Renton Technical College
Commercial Building and Industrial Engineering
Supplemental Resources for Electrical Courses
Submitted by David Dickson
June 2011
Fundamentals of Electricity and Advanced Electrical are required courses in the
Commercial Building and Industrial Engineering programs at Renton Technical College. The
textbook for these courses is Electrical Principles & Practices, Third Edition by Glen A. Mazur
and Peter A. Zurlis (copyright 2007 by American Technical Publishers, Inc.: ISBN 978-0-82691803-1). The book comes with a CD of additional resources, and there is an accompanying
workbook which also has a CD. These are excellent resources, and the students are
encouraged to use them to help with their studies.
During class discussions and lab work, however, the instructor and students often bring up
additional points and questions. I have compiled the following list of supplemental resources
that may be used to enhance class discussions and to give students additional ways of
understanding the material presented in the textbook and classroom activities. Most of the
supplemental resources are available online, including images, definitions and explanations,
news articles, and videos.
The material is organized into five major sections.
• Electrical Licensing in Washington State
• General Electrical Information
• Electrical Tools
• Miscellaneous Electrical Information & News
• Electrical Principles & Practices, Third Edition
The fifth section is organized in subsections that follow the textbook chapters. The two electrical
courses covered chapters 1-4, 8-16, and some information from chapters 18 and 19.
Supplemental resources are provided for those chapters/topics. (Other chapters in the textbook
were not covered in these two classes, and therefore no supplemental resources are provided
for them.) Of course, students’ questions and class discussions often go beyond the material in
a particular chapter, so you’ll find that some of the supplemental resources may seem off (or
beyond) the chapter topic. But they were relevant to the class discussion or activity at the time.
Note: These supplemental resources have not been reviewed, approved, or endorsed by the
publisher of the textbook. Furthermore, Renton Technical College does not endorse these
resources or guarantee the accuracy of the information presented in these resources. Users of
these resources must evaluate them for accuracy and appropriateness for their own intended
use.
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Electrical Licensing in Washington State
Electrical Licensing Information (Washington State Dept. of Labor & Industries (L&I))
http://lni.wa.gov/TradesLicensing/Electrical/LicenseExamEd/default.asp
This web site provides information about electrical licensing, exams, and education
requirements for electrical work in Washington State.
The Types of Electrical Contractor Licenses / Application (L&I)
http://www.lni.wa.gov/Forms/pdf/F500-018-000.pdf
This four-page document is actually the “Application for Electrical Contractor’s License”.
Students should not use this for their trainee certificate. There’s a separate form for that.
But page 2 of the application instructions includes a list of the various categories of
electrical licenses (01, 02, 07, etc.)
Electrical licensing: experience hours required for specialties (WAC via L&I)
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=296-46B-945
“WAC 296-46B-945: Qualifying for master, journeyman, specialty electrician
examinations.” Scroll down the page to see a table of minimum required hours for
examination and certification.
Electrical Trainee Certificate (L&I)
http://lni.wa.gov/TradesLicensing/Electrical/LicenseExamEd/LicenseCert/Trainee/
Students in the Commercial Building and Industrial Engineering program at RTC should
apply for their electrical trainee certificate when they first start the program so that their
supervised work experiences can be applied toward the Non-residential (07) specialty
electrician certification. This web page explains the process and includes a link for the
online application.
General Electrical Information
American Technical Publishers (ATP)
http://www.go2atp.com/
ATP is the publisher of the Electrical Principles & Practices textbook.
Resources for Electrical Principles & Practices (ATP)
http://www.atperesources.com/index.html?http&&&www.atperesources.com/epp.html
The American Technical Publishers web page for the textbook includes downloadable
files, updates, and Internet resources.
National Electrical Code (National Fire Protection Association)
http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=70&EditionID=765
Read the National Electrical Code online. Requires sign-up.
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All About Circuits.com
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com
According to this web site: “This site provides a series of online textbooks covering
electricity and electronics. The information provided is great for both students and
hobbyists who are looking to expand their knowledge in this field. These textbooks were
written by Tony R. Kuphaldt and released under the Design Science License.” (accessed
Jan. 20, 2011)
The web site also includes worksheets, forums, blogs and videos (see video lecture link
below).
“All About Circuits: Video Lectures” (Tim Fiegenbaum, North Seattle Community
College)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/index.html
Online video lecture series. According to the web site: “The following video lectures
were generously provided by Tim Fiegenbaum at North Seattle Community College.
They are based on the text, Electronics for Computer Technology by David Terrell. ©
2003 Delmar Learning, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduced
by permission. Text/images may not be modified or reproduced in any way without prior
written permission of the publisher (www.cengage.com/permissions).” (Accessed Jan.
20, 2011)
Interactive Tutorials (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory)
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/index.html
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory is at Florida State University, the Los
Alamos National Laboratory, and the University of Florida. The web site includes
tutorials on: alternating current, capacitor, current flow, DC Motor, electromagnetic
induction, heat resistance, magnetic field around a wire, left and right hand rules,
transformers, transmission lines, and more.
“Circuits (part 1): Introduction to electricity, circuits, current and resistance” (Khan
Academy)
http://www.khanacademy.org/video/circuits--part-1?playlist=Physics
Online video, 12 minutes. This is the first in a series of online videos introducing the
fundamentals of circuits. Part one introduces electron flow theory (vs. conventional
theory), current, resistance, voltage, and Ohm’s law.
“Electricity Terms” (US Energy Info. Admin., Dept. of Energy)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/glossary.html#top
“Electricity Glossary” (NoOutage.com)
http://www.nooutage.com/glossary.htm
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Instrumentation Program at Bellingham Technical College (BTC)
http://www.youtube.com/user/btcinstrumentation#p/u
Collection of online videos, including demonstrations of electrical test equipment. (See
resources for chapter 9, below.) Use the search function on this page to find videos.
Electrical Tools
Klein Tools
http://www.kleintools.com/
Online catalog of electrical tools with great photos for showing tools and test equipment.
Fluke Corporation
http://www.fluke.com/fluke/usen/products/default.htm
This site includes their online product catalog. It also has educational / training material.
Grainger Catalog; Electrical Products
http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/electrical/ecatalog/N-bi5
The catalog has good pictures and descriptions that can be used for various electrical
test equipment and other products. Some specific items are listed below.
Miscellaneous Electrical Information & News
"No Joke, Bulb Change is Challenge for US" (Claudia Deutsch, New York Times,
December 22, 2007)
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/22/business/22light.html?_r=2
News article: Inefficient light bulbs will be prohibited, beginning in 2012.
“Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs” (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs
This Wikipedia article discusses the global phase out of incandescent bulbs, and the
legislation that sets minimum standards of efficiency for lighting in the United States.
Those standards will phase out the use of standard incandescent bulbs in the U.S.
"How Dimmers Save Energy" (Lamps Plus)
http://www.lampsplus.com/info-center/b/blog/archive/2007/11/01/how-dimmers-saveenergy.aspx
A brief article on how dimmers save energy, comparing rheostats with Triac switches.
"Choosing IEC or NEMA Motor Controls" (MarineTalk.com)
http://www.marinetalk.com/articles-marine-companies/art/Choosing-IEC-or-NEMA-MotorControls-xxx00092834TU.html
This article provides a general comparison of IEC and NEMA motor controls.
"IEC vs. NEMA" (Electrol Systems, Inc.)
http://www.electrolsystems.com/news/article1/iec-vs-nema.htm
This article compares IEC and NEMA, with an obvious preference for IEC.
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Electrical Principles & Practices, Third Edition
by Glen A. Mazur and Peter A. Zurlis (copyright 2007 by American Technical Publishers, Inc.)
The following resources are organized to coincide with several of the chapters of Electrical
Principles & Practices, Third Edition. This is simply to make them more useful when discussing
and studying the topics presented in the textbook. (Note: These supplemental resources do not
cover all the chapters in the textbook. They include only those covered in the two electrical
courses of the Commercial Building Engineering program at RTC during winter and spring
quarters 2011.)
Note: These supplemental resources have not been reviewed, approved, or endorsed by the
publisher of the textbook. Furthermore, Renton Technical College does not endorse these
resources or guarantee the accuracy of the information presented in these resources. Users of
these resources must evaluate them for accuracy and appropriateness for their own intended
use.
Chapter 1: Electricity Principles
“Dynamic Periodic Table of the Elements” (Michael Dayah)
http://www.ptable.com/
This online, interactive periodic table of the element links to information in several other
sources. It’s a very interesting tool.
“Introduction to Electricity” (Science Online / Hila Science)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJeAuQ7pkpc&feature=related
Online video, 5 minutes. This video is a basic introduction to electrons, conductors,
current, amperes and voltage. It uses an animation of a simple circuit with a battery and
light bulb. It follows electron current flow theory—negative to positive. It also refers to
other videos in series at hilaroad.com
“Electricity & Circuits” (Science Online / Hila Science)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2monVkCkX4
Online video, 9 minutes. This video uses live and animated demonstrations to provide
a basic introduction to electricity, including the following terms and concepts: charged
particles, atoms, nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons, negative and positive charges,
static electricity, lightning, battery, conductors, electron flow, volts, resistance, switch,
and circuits--parallel & series. More science videos at www.hilaroad.com
"How Electricity Works" (Marshall Brain & Robert Lamb on HowStuffWorks.com)
http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm
This article provides a basic introduction to electricity, including the following topics: how
electricity works, electricity basics, generators, electrical circuits, voltage, current and
resistance; direct current vs. alternating current; and electrical ground. It includes
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photos, still and animated graphics. Also includes brief bits of information about Faraday,
Tesla and Edison.
“2009 Washington State Electricity Fuel Mix” (Energy Office, Washington State
Department of Commerce)
http://www.commerce.wa.gov/site/539/default.aspx
Pie charts and tables show the sources—by fuel—of electricity used in Washington. As
of Jan. 2010, this web site includes reports from 2000 to 2009. It’s interesting to
compare Washington with the nation’s use of fuels. (National data is presented in the
textbook.)
Chapter 2: Basic Quantities
“Alternating Current” (Tim Fiegenbaum, North Seattle Community College)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/29.html
Narrated slide show / lecture, 15 minutes. Lecture covers generation of AC from DC;
(rectangular wavelengths) as way of introducing AC after studying DC; sine wave
characteristics with description of cycle; animation showing degrees of cycle and
generator. Also includes link to Molecular Expressions web site (see below).
Fiegenbaum’s lectures are based on Electronics for Computer Technology by David
Terrell (© 2003 Delmar Learning, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc.)
“Alternating Current” (National High Magnetic Field Lab)
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/ac/index.html
Interactive tutorial demonstrates difference in sine wave with resistor, capacitor and
inductor. On this same web site, see other electrical tutorials as outlined in General
Electrical Information, above.
“AC Generator Action" (Molecular Expressions / National High Magnetic Field Lab)
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/generator/ac.html
Interactive tutorial: explanation of AC generator with animated demonstration.
“Current Flow” (National High Magnetic Field Lab)
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/currentflow/index.html
Explanation of current flow; includes interactive animation.
"Single Phase Power Systems" (All About Circuits)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_10/1.html
"Three-phase Power System" (All About Circuits)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_10/2.html
Chapter 3: Ohm’s Law and Power Formula
“Correct use of Ohm's Law” (All About Circuits)
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http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_5/6.html
“How voltage, current, and resistance relate” (All About Circuits)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_2/1.html
Chapter 4: Safety
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
http://www.nfpa.org
This is the home page of the NFPA, with links to codes & standards, including the
National Electric Code.
National Electrical Code (NECPlus)
http://www.necplus.org
This is a web based subscription service to the National Electrical Code
Underwriters Laboratory Inc
http://www.ul.com/global/eng/pages/
This is the home page (USA) of Underwriters Laboratories.
Qualified person – definitions: “Defining who’s qualified for electrical construction and
operation” (Bill Buss, NFPA Journal, Sept./Oct. 2008)
http://www.nfpa.org/publicColumn.asp?categoryID=&itemID=40187&src=NFPAJournal&cookie
%5Ftest=1
This article discusses the definitions of “qualified person”—comparing the “skills and
knowledge” definition of the NFPA to the “training and demonstrated skills & knowledge”
definition of OSHA.
“Classification of Portable Fire Extinguishers” (OSHA)
http://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/extmark.html
“Protect Your Eyesight” (Wash. State Dept. of Labor & Industries)
https://fortress.wa.gov/lni/shrl/VideoDetails.aspx?VideoID=988
Online video, 7 minutes. This is a great video to show in class. It makes the point
about the importance of eye protection quite well. It explains what to look for (ANSI Z-87
rating) in eye protection.
“Arc Flash Awareness” (Dept. of Health and Human Services (DHHS) / National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/products/product152.htm
DVD or online video, 26 minutes; with handout. This DVD was produced by the
Department of Health and Human Services / National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. It includes a demonstration of an arc flash and testimony from three
electricians involved in arc flash incidents. The handout (pdf download; public domain,
can be copied) includes: summary of 3 incidents, causes of arc flash, conditions under
which arc flash can occur, safety regulations and recommendations; organizational
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responsibility, and discussion questions. This video and handout are available in the
RTC library: 621.3192 ARC-FLA 2007).
“Electrical Arc Flash Demonstration” (NFPA)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Qq7U7tFsvQ
Online video, 1:18 minutes
“Arc Flash Safety Testing” (Pacific Gas & Electric Co.)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dA4V0hObZbU
Online video, 5:21 minutes
“480 Volt 3-Phase Arc Flash Demonstration” (Dain177 / YouTube)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iClXrd50Z8&feature=related
Online video, 20 seconds
Arc flash accident -- “Donnie’s Accident” (Donnie / YouTube)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMb5zhtR8hw&feature=related
Online video, 4 minutes. This slideshow with text describes and arc flash accident with
graphic images of the victim in the hospital. This really drives home the importance of
arc flash safety awareness and following correct safety procedures.
“Arc Flash PPE Laboratory Testing Video” (Extreme Safety)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFlBLQjOAJI&feature=related
Online video, 6:22 minutes This video shows a test of arc flash PPE vs. regular work
clothes. Shows arc flash demo from different angles and in slow motion.
“FR Clothing: The Importance of Wearing It” – “Arc Flash Documentary Con Edison”
(Extreme Safety)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EengGhvbLt4&feature=autoplay&list=ULsQpfc7sZmO8&inde
x=10&playnext=1
Online video, 5 minutes. Demonstrates and discusses testing of regular vs. FR clothing
in arc flash incidents.
Electrical Training Videos available from NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)
http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=1567&itemID=38285&URL=Training/Training%
20videos/Electrical%20safety%20videos
This web site is for ordering electrical safety videos from the NFPA. Online previews of
portions of the videos are available as downloads.
“Eye Protection Training Kit” (Wash. St. Dept. of Labor and Industries)
http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/TrainTools/Trainer/Kits/EyeProtection/default.asp#SlideShowFiles
Free, downloadable materials, including PowerPoint presentation and instructor’s guide.
“Eye Protection Online Employee Training Course” (Washington State Department of
Labor and Industries (L&I))
http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/TrainTools/Online/Courses/courseinfo.asp?P_ID=189
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This online, self paced, narrated slide show takes approximately 15 to 20 minutes to
complete.
“Hearing Protection Training Kit” (L&I)
http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/TrainTools/Trainer/Kits/HearingProtection/default.asp#SlideShowFi
les
Free, downloadable materials, including PowerPoint presentation, handouts, and
instructor’s guide.
“Noise Exposure at Work: Hearing Loss Prevention” (L&I)
http://wisha-training.lni.wa.gov/Training/articulate/NoiseTrainOnlineCourse/player.htm
This online, self paced, narrated slide show takes approximately 15 to 20 minutes to
complete.
"The Hearing Video" (Work Safe BC)
http://www2.worksafebc.com/Publications/Multimedia/Videos.asp?reportid=34284
Online video, 17:30 minutes. This is a downloadable video from the Worker’s
Compensation Board of British Columbia.
“Lifting Hazards and some ideas on how to reduce your risk of lifting injury” (L&I)
http://wisha-training.lni.wa.gov/training/presentations/LiftingHazards.ppt
This training course is presented in a downloadable PowerPoint presentation.
“Using a Fire Extinguisher” (L&I)
http://wisha-training.lni.wa.gov/training/presentations/FireExting.ppt
This training course is presented in a downloadable PowerPoint presentation.
Online Safety Courses (L&I)
http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/TrainTools/Online/Courses/default.asp
List of online safety courses provided by the Washington State Department of Labor and
Industries. Note: This link may not open directly from this Word document. But you can
copy and paste the link into your web browser, or go to the Labor and Industries web site
( www.lni.wa.gov ) and search for “online safety courses”
"An Electrician and an Electrical Helper Burned During Arc Flash Explosions"
(Washington State Department of Labor and Industries (L&I), February 2006)
http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/files/DoubleArcFlash.pdf
This article describes an accident in which two workers were injured, and it outlines
preventive steps that should be taken.
“Hazards of Electricity in Construction” (L&I)
http://wisha-training.lni.wa.gov/training/presentations/ElectricalHazards.ppt
This training course is presented in a downloadable PowerPoint presentation. It covers
basics of electricity, effects of electrical shock, hazards, and proper use of electrical
equipment/tools, GFCIs and grounding.
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"Ten dumb things smart people do when testing electricity" (Fluke)
http://support.fluke.com/find-sales/Download/Asset/2071940_6003_ENG_B_W.PDF
This two-page article (downloadable pdf file) lists the “10 dumb things”, and it includes
charts of the hazard/risk categories with appropriate PPE and the overvoltage
categories.
“Grounding Electricity” in “Deconstruction: The Science of Building a House” (Science
Channel / How Stuff Works)
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science-channel/37264-deconstruction-building-a-housegrounding-electricity-video.htm
Online video, 2 minutes. This online video is one in a series by the Science Channel
on basic electricity in the construction of a house. Other video clips in this series include
“Electricity 101” and “The Flow of Electricity”. See a list of videos in the series
“Deconstruction: The Science of Building a House” at:
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/home-and-garden/deconstruction-the-science-ofbuilding-a-house-videos-playlist.htm#video-36918
“Lockout/Tagout (LOTO)(Control of Hazardous Energy)” (Washington State Dept. of
Labor and Industries (L&I))
http://www.lni.wa.gov/safety/topics/atoz/default.asp?KWID=179
This is L&I’s web page for information and training material on lockout/tagout. It includes
news articles, including: Light Bulb Electrocution (below)
“Maintenance Worker Electrocuted While Attempting to Change a Light Bulb in
Washington State, Fatality Investigation Report” (L&I)
http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Research/Face/Files/LightBulbElectrocution.pdf
This is a report (downloadable pdf file) on the electrocution of a maintenance worker that
was changing a broken metal halide bulb.
Lockout / Tagout (SafetyCare Online)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CV6BDf40yZg
Online preview of DVD: 4:33 minutes. This is an online preview only. The DVD is
available for purchase.
Lockout: a guide to safe work practices (WorkSafe BC)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhCSUFMU5pM&feature=related
Online video, 36 minutes. This video provides an overview of lockout procedures. It
includes: types of hazardous energies; when lockout is required; procedures for lockout
(for plugged in and hard wired equipment); example scenarios; multiple point lockout;
scissor adapter; procedure notice; key box procedure; and lockout policy. The video
refers to workbook. (Is the workbook available online?) This video is also available in
segments. Search the web site at: http://www.youtube.com/user/WorkSafeBC#p/search
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Lockout -- publications (WorkSafe BC)
http://search.worksafebc.com/search/?sp-a=sp10024f66&sp-p2=any&sp-f=ISO-8859-1&spq=lockout+workbook&search.x=0&search.y=0&search=search&sp-k=
Link to search results for “lockout” publications in several languages; includes:
Lockout, BK21, WorkSafeBC
Crew talk - Lockout
“Electrician injured using 600 volt multimeter on high-voltage equipment” (WorkSafe BC)
http://www2.worksafebc.com/i/posters/2002/ha0218_Electrician_injured.html
This one-page article briefly describes the accident and lists some safe work practices.
“Hazards of Electricity in Construction” (L&I)
http://lni.wa.gov/Safety/TrainTools/Online/Courses/courseinfo.asp?P_ID=165
Free, online, self-paced training course by Washington State Department of Labor and
Industries.
Good Samaritan law / “Immunity from liability for certain types of medical care” (Access
Washington / Washington State government web site)
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=4.24.300
Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 4.24.300: Washington State law regarding
immunity from liability for certain types of medical care; often referred to as a “Good
Samaritan” law
“Good Samaritan law” (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Samaritan_law
General information about Good Samaritan laws—in the U.S., Canada, and Europe.
Also compares to “duty to rescue”.
Electrical Safety Videos (National Fire Protection Association)
http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=1567&itemID=38285&URL=Training/Training%
20videos/Electrical%20safety%20videos
This web page has information on ordering electrical safety videos from the National Fire
Protection Association.
Chapter 8: Meter Abbreviations and Displays
Electrical Products, catalog (Grainger)
http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/electrical/ecatalog/N-bi5
This online catalog has good pictures and descriptions that can be used for various
electrical test equipment and other products. Some specific items are listed below.
Voltmeter: Analog Panel Meter, DC Volts,0-50 DC V (Grainger)
http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/SIMPSON-ELECTRIC-Analog-Panel-Meter1EFX1?Pid=search
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Voltmeter: Analog Panel Meter, AC Volts, 0-150 AC V (Grainger)
http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/SIMPSON-ELECTRIC-Analog-Panel-Meter1EFW9?Pid=search
Analog Multimeter (Grainger)
http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/SIMPSON-ELECTRIC-Analog-Multimeter-1A587?Pid=search
Digital Multimeter, True RMS, Auto Ranging (Grainger)
http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/FLUKE-Digital-Multimeter-1GAH9?Pid=search
Clamp On Ammeter, 400 A AC, 600 V AC/DC (Grainger)
http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/FLUKE-Clamp-On-Ammeter-1ND81?Pid=search
Clamp On Power Meter Kit, To 1200 KW (Grainger)
http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/FLUKE-Clamp-On-Power-Meter-Kit-1FBK2?Pid=search
“Decibel (Loudness) Comparison Chart” (Galen Carol Audio)
http://www.gcaudio.com/resources/howtos/loudness.html
Includes 4 decibel comparison charts: Environmental Noise, OSHA Daily Permissible
Noise Level Exposure, Perceptions of Increases in Decibel Level, & more.
“Decibel” (Simon Fraser University)
http://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/handbook/Decibel.html
According to this web site, this explanation of the decibel is from The Handbook for
Acoustic Ecology 2nd edition, Barry Truax, editor, 1999. It was originally published by the
World Soundscape Project, Simon Fraser University, and ARC Publications, 1978
“Safety” (Fluke)
http://www.fluke.com/Fluke/usen/support/appnotes/default.htm?category=AP_SAFE
The Fluke web site has several documents related to electrical safety.
“Electrical Test” (Fluke)
http://www.fluke.com/Fluke/usen/support/appnotes/default.htm?category=AP_ELT
The Fluke web site has several documents related to electrical testing.
“ABCs of multimeter safety” (Fluke)
http://support.fluke.com/educators/Download/Asset/2096653_6003_ENG_D_W.PDF
Seven page brochure: includes information on measurement categories. Note: On the
Electrical Test page, this document is listed with the title “ABC’s of electrical
measurement safety”
"ABCs of DMMs multimeter functions & features explained" (Fluke)
http://support.fluke.com/find-sales/Download/Asset/1260898_6116_ENG_M_W.PDF
Seven page brochure: explains the features and basic functions of a digital multimeter
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Chapter 9 - Taking Standard Measurements
“Digital Multimeter Principles” (American Technical Publishers)
http://www.go2atp.com/Digital_Multimeter_Principles__P84.cfm
DVD, 29 minutes. This DVD covers the basics of digital multimeter use, including meter
abbreviations; electrical prefixes; converting units; digitals displays; bar graphs; ghost
voltages; measuring AC & DC voltage, resistance and current; Ohm’s law and the
Power Formula; and testing diodes. RTC library has the 1998 version of this DVD at
621.37 MAZUR 1998. A 2010 edition is available from the publisher:
“Using a clamp on ammeter to measure three phase current” (Bellingham Technical
College)
http://www.youtube.com/user/BTCInstrumentation#p/search/1/95vI-Xm3WHk
Online video, 2 minutes. Demonstration on 3 phase motor of clamp-on ammeter
attachment with Fluke true rms multimeter that shows/explains: 1000 to 1 reduction in
current (so every amp that goes through clamp-on attachment reads as 1 milliamp on
meter); balance between each phase (approximately equal amperage on each of the 3
wires); cancelation of magnetic fields when clamp on all three wires. Ok video quality;
audio background noise (people talking) in classroom is a little distracting.
“Electrical Meters, An Introduction” (Electron Instructor)
http://www.youtube.com/user/electroninstructor#p/u/23/MEyzD8OvmZ0
Online video, 10 minutes. Describes how various electrical meters work to measure
current, voltage and resistance. Shows digital and analog meters but focuses on
analog, including some older styles and explains a bit of their history. Explains
electromagnetic and electrostatic meters.
“Multimeters - Hands-On Lab, Part 1, Measuring Current” (Electron Instructor)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_o34SY77yo
Online video, 10 minutes. This is the first in a four part series titled “Using a
Multimeter” (The World of Electricity). Demonstrates use of multimeter with electronics
lab kit (Electronics Learning Lab from Radio Shack, or similar). Reviews color codes of
resistors, building circuit, and measuring current. Discusses how ammeters are
connected into circuit in series.
“Multimeters - Hands-On Lab, Part 2, Measuring Voltage” (Electron Instructor)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0Zzoz4nM0I&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Online video, 5:23 minutes. Experiments with electronics lab kit (continued). Analogy
of air pressure to voltage: tire gauge shouldn’t let air out of tire; voltage meter shouldn’t
have voltage flowing through it. Simple circuit of two 10K resistors in series. Voltage
drop across one of these resistors will be less than voltage from the battery. Basic setup
of multi-tester. Review of Ohm’s law.
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“Multimeters - Hands-On Lab, Part 3, Measuring Resistance (part A)” (Electron Instructor)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3R_9uFDl7A
Online video, 6:28 minutes. Experiments with electronics lab kit (continued). Reviews
amps, volts and ohms. Basic multimeter settings (digital and analog). Testing continuity.
“Multimeters - Hands-On Lab, Part 4, Measuring Resistance (part B)”(Electron Instructor)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUgJgK2aTG0
Online video, 10 minutes. Experiments with electronics lab kit (continued).
“Read Amps using a multimeter” (DI Tech, University of Texas)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrpmq2FCnqs&feature=related
Online video, 2 minutes. Video produced by students to show basics of using a
multimeter: how to measure amperage by connecting ammeter in series with small
motor.
Instrumentation Program at Bellingham Technical College: Search online video
collection (BTC)
http://www.youtube.com/user/btcinstrumentation#p/u
Use the “search” box to search for specific topics among numerous online videos-including electrical test equipment—produced by Bellingham Technical College. Some of
their online videos are listed below.
“‘Megger’ high-voltage insulation tester”(Bellingham Technical College Instrumentation)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJlcKhc8tJo&NR=1
Online video, 5 minutes. Demonstrates basic use of Megger (trade name of
megohmmeter).
"Megger" insulation test on a bad motor (BTC Instrumentation)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fyd3S1EWfYA&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL
Online video, 4 minutes. Demonstrates use of insulation and continuity tester
(Megger) to test insulation on motor.
“Using "REL" mode to zero meter lead resistance” (online video, 1:40) (BTC)
http://www.youtube.com/user/BTCInstrumentation#p/u/24/DR5IZGc0B3Q
“Oscilloscope operation part 1” (online video, 3:30) (BTC)
http://www.youtube.com/user/BTCInstrumentation#p/search/3/vFqxn6VGYC0
”Oscilloscope operation part 2” (online video, 7:25) (BTC)
http://www.youtube.com/user/BTCInstrumentation#p/search/7/juWby10TheQ
“Oscilloscope operation part 3” (online video, 11 minutes) (BTC)
http://www.youtube.com/user/btcinstrumentation#p/search/0/0dmxjXDa_vA
“Oscilloscope operation part 4” (online video, 6 minutes) (BTC)
http://www.youtube.com/user/btcinstrumentation#p/search/0/lquVxxVNHgU
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“Oscilloscope operation 10X probe compensation” online (online video, 4:23) (BTC)
http://www.youtube.com/user/btcinstrumentation#p/search/2/uOAzRlhrnYE
“Fluke model 789 simulating transmitter” (online video, 2:29) (BTC)
http://www.youtube.com/user/BTCInstrumentation#p/search/3/D8Hmgijk3wQ
Fluke Electrical Measurement Safety Program (Fluke)
http://www.fluke.com/fluke/usen/training/safety/default.htm
The Fluke web site has many documents, videos & links related to electrical safety.
“The Fluke 289 True-rms Industrial Logging Multimeter with Trend Capture” (online
video, 1:16) (Fluke Corp.)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_ArmW4KJfM
“Data Logging Feature of the Fluke 289 Digital Multimeter” (online video 1:49) (Fluke)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Am3Lf_RtT8Q
“Min Max Avg Feature of the Fluke 289 Digital Multimeter” (online video, 1:11) (Fluke)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdB2qxmmhS4
Fluke 289 Logging Multimeter (Fluke Corp. via MyFlukeStore.com)
http://www.myflukestore.com/p5583/fluke_289.php
Information about the Fluke 289, including features, specifications, manual, pricing, and
an interactive, virtual demonstration of the Fluke 287 and 289.
“DMM vs. Clamp Meter” (Fluke Corp. via Davis Instruments)
http://www.davis.com/techinfo/techinfo.asp?htmlfile=DMMvsClampMeter.htm&ID=1233
This article discusses the differences between digital multimeters and clamp meters
Thermal Imaging Training Center (Fluke)
http://www.fluke.com/fluke/usen/Training/Training/TiTraining/default.htm?trck=titraining
Fluke’s Thermal Imaging Training Center includes free online seminar, hands on
training, software, online tools, and more.
Chapter 10: Symbols and Printreading
“What is fluid power” (National Fluid Power Association)
http://www.nfpa.com/ourindustry/OurInd_AboutFP_WhatIsFluidPower.asp
This web page includes an explanation of fluid power and how t works (including an
animated demonstration.) It also includes lists of advantages of fluid power, applications
of fluid power and fluid power products. The web site has much more information about
fluid power.
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“Fluid Power Uses” (National Fluid Power Association)
http://www.nfpa.com/ourindustry/OurInd_AboutFP_FluidPowerUses.asp
Discusses innovation in fluid power, including more powerful pumps, “smarter” valves,
and more precise actuators. Check out the "BigDog" robot video; scroll down.
"How Relays Work" (Electronic Workbench)
http://pcbheaven.com/wikipages/How_Relays_Work/
This web site uses animations and video to explain how relays work. The first page
includes a series of animations to demonstrate simple NO and NC contacts, and
combination contacts. It then adds other components to form a complete circuit with a
relay. The second page shows pictures of an actual relay and a video of how it works.
Subsequent pages explain various types of relays, dividing them into categories bases
on the on/off operation, the type of coil and the type of contacts. For example, the first
category includes normal relays, toggle relays, latching relays, protective relays (currentleaking and overload), temperature relays, reed relays.
"Time Delay Relays" (All About Circuits.com)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_4/chpt_5/3.html
This article explains the four basic time delay relays (NOTC, NOTO, NCTO, and
NCTC) and includes the symbols and timelines for coil power and contact status.
It also describes some differences between older (mechanical) and newer
(electronic) designs of time-delay relays; discusses “one-shot”, “recycle” and
“watchdog” timers; and provides a list of examples of how relays are used in
industrial control logic circuits.
"Time Delay Relays: Definition of Timing Functions" (Macromatic)
http://www.macromatic.com/literature/catalog/pdf/Definition_of_Timing_Functions.pdf
This two page instructional sheet explains the differences in functions of various
relays—including on delay, off delay, interval on, flasher, single shot, watch dog,
and more. For each type of relay, there is a description of its operation and a
timing chart.
Macromatic is a supplier of industrial control and monitoring products. Their
home page is www.macromatic.com.
“Ladder Logic” (All About Circuits.com)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_4/chpt_6/1.html
Explains the basics of ladder diagrams (ladder logic).
“Ladder Logic Schematic Symbol Flash Cards” (Wisconsin Online)
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=IAU3006
This web site includes: a brief overview of ladder logic, several pages of common
symbols used in ladder logic diagrams, and an exercise with flashcards to
practice/review the symbols. (Wisconsin Online has been developed by the Wisconsin
Technical College system. It includes multimedia learning objects on a variety of topics.)
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Chapter 11 Circuit Conductors, Connections, and Protection
“Wire gauge and current limits” (Power Stream, a Lund Instrument Engineering, Inc. Co)
http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm
Chart of AWG & Metric wire sizes and load carrying capacities. Also includes a voltage
drop calculator for calculating the voltage drop of aluminum and copper wires of various
gauges.
Electrical lugs & other connectors (various images) (Google images)
http://www.google.com/images?hl=en&rlz=&q=electrical+lug&um=1&ie=UTF8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&biw=769&bih=394
“Introduction to conduit bending” (Grundy Area Vocational Center)
http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=8792
Online video, 2 minutes. Shows basic components and markings (star point, degree
scale etc.) on a ½” EMT conduit bender; also shows a few different types of bends that
could be made with this bender (but does not include details of the procedures).
“Back to back conduit bend” (Jim Falbo, Haywood Community College)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jf0VKV3ZAc&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Online video, 3:20. Demonstrates procedure for making back to back bend in ½”
conduit. This is one of several videos (posted on YouTube) by Falbo/Haywood CC on
conduit bending. (To see list of other videos, open this video, then click on the link (next
to “jfalbo”) near the top of the YouTube page.)
Manual and mechanical conduit benders (photos) in "Installation and Repair: Using
Tools" (US Dept of Labor)
http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/products/etools/electricalcontractors/installation/using.html#Bending
and Cutting Conduit
Shows photos of manual and mechanical conduit benders (and other tools). Describes
potential hazards of tool use and possible solutions.
Electric conduit bender (picture) (Northern tool Co.)
http://www.northerntool.com/images/product/images/967780_lg.jpg
“25-pair color code” -- twisted pairs (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-pair_color_code
“Short Circuit” (TutorVista)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zorqwY2a8gI
Online video, 2 minutes. This is an animated demonstrated of a short circuit. Notice the
precaution that the battery voltage must not exceed 9 volts.
“Coaxial cable” (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable
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Chapter 12: Series Circuits
“Series Circuits A” (Tim Fiegenbaum, North Seattle Community College)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/17.html
Narrated slide show lecture, 13:23. This lecture provides a basic description and
explanation (with diagrams) of series circuits. Also shows combination series / parallel
circuit as a comparison. It discusses intuitive and mathematical relationships (current,
resistance & voltage); Kirchoff’s Voltage law; polarity of voltage drops; and closed loop
equations.
Click on “videos” tab at top of web page to see complete list of topics in this video lecture
series “All About Circuits”, which are based on the textbook Electronics for Computer
Technology by David Terrell. (© 2003 Delmar Learning, a part of Cengage Learning,
Inc.)
“Series Circuits B” (Tim Fiegenbaum, North Seattle Community College)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/18.html
Narrated slide show lecture; 9:52. This lecture—on voltage dividers and power
equations in series circuits—continues the previous lecture.
"How to Build a Series Circuit" (Steve Jones. Physics Help; eHow)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3TTPcW39iI
Online video, 1:52. In this video, Steve Jones gives a short lecture--with a whiteboard
diagram—to introduce the basic concept of a series circuit.
“How to check a capacitor” (Mr. Knowitall / 21footexpress; YouTube)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2IHXD48Sys
Online video, 4:20. This video describes and demonstrates how to check a single
capacitor and a dual capacitor with a multimeter. It discusses reading the ratings on the
label. It also shows the symbols for these capacitors.
According to the poster’s profile, the videos in this series are intended for people in the
HVAC field.
“How to check a transformer” (Mr. Knowitall / 21footexpress, YouTube)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqaxkGcEzeI&feature=related
Online video, 6 minutes
This video describes and demonstrates how to check a transformer. It explains the
symbol for a transformer and describes potential problems that may be indicated.
“Voltage drop” (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_drop
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“Voltage drop across circuit elements”(TinselKoala, YouTube)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ybelDXySc8
Online video, 3 minutes. This video demonstrates voltage drops across a resistor and
an LED in a simple DC circuit.
"How Batteries Work" (Marshall Brain and Charles Bryant, HowStuffWorks.com)
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm
Article and video, 2 minutes. This is the first in a series of short articles about
batteries, their history, and how they work. It includes an animated video showing voltaic
cell battery, a diagram of voltaic pile; an image of Daniell cell, and more images.
“Battery Arrangement and Power” (Marshall Brain and Charles Bryant,
HowStuffWorks.com)
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery5.htm
This sixth short article in the series describes the differences between parallel and series
arrangements of batteries. It includes images of both types of arrangements.
Chapter 13: Parallel Circuits
“Parallel Circuits”(Tim Fiegenbaum, North Seattle Community College)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/20.html
Narrated slide show / lecture: 16 minutes. This lecture is from the series by
Tim Fiegenbaum at North Seattle Community College on the "All About Circuits"
web site. Includes a description and example diagram of a parallel circuit,
intuitive relationships and formulas for voltage, current, resistance and power
(Kirchoff’s Current law); example calculation for resistance (written out long hand
& using calculator with 1/x function), current, voltage and power; briefly reviews
conductance (siemens); and discusses parallel voltage sources.
Chapter 14: Series/Parallel Circuits
"Series Parallel Circuits" (Tim Fiegenbaum, North Seattle Community College)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/videos/21.html
Narrated slide show / lecture: 9 minutes. This lecture is from the series by Tim
Fiegenbaum at North Seattle Community College on the "All About Circuits" web
site. It includes calculations of total resistance on series parallel circuit (using
calculator and demonstration of 1/x function). Also shows example of “complex”
circuit (Wheatstone bridge), which is neither series nor parallel (but calculation is
not done for this one).
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Chapter 15: Magnetism, Solenoids & Transformers
Reed switch (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_switch
Article (with photos) about how a reed switch works, its invention, and its uses.
"How a reed switch works" (Bill Phillips, Absorb Electronics)
http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action;jsessionid=312DCCA2276B11230C6AAA8AC
66EEF89?quick=py
This is an interactive, animated demonstration. Move the magnet--near the reed
switch and away from it—to see how the contacts close and open.
"Electromagnetism" (All About Circuits.com)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_14/2.html
Explanation of electromagnetism; includes diagrams of “left-hand” rule, magnetic
fields, and relay.
"Actuators -- Solenoids": "How solenoids work" (Society of Robots)
http://www.societyofrobots.com/actuators_solenoids.shtml
Here’s an article—with some vivid photos and graphics-- about how solenoids work and
some interesting points about where they might be used. It discusses push and pull type
solenoids, the powering of a solenoid, and some mechanical considerations.
This web site also has links to information about actuators, batteries, sensors and other
electronics related to building robots.
“Transformers” (All About Circuits.com)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_9/index.html
All About Circuits.com has several chapters related to transformers. Its table of contents
includes the following topics:
• “Mutual inductance and basic operation”
• “Step-up and step-down transformers”
• “Electrical isolation”
• “Phasing”
• “Winding configurations”
• “Voltage regulation”
• “Special transformers and applications”
• “Practical considerations”
"Step-up and Step-down transformers" (All About Circuits.com)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_9/2.html
This is the direct link to the chapter on step-up and step-down transformers from All
About Circuits.com (listed above). It explains the ratios of primary to secondary winding
turns and provides formulas. It also includes a diagram of primary and secondary coils,
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and photos of a cross section of a transformer and a substation transformer. It also
compares the step-up and step down transformers with motor / generator sets.
"Transformer University" (Federal Pacific Company)
http://www.federalpacific.com/university/university.html
This web site includes information on transformer basics, transformer noise, K factors,
and more. The section on transformer basics includes information about why
transformers are needed and how they operate. It explains the differences between
single phase and three phase transformers, and includes explanations with diagrams of
delta and wye configurations. It also includes information on considerations—such as
frequency, impedance, insulation and temperature rise—in designing transformers.
Federal Pacific is a a manufacturer of transformers, switch gear, and other electrical
components. For information about the company and its product, see:
http://www.federalpacific.com/
"Transformer Induction" (Science Channel)
http://science.discovery.com/videos/deconstructed-transformer-induction.html
Online video, 3 minutes. Explains how a transformer works. Uses live video—
combined with animated graphics—to show the components of a transformer and how it
works. It includes an explanation of how two 120 volt coils are used to provide 240 volts.
"Electrical Transformers -- How It's Made Mini-Episode" (Science Channel)
http://science.discovery.com/videos/how-its-made-mini-episodes-electrical-transformers.html
Online video, 5 minutes. This video shows how a transformer is made. It uses live
video of the real manufacturing process. These are the standard transformers that
transform high-voltage electricity from the power lines into (120/240V) residential
current.
“Transformers” (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory)
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/transformer/index.html
This web site includes an explanation and interactive java tutorial that shows how a
transformer works. You can see the primary and secondary coils, turn on/off the
graphics showing the magnetic fields, and see the effects of using different dividing
media (air, water, or steel) and different amounts of separation between the coils.
Permeability and shunts are discussed.
“Switchgear” (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgear
Web site includes explanation and photos of switchgear.
“Motor control centers” (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_controller#Motor_control_centers
This is a section of the Wikipedia page about motor controllers. It includes an
explanation and photos of motor control centers.
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Chapter 16: Electric Motors
“AC Motors” (All About Circuits.com)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_13/index.html
This online textbook includes several chapters about AC motors. This link will take you
to the table of contents. The introduction page includes a brief history as well as an
“Electric motor family tree.” This diagram (which includes AC and DC motors) may help
students understand the numerous types of motors.
"AC Motors" (Department of Defense / Public Resources.org)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-WQZ1SGqi4
Online video, 35 minutes. This Department of Defense training film (from 1969)
focuses on induction motors, as a starting point for understanding the basic operation of
AC motors. It uses simple but effective demonstrations to explain the basics, including
the components of a motor, the creation of motion by electromagnetic fields, and the
relation of the AC sine wave to the motion (showing that 2 out-of-phase AC voltages will
produce rotation of the magnetic field). It emphasizes the requirements for induction (i.e.
magnetic field, conductor, and relative motion).
"Principles of the Starting Motor" (Department of Defense / Public Resources.org)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_nsgzlrZGU
Online video, 12 minutes. This film uses simple but effective demonstrations to explain
magnetism, polarity, repulsion & attraction, and electromagnetism. It also shows how the
components of a motor (such as brushes, windings, and armature) work. This is part 3 in
the series Automotive Electricity for Military Vehicles which was produced by the
Department of Defense in 1957.
"Electric Motors” (PGI Gateway / Princess Auto e-learning)
http://www.youtube.com/user/PGIgateway#p/u/50/TlQmm8GsS4w
Online video, 5 minutes. Discusses efficiency losses, shows labeled diagram of
components of a 3-phase electric motor, explains how AC electric motors work, shows
the actual rotor and stator and explains their functions. Also shows example catalog
listings for general purpose motors, compressor duty motors, and farm duty motors. It
then briefly discusses the components of a DC motor and how it works.
"Understanding Motor Nameplate Information: NEMA vs IEC Standards" (PDH Online)
http://www.pdhonline.org/courses/e156/e156content.pdf
The first 16 pages of this (21 page) document explain the information on motor
nameplate following NEMA standards—including manufacturer’s type, rated volts and
full load amps, service factor, frame size, etc. The last five pages describe the IEC
standards, comparing them to the NEMA standards.
PDHonline provides online, continuing education to engineers, surveyors, and architects.
More information about their courses and fees can be found on their web site at
www.PDHcenter.com
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"How to read the nameplate" (PGI Gateway / Princess Auto e-learning)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SaIAQSL0ATg
Online video, 4 minutes. This video introduces motor nameplates and briefly describes
the information on them, including the voltage, hertz, horsepower, rpm, full load amps,
service factor (with example calculation), service factor amps, rotation (CW/CCW/Rev),
thermally protected, duty cycle, ambient temperature, class of insulations, and serial
number.
Chapter 18: Circuit Requirements
"Time Delay Relays" (All About Circuits)
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_4/chpt_5/3.html
This article explains the four basic time delay relays (NOTC, NOTO, NCTO, and
NCTC) and includes the symbols and timelines for coil power and contact status.
It also describes some differences between older (mechanical) and newer
(electronic) designs of time-delay relays; discusses “one-shot”, “recycle” and
“watchdog” timers; and provides a list of examples of how relays are used in
industrial control logic circuits.
"Time Delay Relays: Definition of Timing Functions" (pdf file) (Macromatic)
http://www.macromatic.com/literature/catalog/pdf/Definition_of_Timing_Functions.pdf
This 2 page instructional sheet explains the differences in functions of various
relays—including on delay, off delay, interval on, flasher, single shot, watch dog,
and more. For each type of relay, there is a description of its operation and a
timing chart.
Chapter 19: Residential Circuits
“Some History of Residential Wiring Practices in the U.S.” (David Dini; UL / NFPA)
http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/Proceedings/Dini_paper_-_History_Residential_Wiring.pdf
This 17 page document written by David A. Dini P.E. (Copyright © 2006 Underwriters
Laboratories Inc.) traces the history of residential wiring from 1879 (Edison) to 2008. It
includes several photos, including knob, tube and cleat; cloth braid and NM-B cable;
tinned rubber wire and 90°wire; renewable Edison-base plug fuse; amp plug fuses with
hexagonal caps; type S fuse and insert; “no fuze” (sic) load center; porcelain twist on
connector, and other historical electrical equipment.
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