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CMU WRITING CENTER
QUICK TIPS GUIDE: WRITING IN CHICAGO MANUAL (CMS) AND TURABIAN
STYLE
I.
CMS AND TURABIAN: A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE TWO STYLES
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) is most often used by editors, proofreaders,
indexers, copywriters, publishers, and historians. Turabian Style is a modified form of
CMS that has been adapted to help students prepare academic papers of all types.
Turabian style is slightly more flexible than CMS, and there are subtle differences in
some of the rules that govern each style.
This outline of CMS/Turabian style guidelines is written in Turabian style. Outlines in
Turabian Style follow this format:
I. (Roman numeral)
A. (Capital letter)
1. (Number)
a) (Lowercase letter followed by closing parenthesis)
(1) (Number enclosed in parenthesis)
(a) (Lowercase letter enclosed in
parenthesis)
i) (Roman numeral with lowercase
letters followed by a closing
parenthesis)
II.
th
GUIDELINES & BASIC FORMATTING from The Chicago Manual of Style, 16 edition
th
and A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7 edition
Remember, even if your professor asks you to use CMS or Turabian style, he or she may
have additional or unique requirements that are not included in the two styles. In all cases,
follow your professor’s instructions, even if they differ from the recommendations of
the CMS and Turabian style guides.
A. TITLE PAGE
Start with a title page (if required by your professor). About a third of the way down the page,
type the title of your paper in 12 pt., Times New Roman font and in ALL CAPS. If there is a
subtitle, introduce it with a colon. Directly beneath the title, include your name. Your professor
may require you to include additional information, such as the name of your university, the
course information, and/or the date; type them each on their own line. Ask him or her if you are
uncertain.
1. The title page usually does not count toward the total number of pages or total
word count required by your professor; however, it is paginated along with the
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rest of the document. So, your title page will be page “1” and the first page of the
essay, page “2.” Do not include the page number on the title page; to do so, make
sure “Show number on first page” is not clicked. Page numbers go in the upper
right-hand corner of each page, 0.5” from the top
2. Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the), or the words to and as unless such a word is
the first or last word in the title or subtitle. Do not capitalize prepositions (of, in,
at, above, against, etc.) unless they are emphasized or used as adverbs, adjectives,
or conjunctions.
3. You must capitalize short verbs (is, are), adjectives (old), personal pronouns (it,
we), and relative pronouns (that, who, which).
4. Do not capitalize the second or subsequent parts of a hyphenated compound,
unless it is a proper noun or adjective.
a) To Have and to Hold: A Twenty-first-century View of Marriage
b) The Economic Effects of the Civil War in the Mid-Atlantic States
5. Do not capitalize parts of proper nouns that are ordinarily in lowercase, such as de
in Alexis de Tocqueville or van in Ludwig van Beethoven.
6. For titles in languages other than English, use sentence-style capitalization. For
example: Feminist Symbolism in La reine du silence
7. For titles of works published in the eighteenth century or earlier, retain the
original capitalization (and spelling); however, words spelled out in all capital
letters should be given with an initial capital only. For example, A Treatise of mall
philosophy Contaynyge the saying of the wyse.
8. Use quotation marks and underline or italicize when referring to other works in
your title, just as you would in your text, e.g.,
a) Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play
b) Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"
B. DOCUMENTING SOURCES: FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, & BIBLIOGRAPHY
Footnotes are appropriate when it is important to view the sources and text on the same page,
whereas endnotes are more appropriate if you wish to include substantive information in your
notes. In this case, the notes should not be lengthy. It is always a good idea to check with the
instructor to see what he/she prefers.
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1.
Creating Footnotes/Endnotes and the Bibliography
a) When citing a source in the text, insert a superscript number, like this one. 1
Many programs will automatically do this when you insert a note.
b) Whether or not you superscript the numbers in the notes themselves is a
matter of your (or your instructor’s) preference.
2.
Books
a) Your notes and bibliographic entries should follow this basic format for
books: Author Name, Name of Book, (Location of publication: Publishing
House, year of publication), page number(s). If the author’s name is unknown
or guessed, but not included on the title page of the book, use brackets. If the
author’s name is not known, you can begin the entry with the article or book
title.
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
Bibliographic Entry
1
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma:
A Natural History of Four Meals. New
York: Penguin, 2006.
10
[Horsley, Samuel]. On the Prosodies of the
Greek and Latin Languages. London,
1796.
Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma:
A Natural History of Four Meals (New York:
Penguin, 2006), 99–100.
[Samuel Horsley?], On the Prosodies of the
Greek and Latin Languages (London, 1776).
b) Book with only an editor
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
1
Joel Greenberg, ed. Of Prairie, Woods and
Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature
Writing (Chicago University of Chicago Press,
2008), 42.
1
Bibliographic Entry
Greenberg, Joel, ed. Of Prairie, Woods and
Water: Two Centuries of Chicago
Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2008.
Superscripts are positioned higher than the rest of the text.
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c) Book with three or fewer authors
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
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Joyce Heatherton, James Fitzroy, and
Jackson Hsu, Meteors and Mudslides: A Trip
through…
34
Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on
American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s…
Bibliographic Entry
Heatherton, Joyce, James Fitzgilroy, and
Jackson Hsu. Meteors and Mudslides:
A Trip through…
Barnes, Dana, Terri Graham, Stephen
Rousseau, Angelo Moreno, Alfred Austin,
Angela Pohlman, and Sherri Blalock.
Plastics: Essays on American Corporate
Ascendance in the 1960s…
d) Book with a translator or chapter in an edited book with a translator
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
63
Gabriel García Marquez, Love in the Time
of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London:
Cape, 1988), 242–55.
Bibliographic Entry
Marquez, Gabriel García. Love in the Time of
Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman.
London: Cape, 1988.
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Theodore Silverstein, trans., Sir Gawain and Silverstein, Theodore, trans. Sir Gawain and
the Green Knight (Chicago: University of
the Green Knight. Chicago: University
Chicago Press, 1974), 34.
of Chicago Press, 1974.
10
Theodor W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin,
The Complete Correspondence, 1928–1940, ed.
Henri Lonitz, trans. Nicholas Walker
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999),
87.
Adorno, Theodor W. and Walter Benjamin,
The Complete Correspondence, 1928–
1940. Edited by Henri Lonitz. Translated
by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1999.
e) Chapter in a edited book (English)
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
Bibliographic Entry
Glenn Gould, “Streisand as Schwarzkopf,”
in The Glenn Gould Reader, ed. Tim Page (New
York: Vintage, 1984), 324.
Gould, Glenn. “Streisand as Schwarzkopf.” In
The Glenn Gould Reader, edited by Tim
Page, 308–11. New York: Vintage, 1984.
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John Samples, “The Origin of Modern
Campaign Finance Law,” chap. 7 in The Fallacy
of Campaign Finance Reform (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2006).
3.
Samples, John. “The Origin of Modern
Campaign Finance Law.” Chap. 7 in The
Fallacy of Campaign Finance Reform.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2006.
Articles in Journals and Periodicals
a) For journals and periodicals, include volume and issue number, if available.
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
76
Walter Blair, “Americanized Comic
Braggarts,” Critical Inquiries 4, no. 2 (1977):
335.
Bibliographic Entry
Blair, Walter. “Americanized Comic
Braggarts.” Critical Inquiries 4, no. 2
(1977): 331–49.
b) For magazines, include the author and title of the article, the name of the
magazine, the date of publication, and the page number. Page range does not
need to be included.
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
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Paul Saulnier, “From Vine to Wine,”
Cornell Alumni Magazine, September/October
2008, 48.
Bibliographic Entry
Saulnier, Paul. “From Wine to Vine.” Cornell
Alumni Magazine. (September/October
2008).
c) When using articles found online, use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if
available. Otherwise, just use the URL instead.
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
Bibliographic Entry
16
Novak, William J. “The Myth of the ‘Weak’
American State.” American Historical
Review 113 (June 2008): 752–72.
doi:10.1086/ahr.113.3.752.
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Karmaus, Wilfried and John F. Riebow.
“Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass
Containers May Alter the Serum
Concentration of Polychlorinated
Biphenyls. Environmental Health
Perspectives 112 (May 2004): 647–47.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3435987.
William J. Novak, “The Myth of the
‘Weak’ American State,” American Historical
Review 113 (June 2008): 758,
doi:10.1086/ahr.113.3.752.
Wilfried Karmus and John F. Riebow,
“Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass
Containers May Alter Serum Concentration of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls,” Environmental
Health Perspectives 112 (May 2004): 645, http://
www.jstor.org/stable/3435987/.
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d) If an organization issues a publication that carries no author’s name on the
title page, the organization is listed as the author in the bibliography, even if it
is also provided as the publisher. This is not necessary in the note.
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
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The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed.
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).
Bibliographic Entry
University of Chicago Press. The Chicago
Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2010.
e) Revised editions or editions other than the first must be noted in your
citations and bibliography. It is not necessary to include the original
publication date, but you may do so.
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
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Karen V. Harper-Dorton and Martin
Herbert, Working with Children, Adolescents,
and Their Families, 3rd ed. (Chicago: Lyceum
Books, 2002), 43.
Bibliographic Entry
Harper, Karen V. and Martin Herbert.
Working with Children, Adolescents,
and Their Families. 3rd ed. Chicago:
Lyceum Books, 2002.
2. Florence Babb, Between Field and Cooking Babb, Florence. Between Field and Cooking
Pot: The Political Economy of Marketwomen in
Pot: The Political Economy of
Peru, rev. ed. (Austin: University of Texas Press,
Marketwomen in Peru. Rev. ed. Austin:
1989), 199.
University of Texas Press, 1989.
16. Kate Turabian, A Manual for Writers of
Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th ed.
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007),
57.
Turabian, Kate. A Manual for Writers of
Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.
7th ed. Revised by Wayne C. Booth,
Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M.
Williams. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2007.
f) For works published before 1900, it is not necessary to include the
publisher’s name; include only the place and date of publication.
In-text Citation (footnote or endnote)
Bibliographic Entry
1
Goldsmith, Oliver. The Vicar of Wakefield.
Salisbury, 1776.
1
Babb, Florence. Between Field and Cooking
Pot: The Political Economy of
Marketwomen in Peru. Rev. ed. n.p.:
University of Texas Press, 1989.
Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield
(Salisbury, 1766).
Florence Babb, Between Field and Cooking
Pot: The Political Economy of Marketwomen in
Peru, rev. ed. (n.p.: University of Texas Press,
1989), 199.
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4.
Formatting Footnotes/Endnotes: Shortened Notes
a) In the first footnote from a source, provide the full bibliographic reference,
including page numbers. Use a shortened version of the notes in subsequent
references following this method:



Baker stated that images of women were marked by “bandanas and strong arms.”1
She suggested that women’s roles were complicated by a military presence.2
Baker extensively explored the role of women in war and especially noted the wearing of
bandanas as a symbol for women working in traditional male jobs.3
First reference to the source
Second and next reference
to same source and page
number, or immediately
following another Ibid.
Second and next reference
to same source, or
immediately following
another Ibid, in both cases
with new page number
Later reference to same
source, but separated by
different source references
or pages
1
Joyce Baker, Images of Women in Film: the War Years,
1941–1945 (Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1985), 168–169.
2
Ibid.
3
Ibid.,175 2
5
Baker, Women, 180.
b) If all your quotes and paraphrasing come from one source, the first note
should be the full bibliographic reference. Use parenthetical references for any
other cited source material. In the parenthetical references, include only the
page number(s); it is not necessary to add the author’s name or the title of
the work, as they will be understood from the first bibliographic
reference. Although this is true to the latest CMS/Turabian styles (as of
2012), your instructor may still want you to use footnotes or endnotes.
2
Ibid., meaning “in the same place,” in this case refers to the Baker source and is used because it is referenced
immediately after the same source first introduced or immediately after another Ibid. that itself immediately
references the source material.
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5.
Formatting the Bibliography Page
a) In the bibliography, each entry is single-spaced and the spacing between
entries is double. Entries appear in alphabetical order. “Bibliography” is
centered. A hanging indent of .5 inches is used in each entry that in longer
than one line.
______________________________________________________________________________
Bibliography
Book, single author
Blackbird, A.J. History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of
Michigan. Petoskey: Little Traverse Regional Historical Society,
1887.
Book, single author
(with an editor)
Barsch, Russel Lawrence. “The Challenge of Indigenous SelfDetermination.” Native Americans and the Law: Native American
Sovereignty. Edited by John R. Wunder. New York: Garland, 1996.
Two authors
Deloria Jr., Vine and Clifford M. Lytle. The Nations Within: The Past
and Future of American Indian Sovereignty. Austin: University of
Texas Press, 1998.
Translated book
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Richard
Philcox. New York: Grove, 2004.
Chapter in a book
Hirst, Paul. “The International Origins of National Identity.” In Politics
and the End of Identity, ed. Kathryn Dean, 265-283.
Brookfield: Ashgate, 1997.
Subsequent edition
of a book
Jones, Judy and William Wilson. An Incomplete Education. 3rd edition.
New York: Random House, Inc., 1987.
Visual media, video
recording
Journey to Sovereignty. Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians.
DVD. Harbor Springs, MI: Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa,
2001.
Online source,
URL, nonpaginated
Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians. “Tribal History.” Little
Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians.
http://www.ltbbodawa-nsn.gov/TribalHistory.html.
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Legislation
Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Act
and the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians and the Little
River Band of Ottawa Indians Act. 103rd Cong., 2d sess., 1994, S. Hrg.
103-543.
Online source,
URL, paginated
Washburn, Wilcomb. “A Fifty-Year Perspective on the Indian
Reorganization Act,” The American Anthropological Association,
279-280. http://jstore.org/stable/678961.
C. STYLISTICS
1. Verb Tense
a) Present Tense: Use the present tense to express a habitual action (e.g., the dog
howls) or a general truth (e.g., the sun shines brightly); to refer to timeless facts, such
as memorable persons and to works of the past that are still extant or enduring (e.g.,
Julius Caesar describes his strategies in The Gallic War); and to narrate a fictional
work’s plot (e.g., the scene takes place aboard the Titanic). Remember, characters in
works of fiction do things—not did them.
b) Past Tense: Use the past tense to express an act, state, or condition that occurred or
existed at some explicit or implicit point in the past (e.g., the auction ended
yesterday) or when using a signal phrase to introduce a quote (e.g., Schmidt lamented
that “no data had been submitted”). The past tense is used more frequently in
historical disciplines, as events or actions that have taken place at a definite point in
the past have already occurred—they are not still occurring. To speak about a past
event that comes up to and touches the present, use the present perfect form of the
verb (e.g., I have been playing cards for the last two hours).
2. Active and Passive Voice: Generally, but not always, passive voice (e.g. the matter was
given careful consideration) is considered inferior to active voice (e.g., the Board
considered the matter carefully), especially in scientific and historical disciplines.
However, the choice between active and passive voice can depend on what perspective
you as the writer want to emphasize. Compare: The criminal was caught by the police.
The police caught the criminal. The first sentence describes the criminal’s experience,
whereas the second describes the police’s. As always, check with your instructor.
3. Headings: CMS and Turabian styles offer an optional heading format. If you prefer to
use your own, make sure that it is consistent. Check with your instructor to make sure he
or she does not prefer you use a different style.
Level 1 heading
Level 2 heading
Level 3 heading
Centered, Boldface or Italic Type, Headline-style Capitalization
Centered, Regular Type, Headline-style Capitalization
Flush Left, Boldface or Italic Type, Headline-style
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Level 4 heading
Level 5 heading
Capitalization
Flush left, roman type, sentence-style capitalization
Run in at beginning of paragraph (no blank line after),
boldface or italic type, sentence-style capitalization, terminal
period.
Contemporary Literature (Level 1)
What Are the Major Movements? (Level 2)
Beat Generation (Level 3)
Significant figures, elements, and events (Level 4)
Kerouac as the leader. The role of founding Beat Generation poet was filled by Jack
Kerouac… (Level 4)
4. Block Quotations: Any quotation that is five lines or longer should be offset from the
text, single-spaced, indented in its entirety four spaces from the left margin with no
quotation marks at the beginning or end. Do not indent the first line of the block
quotation. However, if the block quotation contains several paragraphs, indent
subsequent paragraphs. For example:
Recognizing the role the hegemony plays in defining the limits of identity-claims, fracturing
them into warring, disparate entities, is absolutely essential to deconstructing sexuality and
gender. Furthermore, it is equally important to expose the role of the hegemony in the classroom:
to glorify hetero (meaning “other” or “different”) sexual (referring to sex—both in its so-called
biological and cultural forms—and sexual orientation) normalcy. Katherine Raymond, author of
“Reflections on Sexual Non-Identity,” argued that
it’s hard enough to be “queer”…in a heterosexist, homophobic society, and to
feel the pressure of constantly asserting your “sexuality,” as a defined entity,
in a society where straightness as the unmasked term, is assumed until
proven otherwise. It’s hard enough to be unsure what exactly this monolithic
“sexual identity” of yours is, and constantly wonder whether it makes sense
to “out” yourself, again and again in an endless stream of new situations,
when it’s not even clear exactly what you’re “outing”…. It’s bad enough
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feeling like you’re living a lie if you allow straight people to assume you’re
totally straight and gay people to assume you’re totally gay. 1
5. Signal / Lead-in Verbs:
When you use a source in your writing, demonstrate your evaluation of the source's reliability by
carefully choosing a signal verb to show your understanding of the author's purpose, intentions,
and the degree to which he affirms his or her statement. By using signal verbs, you let readers
know the context in which the source's statement should be viewed. The following page contains
a list of examples (in past tense).
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
accepted
acknowledged
added
affirmed
agreed
argued
asserted
believed
cautioned
challenged
claimed
commented
contended
contradicted
conceded
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
declared
denied
described
disagreed
discussed
disputed
emphasized
endorsed
explained
granted
highlighted
implied
insisted
maintained
negated
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
noted
observed
outlined
proposed
refuted
rejected
reported
responded
showed
suggested
thought
urged
verified
wrote/written
For example: In Das Kapital, Karl Marx insisted that Capitalism would alienate the working class from the
surplus value its labor created.1
III.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
A. CMU Virtual Reference Collection, Style Guides: http://www.lib.cmich.edu/departments/reference/
B. University of Wisconsin Writing Center: http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocChicago.html
C. Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab (OWL): http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/12/
D. CMU Writing Center: Park Library 400 (774-2986); Anspach 003 (774-1228); Wheeler Hall basement
(774-1002)
E. http://writingcenter.cmich.edu
CMU Writing Center: Updated 4/10/2012