136,
138
263
Houtenville, A. J., 70, 71
Houtman, I., 11
Howard, A., 8
Hsu, W. L., 12, 13, 228
Hughes, M., 85
Hudson, K., 11, 218
Hutchinson, G., 27
Iams, J., 185
Iasci, A., 184
Isaksson, K., 33, 113
Iversen, L., 115
Jaccard, J., 59
Jackson, P. R., 7, 73, 83, 94, 96
Jackson, R., 27
Jacobs, D. G., 134
Jahoda, M., 1, 15, 24, 31, 33, 113, 137, 181,
209, 218
James, S., 184
Jang, K. L., 112
Janlert, U., 74, 93, 161
Jarvis, E., 66
Jensen, L., 12, 13, 47, 226, 228, 229
Johnson, C. A., 133
Johnson, F., 185
Johnson, J. G., 67, 160, 179
Johnson, J. V., 136
Johnson, R., 113
Johnson, Z.,185
Johnston, J., 73, 83, 94, 106
Johnstone, B., 115
Jones, E. G., 32, 47
Jones, P., 185
Josephs, R. A., 73, 113, 115
Kadish, S., 108, 224
Kahyo, H., 184
Kalleberg, A. L., 11, 218
Kangas, R., 116
Kaplan, B., 184, 197
Kappagoda, S., 161, 180
Karasek, R. A., 6, 11, 217, 218
Kasl, S. V., 24, 34, 115
Kawakami, N., 11
Keeping, G., 184
Kennedy, J., 71
Kenny, D., 59
Kessler, R. C., 32, 34, 57, 74, 84, 116, 136, 138,
143, 198
Kivimäki, M., 6
Klausen, H., 115
Kleinbaum, D., 36, 57, 60
Koopmans, J. R., 112
Kopans, B. S., 134
Kramer, M., 185
Krames, L., 144
Kreitman, N., 114
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264
Kupper, L., 36, 57, 60
Kutner, M., 60
Lachenbruch, P. A., 179
Lahelma, E., 116
Lasch, K., 24
Lasker, B., 66, 111
Latchman, R. W., 114
Lazarsfeld, P. F., 24, 31, 88
Leana, C. R., 162
Lebergott, S., 23
Lee, A. J., 116, 117, 123, 132, 179
Lein, L., 159
Leino, M., 115
Lemeshow, S., 60, 61, 191
Lendrum, B., 6
Lennon, M., 24
Leppel, K., 58
Levav, I., 66, 67, 160, 179
Leventman, P., 115
Levi, L., 24, 185
Levinson, D. J., 88, 91, 94
Levy, R., 85, 90
Lewis, G., 67, 160
Li, C., 185
Lichter, D., 47, 48, 58
Lieberman, E., 197
Lieberson, S., 34, 138
Liem, J. H., 198, 220
Liem, R., 24, 198, 220
Lin, B., 93, 94
Lin, N., 135
Lind, S., 183
Link, B. G., 66, 67, 160, 179
Livesley, W. J., 112
Llangenbucher, J. W., 112, 117
Lloyd, C., 135
Locke, B. Z., 57, 144
Lockwood, C., 185
Long, S., 60
Lutz, D., 185
MacDonald, L., 185
MacDonald, S., 115
MacKinnon, D. P., 133
MaCurdy, T., 42, 46
Malton, K., 85
Manderbacka, K., 116
Manello, T. A., 112
Mantou, K., 46
Markele, G., 115
Markus, H., 73
Markush, R., 143
Marshall, J. R., 16
Martin, E. A., 227
Martinez, R., 73
Mastekaasa, A., 74, 82, 161
Matsudy, S., 184
McCord, J., 112
McCord, W., 112
McEvoy, L. T., 111, 112
McIntosh, J., 6
McLeod, J. D., 198
McNellis, D., 185
McPherson, K., 184
Meier, A., 185
Meis, P., 185
Melville, D. I., 136
Menaghan, E. G., 184
Menard, S., 35, 41
Mercer, B., 185
Miech, R. A., 67, 160, 179
Mier, R., 47
Miller, R., 3
Miller, R. E., 180
Miodovnik, M., 185
Mirowsky, J., 57, 143, 149
Mirvis, P. H., 8
Mishel, L., 6
Mittag, W., 115
Moawad, A., 185
Moeykens, B., 123, 132
Moffitt, R., 41
Moffitt, T. E., 67, 72, 160, 179
Monroe, K. R., 9, 228
Monroe, S. M., 135
Montgomery, S. M., 137, 157, 212
Mooijaart, A., 36
Mooney, A., 24
Moos, B. S., 67, 160
Morris, M., 3, 4
Morrison, J., 184
Mortimer, J. T., 90
Moss, R. H., 67, 135, 160
Motoyoshi, K., 115
Mroz, T., 42, 46
Muller, K., 36, 57, 60
Murphy, G. C., 24, 25, 34
Mutchler, J., 47, 48, 51
Myers, J. K., 57, 144
Najman, J., 184
Nathanielsz, P. W., 197
Naveh, G., 66, 67, 160, 179
Neenan, P. A., 162
Neter, J., 60
Nichols-Casebolt, A., 162, 181
Nicola, S., 184
Nizam, A., 36, 57, 60
Noh, S., 135
Noller, P., 73, 83, 94
Norbeck, J., 184
Norman, G., 185
Norris, J., 161, 180
Norstrom, T., 112, 115
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Novaco, R., 183
Nuckolls, K., 184, 197
O’Brien, E., 53
O’Brien, G. E., 73, 94, 100
O’Malley, P. M., 73, 83, 94, 106
Oatley, K., 136
Oddy, M., 73, 83, 94, 106
Olson, K., 162, 163
Origasa, H., 184
Orthnur, D. K., 162
Otto, L. B., 73
Parcel, T. L., 184
Pardoe, R., 73, 83, 94, 106
Patton, W., 73, 83, 94
Pavetti, L., 162, 163
Payne, R. L., 34
Peacock, J., 185
Pearson, C. L., 163
Penkower, L., 24
Pentti, J., 6
Pentz, M. A., 133
Peoples-Sheps, M., 184
Perese, K., 180
Perini, B., 185
Petterson, I. L., 185
Phillips, A. W., 2, 19
Piazza, G., 184
Pierce, A., 16
Plant, M. A., 114, 115
Platt, S., 24
Pollard, T., 58, 59
Pottenger, M., 57, 144
Potthoff, R., 46
Prause, J., 56, 59, 72, 73, 77, 80–82, 93,
97, 101, 102, 105, 107, 121, 125–130,
146, 148, 149, 152, 154, 167, 173, 205, 209,
210
Price, R. H., 116, 133, 229
Prusoff, B. A., 57, 144
Radloff, L. S., 57, 58, 74, 143
Rahe, R. E., 31
Ramsey, R., 185
Rauma, D., 136, 161
Rayman, P., 24
Redburn, F. S., 115
Reed, D., 3, 4
Reizes, J. M., 134
Reskin, B. F., 11, 218
Reynolds, J. R., 57, 143
Rice, D. P., 112
Richards, J. M., 28
Rifkin, J., 3
Roberts, R. E., 57, 143, 144
Robertson, I., 24
Robins, L. N., 135
265
Robinson, J., 10
Rodriguez, E., 24
Rook, K. S., 28, 30, 85, 137, 198, 205, 206, 210,
220
Rosenberg, M., 53, 55, 72, 78, 90, 100 107
Rosenblatt, A., 183
Rosenbloom, D., 6
Ross, C. E., 57, 143, 149
Rothbaum, F., 32
Rowntree, B. S., 24, 66, 111
Rutter, C. M., 179
Salovaara, H., 185
Schachter, J. P., 12, 13, 228
Schaufeli, W. B., 93, 94
Schlesinger, M., 74
Schmidt, J., 6
Schmidt, L., 161, 163
Schor, J., 11, 33
Schreiber, S., 180
Schroder, M., 185
Schuckit, M. A., 112
Schul, Y., 86, 225
Schulberg, H. C., 198, 220
Schulte, F., 185
Schulz, R., 32
Schwalbe, M., 72, 90
Schwartz, S., 66, 67, 160, 179
Schwarzer, R., 115
Scott, M., 3, 4
Seaman, F. J., 112
Seligman, D., 201
Selye, H., 31
Serxner, S., 184
Shamir, B., 136
Shannon, H. S., 6
Shihadeh, E., 60
Sholomskas, D., 57, 144
Shrout, P. E., 66, 67, 160, 179
Siegel, E., 184
Silva, P. A., 67, 72, 160, 179
Simons, A. D., 135
Sisco, C. B., 163
Skodol, A. E., 66–68, 159, 160, 179
Slack, T., 12, 47, 226, 228, 229
Smith, E. M., 135
Smith, W. C. S., 116, 117, 123, 132, 179
Snyder, S. S., 32
Solomon, S. D., 135
Solow, R. M., 7, 158, 159, 182
Speiglman, R., 161, 180
Spencer, B., 45
Spenner, K. I., 73
Spinillo, A., 184
Stafford, E. M., 96
Staples, C., 72, 90
Steele, C. M., 113, 115
Steffensmeier, D., 47
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266
Stein, A., 184
Steinberg, L., 30, 89, 183, 220
Stern, J., 27
Stueve, A., 66–68, 159, 160, 179
Suchindran, C., 184
Sullivan, T., 11, 12, 47, 48, 51, 52, 58
Swain, M., 185
Tafarodi, R., 73
Tam, T. W., 117, 118
Tashakkori, A., 73
Tausig, M., 29, 107, 130, 206
Temple, M., 115
Theorell, T., 6, 185, 217, 218
Thom, E., 185
Thompson, V., 73
Thomson, L., 6
Thurnau, G. R., 185
Tiggeman, M., 24, 34, 72, 73, 93–95, 102, 106,
162, 217
Tilden, V., 184
Timms, D. W. G., 67, 160
Tipps, H., 47, 48, 51
Tunstall-Pedoe, H., 116, 117, 123, 132,
179
Turner, J. B., 28, 32, 34, 74, 84, 96, 107, 116,
136–138, 205
Turner, R. J., 135
Turrisi, R., 59
Umberson, D., 57, 143
Vahtera, J., 6
Valente, E., 73
Van der Burg, E., 36
Van der Kamp, L., 36
Van der Leeden, R., 36
Van Dorsten, J. P., 185
Van Natta, P. A., 57, 143
Veelken, N., 185
Vernon, P. A., 112
Vernon, S. W., 57, 143, 144
Veum, J. R., 154, 159
Vietorisz, T., 47
Vinokur, A. D., 86, 116, 133, 225
Virtanen, M., 6
Vredenburg, K., 144
Wade, T., 73
Wadsworth, M. E. J., 137, 157, 212
Wagstaff, A., 27
Walker, G. M., 115
Wall, T. D., 7
Wallulis, J., 3
Walther, H., 185
Wampler, N., 185
Wan, C., 59
Wanberg, C. R., 35, 138, 155
Wang, E. Y. I., 133
Ware, A., 184
Warr, P. B., 15, 24, 33, 34, 85, 116, 132 179,
216, 218
Wasserman, J., 185
Wasserman, W., 60
Watson, K., 180
Wechsler, H., 123, 132
Weeks, E. C., 114
Weich, S., 67, 160
Weisner, C., 161, 163
Weissman, M. M., 57, 144
Weisz, J. R., 32
Wheaton, B., 34, 154, 208
Whiffen, V. E., 135
White, H., 191
Wial, H., 6, 16
Williams, G., 184
Williams, H., 45
Wilson, G., 28, 74, 83, 84, 116, 136, 137, 154,
162, 179, 205
Wilson, S. H., 115
Windsor, R., 185
Winefield, A. H., 24, 29, 32, 34, 72, 73, 92–95,
102, 106, 162, 217
Winefield, H. R., 24, 34, 72, 93–95, 102, 106,
162, 217
Winton, M., 24
Wise, P., 185
Wittenberg, R., 90, 94
Wolman, W., 5
Woodbury, M., 46
Woodward, C. A., 6
Wortman, C. B., 57, 143
Wright, B. R. E., 67, 72, 160, 179
Zeisel, H., 24, 31
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abstinence, 116–117, 127, 131, 170, 175, 179
adequate employment, 4, 9–10, 13, 33–34,
48, 54, 60, 62–63, 70, 72, 77, 81–83, 95,
99–100, 102–104, 106, 109–110, 118–119,
123–128, 138–143, 145–155, 168,
170–171, 174–175, 186, 188–196, 198,
201–202, 205–206, 208, 210, 214–217,
219–223
adverse employment change (see also
inadequate employment;
unemployment), 13, 15–16, 26–27,
30–31, 35, 39, 57, 65–66, 68–71, 79,
81, 85–87, 116–118, 121, 123–127,
129–130, 132, 135, 138–139, 145–146,
149, 151, 153–155, 159, 161, 167–168,
183–186, 189, 191–193, 195–199,
201–204, 206–210, 212–213, 219–220,
223, 225
age, 3, 58, 75–76, 206, 213, 215, 220,
223
alcohol misuse and, 79, 81, 112, 114,
117–118, 120–121, 124–125, 127–128,
130, 132–133, 206–207
birthweight and, 186, 189–194, 200
depression and, 134, 141, 149, 154,
217
employment status and, 12–14, 20, 50–51,
91–92, 97, 221, 230
measurement of, 44
self-esteem and, 90, 96–97, 100–101
welfare and, 172, 176, 178
age trap, 90
agency restriction theory, 33, 208–209
aggregate-level analysis, 17, 26–30, 57, 69,
107, 114, 130, 143, 183–186, 197,
204–206, 220
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
(AFDC) (see also welfare), 6, 15, 161,
163–165, 168, 170, 172–177, 180
alcohol misuse, 15, 32, 57, 111–112, 212, 219,
220
age and, 79, 81, 112, 114, 117–118, 120–121,
124–125, 127–128, 130, 132–133, 206–
207
aptitude and, 120, 125–126
birthweight and, 189, 190, 192–194, 198
children and, 118, 120–121, 130, 207
drug use and, 67, 125–126, 128, 162–163,
180
economic climate and, 121–122, 130, 132
education and, 79, 81, 120, 128, 130, 203
ethnicity and, 81, 120, 124, 132
favorable employment change and, 82,
84, 106, 116, 118–124, 127–133, 202, 221
gender and, 58, 79, 81–82, 111, 114–116,
120, 124–126, 128, 132, 207
inadequate employment and, 69, 79,
81–83, 109, 113, 116–120, 123–133, 137,
201, 203, 206, 208
marital status and, 81, 118, 120–121,
127–128, 130, 207
measurement of, 37, 53, 55–56, 117, 119,
122–123, 126, 132, 167–168, 237–240
mediators, 129, 131
moderators, 79, 81–82, 118, 130, 132, 203,
208
out of the labor force (OLF) status and,
123, 125, 129
selection effect of, 65–67, 69, 72–79, 81–87,
113–114, 116, 161, 203
unemployment and, 25, 31, 74, 79, 81–83,
113–116, 118–120, 123–125, 127–130,
133, 162, 201, 203, 206, 209
welfare and, 159, 161–165, 167–172,
174–180, 203
American Psychiatric Association, 133,
134
anxiety, 6, 67, 74, 137, 197, 205
267
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aptitude
alcohol misuse and, 120, 125–126
employment status and, 72, 121, 205
measurement of (see also Armed Forces
Qualification Test), 100
self-esteem and, 80, 101, 108
Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT),
100–101, 120–121, 125
arrested development versus stress
mechanism, 94–95, 102, 106
asset/deficit model, 84–85
attrition (see also retention rates), 41–42, 46,
165
b, beta (see also ordinary least squares),
63–64
benefits, see employment benefits
binge drinking (see also alcohol misuse),
55–56, 75, 78–79, 81, 111, 114, 116–117,
122–123, 125–129, 131–132, 138, 154,
167–168, 174–178, 202, 206, 208
birthweight (see also gestational age;
intrauterine growth; pregnancy), 15,
183, 212, 220
age and, 186, 189–194, 200
alcohol use and, 189, 190, 192–194,
198
anxiety and, 197
children and, 199
economic climate and, 184, 186, 188–190,
192–194, 196, 198, 206
education and, 187–191, 194, 198–199
ethnicity and, 187–191, 194–197
favorable employment change and,
198
gender and, 188, 190, 192–193, 196
inadequate employment and, 188–190,
192–197, 201, 207, 209
marital status and, 185, 187–190, 192–194,
197
measurement of, 39, 189, 196
mediators, 185–186, 189, 191–195,
197
moderators, 185–186, 195–198, 207
mother’s weight gain and, 189–190,
193–198
out of the labor force (OLF) status and,
189–190, 193–194
race and, 188, 190, 192–197, 207
selection and, 203
self-esteem and, 199
unemployment and, 184, 188–190,
192–197, 201, 209
welfare and, 199
bubble economy, 2
buffering variables, see moderators
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 10–11, 38,
47–48, 50, 54, 226–227
business cycle (see also economic expansion;
recession), 4, 6, 13, 213, 215, 229–230
unemployment citations and, 21, 23
California Work and Health Survey, 149
career(s), 7, 8, 30, 199, 222, 224
Center for Epidemiologic Studies
Depression Scale (CES-D), 57–58, 63–64,
78, 82, 143–147, 150–153, 168, 170–171
Center for Human Resource Research
(CHRR), 38–41, 46, 49, 51, 240
children, 4, 10
alcohol misuse and, 118, 120–121, 130, 207
birthweight and, 199
depression and, 82, 141, 147–149, 152–153
employment status and, 121
measurement of, 38–39, 44
self-esteem and, 88–89
welfare and, 158, 165–167, 179, 181
commitment to work, see work involvement
computerization of work, 3, 7
confounding, 26, 30, 57, 60, 63–66, 78, 80–82,
105, 135, 139, 146–147, 154, 156, 160,
163, 168–169, 171, 176, 178, 186, 189,
191–192, 194–196, 204, 212
contingent employment, 8–9, 11, 218
continuity versus discontinuity of
depression, 144–145, 149, 220
continuum of employment, 35, 48, 159,
181–182, 216–219, 225–231
control, 32–33, 217
coping, 34, 67, 112, 116, 130–131, 138–139,
179, 183, 185, 206
cross-level analysis (see also aggregate-level
analysis; individual-level analysis),
28–29, 186, 196, 204–205
cross-sectional design (see also longitudinal
design), 26, 36, 62, 66, 85, 92, 105, 114,
135–136, 145–146, 160, 162, 169–171, 202
Current Population Survey (CPS), 11–13,
47–48, 50–51, 53, 99, 145, 211, 226–230
cycle, business, see business cycle
decision latitude, 11, 211, 216–219
“dejobbing,” 7–8
depression, 15, 32, 67, 116, 133, 212, 219–220
age and, 134, 141, 149, 154, 217
birthweight and, 197, 199
children and, 82, 141, 147–149, 152–153
continuity versus discontinuity of,
144–145, 149, 220
economic climate and, 137–141, 156
education and, 79, 82, 86, 138, 141–143,
147–150, 153, 203, 208
ethnicity and, 83, 138, 141–142
favorable employment change and, 34,
83, 86–87, 106, 138–139, 151–152,
154–155, 202, 221
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gender and, 58–59, 82–83, 135, 137,
141–142, 147–150, 152–153, 207
inadequate employment and, 69, 82–83,
109, 136–141, 145–156, 201, 203, 208–209
marital status and, 82–83, 138, 141,
147–153, 208, 210
measurement of (see also Center for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression
Scale), 53, 57–58, 63–64, 134, 139,
143–145, 168, 211
mediators, 59, 81, 139, 147, 151, 153, 157,
209–210
moderators, 59, 79, 82–83, 86, 137, 139,
147, 149, 153–154, 157, 203, 208
out of the labor force (OLF) status and,
140, 146–148, 150–154
race and, 149
selection effect of, 69, 72, 74–79, 82–86,
135–137, 145–146, 151, 155–157, 161, 203
self-esteem and, 81, 95, 108, 147–148, 150,
152–153
unemployment and, 25, 31, 59, 74, 79,
82–83, 86, 95, 135–139, 141, 143,
145–156, 161–162, 201–203, 208–209
welfare and, 146, 159, 161–162, 164–165,
168–174, 178–181, 203
deprivation theory, 33, 210
developmental stage theory, 89–90, 94
developmental transitions (see also age), 15,
89–90
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 55,
115, 122, 134, 144, 167, 171
diathesis (see also stress), 112, 135
disability, 10, 53, 68–71, 80, 146, 161
discouraged worker(s) (see also out of the
labor force (OLF) status;
unemployment), 5, 10–12, 17, 99, 120,
145, 152, 182
economic climate and, 12–14
measurement of, 47, 52–54, 216, 227, 230
disguised unemployment, 1, 10, 14, 216, 231
displaced worker(s), see job loss;
unemployment
downsizing, 6
drug use, and alcohol misuse, 67, 125–126,
128, 162–163, 180
ecological fallacy (see also aggregate-level
analysis; individual-level analysis),
27–30, 114
economic climate, 24, 28–30, 77, 204–205, 223
alcohol misuse and, 121–122, 130, 132
birthweight and, 184, 186, 188–190,
192–194, 196, 198, 206
depression and, 137–141, 156
employment status and, 12–14, 21, 205
measurement of (see also unemployment,
rates of), 37, 45, 47, 50, 229
269
mediators, 205
moderators, 28–29, 204–205
self-esteem and, 90–91, 98–99, 107, 205
welfare and, 159, 166–167, 179–180, 182
economic expansion, 1–2, 4–6, 14, 16, 19, 71,
139–140, 145, 179–180, 229
education, 3, 57, 67, 76–77, 91, 207, 224
alcohol misuse and, 79, 81, 120, 128, 130,
203
birthweight and, 187–191, 194, 198–199
depression and, 79, 82, 86, 138, 141–143,
147–150, 153, 203, 208
employment status and, 13, 20, 28, 52,
58–59, 72, 86, 97, 121, 205, 222
measurement of, 41–44
self-esteem and, 80, 88–89, 96–98,
100–101, 108
welfare and, 160, 165–168, 171–174
employment (see also disguised
unemployment; inadequate
employment; unemployment)
benefits (see also health insurance;
pensions), 18–19, 34, 217
contingent, 8–9, 11, 218
continuum, 35, 48, 159, 181–182, 216–219,
225–231
employment status (see also adequate
employment; inadequate employment;
intermittent unemployment;
involuntary part-time employment;
low-wage employment; out of the labor
force (OLF) status; unemployment), 2,
28, 68, 72, 75, 77, 81, 88, 96, 99–100
age and, 12–14, 20, 50–51, 91–92, 97, 221,
230
aptitude and, 72, 121, 205
children and, 121
economic climate and, 12–14, 21, 205
education and, 13, 20, 28, 52, 58–59, 72, 86,
97, 121, 205, 222
ethnicity and, 13–14, 20, 50, 92, 221, 230
gender and, 12–14, 58, 61–63, 101, 121, 205
marital status and, 58–59, 121, 205
measurement of (see also Current
Population Survey; Labor Utilization
Framework), 48–49, 51–52, 219, 225–231
race and, 12–14, 20, 50, 58, 92, 121, 221, 230
employment stress theory, 30–32, 94, 131,
209
entry-level wage (see also minimum wage),
89–91, 94, 216
ethnicity (see also race), 58, 66–67, 76–77, 207,
220
alcohol misuse and, 81, 120, 124, 132
birthweight and, 187–191, 194–197
depression and, 83, 138, 141–142
employment status and, 13–14, 20, 50, 92,
221, 230
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ethnicity (cont.)
measurement of, 38, 40–43, 46
self-esteem and, 79–80, 96–97, 100–101,
108
welfare and, 160, 165, 171, 174
external validity, 37, 84, 93, 149, 178–180,
188, 199, 206, 212–213, 215
favorable employment change, 34, 86–87,
219, 221
alcohol misuse and, 82, 84, 106, 116,
118–124, 127–133, 202, 221
birthweight and, 198
depression and, 34, 83, 86–87, 106,
138–139, 151–152, 154–155, 202, 221
prevention versus restorative effect of, 35,
116, 118–119, 124, 129–130, 132, 138, 154,
221
self-esteem and, 86
financial strain, 32, 34, 138, 156, 183, 198, 211
flexibilization of work, 1, 9
“forgotten half,” 96–97
full employment (see also involuntary
part-time employment), 1, 5–6, 8–9, 53,
69, 140, 199, 216, 223, 227
gender, 67, 75–77, 207, 230
alcohol misuse and, 58, 79, 81–82, 111,
114–116, 120, 124–126, 128, 132, 207
birthweight and, 188, 190, 192–193, 196
depression and, 58–59, 82–83, 135, 137,
141–142, 147–150, 152–153, 207
employment status and, 12–14, 58, 61–63,
101, 121, 205
measurement of, 41–42, 46
self-esteem and, 73, 79–80, 83–86, 96,
100–101, 203, 207
welfare and, 165, 167, 179
general adaptation syndrome (see also
stress), 31
generalizability, see external validity
gestational age, 185, 189–190, 193–198
globalized economy, 1, 5, 7, 213
good (versus bad) job/employment (see also
employment continuum), 6, 216–219
Great Depression, 19, 23–24, 183, 226
health (see also mental health), 2, 53, 60, 89
effect(s), 6, 9–11, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24–26,
28–31, 33–35, 69, 108–109, 161–162,
168–169, 185, 201, 215–219, 222,
225–226, 231
selection effects of, 65–66, 68, 160
health care, 30, 198–199
health insurance, 6, 30, 66, 184, 200, 216–219
inadequate employment (see also
intermittent unemployment;
involuntary part-time employment;
low-wage employment), 1–2, 6, 9–11,
16, 19, 23, 32–34, 63, 202, 210, 214,
216–217, 220–222, 225–226, 231
alcohol misuse and, 69, 79, 81–83, 109, 113,
116–120, 123–133, 137, 201, 203, 206, 208
birthweight and, 188–190, 192–197, 201,
207, 209
depression and, 69, 82–83, 109, 136–141,
145–156, 201, 203, 208–209
economic climate and, 12–14, 21, 205
job satisfaction and, 95–96, 104–105, 107
measurement of, 47, 52, 214–215, 229
self-esteem and, 79–81, 83, 88, 91, 94–96,
99, 101–107, 109–110, 116, 137, 162, 201,
203, 209
welfare and, 159, 168, 170, 173, 175, 182
income inequality, 3–4, 18, 97
income loss (see also adverse employment
change; low-wage employment), 32
indirect causation (see also mediators), 28,
30, 107, 129, 131, 133
individual differences fallacy (see also
ecological fallacy), 28
individual-level analysis, 26–30, 114, 197
industry, 3, 30, 72
inferential statistical validity, see statistical
inference validity
inflation (see also non-accelerating-inflation
rate of unemployment; Phillips curve),
2, 19, 222
insecurity, see job insecurity
interactions (see also moderators), 28–30,
59–60, 73, 79–80, 83–86, 100–102, 107,
118–119, 121, 124, 126–128, 130, 138,
148–149, 151, 153–154, 171–175, 177,
181, 191, 194–195, 197, 200, 204–205,
207–209, 220
intermittent unemployment (see also
inadequate employment), 4, 17, 63, 65,
202, 219
alcohol misuse and, 119–120, 201
depression and, 201
job satisfaction and, 104
measurement of, 51–54, 77
self-esteem and, 94, 99, 101, 103–104, 106,
119–120, 207
internal validity (see also confounding;
cross-sectional design; longitudinal
design), 24–25, 30, 212
intervening variables, see indirect causation;
mediators
intervention(s), 69, 86–87, 107, 113, 116,
132–133, 202, 207, 219–226
intrauterine growth, 185, 198
involuntary part-time employment (see also
inadequate employment), 4, 11, 21, 63,
69, 202, 209, 222, 229–230
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alcohol misuse and, 69, 119–120, 132, 201
birthweight and, 189, 197, 201
depression and, 137, 146, 201
economic climate and, 12–14
job satisfaction and, 104
measurement of, 47–48, 51–52, 54, 77, 214,
227, 229
self-esteem and, 73, 81, 94, 99, 101,
103–104, 106, 119, 201
welfare and, 159, 168
job(s), 7–8, 109, 201, 211
churning, 5
demands, 6, 11, 211, 216–218
good versus bad (see also employment
continuum), 6, 216–219
insecurity, 5–9, 16, 19, 29, 85, 91, 97, 114,
130, 138, 164, 198, 205, 210, 216–217
latitude, 11, 211, 216–219
loss (see also unemployment), 1, 9–10,
14–16, 24–27, 29–34, 59, 66, 68–70, 94,
106, 113–117, 125, 130–131, 135–138,
140, 153–155, 157–159, 161–162,
181–182, 198, 201, 203–204, 206,
208–212, 215–217, 225–226
retention, 69
satisfaction, 11, 34–35, 90, 95–96, 100,
102–105, 107, 138, 147–150, 153–155,
162, 207–208, 217, 219
skill use, 216–218
tenure, 3, 5, 140
training (see also interventions), 72, 108,
221, 225
Labor Utilization Framework (LUF), 11–13,
47–48, 51–52, 116, 218–219, 230
latent functions of employment, 32–33, 113,
137, 154, 210, 218
levels of analysis, see aggregate-level
analysis; cross-level analysis;
individual-level analysis
life events, see stress
living wage (see also low-wage
employment), 4, 214
logistic regression (see also odds ratio), 60,
62, 64, 123–129, 149–150, 191, 194, 196
polytomous or multinomial, 61, 63, 79,
129, 169–170
longitudinal design (see also cross-sectional
design), 26–27, 29–30, 36, 46, 67, 72, 85,
91–92, 105, 114–115, 136, 145–147, 149,
156, 160, 169–172, 197, 203, 216, 218
low-wage (poverty-wage) employment (see
also inadequate employment), 4, 11,
20–21, 63, 68, 202, 209, 211, 214, 219,
222, 229, 230
alcohol misuse and, 119–120, 132, 201
birthweight and, 189, 197, 201
271
depression and, 137, 145–146, 201
economic climate and, 12–14
measurement of, 17, 47–48, 51–52, 54, 77,
214, 227–229
self-esteem and, 81, 90–91, 94, 99,
101–106, 119, 201, 208
welfare and, 159, 162, 164, 168
marital status, 76–77, 207
alcohol misuse and, 81, 118, 120–121,
127–128, 130, 207
birthweight and, 185, 187–190, 192–194,
197
depression and, 82–83, 138, 141, 147–153,
208, 210
employment status and, 58–59, 121, 205
measurement of, 41, 44
self-esteem and, 80–81, 98
welfare and, 158–159, 165–166, 169, 171,
173–174, 178, 181
mediators (intervening variables) (see also
indirect causation), 24, 31–32, 34, 60, 64,
68–69, 204, 209–211, 218
alcohol misuse and, 129, 131
birthweight and, 185–186, 189, 191–195,
197
depression and, 59, 81, 139, 147, 151, 153,
157, 209–210
economic climate and, 205
self-esteem and, 81, 95–96, 104, 107, 205,
217
welfare and, 169, 174, 181
mental disorder/health, 25, 28, 31, 33, 35–37,
65–68, 92, 138, 149, 155, 160, 163–164,
169–170, 180–181, 204–205, 209–211, 219
mental hospitalization, 20, 24, 27, 30, 70,
114
metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan areas
(see also urban versus rural areas), 13
military (see also Armed Forces Qualification
Test), 38–40, 42, 49, 51
minimum wage, 89–91, 222
mismatch form of underemployment, 48,
52
moderators (buffering variables) (see also
interactions), 24, 30–31, 60, 64, 67, 69,
74, 89, 204, 206, 209, 218, 220
alcohol misuse and, 79, 81–82, 118, 130,
132, 203, 208
birthweight and, 185–186, 195–198, 207
depression and, 59, 79, 82–83, 86, 137, 139,
147, 149, 153–154, 157, 203, 208
economic climate and, 28–29, 204–205
self-esteem and, 79–80, 84–86, 95–96,
100–102, 107, 207–209
welfare and, 168–169
mortality, 27, 185
motivational distress, 84
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National Center on Addiction and
Substance Abuse, 163
National Commission on Employment and
Unemployment Statistics, 47, 226
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
(NLSY) (see also retention rates;
sample[s]; underemployment,
measurement of), 15, 37–42, 109, 122,
134, 139–140, 143, 145, 149, 151–152,
164–165, 167, 171, 175, 178, 180, 184,
186, 188–189, 198, 205–206, 208,
210–213, 215, 219, 226, 230, 233–240
non-accelerating-inflation rate of
unemployment (NAIRU) (see also
inflation; Phillips curve), 19
Northwest Policy Center and Northwest
Federation of Community
Organizations, 4
occupation (see also socioeconomic status),
52, 67–68, 72, 90, 184
odds ratio(s) (OR) (see also logistic
regression), 61–63, 79, 169
ordinary least squares regression (OLS), 46,
60, 80, 100–101, 147–149, 152–153, 170,
191–193, 196
coefficients (b, beta), 63–64
out of the labor force (OLF) status (see also
discouraged worker[s]), 69–70
alcohol misuse and, 123, 125, 129
birthweight and, 189–190, 193–194
depression and, 140, 146–148, 150–154
measurement of, 10, 49, 51, 53–54
self-esteem and, 80, 88, 99, 101–102, 104
welfare and, 146, 158–159, 168, 170, 173,
175
outsourcing (see also shamrock
organization), 8
overwork, 11, 33
panel design (see also longitudinal design;
National Longitudinal Survey of
Youth), 15, 36–37, 39, 41, 67, 73–74,
92–93, 106, 114, 135–137, 160, 206, 213
part-time work (see also involuntary
part-time employment), 3, 6, 8, 53, 89,
140, 159, 216, 227, 229
pensions, 6, 216–218
Phillips curve (see also inflation), 2, 5, 19
politics (policies) of underemployment, 2, 9,
18–21, 23, 68, 86, 89, 91, 140, 149, 161,
180, 197, 216, 221–225, 228
polytomous logistic regression, 61, 63, 79,
129, 169–170
postindustrial economy, 1, 3
poverty, 3–4, 18, 26, 52, 86, 89, 111, 137,
147–148, 168, 171, 174, 177–178,
187–190, 192–194, 209, 214
selection and, 65–67, 69, 160–161
poverty-wage employment, see low-wage
employment
pregnancy (see also birthweight), 184–186,
188–189, 192–194, 196, 198, 203
Preterm/premature delivery, see gestational
age
prevention (see also intervention[s])
restorative effect versus, 35, 118–119, 124,
129–130, 132
stages (primary, secondary, tertiary),
132–133, 139, 181, 223–225
provocation hypothesis (versus uncovering
hypothesis), 70–71
PsycINFO, 21–23
race (see also ethnicity), 207
birthweight and, 188, 190, 192–197,
207
depression and, 149
employment status and, 12–14, 20, 50, 58,
92, 121, 221, 230
self-esteem and, 73, 84–86, 97, 207
welfare and, 165
recession (economic contraction), 1, 5, 16,
23, 29, 71, 121, 139, 140–141, 182, 205,
229
reciprocal causation, 30, 67, 69, 157, 160,
202–204
reemployment (see also favorable
employment change), 5, 34–35, 68, 84,
86–87, 106, 116–117, 133, 136, 138, 140,
162, 202, 205, 221
regression, see logistic regression; ordinary
least squares regression
reservation wage, 17, 71
reservoir model (of alcohol misuse),
112–113, 115
restorative versus prevention effects, 35,
116, 118–119, 124, 129, 130, 132, 138,
154, 221
retention rates (see also attrition), 39–42,
46, 119
retirement see also out of the labor force
(OLF) status, 5, 10, 53, 146, 156, 213,
222–223
reverse causation, see selection
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, 53, 55, 78, 90,
100, 148, 152
rural areas, see urban versus rural areas
sample(s), 215, 218
alcohol misuse analysis, 75–77, 82, 115,
118–121
birthweight analysis, 186–190
depression analysis, 75–77, 139–143, 149,
151, 153
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth,
37–39, 42–45, 50, 212–215, 230, 233–236
self-esteem analysis, 75–77, 96–99, 110
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weights, 45–46, 188
welfare analysis, 164–167, 175–176
school-leavers, 24, 72–73, 75, 80, 83, 88–98,
101–103, 105–108, 118, 162, 201,
216–217, 222–224
selection (see also social causation), 15, 26,
29, 67, 69, 72, 75, 83–87, 202–203, 212
alcohol misuse and, 65–67, 69, 72–79,
81–87, 113–114, 116, 161, 203
asset/deficit versus motivational distress,
84–85
birthweight and, 203
depression and, 69, 72, 74–79, 82–86,
135–137, 145–146, 151, 155–157, 161, 203
health and, 65–66, 68, 70
self-esteem and, 72–74, 79–81, 83–86, 90,
92–93, 102, 108, 203
welfare and, 68, 160–164, 169–172,
176–178, 180, 203
self-esteem, 15, 32, 212, 217
age and, 90, 96–97, 100–101
aptitude and, 80, 101, 108
birthweight and, 199
children and, 88–89
depression and, 81, 95, 108, 147–148, 150,
152–153
developmental stage and, 89–90
economic climate and, 90–91, 98–99, 107,
205
education and, 80, 88–89, 96–98, 100–101,
108
ethnicity and, 79–80, 96–97, 100–101, 108
favorable employment change and, 86
gender and, 73, 79–80, 83–86, 96, 100–101,
203, 207
inadequate employment and, 79–81, 83,
88, 91, 94–96, 99, 101–107, 109–110, 116,
137, 162, 201, 203, 209
marital status and, 80–81, 98
measurement of (see also Rosenberg
self-esteem scale), 53, 55, 90, 96, 100, 211
mediators, 81, 95–96, 104, 107, 205, 217
moderators, 79–80, 84–86, 95–96, 100–102,
107, 207–209
out of the labor force (OLF) status and, 80,
88, 99, 101–102, 104
race and, 73, 84–86, 97, 207
selection effect of, 72–74, 79–81, 83–86, 90,
92–93, 102, 108, 203
unemployment and, 31, 73, 79–81, 83, 86,
88, 93–95, 99, 101–106, 109–110,
201–203, 209, 215
welfare and, 162, 172–175
shamrock organization, 8
social causation (see also selection), 15, 24,
26, 29, 65–72, 75, 85, 93–95, 102, 106,
114–115, 145, 155–157, 160–164, 169,
172–173, 175–176, 178–179, 181,
201–204, 206, 211–212
273
social contagion, see spillover effects
social contract, 7–9
social cost(s), 1–2, 20, 31, 33–34, 69, 87, 183,
199, 201, 203, 205, 209, 211–212, 216,
222–223, 225, 231
social support, 197, 200, 207–208
socioeconomic status (SES) (see also
education), 26, 32–33, 43, 57, 66–68, 73,
100, 138, 142, 159, 168, 207, 216–218
spillover effects, 30, 198, 220
spuriousness, see confounding
stagflation, 19
statistical inference validity, 62, 64, 110, 115,
124, 176, 219–220
statistical power, 37, 46, 84, 104–105, 120,
132, 153, 172, 178, 194, 196, 212, 215,
218
stock market, 2
stress, 10, 16, 26, 66, 105, 115–116, 138, 140,
179, 183–185, 189, 197, 203, 209, 220
life events and, 17, 30, 34, 53, 58, 68,
112–113, 135, 137, 154, 156, 158–159,
162–164, 174, 181, 198, 202, 204,
206–207, 210, 223
stress model, 31–33, 94, 102, 112, 131, 186
sub-unemployment, see discouraged
worker(s)
substance abuse, see drug abuse
sudden wealth syndrome, 2
suicide, 16, 20, 27
survivors, see downsizing
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
(TANF) (see also welfare), 6–7, 160–162,
179–182
time-series analysis, 21, 23–24, 27, 114, 183,
185–186
uncovering hypothesis (versus provocation
hypothesis) (see also disability), 69–71
underemployment (see also inadequate
employment; Labor Utilization
Framework; unemployment), 1, 8–9,
16–20, 25, 33, 57–58, 60, 62, 68, 70, 72,
82–83, 86–87, 106, 109, 113, 115–116, 118,
124, 137–138, 141–143, 145–146, 149,
153–155, 158, 160, 161–162, 182–185,
196, 198–199, 201–202, 204–212,
220–221, 225, 227, 229
citations of, 21–23
measurement of, 42, 47–54, 77, 92, 98–99,
119–120, 214–215, 219, 225–231
rates of, 12–14, 48, 90, 108, 220, 225, 227,
229–230
unemployment, 8, 11, 15, 34, 209–211, 213,
216, 220–222, 225, 231
alcohol misuse and, 25, 31, 74, 79, 81–83,
113–116, 118–120, 123–125, 127–130,
133, 162, 201, 203, 206, 209
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David Dooley and Joann Prause
Index
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Subject Index
274
unemployment (cont.)
birthweight and, 184, 188–190, 192–197,
201, 209
citations of, 21–23
depression and, 25, 31, 59, 74, 79, 82–83,
86, 95, 135–139, 141, 143, 145–156,
161–162, 201–203, 208–209
insurance/compensation, 10, 34, 74, 115,
136–137, 155–156, 217
measurement of (see also Current
Population Survey; discouraged
worker[s]; Labor Utilization
Framework), 10, 17, 24, 47–49, 51–54,
214–215
rates of (see also economic climate), 1–2, 5,
9, 12–14, 21–23, 27–31, 44–45, 50–51, 57,
69–71, 74, 76–77, 81–82, 91–92, 96,
98–99, 107, 114, 120–122, 130, 137,
139–140, 166, 172–173, 179, 185–186,
188–190, 192–194, 196, 198, 204–206,
216, 225, 227, 230
self-esteem and, 31, 73, 79–81, 83, 86, 88,
93–95, 99, 101–106, 109–110, 201–203,
209, 215
welfare and, 159, 162, 168, 170, 173–175,
182
union(s), 18–19, 49, 115
United States Bureau of the Census, 49
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, 10,
14, 92, 226
United States Commission on Civil Rights,
47
United States Department of Labor, 2, 4, 5,
23, 140
United States Department of Labor,
Employment, and Training
Administration, 52
unpaid work, 5
urban versus rural areas (see also
metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan
areas), 96, 115
Vitamin Model (Warr), 33, 216, 218
wage(s) (see also income inequality;
low-wage employment), 2–7, 17–18
entry-level, 89–91, 94, 216
living, 4, 214
minimum, 89–91, 222
reservation, 17, 71
stagnation, 7–8
wealth effect, 2
weight gain, of mother (see also intrauterine
growth), 189–190, 193–198
welfare, 6–7, 15, 18, 68, 158, 216
age and, 172, 176, 178
alcohol misuse and, 159, 161–165,
167–172, 174–180, 203
birthweight and, 199
children and, 158, 165–167, 179, 181
depression and, 146, 159, 161–162,
164–165, 168–174, 178–181, 203
economic climate and, 159, 166–167,
179–180, 182
education and, 160, 165–168, 171–174
ethnicity and, 160, 165, 171, 174
gender and, 165, 167, 179
inadequate employment and, 159, 168,
170, 173, 175, 182
marital status and, 158–159, 165–166, 169,
171, 173–174, 178, 181
measuring transitions into and out of (see
also Aid to Families with Dependent
Children), 165, 168
mediators, 169, 174, 181
moderators, 168–169
out of the labor force (OLF) status and,
146, 158–159, 168, 170, 173, 175
programs, see Aid to Families with
Dependent Children; Temporary
Assistance to Needy Families
race and, 165
selection effect and, 68, 160–164, 169–172,
176–178, 180, 203
unemployment and, 159, 162, 168, 170,
173–175, 182
William T. Grant Foundation Commission
on Work, Family, and Citizenship, 97
winner-take-all society, 4
work
flexibilization of, 1, 9
involvement in, 96, 107, 208–209
sharing of, 216, 222
“work shy,” 17, 66, 68, 181
work week, 222
World Health Organization, 189
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