Library
A basic guide to Harvard referencing
There is no standard definition of the Harvard method and so many variations have evolved.
For work submitted to the Department of Professional and Community Education (PACE)
you should use the method given in :
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right. Newcastle: Pear Tree Books.
Printed copies are available in the library.
New edition due August 2010:
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right. 8th edn. London: Palgrave.
Printed copies will be available in the library.
The cost to buy the book is about £8.00 and, if you are required to submit an extended
essay, a literature review or are studying at postgraduate level, you should consider this.
It is essential that you read Sections A, B and C which give an introduction to referencing
and its role in avoiding plagiarism; and tells you how to set out citations and quotations in
your text and how to present the references in your reference list and bibliography.
References should appear as follows:
For example, a sentence in your text might read as follows:
In her account of Melanie Klein’s early life Segal (1979, p.28) describes how her
mother’s calm and courageous approach to death deeply moved her throughout her
life.
The reference in the reference list at the end of your essay/dissertation/thesis to Segal’s
work cited above would appear as follows:
Segal, H. (1989) Melanie Klein. London: Karnac
This brief guide gives examples for the following common types of material you may
need to reference:
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Book with one author
Book with two or three authors
Book with more than three authors
Book with editors
Chapters of edited books
Electronic books
Journal articles in printed journals
Journal articles in e-journals
Printed newspaper articles
Web pages
Book illustrations, reproductions of paintings, photographs, diagrams, tables, etc
Paintings/drawings in a gallery or online
Photographs
Films
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Virtual Learning Environments (eg learn.gold)
Secondary referencing
Books
Citation components:
Author/editor surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of book in italics. (Edition if
not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples:
Book with one author
In your text
Case (2005, p.34) discusses …………………………
or
It has been argued that ………………………. (Case, 2005, p.34).
Reference list
Case, C. (2005) Imagining animals : art, psychotherapy and primitive states of mind. New
York, NY: Routledge.
Book with two or three authors
In your text
Waller and Sheppard (2006) recommend ……………..
or
Earlier debates covered …………………. (Waller and Sheppard, 2006)
Reference list
Waller, D. and Sheppard, L. (2006) Guidelines for art therapists working with older people
with dementia. London: Goldsmiths College.
Book with more than 3 authors
In your text
This was explained in Newman et al. (2005) as …………..
or
Previous work showed ………………….. (Newman et al, 2005)
Reference list
Newman, T., Moseley, A., Tierney, S., and Ellis, A. (2005) Evidence-based social work : a
guide for the perplexed. Lyme Regis: Russell House.
Book with editor(s)
In your text
Davies (2008) explains that …………………
or
A high percentage of social workers reported that …………….. (Davies, 2008)
Reference list
Davies, M. (ed.) (2008) The Blackwell companion to social work. 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
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Chapters of edited books
Citation components
Author of the chapter surname, Initials. (Year of publication). ‘Title of chapter in single
quotes.’ in Title of book in italics. (Edition if not the first). Place of publication:
Publisher, Page reference.
In your text
Meekums (2008, p.26) suggests ……………..
Reference list
Meekums, B. (2008) ‘Spontaneous symbolism in clinical supervision: moving beyond logic’,
in Payne, H. (ed.) Supervision of dance movement psychotherapy : a practitioner’s guide.
London: Routledge, pp. 18-32.
Electronic books
Citation components
Author/editor surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of book in italics. Name of
e-book collection in italics [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date in round
brackets)
In your text
Banks, S. (1999, pp.31-33) gives a description of ……………..
Reference list
Banks, S. (ed.) (1999) Ethical issues in youth work. Dawsonera [Online]. Available at:
http://www.dawsonera.com (Accessed: 19 May 1999).
Journal articles in printed journals
Citation components
Author/editor surname, Initials. (Year of publication). ‘Title of article in single quotes’
Title of Journal in Italics*. volume, part no, month or season, page reference
* capitalise the first letter of the title and each important word. Use lower case for small
words eg. and, of, the, for etc.
In your text
……………. a discussion of the parental role (Flouri and Buchanan, 2003).
Reference list
Flouri, E. and Buchanan, A. ‘The role of father involvement and mother involvement in
adolescents' psychological well-being’, The British Journal of Social Work, 33 (3), pp. 399406.
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Journal articles in e-journals
Citation components
Author/editor surname, Initials. (Year of publication). ‘Title of article in single quotes’
Title of Journal in Italics*. volume, part no, month or season, page reference Name
of collection in italics [Online] Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: date in round
brackets)
In your text
(Bull, 2008, p.76) proposes that …………………..
Reference list
Bull, S. (2008) ‘Wrapping things up: ending art therapy with two adults with learning
disabilities’, International Journal of Art Therapy, 13 (2), pp. 74-78 Informaworld [Online].
Available at: http://www.informaworld.com/ (Accessed: 19 May 2009).
Printed newspaper articles
With author
Citation components
Author/editor surname, Initials. (Year of publication). ‘Title of article in single quotes’
Title of Newspaper in italics with initial capitals (Edition if required in round brackets)
Day and month, Page
In your text
China and the US are seeking a deal on climate change. (Goldenberg, 2009)
Reference list
Goldenberg, S. (2009) ‘Revealed: US and China’s secret climate change talks’. The
Guardian, 18 May, p.1.
No author
Reference list – citation order:
Title of Newspaper in italics with initial capitals (Year of publication in round brackets)
‘Title of article in single quotes’ Day and month, Page
In your text
The article (The Independent, 2009, p.39) reported that …………….
Reference list
The Independent, (2009) ‘Signs of life in the housing scene’, 19 May, p.39.
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Web pages with authors
Citation components:
Author/editor surname, Initials. (Year site published/last updated in round brackets)
Title of site in italics Available at: URL (Accessed: date in round brackets)
In your text
Bradley (2009) concentrates on guiding …………………..
Reference list
Bradley, P. (2009) Phil Bradley’s website: making the net easier: Available at:
http://www.philb.com/ (Accessed on: 19 May 2009).
Web pages (organisation is author)
Citation components:
Organisation (Year site published/last updated in round brackets) Title of site in
italics Available at: URL (Accessed: date in round brackets)
In your text
The next open day is on Saturday 20 June (Goldsmiths, University of London, 2009).
Reference list
Goldsmiths, University of London (2009) Open days. Available at:
http://www.gold.ac.uk/opendays/ (Accessed: 19 May 2009)
Book illustrations, reproductions of paintings, photographs, diagrams, tables, etc
Citation components:
This differs from ‘Cite them right’ but, where appropriate this provides extra clarification.
Artist surname, Initials. (Date if available in round brackets) Title of work in italics
[Medium] in Author/editor surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of book in
italics. Place of publication: Publisher Page reference of illustration Ilus./fig./table**
** as appropriate.
In your text
The use of overlapping shapes in Ben Nicholson’s Painted Relief (1939) demonstrates …..
or
……… as seen in the pencil and paper self-portrait by an Albany prisoner (Riches, 1994,
p.87).
Reference list
Nicholson, B (1939) Painted Relief [Synthetic board mounted on plywood, painted] in
Janson, H.W. (1991) History of art. 4th edn. London: Thames and Hudson, p.730.
or
Riches, C. (1994) ‘The hidden therapy of a prison art education programme’ in Leibman, M.
(ed.), Art therapy with offenders. London: Jessica Kingsley, p.81, illus.
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Paintings/drawings in a gallery or online
Citation components:
Artist surname, Initials. (Date if available in round brackets) Title of work in italics
[Medium] Institution that houses the work, city. OR IF SEEN ONLINE Name of
collection in italics [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date in round brackets)
In your text
Stubbs’ painting of Whistlejacket (1762) shows ………………..
Reference list
Stubbs, G. (1762) Whistlejacket [Oil on canvas] The National Gallery [Online]. Available at:
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk (Accessed: 1 June 2009)
Photographs
Below is a single example for photographs. See Cite them right for prints and slides and for
other visual sources.
Photographs in online collections (for photographs in books see above)
Citation components
Photographer surname, Initials. (Date if available in round brackets) Title of
photograph in italics Title of online collection in italics [Online] Available at: URL
(Accessed: date in round brackets)
In your text
Peter Cattrell’s photograph (1997) shows ……………
Reference list
Cattrell, P. (1997) Maize Cutting, No Man's Land, Serre, Somme, France. National Galleries
of Scotland [Online] Available at: http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection (Accessed: 1
June 2009)
Films
Below is a single example of a film on DVD see the section in Cite them right for films
viewed live, on video, Youtube etc
Films on DVD or video
Citation components
Title of film in italics Year of distribution in round brackets Directed by [DVD] or
[videocassette] Place of distribution: distribution company (if known)
In your text
The beauty of the landscape in Motorcycle diaries (2004) …………….
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Reference list
The motorcycle diaries (2004) Directed by Walter Salles [DVD] London: Film Four.
See Cite them right for details on referencing additional material on film DVDs.
Virtual Learning Environments (eg learn.gold)
You may wish to cite and reference material that you have found on the VLE. Cite them
right covers this for material including: tutor’s notes, journal articles, digitised extracts from
books and discussion boards.
Secondary referencing
Supplementary examples:
Esslin, M. (1969),”Samuel Beckett: The search for the self.” in Chevigny, B. G. (ed.) in
Twentieth century interpretations of ‘Endgame’. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp.2232. [originally published in, Esslin, M. (1961) The theatre of the absurd. New York:
Doubleday and Co. pp. 27-39]
Ibsen, Henrik (1970) “From ‘On the heroic ballad and its significance in literature’ (1837).” in
McFarlane, J.W. Henrik Ibsen: a critical anthology. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
For further help with citing and referencing, please consult your Subject Librarian.
Helen Stephen
May 2010
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