supplementary planning guidance
Spatial framework and assessment
WEST LOTHIAN COUNCIL delivers
criteria for on-shore wind energy
development in West Lothian
westlothian.gov.uk
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
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Data label: Public
Draft for public consultation
April 2013
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Supplementary planning guidance
Spatial framework and assessment criteria for ON-SHORE WIND ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT IN WEST LOTHIAN
Non-techinical executive summary
5
1.0Introduction
7
2.0The West Lothian Local Plan
8
3.0 Scottish Planning Policy 9
4.0The need for a spatial strategy for on-shore wind developments
9
5.0The scope of this supplementary planning guidance
10
6.0 A spatial plan for on-shore wind in West Lothian
Landscape character units in West Lothian
Landscape capacity for on-shore wind developments in West Lothian
The scale of on-shore wind developments that may be accommodated
The baseline landscape, including existing on-shore wind energy developments
Cumulative effects
Landscape objectives with reference to key thresholds for landscape protection,
accommodation and change
Effects on a sense of distance and skylining
Effects on other landscape or townscape interests
Locations with potential for wind energy development in West Lothian
Scottish Planning Policy three-stage sieve process
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15
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7.0 Landscape guidance for on-shore wind energy proposals
26
8.0Noise assessment
40
9.0 Aviation and defence safeguarding
40
10.0The protection of biodiversity
42
11.0 Historic environment
44
12.0 Supporting information
46
13.0Overall conclusions 46
Appendices 47
References
67
Further information 67
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Non-technical Executive Summary Supplementary planning guidance (SPG): Spatial framework and assessment criteria for onshore wind energy development in West Lothian
This guidance updates, amplifies and supplements existing approved policy in the West
Lothian Local Plan (2009).
The SPG was prepared in response to the Scottish Government’s 2020 Route Map for
Renewable Energy in Scotland and conforms to requirements in the consolidated Scottish
Planning Policy (2010). These documents ask for the expedition of spatial frameworks for
wind energy and policy guidance to accommodate future wind energy developments at
the regional-scale.
Spatial frameworks for wind energy are usually underpinned by technical studies on
landscape capacity. The West Lothian study assessed potential for each identified landscape
unit within the council area to absorb wind energy development through assessment
of potential impacts on landscape character and visual sensitivities. This work was
commissioned from nationally recognised consultants. The landscape assessment project
was managed by a steering group made up of planning staff from West Lothian Council and
specialist advisors from Scottish Natural Heritage.
The arising report is the Landscape Capacity Study for Wind Energy Development in West
Lothian (LCS) which forms the basis for much of the SPG. The capacity study, and hence the
SPG, sets out guidance for onshore wind farms of more than 20 megawatts (MW) generating
capacity (about 10 wind turbines of 100m to blade tip) and less than 20MW. The landscape
capacity for wind energy development in West Lothian was assessed against specific
landscape character and visual criteria: landscape sensitivity, landmark landscape features
and their settings, principal sensitive routes and important viewpoints. Areas of cumulative
impact are also identified. A more detailed non-technical summary can be found in the
frontispiece to the landscape capacity study.
Potential areas of search and parts of landscape units with potential for wind energy
development have been identified following the broad assessment of landscape and
visual sensitivity and capacity according to the study criteria. Other constraints - such as
noise assessment, aviation and defence safeguarding, protection of biodiversity and the
historic environment - which may limit the suitability for wind energy development are
summarised for each area with potential. The SPG contains further sections and specific
guidance on these constraints to wind energy.
The SPG includes five new policy considerations which amplify existing policy in the
adopted local plan. These will be material considerations in the determination of planning
applications for wind energy.
The SPG further outlines requirements for supporting information including screening for
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In addition, existing guidance on the technical
aspects of wind turbine noise assessment is annexed and is to be adopted as policy as part
of the SPG.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
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The SPG was also informed by the European Union required Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA) process which leads to an Environmental Report that assesses the
environmental effects of the proposed policy and how these could be mitigated. Scottish
government policy instructs that the three documents – this supplementary planning
guidance (SPG) and spatial framework for wind energy, the landscape capacity study (LCS)
and the SEA Environmental Report (SEA-ER) – are issued for a period of public consultation.
After this stage is completed the SPG and resultant framework for wind energy is to be
incorporated into the future West Lothian Local Development Plan.
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Supplementary planning guidance and spatial framework
Spatial framework and assessment criteria for ON-SHORE WIND ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT IN WEST LOTHIAN
Introduction
1.1
Throughout Scotland there is increasing interest in the use of land for the
construction of on-shore wind energy developments. In 2011 the Scottish Government
published its Route Map for renewable energy up to 2020, which, in turn, sees the ambitious
target of 100% of electricity consumption being from renewables by that time as part
of a wider energy mix. To assist in achieving its target the Scottish Government is eager
that local planning authorities improve the
decision making process for on-shore wind
developments by, amongst other things,
facilitating better advice and guidance to
interested parties on the determination of such
proposals by providing locational guidance for
future on-shore wind developments.
1.2
West Lothian Council, as local planning
authority, has a key role to play in determining
proposals for on-shore wind.
1.3
Larger on-shore wind proposals which
exceed 50 megawatts of generating capacity
(typically more than 25 turbines) are subject to
a determination process under section 36 of the
Electricity Act 1989. In such cases applications are
submitted to Scottish Ministers and the council is
a key statutory consultee. If the council objects
to a section 36 application, Scottish Ministers are
bound to hold a public local inquiry before any
decision is made.
1.4
Proposals for smaller on-shore wind farms
and single turbine installations are submitted as
planning applications to the council and, as such,
the applications are determined in accordance with the council’s scheme of delegation for major
or local applications, as the case may be.
1.5The 2020 Route Map requires the Scottish Government’s target to be achieved
whilst maintaining the balance between the benefits from renewable energy nationally
and internationally, and the effects locally in terms of impacts on communities and the
environment.
1.6In
February 2011 the Scottish Government initiated web-based planning advice to
assist planning authorities on site-specific matters and the preparation of spatial plans.
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1.7Recent years have seen an increase in on-shore wind developments across Scotland.
Locally, in 2006 Black Law wind farm, partially in West Lothian, was commissioned and there
is now consent for 23 additional turbines within the West Lothian part of that site. Seven
wind turbines have been in operation at Pates Hill since 2010; planning permission was
granted on appeal for 15 turbines at Tormywheel and the implementation period for the
commencement of that application has recently been extended. A range of smaller scale
individual wind turbines are operational across the county.
1.8
Developer interest continues within West Lothian with a range of wind farm and
wind turbine proposals at differing stages of preparation. Further schemes at or adjacent to
the council’s boundaries are being considered by adjoining local authorities. A plan showing
the extent of interest in West Lothian in July 2012 (the most recent information at the time
of writing) is set out in Appendix 1 and is indicative of the coincidence of wind energy
proposals with some of the council’s most sensitive landscapes including the Pentland Hills,
Bathgate Hills and Blackridge Heights, which offer higher wind speeds.
The West Lothian Local Plan
2.1
Adopted in January 2009, the West Lothian Local Plan (WLLP) recognises that
proposals for on-shore wind farms will be looked at favourably provided that a proposal
does not give rise to unacceptable environmental effects, including cumulative, landscape
and visual impacts. Key policies of the WLLP that addresses on shore wind are set out at
Appendix 2 of this supplementary planning guidance.
2.2The
WLLP sets out detailed development management criteria for assessing
applications for on-shore wind development. These criteria are not affected by this
supplementary planning guidance (SPG) and spatial strategy. Applications will continue to
be assessed against these local plan policies.
2.3The
WLLP also sets out key considerations for the protection of natural heritage
designations, the role of the Pentlands Hills and other nationally and locally designated
areas of natural and built heritage.
2.4
Since the time of drafting the WLLP, there has been considerable development in
wind energy technology, its assessment and a better understanding of its landscape and
visual impacts which, in turn, give rise to the need for this additional local guidance. The
development plan remains the key determining factor for the council when coming to a
view on on-shore renewable energy development.
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Scottish Planning Policy 2010
3.1
Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) requires that the council should support the
development of a diverse range of renewable energy technologies, guide development to
appropriate locations and provide clarity on the issues that will be taken into account when
specific proposals are assessed. Development plans or supplementary planning guidance
should support all scales of development associated with the generation of energy and
heat from renewable sources, ensuring that an area’s renewable energy potential is realised
and optimised in a way that takes account of relevant economic, social, environmental and
transport issues.
3.2In
accordance with SPP the council should ensure that the development plan
or supplementary guidance clearly explain the factors that will be taken into account in
decision making on all renewable energy generation developments. Factors relevant
to the consideration of applications will depend on the scale of the development and
its relationship with the surrounding area, but are likely to include impacts on the
landscape, the historic environment, natural heritage, the water environment, amenity
and communities, and any cumulative impacts that are likely to arise.
The need for a spatial strategy for on shore wind developments
4.1
Against this background of government policy, Scotland’s international and
national obligations and the level of developer interest, it is necessary to provide a spatial
framework for the consideration of current and future proposals.
4.2The
West Lothian Local Plan 2009 continues to contain essential policies setting out
the principal development management criteria for the assessment of on-shore wind farms.
However, in accordance with Scottish Government policy it is necessary for the council to
prepare the more extensive spatial framework against which proposals for on-shore wind
developments can be judged.
4.3
A pivotal part of the assessment of on-shore wind development is the effect
that proposals would have on the landscape character of any local area. Hence, an
understanding of the diverse landscapes of West Lothian is an essential component in
the compilation of a spatial strategy. The council, in conjunction with Scottish Natural
Heritage, jointly funded a study setting out the landscape capacity for on-shore wind
energy in West Lothian. The terms of this study were noted by the council’s Development
and Transport Policy Development and Scrutiny Panel in October 2011. The Landscape
Capacity Study for Wind Energy in West Lothian (consultative draft, December 2011) is
the primary background technical document for this SPG and forms the basis for large
parts of this supplementary planning guidance.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
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The scope of this supplementary planning guidance
5.1
SPP requires the preparation of a spatial strategy for on shore farm wind farm
development.
5.2
SPP requires the council to support the development of on-shore wind farms in
locations where the technology can operate efficiently and environmental and cumulative
impacts can be satisfactorily addressed. Development plans or supplementary planning
guidance should provide a clear indication of the potential for development of wind farms
of all scales, and should set out the criteria that will be considered in deciding applications
for all wind farm developments including extensions.
5.3In
accordance with SPP, the council is required to set out in the development
plan, or in the interim in its supplementary planning guidance, a spatial framework for
on-shore wind farms of over 20 megawatts generating capacity. Additionally, given the
extent of developer interest and the potential capacity of West Lothian, it is appropriate
to incorporate guidance for on-shore wind development below 20 megawatts.
5.4Reflecting
SPP, this supplementary planning guidance for West Lothian must
embrace a three tier approach to the spatial planning for wind farms and set out:
areas requiring significant protection including from the cumulative impact of
existing and consented wind farms that limit further development;
areas with potential constraints where proposals will be considered on their
individual merits against identified criteria; and
areas of search where appropriate proposals are likely to be supported subject to
detailed consideration against identified criteria.
5.5
Potential constraints on wind farm development in West Lothian as identified in
SPP include:
the historic environment;
areas designated for their regional and local landscape or natural heritage value;
tourism and recreation interests;
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
the likely impacts on communities, including the long term effects and any
significant impact on amenity;
the impact on aviation and defence interests, particularly airport and aerodrome
operation, flight activity, aviation radar and the impact on broadcasting
installations, particularly maintaining transmission links.
5.6
“A separation distance of up to 2km between areas of search and the edge of towns and
villages is recommended” by SPP (para. 190) “to guide developments to the most appropriate
sites and to reduce visual impact. Decisions on individual developments should take into
account specific local circumstances and geography. Development plans or supplementary
planning guidance should recognise that the existence of these constraints on wind farm
development does not impose a blanket restriction on development, and the council should
be clear on the extent of constraints and the factors that should be satisfactorily addressed to
enable development to take place.”
5.7To
accord with SPP (para. 190) the council should not impose additional zones of
protection around areas designated for their landscape or natural heritage value.
5.8
Having identified areas requiring significant protection and other potential
constraints to on-shore wind farm development the council is required, in its
supplementary planning guidance, to identify areas of search where there are no
significant constraints on development. Within these areas of search, sites may be
constrained by other natural heritage interests, including habitats of high nature
conservation value, project viability, including wind speed, site access, ground suitability
and other environmental factors, aviation, noise and grid capacity.
5.9
An important part of the joint landscape capacity study was to establish the types
of wind energy developments in excess of 20MW and below 20MW which are likely to be
proposed in West Lothian, to enable the provision of meaningful guidance in this SPG.
Based on the types of wind energy projects in West Lothian, the following typologies of
wind turbines and wind farms were used as the basis for the capacity assessment in the
council’s Landscape Capacity Study (LCS):
Turbine groups
Single turbine: 1 turbine
Small wind farm: 2-7 turbines
Medium wind farm: 8-20 turbines
Large wind farm: 21+ turbines
Turbine heights (all to blade tip, can relate to any of turbine groups above)
51-80m approximately
81-100m approximately
101-130m+ approximately
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
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5.10
This arrangement enables the SPG to consider a range of different scales of wind
energy, from a single turbine to a small wind farm of two to seven turbines between
51-80m high, or a small wind farm of two to seven larger turbines between 101-130m
or more in height. The SPG also takes into account existing wind energy developments
within and adjacent to West Lothian at March 2012, which are shown in Appendix 1.
While the lowest threshold for the council’s Landscape Capacity Study is a single turbine
of 51m to blade tip, the landscape character principles and results of this study can be
extended for use with turbines of lower heights, with appropriate weighting applied to
the assessment criteria.
5.11To
put the scale of these turbine heights in context, Appendix 3a gives a list of
comparative heights and Appendix 3b shows a photo montage of comparative heights of
key West Lothian buildings and well-known landmarks.
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
A spatial plan for on-shore wind in West Lothian
Landscape character units in West Lothian
6.1
West Lothian is an area of interest to on-shore wind energy developers. Its location in
Central Scotland reduces grid transmission costs; the absence of international and national
natural heritage designations and statutory green belt provides for a less constrained
area of interest than some other parts of Central Scotland and parts of West Lothian may
have landscapes that are appropriate for on-shore wind development. There continues to
be extensive interest in the higher ground in West Lothian where higher wind speeds are
found, especially in the south-east part of the county in and around the northern fringes of
the Pentland Hills.
6.2The
2011 Landscape Capacity Study was undertaken by a nationally recognised
consultancy based on a methodology that followed established guidance and is illustrated
in Appendix 4. As part of the 2011 study, and to assist in the compilation of the spatial
framework for on-shore wind, the review of the Lothians Landscape Character Assessment
1998 identified a number of landscape character types and smaller landscape units whilst
respecting the broad landscape character types. This re-characterisation and re-classification
provides an updated West Lothian Landscape Character Assessment.
6.3In total some 23 landscape units have been identified across West Lothian all as set
out in the 2011 Landscape Capacity Study. Each of these identified units has a distinctive
landscape characteristic with varying degrees of capacity for on shore wind development.
As indicated in Appendix 5, the characteristics and extent of this varying landscape character
is an essential component in the compilation of a spatial strategy for on shore wind farm
development in West Lothian. Once these specific landscape character units are identified,
the sensitivity of those areas to on-shore wind energy development can be determined, as
set out in Appendix 6.
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6.4The
23 identified landscape units in West Lothian, based upon the methodology
adopted in the Landscape Capacity Study are set out in Table 1 below and Appendix 5:
Landscape Character Types.
Table 1: West Lothian Landscape Classification
Landscape
types in
the LLCA
1998
Landscape
character areas
in The LLCA
1998
Uplands
4
Pentland
Hills
5
Pentland
Fringe
north-west
2
Bathgate
Hills
3
Lowland
Hills and
Valleys
4
Broad Valley
Lowlands
Upland
Fringes
Lowland
Hills and
Ridges
Lowland
Plateaux
17
West
19 Lothian
Plateau
Landscape
types in this
WL-LCA 2011
1
Upland Hills
Upland Hill
Fringes
5
6
14
Linlithgow /
26 Queensferry
farmlands
Western Pentland Hills
2(i)
North-West Pentland Fringe
2(ii)
Gladsmuir / Woodmuir /
Camilty Fringe
Lowland
Plateaux
Lowland
Plains
3(i)
Bathgate Hills
4(i)
Almond Valley
4(ii)
Couston Valley
5(i)
Polkemmet Moor
5(ii)
Armadale / Bathgate Plateau
5(iii)
Livingston / Blackburn
Plateau
5(iv)
Avonbridge to Armadale
plateau edge
5(v)
Blackridge Heights
6(i)
Kirknewton Plain
6(ii)
East Calder / Livingston /
Broxburn Plain
6(iii) Winchburgh / Niddry Plain
Lower
21 Almond
farmlands
7
Coastal
Margins
1(i)
2(iii) Harburn / Hartwood Fringe
Slamannan
20
Plateau
Lowland
Plains
Landscape units in this
WL-LCA 2011
Lowland
river
corridors
8
Lowland Hill
Fringes
9
Coastal
Margins
7(i)
Avon Valley
7(ii)
Almond Valley
7(iii)
Murieston / Linhouse /
Camilty waters
7(iv)
West Calder Burn / Breich
and Harwood waters
8(i)
Linlithgow Fringe
8(ii)
Bathgate Fringe
9(i)
West Lothian coastal
farmlands
9(ii)
West Lothian coastal hills
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Landscape capacity for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
6.5Following
on from the sensitivity assessment of each separate landscape character
unit carried out as part of the LCS, the identification and mapping of strategic zones
potentially suitable for wind energy development has been compiled.
6.6
Appendix 7 combines the findings of the landscape sensitivity assessment with
the visual sensitivity assessment. It identifies those landscape units which lie outwith
the areas identified as important to the setting of the two key landmark features shown
in the LCS report and those areas outwith the sensitive visual compartments and cones
defining the setting of the nine identified important viewpoints. Appendix 8 shows the
two Landmark Landscape Features with their settings and the nine identified Important
Viewpoints listed below.
Landmark Landscape Features
(and their settings)
Important Viewpoints
Pentland Hills Uplands
Tower at House of the Binns
Linlithgow Loch and Palace
A904 Viewpoint (of Forth bridges)
Avon Aqueduct
Cockleroy
Binny Craig
The Knock – Cairnpapple Hill
Blawhorn Moss NNR
Harperrig Reservoir
West Cairn Hill
6.7In
assessing the capacity for on-shore wind development it has been assumed
that landscape units of lower sensitivity will have greater capacity to accommodate
development. Similarly, change will be most difficult to accommodate in units of higher
sensitivity, although there may be some very limited capacity depending on site-specific
circumstances. It is generally assumed that units of medium sensitivity have the capacity to
accommodate some change. The capacity assessment makes the following assumptions in
accordance with the potential for wind energy development shown in Appendix 7 and the
wind energy typologies adopted in this study.
Wind energy development would be inappropriate within the sensitive visual
compartments and cones, shown uncoloured in Appendix 7, where the setting of
Landmark Landscape Features and important viewpoints require protection;
Wind energy development would be inappropriate within landscape units
assessed as Areas of Highest Sensitivity, coloured red in Appendix 7, which lie
outwith the sensitive visual compartments and cones where landscape protection
is required to retain existing character;
Wind energy development would be inappropriate within landscape units
assessed as High Sensitivity, coloured pink in Appendix 7, which lie outwith
the sensitive visual compartments and cones and where there are potential
constraints requiring landscape protection;
Some wind energy development may be appropriate within units assessed as
High sensitivity ,coloured pink in Appendix 7, which lie outwith the sensitive visual
compartments and cones where the overall character of these units is retained;
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Some wind energy development may be appropriate within units assessed
as Medium Sensitivity, coloured orange in Appendix 7, which lie outwith the
sensitive visual compartments/ cones where the overall character of these units
is retained or where landscape change due to wind energy development may be
appropriate.
6.8In
making these key assumptions consideration has been given to certain
factors considered critical in the assessment of capacity to accommodate wind energy
development, derived from SNH guidance, reviews of previous landscape capacity studies
and from the experience of the consultants. Critical factors are specific to the landscapes
under consideration, and site-specific issues will dictate overall capacity due to differences
in characteristics, sensitivities and constraints.
6.9
Based upon the publication by Scottish Natural Heritage (December 2009); Siting and
Designing Windfarms in the Landscape, the critical factors relevant in a West Lothian context
are:
key landscape characteristics;
the scale of wind energy development that may be accommodated;
the baseline landscape which will include existing wind energy developments;
cumulative effects;
landscape objectives with reference to key thresholds for landscape protection,
landscape accommodation or landscape change;
the effects on a sense of distance and skylining; and
the effects on other landscape / townscape interests.
The scale of on-shore wind energy development that may be accommodated
6.10
Landscape capacity for wind energy is influenced by the characteristics of the
proposed development such as turbine groupings and heights in relation to the landscape.
A range of turbine groupings and turbine heights appropriate to the West Lothian context
has been used in this study, as set out in paragraph 5.9 (see Appendices 3a and 3b for
further indicative information regarding scale).
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
6.11This typology enables an assessment of a range of scenarios, to take account of past
wind energy developments in the study area and anticipated future trends, and to enable
consideration by West Lothian Council of not only a spatial framework for on-shore wind
farms of over 20MW but also smaller proposals with less than 20MW output.
6.12The strategic nature of the study and this supplementary planning guidance limits
the capacity assessment to consideration of turbines above 50m in height to blade tip.
6.13
Applications for turbines below 50m in height in West Lothian will continue to be
considered by the council on their merits, based on consideration of a number of localised
issues including settlement separation, noise, aviation, the natural and built environment, views
from settlement edges and transport routes, and avoiding landscape impacts. Such proposals
are likely to require a landscape and visual impact assessment. The council will be producing
further planning guidance on micro-renewables for existing and new development.
The baseline landscape including existing on-shore wind energy developments
6.14Information
on operational and consented on-shore wind energy developments in
the study area, including those beyond the West Lothian Council boundary, and shown in
Appendix 1, has been used to assess where existing wind energy developments may affect
the capacity of a landscape unit to accommodate further wind energy development.
6.15This West Lothian spatial framework takes these operational wind farms into account
in assessing the sensitivity of the existing baseline landscape and any cumulative effects that
might occur if further development takes place. Self evidently, a wind farm or combinations
of wind farms are likely to dramatically change the landscape character of the area in which
they are built as well as their immediate surroundings.
Cumulative effects
6.16
There is now considerable policy and guidance on the assessment of cumulative
effects of wind farm development. The Scottish Government’s February 2011 web-based
renewable energy advice explains that cumulative impacts occur when two or more
wind farms are visible in combination, in succession or sequentially. The cumulative
effect of inappropriately sited multiple on-shore wind farm development could be to
create the perception of a landscape dominated by wind farms. This is confirmed in West
Lothian in those locations where the landscape character assessment and landscape
capacity study indicate the landscape is unable to accept such a level of change. The
2011 advice makes the following suggestion to planning authorities in the preparation
of their spatial frameworks for on shore wind farms:
Broad areas of search should be planned with the existing pattern of development with the
intention of encouraging clusters of wind farms and the spaces between clusters as an essential
element of the spatial framework. Spaces may need to be identified as areas requiring significant
protection in order to avoid coalescence between two wind farms to protect a coherent pattern
of wind farm development and thereby reduce the potential for adverse cumulative impacts.
6.17The
February 2011 advice also advises that in areas approaching their carrying
capacity the assessment of cumulative effects is likely to become more pertinent in
considering new wind turbines, either as stand-alone groups or extensions to existing
wind farms. In other cases, where proposals are being considered in more remote places,
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
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the thresholds of cumulative impact are likely to be lower, although there may be other
planning considerations.
6.18The advice also states that In assessing cumulative landscape and visual impacts, the
scale and pattern of the turbines plus tracks, power lines and ancillary development will be
relevant considerations. It will also be necessary to consider the significance of the landscape
and the views, proximity and intervisibility and the sensitivity of visual receptors.
6.19This
supplementary planning guidance takes operational wind farms as of March
2012 into account in assessing any cumulative effects on landscape character and visual
amenity that might occur if further development takes place. This includes potential visual
impacts experienced from principal roads and other routes.
Landscape objectives with reference to key thresholds for landscape protection,
accommodation or change
6.20
In assessing the overall capacity in West Lothian and compiling this SPG it is
helpful to identify and consider key thresholds or tipping points of landscape change that
may occur as a result of wind energy development, as recommended in SNH’s guidance
on Siting and Designing Wind Farms in the Landscape. The SNH guidance advises that in
judging whether or not an area of West Lothian should be kept free of wind farm impacts it
is helpful to develop a clear view about which of the three possible landscape objectives i.e. landscape protection, landscape accommodation or landscape change - should apply.
6.21
Landscape protection is required where the objective is to maintain the existing
landscape character and visual resource, to retain or reinforce its present character
and protect its quality and integrity. Capacity is limited since it is likely to be difficult to
accommodate wind farms in these areas, although small scale turbine development and
micro-generation may be acceptable where it relates well to the existing landscape in
terms of scale and design, and where it relates well to the existing built environment.
The landscape remains as a landscape with no wind farms or with infrequent wind energy
development.
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
6.22
Landscape protection will be the most appropriate objective within the sensitive
visual compartments or cones where the setting of landmark landscape features and
important viewpoints require protection as shown uncoloured in the plan in Appendix
7, and in areas assessed as being Areas of Highest Sensitivity as shown coloured red in
Appendix 7. This objective will also be appropriate in areas of high sensitivity shown
coloured pink in Appendix 7 where there are potential constraints requiring landscape
protection.
6.23
Landscape accommodation is required where some wind energy development
could be acceptable as long as overall landscape character and visual amenity is retained.
Rather than seeking to protect the landscape, with this objective there may be important
landscape-related constraints in terms of the siting and scale of wind energy development,
but suitably designed wind farms which generally fit within the landscape could potentially
be accommodated even though they may have an impact on the landscape locally. Then the
original landscape character is changed through accommodation into a landscape with wind
energy development.
6.24
Landscape accommodation will be the most appropriate objective within areas of
‘high’ sensitivity shown coloured pink in Appendix 7 where there are no potential constraints
requiring landscape protection, and in areas of ‘medium’ sensitivity shown coloured orange
in Appendix 7 with some landscape-related constraints but where some wind energy
development could be accommodated if overall landscape character is retained.
6.25
Landscape change is appropriate in areas where it is accepted that landscape
character can change as a result of wind energy development, creating new character and
possibly the perception of a wind farm landscape. In general, there will be significant capacity
for wind energy development in areas where landscape change is considered acceptable.
In such areas, good landscape design principles still need to be followed to ensure that the
development is appropriate in terms of scale and design. Landscape change could be the
most appropriate objective in areas assessed as low sensitivity.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
19
Effects on the sense of distance and skylining
6.26
In compiling this spatial strategy it is important to note that the effects on
perception of distance may be distorted with additional wind energy development. For
example, if larger turbines are located in the foreground of smaller turbines, or vice versa.
This is an important consideration in assessing the capacity of more open landscapes
where long views and a sense of distance is a key characteristic.
6.27
Whether or not wind turbines are prominent on a skyline can have a significant
effect on their acceptability in terms of landscape character and visual impact. Landscapes
that have already been affected by other built development on a skyline are likely to be
less sensitive and have greater capacity for wind energy development that does not affect
distinctive sensitive features. Where an existing wind farm is already prominent on a skyline
the introduction of additional structures along the horizon may result in development
that is disproportionally dominant. The ratio of developed to non-developed skyline is an
important consideration in assessing landscape capacity.
6.28
Where skylines are especially sensitive, it may be more acceptable to locate
turbines so that they are back-clothed against hillsides beyond, whilst recognising
that the skyline could change in different weather conditions i.e. middle distance hills
can become horizon hills on cloudy days. Especially sensitive skylines, or key skylines,
generally relate to the ridges and profiles of upland areas in West Lothian, notably
the Pentland Hills, Bathgate Hills, Blackridge Heights, as well as Airngarth Hill, which
forms the setting for Linlithgow Palace and Peel. The council will resist damage to these
sensitive skylines.
20
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Effects on other landscape or townscape interests
6.29The
effects of additional on-shore wind development on other interests in the
landscape is an important consideration in assessing capacity within West Lothian. For
example, this will include consideration of the effects on the setting of settlements and
cultural or historical associations where they impact on landscape character. Even though it
may be possible to reduce dominating views of wind turbines, even partial views of blades
appearing over skylines, from nearby settlements and places with cultural associations will
be a major consideration in assessing wind energy developments.
6.30The
council will continue to address limits and thresholds for wind turbines within
settlement envelopes and at settlement edges where pressure for development can be the
greatest, especially where these coincide with edges of local landscape
designations such as Areas of Great Landscape Value (AGLV) or Areas of
Special Landscape Control (ASLC).
6.31 West Lothian has been successful in attracting employment
creation within purpose-built business parks. The modern
technological, well designed character of these areas could make them
suitable locations for the siting of wind turbines, where there may
be greater capacity than in some of the more sensitive, undeveloped
countryside locations. Any sites considered suitable would need
careful landscape and visual impact assessment, but could potentially
become acceptable local landmarks. Potential locations identified
in the council’s LCS, subject to noise and aviation interests, may be
within the Houston Industrial Estate northeast of Livingston, Starlaw
Business Park and Deans Industrial Estate west of Livingston, the
Pyramids Business Park to the east of Bathgate, Junction 4 on the M8
close to the Whitehill Industrial Estate, and within the East Mains Industrial Estate to the
east of Broxburn. See Appendix 11 for on plan indications of these potential sites, however
additional consideration should be taken of relevant principal routes i.e. the Lang Whang
requires protection of views identified in Appendix 9.
Locations with potential for wind energy development in West Lothian
6.32
Appendix 7 shows the capacity assessment of those parts of the landscape units
which lie within areas potentially suitable for wind energy development, following the
sequential assessment of landscape and visual sensitivity carried out in the LCS. It is
important to recognise that the capacity assessment refers only to parts of the landscape
units and not to the entire unit. For each of these areas it shows the relevant landscape
character type and landscape unit, the sensitivity assessment, landscape objective
with reference to key thresholds, consideration of possible impact on principal routes
(Appendix 9) and cumulative effects and the overall capacity assessment.
6.33
As a result of the step-by-step capacity assessment of West Lothian, parts of 12 landscape
character units have been identified with the potential capacity to accommodate wind energy
development in landscape capacity terms. However it must be emphasised that this potential
requires to be assessed against development plan policies, aviation safeguarding and the
council’s policies on noise from wind turbines.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
21
6.34Of
these, one unit, 3(i) Bathgate Hills within the Lowland Hills and Valley Landscape
Character Types (LCT), is assessed as an Area of Highest Sensitivity where the objective should
be landscape protection and where there is thus no capacity to accommodate any of the
turbine groupings and heights included in the typologies.
6.35One unit, 7(ii) Almond Valley within the Lowland River Corridors LCT, is assessed as
an area of High Sensitivity with landscape constraints requiring protection, in particular the
small scale, enclosed and distinctive steep sided river valley which is a significant recreational
resource, where there is no capacity in landscape terms to accommodate any of the turbine
groupings and heights included in the typologies.
6.36
Landscape unit 2(iii) Harburn / Hartwood Fringe within the Upland Hill Fringes LCT, is
also assessed as high sensitivity overall. It is predominantly a small scale, settled, enclosed
landscape lying within the Upland Hill Fringes landscape type where protection of these
characteristics is considered as an appropriate landscape objective. There is generally
limited capacity for wind energy development within this landscape unit. However, the
north-western end of the unit between the A704 and the A71 is less sensitive, being more
unsettled with remnants of previous coal and oil shale works, including disused mines and
other infrastructure from the Addiewell oilworks and disused quarries, opencast workings
and tips at Longford.
6.37Consequently there may be capacity here for very limited wind energy development
to be accommodated without affecting the overall character and visual amenity of the wider
landscape unit. However cumulative effects with Black Law wind farm and the approved
extension, the operational wind farms of Pates Hill and at Muirhall in South Lanarkshire,
and Tormywheel if constructed, together with impacts on views from the A704 and A706
(see Appendix 9), need careful consideration before deciding on an acceptable approach to
wind energy development in this location.
22
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
6.38The remaining nine landscape units are all assessed as Medium Sensitivity where some
wind energy development could be acceptable. Landscape accommodation is considered
the most appropriate objective (rather than landscape protection or landscape change)
since there may be some important landscape-related constraints in terms of the siting and
scale of wind energy development, but suitably designed wind energy developments which
generally fit within the landscape could potentially be accommodated even though they
may have an impact on the landscape locally.
6.39One
of these landscape units is assessed as having medium capacity (unit 5(i)
Polkemmet Moor), two units are assessed as having low / medium capacity (units 2(ii)
Gladsmuir / Woodmuir / Camilty fringe and 4(i) Almond Valley) with another six units
assessed as having low capacity (5(iii) Livingston / Blackburn Plateau, 6(i) Kirknewton Plain,
6(ii) East Calder / Livingston / Broxburn Plain, 6(iii) Winchburgh / Niddry Plain, 7(iv) West
Calder Burn / Breich and Harwood Waters and 8(ii) Bathgate Fringe). Where the assessments
are dependent on other considerations, in particular regeneration proposals, cumulative
impacts, including impacts on views from Principal Routes as noted in the Table 2: Locations
with potential for wind energy development in West Lothian in the joint LCS report, these issues
are considered in more detail later in this SPG and in the accompanying landscape capacity
report for wind energy.
6.40
By default those uncoloured parts of West Lothian shown in Appendix 7, indicating
sensitive visual components and landmark features are not suitable for on shore wind
development based on the wind turbine typologies assessed in the council’s landscape
capacity study. There are no areas within West Lothian with significant capacity where
landscape change and the creation of a new wind farm landscape i.e. where wind turbines
are the dominant element in the landscape is an appropriate objective.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
23
Table 2: Locations with potential for wind energy development in West Lothian (refer to Appendix 11)
Units
Landscape
with
Character
potential
Type
(App. 7)
(App. 5)
Landscape
Unit
(Table 1)
Upland Hill
Fringes
Gladsmuir /
Woodmuir
/ Camilty
Fringe
2(ii)
2(iii)
Upland Hill
Fringes
Harburn /
Hartwood
Fringe
Landscape
sensitivity
assessment
(App. 6)
Medium
Landscape
objective
(pp. 26 - 38)
Accommodation
Capacity
assessment
Low /
Medium
Other considerations, including
Cumulative effects & views from
principal sensitive routes
Cumulative effects with Blacklaw
(including approved extension),
Pates Hill, Muirhall and possibly
Tormywheel
Impact on views from A706 and the
Fauldhouse Rail Core Path
High
Protection /
Accommodation
Low
Cumulative effects with Blacklaw
(including approved extension),
Pates Hill, Muirhall and possibly
Tormywheel
Impact on views from A704 and A706
3(i)
4(i)
5(i)
Lowland
Hills and
Valleys
Broad
Valley and
Lowlands
Lowland
Plateaux
Bathgate
Hills
Almond
Valley
Polkemmet
Moor
Area of
Highest
Sensitivity
Medium
Medium
Protection
Accommodation
Accommodation
None
Low /
Medium
Medium
N/A
Cumulative effects with Blacklaw
(including approved extension) and
possibly Tormywheel
Impact on views from A704, A705,
A706, the Fauldhouse Rail Core
Path, Almond Valley Core Path and
National Cycle Route 75
Cumulative effects with Blacklaw
(including approved extension),
Pates Hill, Muirhall and possibly
Tormywheel
Impact on views from A704 and A706
5(iii)
Lowland
Plateaux
Livingston
/ Blackburn
Plateau
Medium
Accommodation
Low
Impact on views from the Almond
Valley Core Path and National Cycle
Route 75
6(i)
Lowland
Plains
Kirknewton
Plain
Medium
Accommodation
Low
Impact on views from M9 and B8046
6(ii)
Lowland
Plains
East Calder
/ Livingston
/ Broxburn
Plain
Medium
Low
Impact on views from M9, B8046,
the Union Canal Core Path, the
Dechmont to Newbridge Cycle Path
and National Cycle Route 75
6(iii)
Lowland
Plains
Winchburgh
/ Niddry
Plain
Medium
Low
Impact on views from M9 and the
Union Canal Core Path
7(ii)
Lowland
River
Corridors
Almond
Valley
High
Protection
None
Impact on views from the Union
Canal Core Path, the Feeder Canal
Path and National Cycle Route 75
7(iv)
Lowland
River
Corridors
West Calder
Burn / Breich
& Harwood
Waters
Medium
8(ii)
Lowland
Hill Fringes
Bathgate
Fringe
Medium
24
Accommodation
Accommodation
Accommodation
Accommodation
Low
Low
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Cumulative effects with Blacklaw
(including approved extension), Pates
Hill and possibly Tormywheel
Impact on views from A704, A706,
A705 and the Fauldhouse Rail Core
Path
None
Scottish Planning Policy three-stage sieve process
6.41
Scottish Planning Policy and the Governments on-line advice setting out the ‘Process
for preparing spatial frameworks for wind farms’ requires the council to undertake a threestage process to identify the following: areas requiring significant protection, areas with
potential constraints and areas of constraint.
6.42
Areas requiring significant protection as set out in Appendix 12 are:
Sites designated for their national or international natural heritage value:
Blawhorn Moss National Nature Reserve and Special Area of Conservation
Craigengar Special Area of Conservation
The Forth Estuary Special Protection Area
Royal Park and Peel of Linlithgow Palace
Cumulative impact of existing and consented wind farms limits further
development:
South-west area of West Lothian in the vicinity of the following multiple
wind farms: Black Law, Black Law extension, Tormywheel, Pateshill and
Stallashaw in South Lanarkshire Council area. The reasons for requiring
significant protection in this area is due to the cumulative effects of existing
wind farms in terms of landscape impacts, visual impacts, loss of amenity
for local communities; protection of wild areas and bio-diversity, to avoid
encroachment on to the distinctive landscape of the Pentland Hills, and
ultimately to avoid a wind farm landscape.
6.43
Areas with potential constraints and areas of constraint are the subject of the
remainder of this document.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
25
Landscape guidance for on-shore renewable energy proposals
7.1
A significant amount of guidance has been published on the siting and design
of wind farms, specially by SNH in Guidance on the Environmental Impacts of Wind Farms
and Small Scale Hydroelectric Schemes (2001) and Siting and Designing Wind Farms in the
Landscape (December 2009). This latter guidance supersedes the landscape sections of the
former document and reflects the advance in the understanding of the key landscape and
visual issues following more than a decade of wind farm development in Scotland.
7.2In
recognition of Scottish Planning Policy and the 2011 web-based Scottish
Government advice on renewable energy this section of the council’s Supplementary
Planning Guidance provides guidance at the strategic level on the overall suitability, scale
and location of the typologies for five turbine groups and three turbine heights for wind
energy development in West Lothian, to assist the council in considering proposals within
the development management process.
7.3This
section does not repeat existing guidance on wind farm siting and design in
respect of a detailed consideration of issues such as turbine form and design, colour, ancillary
infrastructure and micro-siting the terms of which are addressed in the West Lothian Local
Plan at policies NWR 24 –NWR 26 as set out in Appendix 2. Noise from wind turbines will be
assessed in accordance with the council’s guidance note, discussed in section 8 of this report.
Nor does this section set out detailed aviation interests, the terms of which are discussed in
section 9.
7.4Importantly,
this SPG and associated Landscape Capacity Study for Wind Energy
in West Lothian does not undertake a generic landscape and visual impact assessment
for a particular proposal, so that every wind turbine application submitted for planning
determination must be subject to landscape and visual impact assessment (LVIA) process in
order to fully assess its acceptability in landscape and visual terms.
7.5
All proposals should comply with the principles set out in SNH guidance and all should
be subject to detailed landscape and visual impact assessment including cumulative impacts.
Proposals for wind energy development in West Lothian will be assessed and determined on their
merits against a wide range of material considerations, including this SPG and, if appropriate,
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements.
7.6
As discussed in the previous section of this guidance, the LCS report identified ten
locations set out in Appendix 11 where some wind energy development may potentially
be acceptable in landscape and visual impact terms, subject to further consideration of
cumulative effects with existing wind farms and the impact on views from principal routes,
aviation safeguarding and noise.
7.7This guidance indicates where, at a strategic level, there may be cumulative impacts
where two or more wind farms are visible either in combination, in succession or sequentially,
in accordance with the February 2011 Scottish Government guidance.
7.8
All applications should provide a detailed analysis to demonstrate combined,
successive and sequential cumulative visual impacts of the proposal with other operational,
consented and proposed on-shore wind energy developments along the principal routes,
and should demonstrate to the council’s satisfaction that there would not be significant
adverse cumulative impacts on any of these routes.
26
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
7.9
Guidance is given below to assist the determination of on-shore wind development
but only within those parts of the landscape units identified on Appendix 7 as having some
landscape and visual capacity for wind energy development. As mentioned earlier it is
important to recognise that the capacity assessment refers only to parts of the landscape
units and not the entire unit. This must be read with reference to TableF Locations with
Potential for Wind Energy Development in West Lothian (Table 2 this SPG, pp. 22), in the LCS
study and each proposal should also accord with other published good practice guidance
on siting and design.
7.10
In accordance with the web-based February 2011 Scottish Government advice,
the guidance below also considers where clusters of wind farms may be appropriate
and where there is a need for
spaces between clusters to avoid
coalescence between two wind
farms, and in order to protect a
coherent pattern of wind farm
development and thus reduce the
potential for adverse cumulative
impacts. It will be necessary for
the council to consider the degree
of change that is acceptable,
including whether wind farms
should be ‘concentrated’ to limit
the spread of effects on landscape
and visual amenity or more widely
spaced to reduce impacts on
particular localities. In landscape
and visual amenity terms there
are benefits and disadvantages in
both approaches, so this becomes
a policy decision influenced by
other material considerations. As
the February 2011 guidance advises, it will be necessary to consider the significance of
the landscape and the views, proximity and intervisibility and the sensitivity of visual
receptors.
For locations of landscape units in rest of this section refer to:
Appendix 7: Landscape units with potential for wind energy development (page 67)
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
27
Landscape unit 2(ii) Gladsmuir / Woodmuir / Camilty Fringe within the Upland Hill Fringes
landscape character type
7.11The western half of this wider landscape unit lies within an area identified as having
the potential to accommodate some wind energy development.
7.12
Both of the two operational wind farms in West Lothian are located within this part
of the landscape unit. Specifically, Pates Hill (seven turbines with a height of 107m high) and
Black Law (only four out of a total of 54 turbines with a height of 126.5m) are located in this
part of West Lothian.
7.13Much
of Black Law (50 turbines with a height of 126.5m) and all of Muirhall (six
turbines with a height of 125m high) lie outwith the study area immediately to the south
within South Lanarkshire. Permission has recently been granted for an extension to Black
Law with an additional 23 turbines each 126.5m high to the east of the existing wind farm
within the Gladsmuir Hills in West Lothian.
7.14Finally, there
is an outstanding consent for the Tormywheel wind farm (15 turbines
with a height of 102m high) at Levenseat between the Gladsmuir Hills and Woodmuir
Plantation.
7.15This part of the wider landscape unit is currently a landscape with wind energy
development. A large quarry and a waste management site, pylons and extensive forestry
reduce the sensitivity of the landscape such that suitably designed wind energy development
could potentially be accommodated. However, its character will change to ‘a wind farm
landscape’ if the Black Law extension and Tormywheel wind farms become operational. As
such, capacity for further wind energy development is thus low and further development
would create unacceptable landscape and visual impacts.
28
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
7.16Key constraints are:
The insufficient space between Black Law, the Black Law extension and
Tormywheel will result in coalescence of the two on-shore wind farm clusters.
The different turbine heights (126.5m / 102m respectively) could create an
incoherent pattern, increasing cumulative impacts;
The open, largely un-wooded nature of the Levenseat area rises to a height of
356m and provides a locally prominent backdrop in sensitive views southwards
from Fauldhouse and from the A706 and B7010 at Longridge, and panoramic
views westwards and northwards from the A706 close to its junction with the
A704, and from the Fauldhouse rail path;
The probable skylining effects of turbines on the open, prominent Levenseat
area.
7.17
Due to the open, prominent nature of the Levenseat area, any wind development
here, including turbines, tracks, power lines and ancillary infrastructure will create significant
visual impact due to its proximity to sensitive visual receptors.Whilst the surrounding forestry
at Pates Hill and the Gladsmuir Hills provides local screening to existing wind farms at Pates
Hill and Black Law respectively, the Tormywheel development will be particularly prominent.
In distant views Black Law is prominent on the skyline. Similarly the permitted Black Law
extension will be a prominent feature. The introduction of additional structures along
the horizon as a result of the construction of the Tormywheel wind farm may result in
development that is disproportionally dominant on an otherwise undeveloped skyline.
7.18
However if Tormywheel did not become operational there would be more
capacity for a medium wind farm of possibly 8-12 turbines with a height of 101-125m
approximately, possibly located somewhere within the Woodmuir Plantation subject to
other environmental and non-environmental considerations.
7.19There
may also be capacity for a small westward extension of the Pates Hill wind
farm with turbines 107m tall to match the existing structures. This would provide three
clusters of wind farms within commercial forestry, i.e. Black Law in the Gladsmuir Hills, a new
wind farm within Woodmuir Plantation, and Pates Hill wind farm, with more appropriate
spacing between them. This would create a more coherent pattern of development than
if the Black Law extension and Tormywheel wind farms were to become operational
within an open, undeveloped area of less than 2km between them, thereby increasing the
potential for adverse cumulative impacts.
7.20In
accordance with the February 2011 Scottish Government guidance on the
preparation of a spatial framework for wind farms, West Lothian Council identifies as ‘areas
of significant protection’ the need for separation gaps at paras 7.20 and 7.35 at least 3-5km
in multi-windfarm landscapes. To reduce unacceptable cumulative impacts of windfarms,
the council requires that the intervening landscapes be of established native woodland or
forestry and not open countryside or moorland to ensure a coherent reading of the local
landscape and pattern of wind energy development.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
29
7.21To
summarise, in this landscape unit to mitigate cumulative impacts on landscape
character and lessen visual impacts, the council requires:
a minimum of 5km separation distances with wooded landscapes between
windfarms;
protection of sensitive views and the backcloth role that the Levenseat uplands
play in this area;
avoidance of skylining effects in the prominent open, Levenseat area.
Landscape unit 2(iii) Harburn / Hartwood Fringe within the Upland Hill Fringes
landscape character type
7.22
Landscape unit 2(iii) is a predominantly small scale, settled,enclosed landscape of
‘High’ sensitivity where protection of these characteristics is considered an appropriate
landscape objective. There is generally limited capacity for wind energy development
within this landscape unit. However, the north-western end of the unit between the A704
and the A71 is less sensitive, being more unsettled with evidence of previous coal and
oil shale works, including disused mines and other infrastructure from the Addiewell oil
works and disused quarries, opencast workings and tips at Longford. Consequently there
may be landscape capacity here for some wind energy development to be accommodated
without affecting the character of the more sensitive wider landscape unit.
7.23
However, cumulative effects with Black Law wind farm (including the approved
extension) and the wind farms of Pates Hill, Muirhall and possibly Tormywheel (if
constructed), and particularly the impacts on views from the A704 either side of Longford
Bridge and the A706 south of Longridge, need careful consideration before deciding on
an acceptable approach to wind energy development in this location.
7.24
This is a transitional landscape lying between the uplands to the south and the
lowland river valleys to the north. Small turbines, either single or in small groups, are
likely to be more proportionate to the scale of the landscape, to help retain topographic
distinctions and contrasts between the upland and lowland landscapes. Disused mining
buildings to the east of Breich provide scale comparators limiting appropriate turbine
height to the lower end of the 51-80m typology, and more probably below 50m, to
ensure scale compatibility and to avoid skylining effects in views from the north. Views
northwards from the A704 are panoramic across the Breich and Almond Valleys towards
the Bathgate Hills and are sensitive since travellers on the main road east-bound gain
their first impression across West Lothian on emerging out of the Woodmuir Plantation.
Consequently capacity for wind energy development within landscape unit 2(iii) is
considered low.
30
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Landscape Unit 4(i) Almond Valley within the Broad Valley Lowlands landscape
character type
7.25Two separate areas of landscape unit 4(i) have the potential for wind energy
development as shown in Appendix 7. A small triangular- shaped area lies immediately
to the east of Fauldhouse on land falling gently south-westwards from Longridge. It is an
unsettled, lowland valley landscape of predominantly pasture with roadside tree belts and
coniferous plantation providing local landscape variation and screening. Partly restored
mineral workings provide a legacy of the area’s industrial past. Whilst these characteristics
may suggest a landscape of medium sensitivity and some capacity to accommodate
development, visual impact is likely to be significant given the proximity and the sensitivity
of views from Fauldhouse, Longridge, the A704, A706 and B7010 and the Fauldhouse Rail
Core Path. In particular there are long distance panoramic views southwards to Levenseat.
7.26
At Levenseat and the Gladsmuir Hills there are potentially two or more wind farms
that will be visible either in combination, in succession or sequentially, creating cumulative
effects. Effects on perceptions of distance may become distorted with new wind energy
development, no matter how small, within this part of landscape unit 4(i). Consequently
capacity for wind energy development here is considered low.
7.27
A larger area of the Almond Valley landscape unit 4(i) is situated between Blackburn,
Stoneyburn and Livingston, south of Seafield and north of the Breich Valley. This is a
predominantly medium scale, open, broad, relatively flat lowland pastoral landscape, with
scattered and frequent farm steadings linked by minor roads which bridges over the
numerous tributary burns and the inconspicuous River Almond. Individual or small groups of
trees provide the main vertical contrast to the horizontal valley, together with the distinctive
oil shale bings including the scheduled ancient monument comprising the Five Sisters.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
31
7.28
Generally of medium sensitivity, this landscape unit has medium capacity to
accommodate some wind farm development of an appropriate scale, restricting turbine
groups to single or small numbers and a height at the lower end of the 51-80m typology or
more appropriately below 50m.
7.29
There are medium to long distance panoramic views across the area from higher
ground in the north and south, in particular from the A705 between Livingston and
Seafield and from the A704. More local sensitive viewpoints include the Almond Valley
core path and National Cycle Route 75 (NCR 75: Clyde to Forth - Glasgow to Edinburgh), as
well as views from numerous individual properties and settlement edges.
7.30From
these sensitive viewpoints the character and scale of the landscape, and the
features within it, are evident within the foreground or middle distance of long distance
views to the Bathgate Hills or the Pentlands, Pates Hill and the Gladsmuir Hills beyond.
Existing wind farms are evident but distant, and cumulative effects relatively insignificant.
Of greater concern in allowing wind energy development within this part of landscape unit
4(i) is the potential effect of distorting the perceptions of distance where sense of distance
is a key characteristic.
7.31
Although there may be the capacity for some small scale wind energy development,
careful assessment of the landscape context, such as field patterns and the presence and
character of landscape features, and visual impact of each proposal is required, together
with the assessment of other material considerations such as the impact on the setting of
the scheduled Five Sisters Bing.
Landscape Unit 5(i) Polkemmet Moor within the Lowland Plateaux landscape
character type
7.32
Some parts of landscape unit 5(i) may have some potential for wind energy
development. Comprising a relatively flat plateau with a central west-east ridge of
moorland and extensive coniferous plantations, the unit gently falls northwards from the
Fauldhouse Hills at 290m AOD to the River Almond at around 190m AOD, and falls more
steeply southwards down to the Breich Water at around 210m. The high plateau is almost
entirely unsettled, with only one minor road linking Greenrigg to Fauldhouse and with
very little settlement apart from isolated farms on the lower slopes and some expansion of
Fauldhouse and Longridge. Past mineral extraction is evident in the numerous artificial
humps and hollows, dismantled railway lines and disused mines and quarries.
7.33There
is great variety in views from Polkemmet Moor, from extensive, distant views
out from the open moorland southwards to the Gladsmuir Hills and the Black Law wind
farm, to more confined and enclosed views from within the plantations. Sensitive views into
the area are distant from the A706 east of Levenseat, and more local from the A706 south of
Whitburn and the A706 & B7010 west of Longridge.
7.34
There may however be some in combination, in succession or sequential cumulative
visual effects where two or more wind energy developments would be visible if there
was wind energy development within landscape unit 5(i). However it may be possible
to locate some limited on shore wind development here with turbines approximately
100m tall within the Fauldhouse Hills, subject to a very detailed assessment of all
32
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
material considerations such as noise and shadow flicker on nearby sensitive receptors,
in particular dwellings in Fauldhouse, and importantly the effects on the emerging
Heartlands development and its outlook, and views from within Fauldhouse and its
approaches generally.
7.35The
council identifies as an area of significant protection the space between
potential on-shore wind development identified by the LCS report in the Fauldhouse Hills
and the extension of the Black Law wind farm and a separation distance of at least 3km is
required.
Landscape Unit 5(iii) Livingston / Blackburn Plateau within the Lowland Plateaux
landscape character type
7.36
Almost the entire unit lies within an area identified as having the potential to
accommodate some wind energy development. It is a generally open or semi-open
area, largely artificially drained but comprising raised peatland bogs and important
wetland areas of nature conservation importance. The variety of land cover types creates
a diverse landscape of high sensitivity in terms of its complexity, but an overall landscape
character of probably medium sensitivity.
7.37The area is isolated between principal roads including the M8 corridor, linking business
parks on the edges of Bathgate and Livingston. It is managed as a recreational, educational
and wildlife resource of importance within an increasingly built-up area. Mixed plantations
and shelterbelt planting provide local enclosure around the wetlands, but elsewhere there
are views northwards to the Bathgate Hills and long distance views southwards to the Pates
Hill wind farm. National Cycle Route 75 passes through Easter Inch Moss and there are other
sensitive views from the Almond Valley Core Path.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
33
7.38The
significance of the landscape and the views, proximity and intervisibility
combined with the sensitivity of visual receptors together create a low capacity to
accommodate wind energy development. However, as discussed elsewhere, the modern
technological, well designed character of industrial estates and business parks could
make them suitable locations for siting individual or small groups of wind turbines,
possibly around 100m tall, where they could become local landmarks. Potential locations
could be within the Pyramids Business Park on the edge of Bathgate, and the Starlaw
Business Park and Deans Industrial Estate both on the edge of Livingston. The character of
the M8 corridor through the area, with its large modern warehouse buildings and further
employment development planned at Junction 4a, could make it a suitable location for
wind energy development integrated with business and employment estates, subject to
careful assessment of all material considerations.
Landscape Unit 6(i) Kirknewton Plain within the Lowland Plains landscape character
type
7.40
A very small part of landscape unit 6(i) Kirknewton Plain falls outwith the sensitive
visual compartments / cones close to the West Lothian boundary to the east. Being of
medium sensitivity, it has the potential to accommodate some wind energy development.
It occupies low lying, gently rolling, medium scale arable land around Linburn, with the A71
passing west-east through the area.
7.41The
gently meandering, tree-lined Gogar Burn also passes through the area in the
same direction, and combines with other roadside and field edge trees to provide significant
localised landscape enclosure. Views out of the area are limited by the northern edge of
Corston Hill and the Pentlands to the south and Kaimes Hill and Dalmahoy Hill just beyond
the district boundary to the east. Tall pylons and electricity lines cut through the area and
intrude into the otherwise distinctly rural, farmed landscape.
7.42The
wider landscape unit potentially has the capacity to accommodate some well
sited and designed wind energy development of appropriate scale, in landscape character
terms. However, the area lies within view cones from principal routes in the north, in
particular from the M9 west of Junction 1A, and the B8046 within the Bathgate Hills, with
views southwards to the Pentland Hills. From these viewpoints long views and a sense
of distance are important characteristics which may become distorted with wind energy
development within unit 6(i).
7.43The
significance of the landscape and the views, proximity and intervisibility and
the sensitivity of visual receptors create a low capacity to accommodate wind energy
development. Small turbines below 50m in height may be acceptable if carefully located
close to agricultural or other buildings of similar scale.
34
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Landscape Unit 6(ii) East Calder / Livingston / Broxburn Plain within the Lowland Plains
landscape character type
7.44
Two parts of landscape unit 6(ii) East Calder / Livingston / Broxburn Plain, lying
either side ofunit 7(ii) Almond Valley, are identified as having the potential to accommodate
some wind energy development. The smallest area lies to the south, between the Almond
Valley and the B7015. A low lying, relatively open, medium scale, flat or gently rolling,
intensively farmed arable landscape, this area has low capacity given in particular the East
Calder CDA, except perhaps for individual small turbines below 50m associated with farm
buildings. Turbines any larger than this would dominate and be out of scale and character
with the landscape.
7.45Immediately
to the south of this area, between the B7015 and the A71 there are
significant built structures including pylons and overhead electricity lines, farm buildings and
the extensive mixed use Camps Industrial Estate built around a poultry farm off the B7015.
This area is of lower landscape sensitivity where key landscape characteristics of the wider
landscape unit have broken down, and there is greater potential for further development
as recognised in the West Lothian Local Plan. There may be limited capacity for wind energy
development within the employment areas identified as part of the Broxburn CDA, for wind
turbines up to 35m to blade tip.
7.46
The other part of landscape unit 6(ii) East Calder / Livingston / Broxburn Plain
lies to the north of the Almond Valley, between Livingston and Broxburn. Close to the
settlements it has a largely urban-edge character with the busy M8 corridor and mixed
land uses including cement works, storage units and workshops, scrap dealers, a garden
nursery, electricity sub-station and poultry sheds. There is a network of pylons and high
and low voltage power lines and remnants from the oil shale industry include a remaining
bing, disused mineral lines and other more subtle features in the landscape. Further east
the character becomes more rural with intensively farmed, typically large scale, open, flat
arable fields and scattered farms.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
35
7.47
Large scale wind energy development is likely to be visually dominant and out of
scale and character with the landscape, including significant features such as the Almond
Valley Viaduct taking the railway over the River Almond, and the Almond Aqueduct where
the Union Canal and River Almond meet at Lin’s Mill.
7.48
As with landscape unit 6(i), the area lies within view cones from principal routes in
the north, in particular from the M9 west of Junction 1a, and the B8046 within the Bathgate
Hills, with views south-eastwards to the Pentland Hills. From these viewpoints long views
and a sense of distance are important characteristics which may become distorted with
wind energy development within unit 6(ii). Localised sensitive viewpoints include views
from the Union Canal Core Path, the Dechmont to Newbridge Cycle Path and National Cycle
Route 75.
7.49Consequently capacity of landscape unit 6(ii) to accommodate wind energy
development is low, likely to be restricted to individual small turbines below 50m associated
with farm buildings or other similar built structures, such as the employment areas identified
as part of the core development area.
Landscape Unit 6(iii) Winchburgh / Niddry Plain within the Lowland Plains landscape
character type
Close to the district boundary to the east, the eastern half of landscape unit 6(iii)
Winchburgh / Niddry Plain is identified as an area with the potential to accommodate some
wind energy development in landscape character and visual amenity terms. The southern
end of the unit lies immediately to the east of Broxburn, sandwiched between East Mains
Industrial Estate and the main Edinburgh to Glasgow railway which forms the district
boundary here. The Greendykes oil shale bings are evident in most views from within and
beyond the unit, whereas the Faucheldean bing is more difficult to distinguish as a bing at a
distance due to its smaller size and owing to successful plant colonisation.
7.50
36
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Currently comprising a small number of flat, small scale grassland fields enclosed by
dense woodland found at the edge of the industrial estate and on the railway embankment,
this area is subject to planning applications for mixed uses as part of the Winchburgh Core
Development Area. With the existing character and scale of the landscape there is low
capacity for wind energy development. Wind energy development is also unlikely to be
compatible with the council’s Greendykes land use allocations for this area, although the
East Mains Industrial Estate could be a suitable location for siting individual or small groups
of wind turbines, possibly up to 100m tall. In assessing proposals in this area, the council will
take into account other material considerations such as the impact on the setting of the
Faucheldean and Greendykes scheduled monuments and aviation safeguarding.
7.51
The northern end of this landscape unit lies to the east of Winchburgh and is a
gently undulating, medium scale, semi-open lowland plain dominated by the artificial form
of the Niddry oil shale bing. The M9 motorway and the Edinburgh to Glasgow railway dilute
the rural character of the landscape. Features in the landscape include Niddry Castle and
small arched road bridges over the Union Canal. This part of unit 6(iii) has low capacity for
wind energy development. Turbines would introduce alien vertical structures into what
is characteristically a horizontal landscape. Small turbines below 50m in height may be
acceptable if carefully located close to agricultural or other buildings of similar scale, and
where visual impact in long distance sensitive views from the M9 to the Pentlands and more
local views from the Union Canal core path are taken into account.
7.52
Landscape Unit 7(iv) West Calder Burn / Breich & Harwood Waters within the Lowland
River Corridors landscape character type
7.53
Almost the entire landscape unit 7(iv) West Calder Burn / Breich & Harwood
Waters is identified as a landscape with the potential to accommodate some wind energy
development in landscape character and visual amenity terms. This river corridor landscape
differs from the other three lowland river corridors identified in the landscape character
assessment in that it is generally of a larger scale and less enclosed. It has a less well
defined corridor, being generally shallower, and opening out into a wider flood plain in
some parts, consisting of improved grassland, wet pasture and a golf course to the south
of Fauldhouse. In accordance with the landscape sensitivity criteria, the unit is assessed
as ‘medium ‘sensitivity where landscape accommodation is the most appropriate
objective and where some wind energy development could be acceptable as long
as overall landscape character is retained. In general, suitably designed wind energy
development which fits with the landscape could potentially be accommodated even
though there may be impacts on the landscape and views locally.
However, a key landscape characteristic of this unit is the essentially open character of the
flood plain. There is little capacity for any development that would adversely impact on this
key characteristic. Elsewhere the more enclosed, smaller scale landscape, for example south
of Fauldhouse where the Breich Water meanders through a sheltered valley with native
trees on steeper valley sides, similarly has little capacity for any development. Significant
recreational value due to public access within the river corridor and at the Addiewell Bing
Wildlife Reserve also reduces the capacity for development.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
37
7.54Cumulative effects of wind development within the landscape unit with existing wind
farms at Black Law, including the approved extension, Pates Hill and possibly Tormywheel
could be significant. Development within the river corridor landscape could affect the sense
of landscape contrast where there is existing wind development on the adjoining upland
hill fringes. There may be some in combination, in succession or sequential cumulative visual
effects where two or more wind energy developments would be visible in sensitive views
from the A704, A706, A705 and the Fauldhouse Rail Core Path.
7.55
Any wind energy development within the West Calder Burn / Breich & Harwood
Waters lowland river corridor would significantly affect its overall landscape character and
visual amenity and thus is unlikely to be acceptable. It is unlikely that any turbine grouping
could be designed to fit with the landscape and applications for all but the smallest single
micro-turbines.
Summary of broad zones in terms of landscape capacity with potential for wind energy
development in West Lothian
7.56
Subject to the caveats as set out above and an individual assessment of each
planning or Section 36 application, Table 2: Locations with potential for wind energy
development in West Lothian (p. 24) the capacity assessment of those parts of the landscape
units which lie within strategic zones potentially suitable for wind energy development.
These strategic zones are shown in Appendix 7. It is important to recognise that the capacity
assessment refers only to parts of the landscape units and not to the entire unit.
7.57
As a result of the step-by-step capacity assessment summarised here, parts
of 12 landscape units lie within strategic, broad zones with the potential capacity to
accommodate wind energy development. Further assessment of landscape sensitivity,
cumulative effects and views from principal sensitive routes shows that there is no capacity
within two of these, namely landscape unit 3(i) Bathgate Hills, an area of high sensitivity
where the objective should be landscape protection; and landscape unit 7(ii) Almond
Valley, an area of high sensitivity with landscape constraints requiring protection. One area
is assessed as having low capacity to accommodate wind energy, namely landscape unit
2(iii) Harburn / Hartwood Fringe, an area of high sensitivity overall where its landscape
characteristics should be protected.
7.58
A very small area at the western end of landscape unit 8(ii) Bathgate Fringe falls within
the strategic zone identified as having the potential to accommodate some wind energy
development. It lies immediately to the east of Boghall, between Bathgate and Livingston,
on relatively flat land at the foot of the Bathgate Hills. Substantial new woodland was
planted in the late 1990s to reinforce the small countryside separation between Livingston
and Boghall/Bathgate. Although there may be some capacity for wind energy development
within the wider landscape unit in landscape character terms, having medium sensitivity, it
falls within sensitive visual compartments / cones from several important viewpoints within
the hills. This small area is important to the setting of the hills and due to its size and location
close to settlement it would not be suitable for wind energy development.
38
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
7.59
Parts of the remaining nine landscape units are all assessed as medium sensitivity
where some wind energy development could be acceptable. Landscape accommodation is
considered the most appropriate objective, rather than landscape protection or landscape
change, since there may be some important landscape-related constraints in terms of the
siting and scale of wind energy development. However, suitably designed wind energy
developments
which
generally fit within the
landscape could potentially
be accommodated even
though they may have an
impact on the landscape
locally. These nine areas
with potential for wind
energy development are
shown in Appendix 11
together with the location
of existing installed or
approved wind farms in and adjacent to West Lothian. It should be noted that the council
has identified areas of significant protection to avoid adverse impacts of cumulative impacts
as detailed in paragraphs 7.20 and 7.35.
7.60
Proposals within these broad zones identified as having the potential capacity to
accommodate wind energy must be supported by detailed landscape and visual impact
assessments showing that localised impacts on sensitive receptors which can be minimised by
sensitive siting and design.
Policy SPGWE 1
The council will resist proposals for on-shore wind energy development which have
unacceptable impacts on landscape character and visual amenity.
Wind turbine proposals must be acceptable in terms of scale and character for their proposed
location; well integrated into their landscape setting; reflect the character and quality of
place; and be compatible with the site’s surroundings.
The visual impact of wind turbine developments on views of significant natural and
manmade features in the landscape will require careful consideration including the
Landmark Landscape Features and their Settings identified in Appendix 8 of this SPG. The
council will resist any development which will have a detrimental impact on views or the
landscape settings of significant natural features, buildings and structures in the landscape.
On-shore wind turbine developments must not appear incongruous or dominate the local
landscape when viewed from Important Viewpoints identified in Appendix 8 of this SPG.
The visual quality of Principle Sensitive Routes identified in Appendix 9 of this SPG will be
protected from the adverse visual impacts of wind energy developments.
Wind turbine developments which are harmful to landscape character through the removal
of trees and hedgerows will be resisted.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
39
Noise assessment
8.1
Wind turbines and wind farms produce mechanical & aerodynamic noise. Rotor
diameter, turbine type and gearing are factors in noise produced by wind turbines. The
Scottish Government has recently revised its guidance and advice on planning and noise in
PAN 1/2011.
8.2
The relevant policies in the West Lothian Local Plan are indicated in Appendix 2 and
these include policies:
IMP 10 Location near noise sensitive developments;
IMP 11 Noise sensitive developments not normally permitted near existing noisy
land uses, and NWR 25 Residual noise intrusion.
8.3The council has recently produced guidance on the assessment of small wind turbine
noise which can be found in Appendix 10: Assessment of Wind Turbine Noise.
Policy SPGWE 2
West Lothian Local Plan policies IMP 10, IMP11 and NWR 25 will be taken into account in the
determination of planning applications for wind energy development.
Detailed guidance in Appendix 10: Assessment of Wind Turbine Noise will be a material
consideration in the determination of planning applications for on-shore wind energy
development.
Aviation and defence safeguarding
9.1
Aviation safeguarding is a material consideration in the determination of onshore
wind applications. The West Lothian Local Plan 2009 addresses aviation issues under policy
NWR 26: special site planning considerations. The council will not determine an application
without ensuring that comments from Edinburgh Airport, NATS En Route Plc (NERL) and
other relevant aviation consultees as below have been received.
9.2
Aviation safety and radar coverage is managed and controlled by several bodies:
Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) regulates and licences all aspects of aviation in
the UK;
National Air Traffic Services (NATS) is a UK air navigation service provider
which provides Air Traffic Services at a number of airports. It is also the only
provider that is licensed for providing En-route Air Traffic services in the UK.
NATS En Route Ltd. (NERL) is the licensed part of NATS that is tasked with
providing En-route air traffic services. En-route services are provided to
ensure the safety of aircraft flying in UK controlled airspace and over the
eastern part of the North Atlantic. Air Traffic Services are provided on a
continuous basis capable of meeting a reasonable level of overall demand
and permitting airspace access for all users, whilst making most efficient
use of airspace. NATS En-route is a statutory consultee for wind turbine
applications.
Ministry of Defence (MOD) manages all aspects of military aviation in UK air
space.
9.3
Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) formally took over ownership of Edinburgh
Airport on 1 June 2012 and, are responsible for safeguarding its radar and airspace. Edinburgh
Airport is located approximately two kilometres to the north east of the West Lothian council
boundary. Navigation support for its main flight path reaches far into West Lothian.
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
9.4The
West Lothian administrative area falls entirely within the Edinburgh Airport
Airspace Area.
9.5The following is an extract from NATS web-site:
NATS supports the generation of renewable energy and offers many services that can help
wind farm developers.
Wind farms can cause a number of problems on Air Traffic Radar Displays such as clutter,
reduced sensitivity and overloading of processing functions. In addition, turbines can degrade
the performance of voice communication facilities and en route navigation aids.
9.6The
council has been advised that any turbines visible to radar in the West Lothian
area could potentially result in an objection from NERL. With more wind energy proposals
and applications coming to the attention of NATS, cumulative effects are beginning to
become an issue for air safety. Developers wishing to consider the siting of wind turbines in
West Lothian are advised to consult with the aviation safeguarding authorities at an early
stage in the preparation of any scheme. Reference should be made to the NATS website.
9.7The
Ministry of Defence (MOD) undertakes glider and other pilot training at its
Kirknewton Airfield base located in the southeast of West Lothian. Kirknewton Flying Club is
a user of the airfield.
9.8The
council will consult the MOD on any wind energy, or other applications, which
may have an impact on its operations at Kirknewton.
9.9NATS provides its service to a wide range of air traffic. This includes airline and other
commercial traffic, military traffic, and general aviation and smaller training aircraft. The
Kirknewton Flying Club also operate recreational pilot training and services from Kirknewton
Airfield. The council will consult on wind energy applications that might have an impact on
the operation of light aircrafts, gliders, micro-lights and other aviation interests within the
council area.
9.10It should be noted that NATS’s response when consulted, will only be related to the
impact upon its own infrastructure and operations. Airports, airfields and other aviation
stakeholders should be consulted separately.
Policy SPGWE 3
The council will resist proposals for on-shore wind energy development which negatively
impact on aviation and defence safeguarding, or increase risks for air safety.
Proposals will be refused where an objection has been received and sustained from a
statutory aviation consultee (NATS, NERL, Edinburgh Airport) or the Ministry of Defence.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
41
The protection of biodiversity
10.1
The protection and enhancement of biodiversity is a material planning
consideration. The council will resist negative environmental effects that may damage local
biodiversity of West Lothian.
10.2
Proposals for on-shore wind development can affect species and habitat and the
potential environmental impacts are assessed in detail at planning application stage.
For example, birds and bats may face disturbance to their habitat from wind energy
developments, and can be killed by contact with moving turbine blades. The whole
development including access tracks can impact on local habitats.
10.3
The locations of sites designated for their habitat, plant, animal, or landscape
interest are identified in the local plan. Further detailed information can be found in the
accompanying Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA): Environmental Report (ER).
The SEA includes information on natural environment designations, protected species
and environmental legislation over a broad range of topic areas including biodiversity,
soils and water.
10.4
Blawhorn Moss in the west of West Lothian is the largest lowland peatland area in
the Lothians and Central Scotland and is designated as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
in European terms and a National Nature Reserve, as well as being within an Area of Great
Landscape Value.
10.5The Pentland Hills and the Bathgate Hills contain habitats covered by a range of
designations including the international Craigengar Special Area of Conservation (SAC), as
well as locally designated wildlife sites, such as Cobbinshaw and Harperrig Reservoirs. A part
of the Forth Estuary Special Protection Area (SPA) for birdlife is located in the north of West
Lothian. Where development may impact on qualifying interests conservation objectives
for a site an appropriate assessment studies will be required (see map in Appendix 12:
Areas requiring significant protection). This includesdesignated areas outwith West Lothian
Council.
42
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
10.6
Species of bats in Scotland are protected through the Conservation (Natural Habitats
etc) Regulations 1994, making disturbance, damage or loss of bats a material consideration.
To assess this risk, some proposals may need a bat survey, which should be carried out
between April and October.
10.7
All European Protected Species (EPS) are listed in Annex IV of EC Directive 92/43/EEC
on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Flora and Fauna (Habitats Directive) as
species of European Community interest and in need of protection. This is transposed into
law by the Conservation (Natural Habitats etc) Regulations 1994 Schedule 2.
10.8
Licences affecting European Protected Species can be issued for specific purposes
but only under very strict conditions. Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) is responsible for
assessing and issuing licenses. 10.9
Designated sites and protected species will be protected in accordance with
development plan polices. Proposals for wind turbines must have regard to both their sitespecific and wider impacts.
10.10
All applications must show that the impact on natural heritage interests have been
assessed appropiately. Developers are advised to refer to to the following SNH guidance:
Guidance on Assessing Connectivity with Special Protection Areas (SPAs)(2012)
Assessing the impact of small-scale wind energy proposals on the natural heritage
(March 2012)
SNH Environmental impact assessment
Calculating carbon savings from wind farms on Scottish Peatlands (2012)
Policy SPGWE 4
The council will not support proposals for wind energy development which would have
negative impacts on biodiversity at the site specific level and over a wider ecosystem area.
Protected species and designated habitats will be protected from harm caused by wind
energy development in accordance with development plan policy. Opportunities for
enhancement will be supported.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
43
Historic environment
11.1
An overarching premise of the condensed Scottish Planning Policy (SPP), Scottish
Historic Environment Policy (SHEP) and the development plan is that development that has
a significantly adverse effect on the historic environment should not be supported. Where
a proposal may impact on the historic environment, applicants are directed to Historic
Scotland’s comprehensive policy document: Scottish Historic Environment Policy (SHEP,
2009).
11.2The
Edinburgh and the Lothians Structure Plan (2015) advises that the built
environment is a key component in the Lothian’s overall character and appearance. It states
that new development should avoid unacceptable uses, intrusive building heights and
should respect and ensure a good fit with the location, and where appropriate, the wider
character and context.
11.3The
West Lothian Local Plan seeks to conserve and enhance the quality of the
built and historic environment. It sets out the council’s policies for the built environment,
including towns and villages and buildings and sites in the countryside that are listed as part
of the architectural or archaeological heritage of the area. The West Lothian Local Plan has a
thorough section on built heritage and key policies relevant to wind energy development
and can be found in Appendix 2.
11.4
Wind turbines have the potential for significant landscape and visual impacts on
elements of the local historic environment. Such developments will only be supported
where the overall integrity and setting of key public views to and from historic and
archaeological features will not be compromised. Wind energy developments which harm
the character, appearance and setting of significant historic landscapes, buildings and
ancient monuments will be resisted.
44
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
11.5
West of Scotland Archaeology Service (WoSAS) maintains a record of archaeological
information on behalf of the council to assist the council in assessing the impact of
development proposals on archaeological sites whether currently known on not, their
settings and their zones of influence. Developers are advised to check their proposals
at an early stage against the record held by WoSAS to establish whether a proposed
development will impact on a known or potential site of archaeological significance.
Policy SPGWE 5
On-shore wind energy developments will only be supported where the overall integrity
and setting of key public views to and from historic and archaeological features will not
be compromised. Developments which harm the character, appearance and setting of
significant historic landscapes, buildings and ancient monuments will be resisted.
Any proposals for a wind turbine near or within the curtilage of a listed building must ensure
that the listed building remains the focus of its setting and is not harmed by the presence
of the proposed turbine. Public views of, or from listed buildings should not be obstructed
by wind turbines.
Proposals detrimental to the character and appearance of conservation areas will not be
supported.
Wind turbines which would harm the character, appearance and setting of sites listed in the
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes will be resisted.
Wind turbine development that would harm a scheduled ancient monument or
archaeological site, or their setting, or other designated historic interest will not normally be
permitted. Considerations of setting will include a site’s relationship with the surrounding
landscape, its visual relationship with other monuments or landmarks and the extent to
which its function as a significant landmark might be compromised by the scale and location
of a proposed turbine.
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
45
Supporting information
12.1
The council’s Development Management team deals with all stages of development
in relation to proposals for wind farms and wind turbines. To assess potential impacts of
wind energy proposals, a range of supporting information may be required including
photomontages, zones of theoretical visibility, wire-frame drawings and requirements
already mentioned in previous
sections of this SPG. For larger
applications, the environmental
impact assessment methodology is
likely to apply as set out in Circular
3/2011: The Town and Country
Planning (Environmental Impact
Assessment)(Scotland)
Regulations
2011, and, Planning Advice Note 58:
Environmental Impact Assessment
(PAN 58). Applicants should contact
the planning authority with details of
their proposal to be screened for the
need to undertake full Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA).
12.2
Where the council assesses
a proposal as requiring EIA, then
applicants need to contact the
planning department to agree scoping
for the content of the Environmental
Statement report and specific studies that may be required. For instance, viewpoints for
photomontages should always be agreed in advance.
12.3
For applications not requiring EIA, the council follows the assessment advice
produced by Scottish Natural Heritage: Natural Heritage assessment of small scale wind
energy projects which do not require formal Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (SNH,
2008). Refer to Appendix 13, the Scottish Government’s sample screening checklist.
Overall conclusions
13.1
The terms of this guidance and its appendices, figures and tables comprise the
spatial framework for wind energy in West Lothian. As proposals for wind energy are
site-specific and can have significant impacts over a wide area, each application must be
considered and assessed on its merits. This SPG, the council’s Landscape Capacity Study and
spatial framework will play an essential part in determining wind farm and wind turbine
proposals.
13.2
Development Management will request an appropriate level and type of
assessment information without imposing unreasonable constraints on wind energy
developments. Additional supporting information may be required to assess landscape
and visual impacts, cumulative effects, noise, aviation, natural and historic environment
and amenity.
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
A PP E N DICE S
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
47
Appendix 1 West Lothian Wind Turbine Database
This database is updated quarterly. You can find it on West Lothian Council’s website: West
Lothian wind turbine database
48
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
49
Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of HMSO. © Crown copyright and database right 2013. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100037194.
Planning Services, Planning and Economic Development, West Lothian Council.
Wind Turbine Dataset 30 January 2013
West Lothian Boundary
Wind Turbine Location
Granted
Current
Refused/Withdrawn
Screening/Scoping
Key
Wind Turbine Applications
Current
Screening/Scoping
Granted
Refused/Withdrawn
1:100000
50
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Erection of a 35m (to blade tip)
wind turbine
Ainville Farm, by
Kirknewton, EH27 8DH
1090/FUL/07
GRANTED
0548/FUL/09
GRANTED
Erection of 2 wind turbines (32.5m
in height to tip) at Bathgate Sports
Centre (East Gate), Torphichen Road
Erection of a 552sqm eco centre
building , wind turbine (23m high
to tip) and associated external
works at Beecraigs
Erection of a 34.2m high (to blade
tip) wind turbine
Erection of a 34.2m high (to blade
tip) wind turbine
Bathgate Sports Centre
Beecraigs, Linlithgow
Bishopbrae Farm,
Bathgate, EH48 4LN
Bishopbrae Farm,
Bathgate, EH48 4LN
0706/12 CURRENT
0489/FUL/12
WITHDRAWN
1
0373/FUL/11
WITHDRAWN
Erection of a 48m high ‘to blade tip’
wind turbine
Bankhead Farm,
Dechmont
1
0
1
2
1
0012/FUL/09
REFUSED
Erection of a wind turbine at
Bankhead Farm (24.8m high to tip)
Bankhead Farm,
Dechmont
1
0386/FUL/11
WITHDRAWN
1
1
1
1
Number
of
turbines
Site at Shedden Braes, south of
Ballencrieff Farm, Bathgate Torphichen, Ballencrieff Farm, by
Bathgate
0336/AGR/10
GRANTED
Erection of 1 no. 17.75m high (6KW)
wind turbine at Ba’adpark Cottage,
Harperrigg
0809/FUL/11
GRANTED
Application
Baadpark Cottage,
Kirknewton
Scoping
0034/H/07 GRANTED
0620/FUL/12
EIA not
required
Screening
Installation of micro wind turbine at
Arden, 7 Hens Nest Road
SECTION 36
Arden, East Whitburn
Aldi distribution Centre,
EIA screening opinion for a 99m
Pottishaw Road, Bathgate,
high (to blade tip) wind turbine
EH48 2FB
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
LOCATION
WEST LOTHIAN - WIND TURBINE DATABASE - January 2013
297505, 671145
297502, 671142
300243, 674770
297456, 669651
297407, 669696
302934, 672645
302576, 672534
298374, 670884
310274, 660840
296167, 665011
297205, 666485
310266, 663086
grid ref
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
51
0425/EIA/12
EIA not
required
0430/FUL/12
EIA not
required
EIA screening opinion for a 78m
wind turbine
EIA screening opinion development of two 50kW wind
turbines at 47m to tip
Blacklaw, Fauldhouse
Braehead Farm,
Fauldhouse,
Breich Farm, West Calder
2
1
11
0103/EXC/08
GRANTED
Blacklaw Wind Farm Extension
PHASE 1- formation of a 760ha
extension to windfarm to provide
an additional 23 x 126.5m high
turbines at Blacklaw
300946, 665033
300999, 664980
292394, 660123
291661, 656969
291981, 656462
291682, 656122
291359, 656317
291240, 657346
291571, 657104
292023, 657411
292255, 657169
292414, 656852
292548, 656573
292833, 656971
Erection of 42 turbines at Blacklaw
Extension to windfarm (Phase 2)
Blacklaw, Fauldhouse
Blacklaw extension
290886, 655830
291195, 655677
291362, 655415
291589, 655763
296172, 661305
298776, 667934
298732, 667830
GRANTED (no
ref )
4
1
0305/EXC/11
0729/EIA/12
EIA not
required
0051/FUL/09
GRANTED
289254, 655659
288763, 654971
288690, 655372
290085, 657056
289703, 656651
289306, 656275
288451, 656453
289322, 656745
288481, 656552
EIA screening opinion for two
Blackhill Farm, West Calder 54.7m high (to blade tip) wind
turbines
Blackburn Road, Bathgate
Erection of two 10.6m high micro
wind turbines with associated
works at Tesco Stores Ltd, 4
Blackburn Road
52
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
1
0160/FUL/11
GRANTED
0829/PAC/12
0205/H/12 REFUSED
0660/FUL/09
GRANTED
0471/FUL/10
GRANTED
0136/FUL/07
REFUSED
Erection of a 28m high (to blade tip)
wind turbine
EIA scoping opinion for 14 wind
turbines, 3.4 mw (total 47.6 mw),
130 m high (to blade tip), access
tracks and ancillary components
Proposal of application notice for
the erection of 6 no. 132m high (to
blade tip) wind turbines
Erection of a 15m high freestanding micro generation wind
turbine
Erection of a wind turbine at Kwik
Fit, Carmondean Centre Road,
Carmondean
Erection of a single wind turbine at
34m in height to tip at Cathlawhill
Farm
Erection of a house and 12m high
wind turbine at Chickering Cottage
EIA screening opinion for 3 no. 80m
high (to blade tip) wind turbines
Cairns, Kirknewton
Camilty, near Harburn
Camilty, near harburn
Cannop Crescent,
Stoneyburn, EH47 8EF
Carmondean Center,
Livingston
Cathlawhill, Torphichen
Chickering, Longridge
Cowhead
3
1
1
1
1
6
14
1
0845/FUL/09
GRANTED
1
1
Number
of
turbines
Erection of a wind turbine at Cairns
House, Cairns House Access Road
(18m to hub, 23m to tip)
0292/FUL/11
REFUSED
Application
Cairns House, Kirknewton
0540/EIA/12
issued
Scoping
0536/FUL/12
CURRENT
0593/EIA/12
EIA required
Screening
Erection of a house, agricultural
shed and a 18m high (to blade tip)
wind turbine
SECTION 36
Burnhouse, (land to the
south of...) Longridge
Erection of a 77m high (to blade
tip) wind turbine with associated
Bridgend Farm, Linlithgow
infrastructure at Bridgend Farm,
Linlithgow
LOCATION
292288, 667537
(no exact positions given)
295296, 661205
298606, 672082
668692, 303307
296641, 662112
305688, 659202
(no exact positions given)
306698, 659457
(no exact positions given)
309210, 660388
309116, 660291
295388, 661589
675860, 303121
grid ref
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
53
0189/FUL/11
REFUSED
Erection of a 46m high blade to tip
single wind turbine at Easter Breich
Farm
EIA screening opinion for two 47m
high (to blade tip) wind turbines
Eastoun Farm, Armadale - Erection
of a 76m high ‘to blade tip’
wind turbine with associated
infrastructure at Eastoun Farm,
Easton Road, Bathgate, EH48 2HG
East Craigs Service
Reservoir
Easter Breich Farm, West
Calder
East of Breich
Eastoun Farm, Armadale
Installation of a wind turbine at
Essex Cottage, 20 Main Street
Section 36 proposal at Fauch Hill for
23 turbines (125m to blade tip)
Erection of a 47m high (to blade tip)
wind turbine
Essex Cottage, Dechmont
Fauch Hill
Five Sisters Business Park,
West Calder, EH55 8PN
0077/ EXC/12
CURRENT
0903/FUL/03
REFUSED
Erection of a 91m high wind power
generating turbine, formation of
site access track and temporary
construction area - East Craigs
Service Reservoir
Eastoun Farm, Easton
Erection of a 46m high (to blade tip)
Road, Bathgate, EH48 2HG wind turbine
0071/FUL/10
WITHDRAWN
Erection of 26m high mock wind
turbine tower at 2 Dunnet Way
Dunnet Way, Broxburn
0023/FUL/12
WITHDRAWN
1136/H/08
REFUSED
0433/FUL/12
Refused
0332/FUL/11
REFUSED
1
0101/FUL/10
GRANTED
Erection of a 23m high (to tip)
wind turbine at Drovend Cottage,
Harperrig
Drovend Cottage,
Kirknewton
0665/EIA/12
1
0001/H/09
GRANTED
Erection of a domestic wind turbine
at Dreghorn Cottage (under 10m in
height)
Dreghorn, Bathgate
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
0669/H/11
GRANTED
Planning permission for permanent
wind turbine 15m single turbine at
Dreghorn Cottage, by Bathgate
Dreghorn Cottage,
Bathgate
1
0699/H/09
GRANTED
Erection of a horizontal access wind
turbine (15m to hub and 17.5m to
tip) at Dreghorn Cottage
Dreghorn Cottage,
Bathgate
301300, 664010
306132, 658212
304100, 670922
296209, 669421
295256, 669753
297532, 661317
297679, 661368
301288, 665718
290207, 668562
309402, 672331
310411, 661165
295908, 670523
295908, 670523
295908, 670523
54
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
0145/FUL/05
GRANTED
0834/FUL/06
GRANTED
0389/FUL/11
WITHDRAWN
Erection of 2 roof based wind
turbines, Hardhill Farm, Hardhill,
Sibbalds Brae
Erection of a wind turbine (18m
high to tip) at Hardhill Farm,
Hardhill
Erection of a 67m high wind turbine
with Ancillary Infrastructure and
Equipment at site at Heights Road,
north of Blackridge .
Hardhill Farm, Bathgate
Hardhill, Bathgate
Heights Road, Blackridge
Consultation on formation of a
wind farm consisting of 22 turbines
Harburnhead, West Calder
(126m to blade tip) with associated
infrastructure
1
1
2
22
1
2
0387/FUL/11
WITHDRAWN
Number
of
turbines
Application
Site west of Gowanbank by
Avonbridge
Scoping
Gowanbank, Avonbridge
Screening
0674/FUL/12
WITHDRAWN
0834/EXC/11
SECTION 36
Erection of 2 wind turbines (48.6m
high to blade tip)
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
Freeport, Westwood
LOCATION
289588, 668881
295620, 668425
303118, 659659
302874, 659747
302707, 659419
302677, 659131
303054, 659371
303193, 659099
303346, 659411
303917, 659405
304106, 659210
304245, 658975
304291, 658717
303707, 659082
303750, 658835
303450, 658784
303488, 658532
303807, 658566
303803, 658291
303513, 658280
303216, 658232
303216, 657959
303513, 658002
303774, 657978
291334, 671508
299602, 663959
299675, 663892
grid ref
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
55
1537/FUL/04
REFUSED
Erection of a 76m high (to blade
tip) wind turbine with associated
infrastructure .at Latch Farm, by
Kirknewton
Erection of a 77m high ‘to blade tip’
(500 kw) wind turbine.
Installation of domestic wind
turbine at 14 Limefield Cresecnt,
Boghall
EIA screening opinion for a 35m (to
blade tip) wind turbine
Latch Farm, Kirknewton
Leyden Old House,
Kirknewton
Limefield Crescent,
Bathgate
Limefield Farm, Limefield
Road, Bathagte
EIA Screening opinion for 2 no. 35m
(to blade tip) wind turbines
Midseat Farm, Blackburn
0326/FUL/12
REFUSED
0064/FUL/10
GRANTED
Erection of a wind turbine (18.3m
to hub and 24.8m to blade tip) at
Midseat Farm
Midseat Farm, Blackburn
Moss Hall Farm, Blackburn, Planning application for erection of
EH47 7DB
a 80m high (to blade tip) wind at
0785/FUL/09
GRANTED
Erection of a 19.81m high wind
turbine (to tip) at Midseat Farm, by
Bathgate
Midseat Farm, Bathgate
0816/EIA/12
EIA not
required
1163/FUL/08
REFUSED
Erection of 2 wind turbines (15m
Lower Bathville, Armadale to hub with 9m blade diameter) at
Fabrication Yard, Lower Bathville
0815/EIA/12
EIA not
required
0159/FUL/11
WITHDRAWN
EIA screening opinion for 4 no. 70m
high (to blade tip) wind turbines
Knock Farm, Bathgate
0266/FUL/11
WITHDRAWN
0877/H/08
GRANTED
Installation of a wind turbine at 46
Kirkfield View, Livingston Village
Kirkfield View, Livingston
0744/EIA/12
EIA required
0456/H/07
GRANTED
Extension to house and erection of
a wind turbine at 51 Herd Green,
Knightsridge
Herd Green, Livingston
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
287327, 664256
297410, 664073
297392, 664096
294224, 667750
294202, 667695
298565, 669138
302460, 669457
309478, 664085
309271, 665114
304151, 667182
303476, 669398
56
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
EIA screening opinion for a 78m
high (to blade tip) wind turbine
Erection of a wind turbine (6m in
height, 4.5m in width) and 120
solar panels at 6 Nasmyth Square,
Houston Industrial Estate
Erection of a 45.9m (to blade tip)
wind turbine
Erection of a 45.9m high (to blade
tip) wind turbine
Erection of a 20m high (to blade tip)
wind turbine
Erection of a 61m high (to blade tip)
wind turbine
Two turbines, each with a capacity
of 275kW and being 55m to hub
and 71m to tip at Overhillhouse
Farm
Muldron Farm,
Fauldhouse, EH47 9AF
Nasmyth Square,
Livingston
Nether Hillhouse Farm,
Over Hillhouse, by
Armadale
Nether Hillhouse Farm,
Over Hillhouse, by
Armadale
Netherhouses Farm,
Armadale, West Lothian,
EH48 3AW
Ormiston Farm,
Kirknewton
Overhillhouse Farm
Erection of a 75m high (to blade
tip) wind turbine with associated
infrastructure including access
Pates Hill Water Treatment
tracks, an on-site control building
Works, West Calder
and electricity infrastructure,
construction compound, laydown
area and cranepads
Erection of a 77m high ‘to blade
tip’ wind turbine with associated
infrastructure at Mossend Farm,
West Calder, EH55 8LD
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
Mossend Farm, West
Calder
LOCATION
0424/EIA/12
EIA not
required
SECTION 36
Screening
SCOPE
Scoping
0096/FUL/12
WITHDRAWN
0519/FUL/12
REFUSED
0459/FUL/12
GRANTED
0740/FUL/12
WITHDRAWN
0162/FUL/12
WITHDRAWN
0212/FUL/10
GRANTED
0289/FUL/11
WITHDRAWN
Application
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Number
of
turbines
298051, 659364
309568, 665924
293134, 666960
292887, 669865
293031, 669808
306408, 668928
292311, 658427
660372, 300159
grid ref
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
57
Riverside Lea, Blackburn
EIA screening opinion for two 84m
high (to blade tip) wind turbines
0666/PAC/12
WITHDRAWN
0976/FUL/07
GRANTED
Erection of 8 no. 125 m high (to
blade tip) wind turbines (reduced
to 4 no. turbines all outwith WLC)
Erection of a wind turbine (14.7m
high to tip) at Plot 13 Stoneheap
Crofts
Stoneheap Crofts,
Stoneyburn
0426/EIA/12
EIA required
0061/FUL/12
GRANTED
Starryshaw, Fauldhouse
Standhill Farm, Blackridge, EIA Screening opinion for three
EH48
80m to tip wind turbines
Standhill Farm, Blackridge, Erection of a 25 m (to blade tip)
Bathgate, EH48 3AJ
wind turbine
Springfield Farm,
Armadale
0646/EIA/12
Erection of a domestic wind turbine
and installation of flood lighting
for riding arena at 1 Riverside Lea,
Seafield Road, Blackburn
Quarter, Drumcross,
Bathgate
0632/H/09
GRANTED
0253/H/07
GRANTED
Erection of a 9m high micro wind
turbine at The Quarter, Drumcross
Pates Hill extension
Erection of a double garage
with ancillary accommodation,
Ronoc Ridge, Swineabbey,
installation of a dormer window
East Whitburn
and erection of a wind turbine at
Ronoc Ridge, Swineabbey
1073/FUL/06
GRANTED
EIA scoping opinion for 3 no. 110m
(to tip) wind turbines
Pearie Law, Addiewell
Scoping 0790/
EIA/12
0267/FUL/12
CURRENT
Site at Pearie Law, by North
Cobbinshaw/Cobbinshaw Reservoir
for 6 no. turbines 125m to tip
0635/EIA/12
EIA required
0836/FUL/05
GRANTED
Erection of 7 no. 102m high wind
turbines at Pateshill Farm
Pateshill, Addiewell
1
8
3
1
2
1
1
1
6
7
296378, 662186
290500, 660800
292288, 667537
291243, 667826
293589, 666490
297100, 665451
299865, 665513
300398, 671195
298794, 658377
302444, 660132
302442,569809
302109,659792
302172,659451
301605,659123
299110, 658279
299473, 658248
299867, 658442
300260, 658635
299330, 658732
299719, 658945
300104, 658978
58
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
15
1
0042/FUL/05
GRANTED AT
APPEAL
0018/FUL/11
REFUSED
0317/FUL/05
REFUSED
0418/FUL/12
WITHDRAWN
0190/FUL/11
REFUSED
Erection of 15 x 102m High masts at
Tormywheel Windfarm
Erection of a 53.88m high (to blade
tip) (330kw) wind turbine.
Conversion of disused water
storage tank to form a house and
erection of a wind turbine (6.8m
in height to tip) at Former Water
Storage Tank, Leyden Road
Erection of a 67m ‘to blade tip’ wind
turbine with ancillary infrastructure
Erection of a 47m high (to blade tip)
wind turbine and associated access
track, crane pad and meter housing
Erection of a 46m high blade to tip
single wind turbine at Wester Breich
Farm
Tormywheel, Fauldhouse
Torphin, Harburn, West
Calder
Water Tank, Leyden Road,
Kirknewton
West Craigmarrie Farm,
Armadale,
Wester Blacklaws,
Longridge, Bathgate,
EH47 8AA
Wester Breich Farm, West
Calder
0390/FUL/11
WITHDRAWN
1
0112/H/07
GRANTED
Erection of a wind turbine at
Tiroran, 49C Main Street
Tiroran, Stoneyburn
1
1
1
1
1
1
Number
of
turbines
0396/FUL/11
REFUSED
Application
Site at Swineabbey: erection of a
76m (to blade tip’)wind turbine
with associated infrastructure .
Scoping
Swineabbey, East
Whitburn
Screening
0417/FUL/12
APPROVED
SECTION 36
Erection of a 45.9m high (to blade
tip)
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL
Swineabbey Farm,
Blackburn, EH47 7RH
LOCATION
299830, 664035
295497, 663240
291533, 669748
310577, 664379
303253, 659797
Not yet built
297966, 662589
665891, 297394
297337, 665897
grid ref
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
59
0486/FUL/12
WITHDRAWN
0388/FUL/11
WITHDRAWN
Erection of 3 no. (31.5m high to
blade tip) wind turbines with
associated works
Erection of 67m high (to blade
Woodend Farm, Armadale tip) wind turbine with ancillary
infrastructure
0196/FUL/09
REFUSED
0655/H/12
REFUSED
Erection of 2 no. wind turbines
(70m to hub and 110m to blade tip)
and a 70m high anemometry mast
with associated works at Woodend
Farm
Erection of a 23m high (to blade tip)
wind turbine
Woodend Farm,
Blackridge
38 Bowyett, Torphichen
Williamscraig
1
2
1
3
296877, 672747
291332, 669215
290889, 668792
291049, 669567
299102, 675269
Appendix 2
Key policies in the West Lothian Local Plan to be taken into account in the assessment of
on-shore wind energy development proposals include:
ENVIRONMENT
Policy ENV 3 European directives (Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection
Areas, Habitat Directives Annexes I and II and Birds Directive Annex 1)
Policy ENV 4 Sites of National Importance, National Nature Reserves and Sites of Special
Scientific Interest
Policy ENV 5 Areas of regional or local importance (Local Nature Reserves, Wildlife Sites,
peatland and Regionally Important Geological Sites)
Policy ENV 6 Appropriate level of environmental or biodiversity assessment, including
Environmental Impact Assessment
Policy ENV 11 Presumption against development affecting woodland and trees
Policy ENV 14 Protected trees (Tree preservation areas, conservation areas, amenity or
nature conservation value)
Policy ENV 19 Areas of Great Landscape Value (AGLV)
Policy ENV 20 Proposals outwith AGLV affecting their setting
Policy ENV 21 Areas of Special Landscape Control (ASLC)
Policy ENV 22Countryside Belts
Policy ENV 24 Visually intrusive development along key transport corridors
Policy ENV 30 Protection of Pentland Hills Regional Park
Policy ENV 31 Development in the countryside
Policy ENV 32 Particularly strong presumption against new build development in
identified countryside areas
Policy ENV 33 Any new development in the countryside must conform to policies stated
HERITAGE
Policy HER 2 Policy HER 12
Policy HER 15
Policy HER 19
Policy HER 22
Policy HER 23
Policy HER 24
Listed Buildings
Scheduled Monuments
Protection of significant archaeological sites
Conservation areas
Full protection of historic gardens and designed landscapes (HGDL)
Conservation designation where HGDL under threat
Palace and peel, Linlithgow
Policy HER 25 Built heritage and townscape value identified in Appendix 4.4
EMPLOYMENT
Policy EM 9 Sustainable construction, layout and design for employment uses
HOUSING
Policy HOU 9 Protection of residential and visual amenity of exiting residents and other
occupiers
COMMUNITY
Policy COM 2 Proposals which will result in the loss of urban sports and recreational
facilities, or formal and informal open landscape will be resisted
60
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
NATURAL RESOURCES, WASTE MANAGEMENT and RENEWABLES
Policy NWR 20 Support for renewable energy schemes that are environmentally
acceptable and meet criteria of local plan
Policy NWR 21 Renewables – international natural heritage designations
Policy NWR 22 Resistance to any proposal for renewable energy development that will
affect the character, visual integrity or recreational qualities of both the Pentland Hills
Regional Park and the wider area of the Pentland Hills in West Lothian
Policy NWR 23 Presumption against renewable energy proposals in or adjacent
designated natural heritage areas or for retention of undeveloped countryside
Policy NWR 24 Effects of renewables development on built heritage and full
archaeological assessment
Policy NWR 25 Residual noise intrusion
Policy NWR 26 Specific site planning consideration (including aviation)
Policy NWR 27 Unacceptable cumulative effects
Policy NWR 28 Appointment of compliance officer
Policy NWR 29 Preferred areas for wind farm development in paragraphs 11.94 – 11.97
IMPLEMENTATION
Policy IMP 10 Location near noise sensitive developments
Policy IMP 11 Noise sensitive developments not normally permitted near existing noisy
land uses
Policy IMP 12 Health and Safety Executive and pipelines
Policy IMP 15 High Standards of Design
TRANSPORT
Policy TRAN 2Transport Assessment
The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use Regulations 1986 (C & U Regulations) [64]
The Road Vehicles (Authorised Weights Regulations1998 (AW Regulations) [65]
The Road Vehicles (Authorised Weight) (Amendment) Regulations 2000 [66]
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
61
Appendix 3a Indicative list of comparative heights for wind energy in
West Lothian
All wind turbines measured from datum at base to tip height in metres.
All buildings and vertical elements measured to apex or top of roof pitch.
All trees at maturity assuming reasonable growing conditions.
*Quoted from Scottish Natural Heritage Guidance: Siting and Design of Small Scale Wind
Turbines of between 15 and 50 metres in height (March 2012)
0m = Sea level; ordnance datum (AOD = above ordnance datum)
5m*
1 storey house
6-10m*
1.5 - 2 storey house
10m*
average farmyard grain silo
10.5m*
average telegraph pole
10 -19m height
10m
Common Hawthorn – at maturity
14m – 19m
Small telecom pole – average height
15m
Rowan/ Mountain Ash – mature tree
19.9m x 6no. Small wind system, Muirhouse, south of Bo’ness, Falkirk
20 - 40m height
20m*
Average mature forest trees
20m
Deer Park flats, Livingston
24m
The Horn, Polkemmet Country Park, Whitburn by M8
30-35m*
Usual pylon height (national grid)
32.5m
Bathgate Sports Centre, Balbardie Park - wind turbines
34m
McArthur Glen Designer Outlet, Livingston – top of domed towers
40m and above
51m
Smallest turbine assessed in Landscape Capacity Study for Wind Energy in
West Lothian
107m
Seven turbines at Pate’s Hill Wind Farm height to blade tip
126.5 m
23 turbines at Blacklaw Wind Farm extension – granted March 2011
Triangulation Pillars in West Lothian (contour heights from Ordnance Survey Landranger
Sheet 65)
111m
The Binns Tower, by Philpstoun (also LCS Important Viewpoint)
114m
Pyothall trig point, Broxburn
220m
Binny Craig, NW of Uphall (also LCS Important Viewpoint)
249m
Eastcraigshill, Blackridge
290m
Camilty Hill trig point
312m
The Knock, Bathgate Hills (also LCS Important Viewpoint)
348m
Corston Hill by Little Vantage
356m
Leven Seat, south of Fauldhouse
562m
West Cairn Hill, South of Harperigg Reservoir (also LCS Important Viewpoint)
NB. Wherever possible accurate and factual information has been sourced to aid readers in the discernments
of context and scale of wind energy development.
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
NB. Not to recognised scale . The heights, photomontages and distances are indicative and aimed to give a local West Lothian context.
Appendix 3b Photomontage of comparative heights
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
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Appendix 4 Flow diagram of the process followed in the Landscape Capacity Study for
wind turbines (see LCS report for figures and tables)
STAGE 1: Review of The Lothians Landscape Character
Assessment (LLCA), 1998, to provide a valid base line
for the characterisation of the andscape resource of
West Lothian
STAGE 2: Landscape Capacity Study
Define wind farm typologies
Refine and sub-divide the landscape character types
and areas in the LLCA as necessary and produce the
West Lothian LCA (WL-LCA)
Step 1: Define criteria for assessing the
‘Areas of Highest Sensitivity’ (Landscape
experience, Land use change and Rarity)
[Table A]
Generate base maps of landscape types and units on
GIS [Figure 1]
Apply the criteria and identify landscape character types and units considered
to be ‘Areas of Highest Sensitivity’
Step 2: For areas not ‘Areas of Highest Sensitivity’, identify and apply
criteria for defining areas of higher, medium and lower sensitivity
for all wind farm types (Scale, Openness, Land form and Land cover
& variety). [Table B]
Map the ‘Areas of Highest Sensitivity’.
Map areas of Higher, Medium and Lower sensitivity [Figure 2 & Table C]
Step 3: Identify ‘landmark’ landscape features and protective buffer zones
Step 4: Identify and map the
principal sensitive routes [Figure 4]
Step 5: Identify criteria for defining
important viewpoints
Select and visit the important viewpoints and map the areas of the most sensitive
views. Add mapping of the ‘landmark’ landscape features [Figure 3]
Step 6: Identify and map strategic zones potentially suitable for wind energy development in accordance
with agreed typologies (but where there could be adverse effects on views from principal sensitive routes
or could cause significant cumulative effects with existing or consented wind farms) [Figure 5]
Provide further guidance for development management of wind energy proposals within the potentially
suitable strategic zones [Figure 6]
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Appendix 5 Landscape Character Types
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Appendix 6 Landscape sensitivity to wind energy development
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Appendix 7 Landscape Units with potential for wind energy development
Refer to section 7 of text (pages 26 - 39)
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Appendix 8 Sensitivity of Landmark Landscape Features and Important Viewpoints
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
Appendix 9 Principle Sensitive Routes
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Appendix 10 Interim planning guidance note
The councils SPG: Planning and noise requires to be updated in line with recent changes in policy and
legislation. Thus, the online version of the Appendix will be updated in due course.
Guidance: Assessment of wind turbine noise
This advice note provides guidance for applicants on the noise information required to allow a
full assessment of the potential noise impacts of individual wind turbines. It also considers the
appropriate methodology and criteria to determine turbine noise impacts at noise sensitive
receptors.
Small wind turbines
This advice note applies to planning applications for small wind
turbines. For this advice note this applies to turbines with a
rotor diameter of up to 16m for a horizontal axis wind turbine.
Minimum information
Applications for developments which include the installation of
a small wind turbine must include the following information.
1. A grid reference for the exact turbine location and the
distance between this point and the nearest noise sensitive
receptor, usually taken to be the curtilage of the nearest
noise sensitive property.
2.The make, model and tower height of the proposed turbine.
3. A Declared Apparent Emission sound power level and noise slope figure for the turbine
equipment. This must be derived by a competent independent third party in accordance
with part 3 of the document Small Wind Turbine Performance & Safety Standard 29 Feb
2008 published by the British Wind Energy Association (BWEA).
The above data will be used to assess the potential impact of noise from the turbine.
Noise assessment
Assessing the impact of noise from wind turbines is complex and must be site specific to
achieve an accurate prediction. National guidance on noise is aimed at larger wind farms and
requires extensive monitoring and assessment, which can be disproportionate to the cost
of a small development. This advice note allows applicants for smaller development to
avoid this if proposals are within defined thresholds.
An acceptable stand off distance for the turbine from noise sensitive receptors shall be
determined in accordance with the following methodology and criteria;
either
(a) The methodology contained in BWEA Appendix 1 using a V90 wind speed and a turbine
noise limit of 40-45 dB(A) or/
(b)The methodology contained in BWEA Appendix 1 using a VavgH wind speed (average wind
speed at hub height) and a turbine noise limit of LAeq 35dB(A) for wind speed up to 8m/s
and LAeq 40 dB(A) for wind speed 8m/s to 10m/s OR Background +5dB(A) whichever is
greater at noise sensitive receptors.
Where noise levels at the nearest noise sensitive receptor are predicted in accordance with (a)
above, to be below 40dB(A), it is unlikely that noise will be a problem in the determination of
the planning application.
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Where noise levels at the nearest noise sensitive receptor are predicted in accordance with (a)
above to exceed 40dB(A), noise is likely to be a problematic issue.
Predicted noise levels in the region 40-45dB may be acceptable depending on local
circumstances and whether background noise may mask the turbine noise.
If the applicant wishes to pursue an application on the grounds that the background noise
level might mask the turbine noise, they will be required to submit a background noise survey
undertaken by a competent person to a minimum specification (see Appendix 1). However,
the applicant should be aware that there is no guarantee that the evidence from a survey will
demonstrate such a claim.
Non wind related background noise
Where there is a permanent background noise source such as a busy road or a river, wind
measurements may not be necessary if it can be satisfactorily demonstrated that the noise
from such a source will mask the turbine noise regardless of wind speed.
Larger turbines
The methodology for measuring the sound power level of larger turbines is set out in IEC
61400-11. There is no definition in this guidance as to what turbines might be included.
It is considered that large turbines in this context should be defined as upwind horizontal
axis turbines with three aerofoil shaped blades, a tubular metal tower and a rotor diameter
of 21m or more.
A methodology for propagation is set out in an article in part 3 of the Prediction and
Assessment of Wind Turbine Noise as published in the Institute of Acoustics Bulletin Mar/Apr
2009. This article outlines a generally agreed approach to a number of topics, drawing upon
research experience and good practice which has been widely adopted.
In this document measured levels should be interpreted as apparent sound power levels and
warranted levels as declared apparent sound power levels as defined in IEC 61400 part 11 and
IEC 61400 part 14.
Where noise levels at the nearest
noise sensitive receptor are
predicted to be below LA90
(10min) 35dB(A) or background
plus 5dB whichever is greater, it
is unlikely that noise will be an
issue in determining the planning
application.
Where the applicant considers
that the background +5dB is
the more appropriate criteria a
full background survey must be
undertaken as highlighted in
Appendix 1.
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Noise assessment requirements
The following information will be required at the time of application;
• A full sound power level test report for the proposed turbine carried out by an independent
test laboratory or consultancy with expertise in the field in accordance with:
• In the case of small turbines, the BWEA methodology set out in part 3 of Small Wind Turbine
Performance and Safety Standard published in Feb 2008.
• In the case of large turbines, IEC 61400 part 11.
An assessment of the noise level from the turbine or turbines at the nearest noise sensitive
receptor carried out by a competent person using:
• In the case of small turbines, hemispherical sound propagation and no air absorption.
• In the case of large turbines the methodology set out in part 3 of the IOA Bulletin Mar/Apr
2009 Prediction and Assessment of Wind Turbine Noise. In this document measured levels
should be interpreted as apparent sound power levels and warranted levels as declared
apparent sound power levels. The methodology is based on octave band prediction
method of International standard ISO 9613-2
Other turbines
Turbines between 16m and 21m rotor diameter shall use either of the methods highlighted
above setting out the reasons for using the selected methodology. It is recommended that a
decision on which method to use is agreed with Environmental Health.
For the purpose of turbine noise prediction at noise sensitive receptors, no distinction is made
between any properties which have a financial interest in the turbine development and those
that do not. Noise sensitive receptors shall be taken to be residential premises, hospitals, care
homes etc.
Noise emissions from the turbine shall
be predicted free-field at noise sensitive
receptors (>3.5m) from the nearest façade.
Cumulative impacts
Where up to two turbines are proposed the
combined turbine noise will be required to
meet the relevant noise limit. Applications
for more than two turbines will be regarded
as a wind farm and will require to be assessed
in terms of The Assessment & Rating of Noise
from Wind Farms (ETSU–R-97) guidance.
In addition cumulative noise impacts on noise sensitive receptor shall take into consideration
any turbine noise existing or proposed not associated with the development which may
impact upon the relevant noise sensitive receptors.
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APPENDIX 1: Background survey
The survey shall be undertaken in accordance with the document The Assessment
& Rating of Noise from Wind Farms (ETSU–R-97) with the following clarifications:
1.Noise monitoring should be undertaken at the location to which the noise
limits apply. This will usually mean the curtilage of the nearest noise sensitive
receptor. If access to a property is not available, a nearby surrogate site must be
chosen which is representative in terms of landscaping, locality, shelter etc.
2. Wind measurements should be taken at the site of the proposed turbine.
3.The background noise survey should be taken over a sufficient period of
time to enable a reliable assessment of the prevailing background noise
levels to be made. The actual duration will depend on weather conditions,
in particular wind conditions. Measurements should be taken over a range
of wind speeds up to the 90% wind speed as calculated using the BWEA
document Small Wind Turbines Performance & Safety Standard.
4. Acoustic measurements shall be taken in accordance with Section 1.2.1 of the
Supplementary Guidance Notes to the Planning Obligation in ETSU-R-97.
5. Wind speed and direction measurements should be undertaken in accordance
with section 1.2.2 of the Supplementary Guidance Notes to the Planning Obligation
in ETSU-R-97 taking into account site specific wind shear. Reference should be
made to the article published in the Institute of Acoustics Part 3 Bulletin Mar/
Apr 2009; Prediction and Assessment of Wind Turbine Noise.
6. Data should be presented in accordance with section 1.2.3 of the Supplementary
Guidance Notes to the Planning Obligation in ETSU-R-97.
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NT
Appendix 11 Existing wind farms and potential for wind energy development
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Appendix 12 Areas requiring significant protection (see para 6.42)
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Appendix 13 Small-scale wind developments – sample screening checklist
(Reproduced from Scottish Government website)
Paragraphs 41-42 of Circular 3/2011 contains further guidance on the use of screening
checklists.
The planning authority must screen every application for Schedule 2 development in order
to determine whether or not EIA is required. This determination is referred to as a ‘screening
opinion’. In each case, the basic question to be asked is: ‘Would this particular development
be likely to have significant effects on the environment?’
For many types of development, perhaps the majority, it will be necessary to consider the
characteristics of the development in combination with its proposed location in order to
identify the potential for interactions between a development and its environment and
therefore determine whether there are likely to be significant environmental effects. In
determining whether a particular development is likely to have such effects, authorities
must take account of the selection criteria in Schedule 3 to the Regulations (reproduced at
Annex A to the Circular 3/2011). Three categories of criteria are listed:Characteristics of the development
Location of the development
Characteristics of the potential impact
Consideration of the third of these categories is designed to help in determining whether
any interactions between the first two categories (i.e. between a development and its
environment) are likely to be significant.
The items on this checklist are only indicative. Planning authorities and developers should
consider the particular circumstances of each application to ensure that all the characteristics
of the development and its location are taken into account.
The content of this checklist meets the requirements of the Town and Country Planning
(Environment Impact Assessment)(Scotland) Regulations 2011 – Schedule 3 selection
criteria for screening Schedule 2 development.
This is the general link to Screening for Wind Energy Developments which includes the Smallscale Wind Energy Checklist as the first item. It is from the Planning part of the Scottish
Governments web-site.
The screening questions listed will require potential applicants/developers to assess likely
significance in terms of the extent, transboundary nature, magnitude and complexity,
probability, duration, frequency and reversibility of any impact(s).
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
1. Characteristics of the development
(a) Scale of the development
Will the development be out of scale with the existing environment?
Will it lead to further consequential development or works (e.g. new roads, extraction of aggregate,
generation or transmission of power)?
(b) Cumulation with other development
Are there potential cumulative impacts with other existing development or for proposed
development in the planning system?
Should the application for this development be regarded as an integral part of a more substantial
project? If so, can related developments which are subject to separate applications proceed
independently?
(c) Use of natural resources
Will construction or operation of the development use natural resources i.e. land (especially
undeveloped or agricultural land)?
water or fisheries?
minerals or aggregates?
agriculture, forests and timber?
energy including electricity and fuels?
any other resources?
(d) Production of waste
Will the development produce wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning?
(e) Pollution and nuisances
Will the development cause noise and vibration or release of leachates, light, heat energy or
electromagnetic radiation during construction or operation or decommissioning?
(f ) Risk of accidents, having regard in particular to substances technologies used
Will there be a risk of accidents during construction or operation of the development which could
have effects on people or the environment?
(g) Other characteristics: potential physical changes (topography, land use, changes in waterbodies
etc) from construction, operation or decommissioning of the development
permanent or temporary change in land use, landcover or topography including increases in
intensity of land use?
peat land disturbance and/ or degradation leading to: carbon release, damage to habitats,
affecting land stability or hydrology?
pre-construction investigations e.g. boreholes, soil testing?
construction, demolition, reclamation or excavation works?
underground works ?
facilities for storage of goods or materials?
new road, rail, air or sea traffic or infrastructure during construction or operation or
decommissioning?
new or diverted transmission lines or pipelines?
any works requiring an authorisation under the Water Environment (Controlled Activities)
(Scotland) Regulations 2005
long-term/ongoing activity during restoration or decommissioning which could have an
impact on the environment?
influx of people to an area either temporarily or permanently?
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2. Location of the development
(a) Existing land use
Are there existing land uses on or around the location which could be affected by the
development, e.g. undeveloped land, Greenfield land, homes, other private property, industry,
commerce, tourism and recreation, public open space, community facilities, agriculture, forestry,
tourism, water catchments, functional floodplains, mining or quarrying?
(b) Relative abundance, quality and regenerative capacity of natural resources in the area
Are there any areas on or around the location which contain important, high quality or scarce
resources which could be affected by the development?
(c) Absorption capacity of the natural environment
Are there any areas on or around the location which are protected under international or national
or local legislation for their ecological, landscape and visual, cultural or other value, which could
be affected by the development? Particular attention should be paid to wetlands, watercourses or
other waterbodies, the coastal zone, mountains, forests or woodlands, nature reserves and parks.
Are there any groundwater source protection zones or areas that contribute to the recharge of
groundwater resources?
Are their protected species in or around the location, for example European Protected Species,
which could be affected?
Are there any routes or facilities on or around the location which are used by the public for access
to recreation or other facilities, which could be affected?
Are there any areas or features of historic or cultural importance on or around the location which
could be affected?
Are there any areas on or around the location which are already subject to pollution or
environmental damage e.g. where existing legal environmental standards are exceeded, which
could be affected?
Is the development in a location where it is likely to be highly visible to many people?
Is the location of the development susceptible to earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion,
flooding or extreme or adverse climatic conditions which could cause the development to present
environmental problems?
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SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
References
The main references given are current at the time of drafting. Relevant sources will be revised
over the life-time of this SPG.
The Scottish Government: Scottish Planning Policy, 2010 (SPP)
Scottish Government’s February 2011 web-based renewable energy advice:
On-shorewind turbines (updated 27/01/2012), Specific Advice Sheet (web based)
Process for preparing spatial frameworks for wind farms (January 2012), Specific Advice Sheet (web-based)
Scottish Natural Heritage (December 2009); Siting and Designing Windfarms in
the Landscape, 2009
Scottish Natural Heritage (December 2001); Guidance on the Environmental
Impacts of Wind farms and Small Scale Hydroelectric Schemes
The Development Plan:
Edinburgh and the Lothians Structure Plan 2015 (E&LSP)
The West Lothian Local Plan 2009 (WLLP)
Consultancy Study:
David Tyldesley and Associates for West Lothian Council and Scottish Natural Heritage, Landscape Capacity Study for Wind Energy Development in West Lothian – Consultative Draft, December 2011
Further information
For further information or advice please contact:
For Development Management enquiries:
Chris Norman
Development Manager Manager
West Lothian Council, County Buildings, Linlithgow, EH49 7EZ
Telephone: 01506 282412
Email: chris.norman@westlothian.gov.uk
For Development Planning enquiries:
Colin Miller
Development Planning Manager
West Lothian Council, County Buildings, Linlithgow, EH49 7EZ
Telephone: 01506 282420
Email: colin.miller@westlothian.gov.uk
Sarah Collings
Planning Officer
West Lothian Council, County Buildings, Linlithgow, EH49 7EZ
Telephone: 01506 282429
Email: sarah.collings@westlothian.gov.uk
SPG Spatial framework and assessment criteria for on-shore wind energy development in West Lothian
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Front cover photo: Black Law Wind Farm
Web addresses used throughout document in full
Pg7 Scottish Government web based advice: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/BuiltEnvironment/planning/National-Planning-Policy/themes/renewables
Pg 16 Scottish Natural Heritage (December 2009); Siting and Designing Windfarms in the
Landscape: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A337202.pdf
Page 43 SNH Environmental impact assessment: http://www.snh.gov.uk/planning-anddevelopment/environmental-assessment/eia/
Page 45 Scottish Historic Environment Policy: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/shep
Page 45 West of Scotland Archaeology Service (WoSAS): http://wosas.net
Page 48 Appendix 1 West Lothian wind turbine database:
http://www.westlothian.gov.uk/1210/161/205/spg
Page 48 Appendix 2 West Lothian Local Plan: http://www.westlothian.gov.uk/1210/161/178/wllp
Page 76 Appendix 13 Scottish Government Screening for wind energy developments:
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment/planning/National-Planning-Policy/
themes/enviro-assessment/eia/windenergy
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