JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 2, Issue 6, July 2014
A SURVEY ON ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MANET
JASDEEP SINGH*
SUKHWINDER SHARMA**
*M. Tech (IT) Pursuing, BBBSBEC, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
**Asst. Professor, Dept. of CSE&IT, BBSBEC, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Mobile ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes that dynamically forms a
temporary network without using any centralized base station or access point and with no
pre-established infrastructure. Mobile ad hoc networks are uniquely characterized by the
several factors that differentiate them for conventional wired or wireless networks in terms of
absence of a fixed infrastructure, mobility, shared channel and limited bandwidth. MANET
must have a secure transmission and communication and this is a quite challenging and
important issue as there is increasing threats of attack on the Mobile Networks. MANET
routing is a critical task to perform in dynamic network. Without any fixed infrastructure,
wireless mobile nodes dynamically establish the network. Routing Protocols helps to
communicate a mobile node with the other nodes in the network by sending or receiving the
packets. This paper provides the overview of ZRP by presenting its functionality.
KEYWORDS: MANET, Routing Protocols, Zone Routing Protocol.
I.INTRODUCTION
Computer networks were originally developed to connect number of devices
through wires so that the devices can share some information and data with each other.
With the increase in network sizes, the requirement of internetwork communication was
observed which leads to the development of internet and suit of protocols. It was
necessary to provide network access to the entities which are not physically attached to
any wired network. To enable this, the wireless networks were developed. Wireless
network is a computer network that utilizes wireless network connection. There are two
categories of wireless networks [1]:
• Infra structured Network
• Infrastructure-less Network.
Infra structured network
contains fixed and wired gateways whereas infrastructure-less network contains multi
hop wireless nodes and it has no fixed infrastructure. MANET comes under the second
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category. MANET is a temporary wireless network in which no fixed infrastructure is used.
So in MANET, topology changes frequently as mobile nodes moves independently and
changes their links to the other nodes very quickly. Each mobile node acts a router
and forwards the traffic to the other nodes in the network. If two mobile nodes are
within each other’s transmission range, they can communicate directly, otherwise the
nodes in between have to forward the packets for them [1].
A mobile ad hoc network may consist of only two nodes or hundred nodes or thousand
nodes as well. The entire collection of nodes is interconnected in many different ways. As
shown in Fig-1 there is more than one path from one node to another node. To forward a data
packet from source to destination, every node in the hope must be willing to participate in
the process of delivering the data packet. A single file is split it into a number of data packets
and then these data packets are transmitted through the different paths. At the destination
node, all these packets are combined in sequence to generate the original file., routers
these data packets are transmitted through the different paths. At the destination node,
all these packets are combined in sequence to generate the original file., routers.
Figure 1: Mobile Ad hoc Network [1]
II. ROUTING IN MANET
Routing [1] is the process of transferring a packet from source to its destination. In
the routing process, a mobile node will search for a path or route to communicate with the
other node in the network. Protocols are the set of rules through which two or more
devices communicate with each other. In MANET, routing tables are used for routing
purpose. Routing tables contain the information of routes to all the mobile nodes.
The routing protocols in MANET are broadly classified into three categories
• Proactive or Table Driven Routing Protocols
• Reactive or On-Demand Routing Protocols
• Hybrid Routing Protocols.
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a. PROACTIVE PROTOCOL
Proactive routing protocols or table driven routing protocols maintain consistent and up-todate routing information about each node in the network [2]. Information is maintained
in the form of routing table and when there is a change in network topology updating
has to be made throughout the network. E.g. DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector
Routing) protocol and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) protocol.
b. REACTIVE PROTOCOL
Reactive or on demand routing protocols, nodes only maintain the routes to active
destinations. A route is established only on demand for every new destination. Therefore, the
communication overhead is reduced at the cost of delay due to route search [2]. Furthermore,
the rapidly changing topology may break an active route and cause subsequent route search.
Examples of reactive protocols are AODV (Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing) protocol
and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol.
c. HYBRID PROTOCOL
A hybrid protocol combines the characteristics of both the proactive and reactive routing
protocols. An illustration of such a protocol is the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). In ZRP,
topology is divided into zones and look for to utilize different routing protocols within and
between the zones based on the weaknesses and strengths of these protocols [2]
TABLE 1: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ROUTING PROTOCOLS [3]
Parameters
Table
Driven(Proactive)
Higher
On
Demand(Reactive)
Dependent
on no. of routes
maintained or needed
Route
Availability
Always
Available
Computed
as per need
Periodic
Route
Updates
Required always
Not
required
Storage
Requirements
Hybrid
Depends on
size of each
zone or
cluster
Depends on
location of
destination
Used inside
each zone
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Delay
Low
High
Scalability
Traffic
100 nodes
High
> 100
Low
Routing
Information
Keep stored
in table
Doesn’t
store
Low for local
destinations
and high for
Inter zone
> 1000
Lower that other two
types
Depends on
requirement
Routing Philosophy
Mostly flat
Flat
Hierarchical
They presented a comparison between existing routing protocols. TABLE1 provides an
overall comparison of the three categories of routing protocols. The comparisons basically
consider the characteristic properties of routing protocols in high load networks. In order to
make flat addressing more efficient, the number of routing overheads introduced in the
networks must be reduced. The hybrid routing protocols employ both reactive and proactive
properties by maintaining intra-zone information proactively and inter-zone information
reactively. Another way to reduce routing overheads is by using conditional updates rather
than periodic ones. In on demand routing protocols, the flooding-based routing protocols such
as DSR and AODV will also have scalability problems. In order to increase scalability, the
route discovery and route maintenance must be controlled. Hybrid routing protocols such as
the ZHLS may also perform well in large networks. ZRP is another hybrid routing protocol
which is designed to increase the scalability of MANETs. It maintains strong network
connectivity (proactively) within the routing zones while determining remote route (outside
the routing zone) quicker than flooding. Also it can incorporate other protocols to improve its
performance. From this table, they analyzed that Hybrid routing protocol performed better
than the other Routing Protocols.[3]
III. ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL
As seen, to maintain routing information the proactive routing uses excess bandwidth, while
reactive routing comprise long route request delays. Reactive routing also inadequately
floods the entire network for route determination. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) aims
to address the problems by combining the best properties of both approaches. ZRP can
be classed as a hybrid reactive/proactive routing protocol [4].
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The largest part of the traffic is \directed to nearby nodes in an mobile network. For this
reason, ZRP slow down the proactive scope to a zone centred on each node. It is easier to
maintain the routing information in an limited zone.
Further, the amount of routing
information that is never used is minimized. Still, nodes farther away can be reached with
reactive routing. Since all nodes proactively store local routing information, Route requests
can be more efficiently performed without querying all the network nodes [4].
ZRP has a flat view over the network irrespective the use of zones,. In this way, the other
overhead related to hierarchical protocols can be avoided. Hierarchical routing protocols
depend on the strategic assignment of gateways or landmarks, so that every node can access
all levels, especially the top level. Nodes belonging to different subnets must send their
communication to a subnet that is common to both nodes. Hence, optimal routes can be
detected and network congestion can be reduced [4]. Further, the behaviour of ZRP is
adaptive. The behaviour depends on the current configuration of the network and the
behavior of the users.
a. ARCHITECTURE
The Zone Routing Protocol is based on the concept of zones. For each node and their
overlapped neighbouring nodes routing zone is defines. The routing zone has a radius ф
expressed in hops. The zone thus includes the nodes, whose distance from the node in
question is at most ф hops. Figure 2 shows the example of routing zone, where the routing
zone of S includes the nodes A–I, but not I. In the illustrations, the radius is marked as a
circle around the node in question. The zone is defined in hops, not as a physical distance [4].
Figure 2: Example routing zone with Φ =2 [4].
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
Intra Zone Routing Protocol
In ZRP, the proactive routing is performed for nodes within the zone. To realize proactive
routing, each node within the zone records the information to the Destination Node (DN) in
the routing table. When there is a routing request, the path to the DN is determined by
referring to the routing table. This is called Intra zone Routing Protocol (IARP). An example
of IARP operation is shown in following.
1) Node S generates an IARP packet (Source Node (SN) = S and HC = 1) periodically
and sends it to the neighboring nodes such as node A, B and C (black arrows in
Fig.3).
2) Nodes which receive the IARP packet record the route information (HC = 1, DN = S)
in their own routing table by referring to IARP packet information. After that, the
nodes change the IARP packet information such as incrementing HC and adding the
Relay Node (RN). For example, for node C, SN is S, HC is 2 and RN is C. [5] Then
RNs send the IARP packet to neighboring nodes (see white arrows and line arrows in
Fig. 2)
3)
Until HC in IARP packet reaches zone radius, the operation 2 is repeated. The
routing table for node H is shown in Table 1.
Nodes inside the zone carry out the operations from 1 to 3 and maintain their own routing
tables. When there is a data packet sending request to the nodes inside the zone, the packet is
sent by using the information of the routing table. Thus, the IARP maintains the route for
each node inside the zone. In order to cope with node movement each node sends the IARP
packet periodically. Each record in the routing table has a Time-To-Live
4) (TTL) parameter. If an IARP packet for each record does not come during TTL, the
record in the routing table is deleted considering node movement [5].
Figure 3: Transmission of IARP packets [5].
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Table 2: Routing table for node H [5].
Dest

Hop
Next
TTL(ms)
Count
Node
S
2
C
1000
C
1
C
2000
Inter Zone Routing Protocol
The reactive routing is carried out for nodes beyond a zone. In ZRP, when there is a data
sending request, the route searching is performed to nodes outside the zone. This is called the
Inter zone routing Protocol (IERP).
The IERP operates as follows In these figures, a routing zone is shown by a circle. For other
nodes except SN and DN are shown only border nodes.
1)They assume that there is a packet sending request to node D sent by SN S. In this case, as
the node S does not have a route information to the node D in the routing table, an IERP
packet is generated. The node S writes the information (SN=S, DN=D, and number of border
casts (NB) = 1) in the IERP packet. This packet is called IERP request packet.
2) The IERP request packet generated by the node S is sent to the border nodes (see Fig. 4).
A border node is a node that has a HC (from SN to the border node) equal to the zone radius.
In Fig. 4, nodes A, B and C are border nodes. A transmission of information to all border
nodes is called “border-cast”.
Figure 4: IERP border-cast[5]
3) The border nodes that received the IERP request packet add one to NB and put their own
node name to relay node field in IERP request packet. The information of the IERP packet
for node A is SN=S, DN=D, NB=2, relay node=A. Then a route to DN is searched by
referring to the routing tables. When the DN cannot be found in the routing table, the border
cast is repeated (see black arrows in Fig. 5). But when the IERP request packets are sent to
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relay nodes or SN, these packets are discarded by these nodes (see white arrows in Fig. 5).
While when the DN can be found in the routing table or the DN is the present node, the IERP
reply packet is sent to the SN (see Fig.6). In this case, node E has a route to node D in its own
routing table. The node E transmits the IERP reply packet to the SN. As the IERP request
packet has the route information from node S to D, the node E sends the reply packet to the
SN by using this information [5].
Figure 5: Transmission of IERP request packets [5].
Figure 6: Transmission of IERP reply packets [5]
4) The SN now knows the route to DN. By using this route, the SN transmits the data packet.
IV. CONCLUSION
Frequently changing topologies, low transmission power and asymmetric links are the major
challenge in the routing protocol. It has been observed that both proactive and reactive
routing protocols are inefficient under these circumstances. The Zone Routing Protocol
(ZRP) combines the advantages of the proactive and reactive approaches by maintaining an
up-to-date topological map of a zone centered on each node. The routes are immediately
available within the zone,. The routes are instantly available within the zone. The destination
node which are outside the zone in the zone routing protocol, this protocol employs a route
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discovery procedure that can benefit from the local routing information of the zones. This
paper discusses the ZRP protocol in MANET.
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