Chapter 9 Transient response 9.1 First-order transients zero-input response, step response, pulse response, switched DC transients 9.2 Switched AC transients 9.3 Second-order natural response second-order circuit equations, overdamped response, underdamped response, critically damped response 9.4 Second-order transients initial conditions, switched DC transients 9-1 電路學講義第9章 9.1 First-order transients Basics 1. Zero-input response a1 y '+ ao y = 0,(or τ y '+ y = 0), i.c. y(to + ) = y(to − ) = Yo s-domain solution:let y = Aest → characteristic equation a1s + ao = 0 s=− ao a 1 = − ,τ = 1 : time constant a1 τ ao Ae = Yo → A = Yo e sto − sto to = Yo e τ t-domain solution:zero-input response, y(t ) = Yo es (t −to ) = Yoe + o y '(t ) = − Yo τ : initial slope 9-2 − − t −to τ , t > to t = Yo e τ u(t − to ) 電路學講義第9章 2. Step response: transient response with step function excitation ⎧0 t < 0 unit step function u(t ) ≡ ⎨ ⎩1 t > 0 ⎧ 0 t < to Ku(t − to ) ≡ ⎨ ⎩K t > t 0 a1 y' + ao y = Ku(t − to ), i.c. y(to+ ) = y(to− ) = 0 − t τ step response:y(t ) = Ae + Yss y(to+ ) = Ae − to τ + Yss = 0 → A = −Yss e y(t ) = Yss (1 − e − − t −to τ to τ ), t > to t τ =Yss (1 − e )u(t − to ) rise time tr ≡ t90 − t10 ≈ 2.2τ 9-3 電路學講義第9章 3. Pulse response: transient response with pulse function excitation pulse function : u (t ) − u (t − D) a1 y' + ao y = u(t ) − u(t − D), y(0+ ) = y(0− ) = 0 − t pulse response:y(t ) = Ae τ + Yss , y(0) = A + Yss = 0 → A = −Yss − t t − ⎧ 0<t ≤ D ⎪ Yss (1 − e τ ), y(t ) = ⎨ D t −D − − ⎪ τ τ , t>D ⎩Yss (1 − e )t y(t ) = Yss (1 − e ), t > 0 τ − D y( D) = Yss (1 − e τ ), y(t ) = y( D)e − t −D τ ,t > D 9-4 電路學講義第9章 4. Switched dc transients given: DC source switched at t=to, steady-state response y(t)=Yss find: transient response of first-order circuits approach: for each time interval to write the corresponding transient response based on the initial value, steady-state value, and time constant τ y '+ y = Yss , i.c. y (t o+ ) = Yo , t > t o sol:y (t ) = Yss + Ae + o y (t ) = Yss + Ae − to τ − t τ to = Yo → A = (Yo − Yss ) e τ (general expression) ⇒ solution : y (t ) = Yss + (Yo − Yss ) e − − t − to τ , t > to t = Yss + (Yo − Yss ) e τ u (t − t o ) 9-5 電路學講義第9章 Discussion 1. RC circuit (zero-input response) continuous vC (to+ ) V iC (t ) = − =− o R R iC = CvC, , RiC + vC = 0 → RCvC, + vC = 0, (or τvC, + vC = 0), vC (to + ) = vC (to − ) = Vo + o s-domain solution:let vC = Aest → characteristic equation RCs + 1 = 0, s=− 1 1 = − , τ = RC : time constant RC τ t-domain solution:vC (t ) = Vo e − t −to τ Vo − , iC (t ) = − e R 9-6 t −to τ , t > to 電路學講義第9章 (express using iC) 1 iC dt = 0 ∫ C vC (to − ) Vo + , → RCiC + iC = 0, iC (to ) = − =− R R t −t Vo − τ o t-domain solution:iC (t ) = − e , t > to R D.E. is the same form as RCvC, + vC = 0, vC (to + ) = Vo iC = CvC, , RiC + vC = 0 → RiC + 9-6 電路學講義第9章 2. RL circuit (zero-input response) continuous iL(t) Io vL(t) vL (to+ ) = −iL (to+ ) R = − I o R -RIo vL = LiL, , RiL + vL = 0 → LiL, + RiL = 0, (or τiL, + iL = 0), iL (to + ) = iL (to − ) = I o s-domain solution:let iL = Ae st → characteristic equation Ls + R = 0, s=− R 1 L = − , τ = : time constant L τ R t-domain solution:iL (t ) = I o e − t − to τ , vL (t ) = − RI o e 9-7 − t − to τ , t > to 電路學講義第9章 3. Ex.9.1 find i (t) , v (t) for t > 0 vL = LiL, ,(40 + 10)iL + vL = 0 → LiL, + (40 + 10)iL = 0 L 60 ×10−3 25 = 1.2 ×10−3 , iL ( 0 ) = = 2.5 τ= = R 50 10 − t iL (t ) = 2.5e τ , v(t ) = −40 × iL (t ) = −100e − t τ 4. RC circuit (step response) voc = Vssu(t − to ), vC (to+ ) = vC (to− ) = 0 t > to , ReqiC + vC = Vss → ReqCvC, + vC = Vss ,τ = ReqC vC = Vss + Ae − t τ to → A = −Vss e τ → vC = Vss (1 − e − t −to τ ), t > to RL circuit (step response): dual circuit vC → iL , C → L, Req → Geq ,τ = ReqC → − L , → iL + iL = I ss → iL = I ss (1 − e Req t −to τ L Req ), t > to 9-8 電路學講義第9章 5. Ex. 9.2 vc(0-)=0, C=50uF, find step response i (t) , v (t) for t > 0 t > 0 → Req = 3 // 6 = 2 k , voc = v (t ) = Vss (1 − e i (t ) = − t − to τ 6 × 12 = 8 = Vss , τ = RC = 0.1 3+ 6 − t ) = Vss (1 − e τ )u (t − t o ) = 8(1 − e −10 t )u (t ) 8 − v (t ) = 4 e −10 t u (t ) mA 2000 9-9 電路學講義第9章 6. Ex. 9.3 iL(0-)=0, v s (t) = 5[u (t ) - u(t - 30ms)] to find the relay last time with iL reaching 150mA till falling to 40mA Req = 10 + 15 = 25,τ = L 400m 5 = = 16ms, I ss = = 200mA Req 25 25 0 < t < 30ms : iL (t ) = 200(1 − e − t 16 )mA → iL (t1 ) = 200(1 − e − t1 16 ) = 150 → t1 = 22.2ms t = 30ms : iL (30) = 169mA t > 30ms : iL (t2 ) = 169e − t2 −30 16 = 40 → t2 = 53.1ms, t2 − t1 = 30.9ms 9-10 電路學講義第9章 7. Ex.9.4 Sequential switched transients, to find v(t), i(t) Step 1: for the circuit t = 0 find y (0), vC (0), iL (0) vC (0 − ) = 0, i (0 − ) = 0 Step 2: for the circuit t > 0 find y (0 + ) = Yo from the continuity of capacitor voltage and inductor current Vo = vC (0+ ) = vC (0− ) = 0 C is SC −16 − v(0+ ) = −2mA I o = i (0 ) = 8 + Step 3: find the steady state value of Yss Vss = (−16) I ss = 24 = −12 C is OC 8 + 24 −16 = −0.5mA 8 + 24 9-11 電路學講義第9章 Step 4: find the time constant τ Step 5: find the response for each time interval (1) 0 < t ≤ 1 τ = (8k // 24k )100µ = 0.6 s vC (t ) = Vss + (Vo − Vss )e = −12 + 12e − − t τ t 0.6 vC (1) = −9.73 i (t ) = I ss + ( I o − I ss )e = −0.5 − 1.5e − t 0.6 − t τ mA iC (1) = −0.783mA i= 9-12 − 16 = − 2 mA 8 電路學講義第9章 (2) t > 1 Rth = (12k // 8k ) // 24k = 4.8k // 24k = 4k 60 + 16 × 12 = 14.4 12 + 8 τ = 4k × 100µ = 0.4 Vth = 60 − Vo = vC (1+ ) = −9.73 14.4 − vC (1+ ) Io = = 5.03mA 4.8 24 Vss = 14.4 × = 12 4.8 + 24 14.4 I ss = = 0.5mA 4.8 + 24 vC (t ) = Vss + (Vo − Vss )e = 12 − 21.73e − = 0.5 + 4.53e t − to τ t −1 0.4 i (t ) = I ss + ( I o − I ss )e − − t −1 0.4 mA − t − to τ i= 9-13 14 . 4 − ( − 9 . 73 ) = 5 . 03 mA 4 .8 電路學講義第9章 9.2 Switched AC transients Basics 1. First-order circuit with a sinusoidal excitation given: sinusoidal source switched at t=to, initial value y(to)=Yo find: transient response of first-order circuit approach: for each time interval, write the corresponding transient response based on the initial value, time constant, and resulting phasor value − t τ y (t ) = y F (t ) + Ae , t > to , y F (t ) = Ym cos( wt + φ), i.c. y (to+ ) = Yo + o + o y (t ) = y F (t ) + Ae − to τ + o = Yo → A = [Yo − y F (t )]e + o ⇒ solution y (t ) = y F (t ) + [Yo − y F (t )]e 9-14 − t − to τ to τ (general expression) 電路學講義第9章 Discussion 6 cos 15t , t < 0 1. Ex. 9.5 find i(t), v(t), vs (t ) = ⎧⎨ ⎩12 cos 15t , t > 0 (1)t < 0 I= 6 = 0.2∠ − 30 o 26 + j15 i (t ) = 0.2 cos(15t − 30 o ) V = j15 I = 3∠ 60 o , v (t ) = 3 cos(15t + 60 o ) (2)t = 0 i (0 + ) = I o = i (0 − ) = 0.2 cos( −30 o ) = 0.173, v (0 + ) = Vo = vs (0 + ) − 26i (0) = 12 − 26 × 0.173 = 7.5 (3)t > 0 12 I= = 0.4∠ − 30°, V = j15 I = 6∠ 60° 26 + j15 iF (t ) = 0.4 cos(15t − 30°), vF (t ) = 6 cos(15t + 60°), τ = + i (t ) = iF (i ) + [ I o − iF (0 )]e + − t τ v (t ) = vF (i ) + [Vo − vF (0 )]e − L 1 = s , iF (0 + ) = 0.346, vF (0 + ) = 3 R 26 = 0.4 cos(15t − 30°) − 0.173e −26 t t τ = 6 cos(15t + 60°) + 4.5e −26 t 9-15 電路學講義第9章 9.3 Second-order natural response Basics 1. A second-order circuit contains two independent energy-stored elements. 2. vC(t) and iL(t): state variables 3. General second-order differential form 1R 1 1 1 y "+ 2αy '+ wo2 y = f (t ), α = , or , wo = : resonant frequency 2L 2 RC LC series RLC circuit parallel RLC circuit KVL → L(CvC' )'+ RCvC' + vC = vs vC" + 1 1 R ' vC + vC = vs L LC LC L ' i L + i L = is R 1 ' 1 1 iL" + iL + iL = is RC LC LC KCL → C ( LiL' )'+ 9-16 電路學講義第9章 4. Zero-input response y"N + 2αy N' + wo2 y N = 0 let y N = Ae st → y N' = sAe st , y"N = s 2 Ae st ⇒ s 2 Ae st + 2αsAe st + wo2 Ae st = 0 characteristic equation:s 2 + 2αs + wo2 = 0 = ( s − p1 )( s − p2 ) eigen values (characteristic value):p1 = −α + α 2 − wo2 , p2 = −α − α 2 − wo2 solution:y N (t ) = A1e p1t + A2 e p2t 5. Case 1: overdamped response α 2 > wo2 p1 , p2 : real, negative τ1 = − 1 1 , τ 2 = − : time constants p1 p2 y N (t ) = A1e − t τ1 + A2 e − τ 1 > τ 2 , A1 < 0, A2 > 0 t τ2 9-17 電路學講義第9章 6. Case 2: underdamped response α 2 < wo2 p1 , p2 = −α ± jwd : complex wd ≡ wo2 − α 2 α : damping coefficient wd : damped frequency y N (t ) = A1e − p1t + A2 e − p2t = e −α t ( A1e jwd t + A2 e − jwd t ), A1 = A1 e j∠A1 , A2 = A1* = A1 e− j∠A1 ⇒ y N (t ) = 2 A1 e −α t cos( wd t + ∠A1 ) ifα = 0, y N (t ) = 2 A1 cos( wo t + ∠A1 ) : oscillation 7. Case 3: critically damped response α 2 = wo2 p1 , p2 = −α ⇒ y N (t ) = A1e −αt + A2te −αt 9-18 電路學講義第9章 Discussion 1. Procedure to write the second-order D.E. • Apply ohm’s law and KVL, KCL to express iC and vL in terms of vC, iL and source • Obtain two first-order D.E.s, then combine them to be a secondorder D.E. 2. Ex. 9.6 write its second-order D.E. state variables: i1 , i2 ⎧v1 = Ri + v2 = R(is − i1 ) + Rx (is − i1 − i2 ) KVL ⎨ ⎩v2 = Rx ix = Rx (is − i1 − i2 ) ⎧⎪v1 = L1i1' ⎧ L1i1' = ( R + Rx )is − ( R + Rx )i1 − Rx i2 →⎨ ⎨ ' ' L i ⎪⎩v2 = L2i2 2 2 = Rx (is − i1 − i2 ) ⎩ R R R + Rx ' RRx R )i2 + i2 = x is' , i2" + 2α i2' + wo2i2 = x is' ⇒ i2" + ( x + L2 L2 L1 L1 L2 L2 9-19 電路學講義第9章 3. Ex. 9.7 phase-shift oscillator (EX.6.10), write its second-order D.E. of vout state variables : vC , iL Kv x − vC v ⎧ ⎪iC = i1 + iL = 1 + iL = + iL ⎨ R R ⎪⎩ vL = v1 − v x = Kv x − vC − v x 1 ⎧ ' ⎪CvC = KiL − vC + iL ' ' v x = RiL , iC = CvC , vL = LiL → ⎨ R ' ⎪⎩ LiL = ( K − 1) RiL − vC L ⇒ LCiL" + ( RC − KRC + )iL' + 2iL = 0 R v v R L 2 " ' iL = x = out ⇒ vout + ( 2 + 1 − K )vout + vout = 0 R KR L RC LC " ' vout + 2αvout + wo2 vout = 0 9-20 電路學講義第9章 4. Ex. 9.8 find the natural response of a series RLC circuit with L=0.1H, R=14Ω, C=1/400F state variables : vC , iL 0 iC = iL ⎧ ⎨ ⎩v L = − v R − vC = − Ri L − vC ⎧ Cv C' = iL 1 iC = Cv , v L = Li → ⎨ ' ⇒ Li L" = − Ri L' − vC' = − Ri L' − iL C ⎩ Li L = − Ri L − vC R R 1 1 i L = 0, α = ⇒ iL" + iL' + = 70, wo2 = = 4000 L LC LC 2L ' C ' L p1 , p 2 = −70 ± 70 2 − 4000 = −40,−100 : overdamped response τ 1 , τ 2 = 25 ms ,10 ms iL (t ) = A1e − 40 t + A2 e −100 t 9-21 電路學講義第9章 5. Ex. 9.9 phase-shift oscillator, find its natural response with L=10mH, R=100Ω, C=2uF " ' + 2αvout + wo2vout = 0 vout 2 R L ' + ( 2 + 1 − K )vout vout = 0 L RC LC R L ( 2 + 1 − K ) = 5000(2.5 − K ) α= 2L R C 2 (1) properly design amplification = 108 wo2 = factor K and L, C LC (2) results with different frequencies ⎧(1) K = 2.5 → α = 0 ⎪ ⎪vout (t ) = 2 A1 cos(10000t + ∠A1 ) : oscillation ⎪ 2 2 ⎪(2)K = 2 → α = 2500, wd = wo − α = 9680, p1 , p2 = −α ± jwd gain selection⎨ − 2500t = v ( t ) 2 A e cos(9680t + ∠A1 ) : decaying oscillation 1 out ⎪ ⎪ 2 2 ⎪(3)K = 3 → α = −2500, wd = wo − α = 9680, p1 , p2 = α ± jwd ⎪v (t ) = 2 A e 2500t cos(9680t + ∠A ) : growing oscillation 1 1 ⎩ out " + vout 9-22 電路學講義第9章 9.4 Second-order transients Basics 2 2 + + 1. switched DC transient y "+ 2αy '+ wo y = wo Yss , t > 0, i.c. y(0 ), y '(0 ) solution y (t ) = Yss + yN (t ) 2. Case 1: overdamped response α 2 > wo2 → p1 , p2 = −α ± α 2 − wo2 + ⎧ y ( 0 ) = Yss + A1 + A2 y (t ) = Yss + A1e p1t + A2 e p2t , t > 0, i.c.⎨ → A1 , A2 + ⎩ y ' (0 ) = p1 A1 + p2 A2 3. Case 2: underdamped response α 2 < wo2 → p1 , p2 = −α ± jwd , wd = wo2 − α 2 y (t ) = Yss + 2 A1 e −αt cos( wd t + ∠A1 ), t > 0, i.c. → A1 ∠A1 4. Case 3: critically damped response α 2 = wo2 → p1 = p2 = −α y (t ) = Yss + A1e −αt + ⎧ y ( 0 ) = Yss + A1 + A2te −αt , t > 0, i.c.⎨ → A1 , A2 + ⎩ y ' (0 ) = −αA1 + A2 9-23 電路學講義第9章 Discussion 1. Procedure to write the initial conditions of the second-order circuit • determine vC(0+), iL(0+) based on continuity property • write iC(t), vL(t), y(t) in terms of state variables and input • calculate v’C(0+)= iC(0+)/C, i’L(0+)= vL(0+)/L • calculate y’(0+) from v’C(0+), i’L(0+) 2. Ex. 9.10 Find the initial values and slopes of vC, iL, vR, vL with a switched source vs=V1, t<0 and vs=V2, t>0 (1)vC (0+ ) = vC (0− ) = V1 , iL (0+ ) = iL (0− ) = 0 (2)t > 0, iC (t ) = iL (t ), vL (t ) = V2 − RiL (t ) − vC (t ) vR (t ) = RiL (t ) (3)iC (0+ ) = 0, vL (0+ ) = V2 − RiL (0+ ) − vC (0+ ) = V2 − V1 iC (0+ ) vL (0+ ) V2 − V1 + ' = 0, iL (0 ) = = vR (0 ) = RiL (0 ) = 0, v (0 ) = C L L R(V2 − V1 ) ' + R(V2 − V1 ) (4)vL' (0+ ) = − RiL' (0+ ) − vC' (0+ ) = − , vR (0 ) = RiL' (0+ ) = L L + + ' C + 9-24 電路學講義第9章 3. Ex. 9.11 Find the zero-input response for t>0, L=0.1H, R=5Ω, C=1/640F R ' 1 iL + iL = 0 L LC R 1 = 25, wo2 = = 6400 α= 2L LC iL" + ⎧30, t < 0 vs (t ) = ⎨ ⎩ 0, t > 0 p1 , p2 = −25 ± 252 − 6400 = −25 ± j 76 : underdamped response iL (t ) = I ss + 2 A1 e−25t cos(76t + ∠A1 ), t > 0, I ss = 0 iL (0+ ) = 0, LiL' (0+ ) = V2 − V1 = −30 → A1 = 1.974∠90° iL (t ) = 3.95e−25t cos(76t + ∠90°) 9-25 “ringing” 電路學講義第9章 4. Ex. 9.12 Find the step response for t>0, L=0.1H, C=1/640F 1 1 1 R ' R vC + vC = vs , α = = 5 R, wo2 = = 6400 2L L LC LC LC iC (0 + ) iL (0 + ) ' + − vC (0 ) = vC (0 ) = 0, vC (t ) = = = 0, Vss = 30 C C vC" + (1) R = 34Ω → α = 170, p1 , p2 = −170 ± 170 2 − 6400 = −20,−320 overdamped response vC (t ) = Vss + A1e − 20 t + A2 e −320 t ⎧ vC (0 + ) = 0 = 30 + A1 + A2 → A1 = −32, A2 = 2 ⎨ ' v ( t ) = 0 = − 20 A − 320 A 1 2 ⎩ C ⎧ 0, t < 0 vs (t ) = ⎨ ⎩30, t > 0 (2) R = 5Ω → α = 25, p1 , p2 = −25 ± 25 2 − 6400 = −25 ± j 76 underdampe d response vC (t ) = Vss + 2 A1 e − 25t cos( 76t + ∠A1 ) ⎧ vC (0 + ) = 0 = 30 + A1 + A2 → A1 = 15.8∠161.8° = A2∗ ⎨ ' ⎩vC (t ) = 0 = ( −25 + j 76) A1 + ( −25 − j 76) A2 (3) R = 16Ω → α = 80 = wo , p1 , p2 = −80 critically damped response vC (t ) = Vss + A1e −80 t + A2te −80 t ⎧ vC (0 + ) = 0 = 30 + A1 → A1 = −30, A2 = −2400 ⎨ ' v ( t ) = 0 = − 80 A + A 1 2 ⎩ C 9-26 電路學講義第9章