497
Demonstrate knowledge of workplace
health and safety requirements
Course Notes
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
2007 New Zealand Industry Training Organisation
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any means without written permission.
NZITO
P.O. Box 488
Mail Centre Hamilton
New Zealand
www.nzito.co.nz
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Contents
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 4
UNIT STANDARD 497........................................................................................................... 4
WHO IS THIS TRAINING FOR?................................................................................................ 4
WHAT DOES THIS TRAINING COVER? ..................................................................................... 4
ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................................................... 4
WORKING THROUGH THIS TRAINING ...................................................................................... 4
WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS ................................................ 5
LEGISLATIVE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES............................................................ 5
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS UNDER THE HSE ACT: ...................................................... 5
RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS OF EMPLOYEES UNDER THE HSE ACT: .................................... 6
QUIZ 1 ............................................................................................................................... 7
THE SYSTEMS APPROACH .............................................................................................. 9
THE PRINCIPAL SYSTEMS ..................................................................................................... 9
HIERARCHY OF HAZARD MANAGEMENT CONTROLS ............................................................... 13
QUIZ 2 ............................................................................................................................. 15
HAZARDS AS DEFINED IN THE HSE ACT ..................................................................... 18
QUIZ 3 ............................................................................................................................. 19
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Introduction
Unit Standard 497
Unit Standard 497, Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
sits within the Occupational Health and Safety Practice domain on the National
Qualifications Framework.
Unit Standard 497 is worth 3 credits at level 1 on the National Qualifications Framework.
Who is this training for?
This training is for all people in the workplace.
It is also for people who need to do unit standard 497 for a national certificate.
What does this training cover?
This training covers:
legislative rights and responsibilities for workplace health and safety
the systems approach to workplace health and safety
hazards as defined in the HSE Act.
Assessment
For Assessment you will need to answer questions about workplace health and safety.
The questions in the assessment cover what is in this training. You can look at the training
notes when you answer the questions. You do not have to answer them from memory.
Your assessor might want to ask you these questions and get you to tell him or her the
answers rather than have you write the answers down.
If you think you can do the assessment without doing the training that s fine, you can
answer the questions and give them to your assessor. It is suggested you do the practices
in the training before you answer the questions in the assessment just to make sure you
do know everything covered in the training.
Working through this training
This training is self-paced. You choose how you work on it, you can work at your own
pace and work the hours that suit you. If there are others at your work doing the training
you can work with them, or work on your own.
The training is made up of chunks; each chunk is made up of:
Information on the topic.
A practice exercise.
If you get stuck, don t understand something or need some help to plan your study, talk to
your work mates (especially those who have done this course), supervisor or work site
trainer.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Workplace health and safety requirements
In New Zealand, workplace health and safety requirements are governed by the Health
and Safety in Employment Act 1992 (HSE Act). This Act was put in place to promote the
prevention of harm to all people at, or in the vicinity, of work. The Act applies to all New
Zealand workplaces and is administered and enforced in most workplaces by the
Department of Labour.
Legislative rights and responsibilities
Under the HSE Act, employers and employees have certain responsibilities and
employees have certain rights.
Responsibilities of employers under the HSE Act:
Your employer must take all practicable steps to ensure the safety of employees.
Practicable means: practical, reasonable, and physically possible. For example, your
employer can protect you by providing you with personal protective clothing and
equipment but cannot guarantee that the workplace will be 100% safe at all times as this is
not practicable. Examples of taking practicable steps to ensure your safety include:
Providing personal
protective clothing
and equipment. For
example, providing
you with ear muffs or
ear plugs, safety
goggles, gloves,
aprons, hard hats,
safety jerkins, steel
cap boots, dust masks
and so on.
Managing hazards. For
example, replacing toxic
materials with non-toxic
ones, removing tripping
hazards, installing safety
features on equipment,
placing signs around the
workplace to warn
people of hazards that
cannot be eliminated.
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Providing supervision
and training. For
example, training new
employees on how to use
equipment then
supervising those
employees until they are
able to complete the
associated tasks safely.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Responsibilities and rights of employees under the HSE Act:
The HSE Act doesn t just apply to your employer. It also applies to you and you can be
prosecuted under the act if you fail to take responsibility for health and safety at work.
Examples of taking responsibility include:
Protecting the health and safety of self and others. In addition
to protecting your own health and safety, such as wearing
personal protective equipment and following health and safety
guidelines, you also need to look out for others in the workplace.
For example, if you create a hazard, such as a wet floor, you
need to warn others of the hazard. You need to be aware of
things you do or don t do at work that can cause harm to others,
for example, turning off a machine when you have finished with
it, placing a sharp knife in its holder rather than leaving it on a
bench, sweeping debris off the floor, placing a sign over a wet
floor until it dries, and so on.
Using protective clothing and equipment. Your employer
should supply you with protective clothing and equipment as and
when necessary so your responsibility is to wear it and to inform
your employer if it doesn t fit, is damaged or not working for any
reason. Protective clothing and equipment has been carefully
designed to reduce the likelihood of hazards causing you harm
so it s very important you use it properly and at all times when
working with or around workplace hazards.
The right to refuse unsafe work. You have the right, under the
HSE Act to refuse to do work that you feel is unsafe. For
example, heavy lifting or working with chemicals. You need to
explain to your employer why you feel it is unsafe. If your
employer doesn t agree with you or puts pressure on you to work
when you feel it is unsafe to do so you will need to talk to your
health and safety representative or to a governing authority such
as the Department of Labour.
To be adequately supervised and/or trained. You should be
trained to do your job safely and in a way that does not cause
you any harm. In addition to training you should be supervised
until you are able to work competently and safely. For example,
Joe is trained how to operate some equipment and advised when
to take a break and how often to reduce the risk of strain. He is
then supervised by Pete who watches over him to make sure he
uses the equipment safely and takes the regular breaks as
required.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Quiz 1
1. What is the primary purpose of the Health and Safety in Employment Act (HSE Act):
a. To promote prevention of harm to all people at, or in the vicinity, of work.
b. To protect employees from an unsafe workplace.
c. To promote employers to be more responsible.
2. Who enforces the HSE Act?
a. The Police.
b. The National Health System.
c. The Ministry of Health.
d. The Department of Labour.
3. The Act requires people at work to take all practicable steps to protect health and
safety at work. What does practicable mean?
a. Practical, reasonable, and physically possible.
b. It s another word for legal.
c. Authorised, validated and tested.
4. Pete is asked to operate a machine that he hasn t been trained on. If he has an
accident who is responsible?
a. Pete
for not refusing to work.
b. Pete s workmates for not supervising Pete.
c. Pete s employer for not training Pete.
5. Kath leaves work related debris on the floor despite being told to keep passageways
clear at all times. Soon after, Sue slips on a piece of debris and breaks her arm from
the fall. Who is responsible?
a. Kath
for not protecting others.
b. Sue
for not protecting herself.
c. Kath s employer.
6. You have a right to refuse work that you think is unsafe:
a. True
b. False
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
7. Wearing personal protective clothing and equipment is optional as you are individually
responsible for your health and so it s up to you if you want to risk it.
a. True
b. False
8. If Fiona is trained on how to operate a machine but is not supervised, who is
responsible if she has an accident while operating the machine alone?
a. Fiona
for not paying enough attention in training.
b. The employer
c. No one
for not providing supervision.
in this case her training should be sufficient.
9. If Sam receives instructions on how to operate a machine but doesn t understand those
instructions. Who is responsible if he has an accident while operating the machine?
a. Sam
for not telling the employer he doesn t understand.
b. The employer for not making sure Sam understands or supervising him while
working on the machine.
c. No one
in this case it s a matter of Sam having literacy issues.
10. Bill hates wearing ear protection and tends to either wear it loosely or not at all (when
the supervisor isn t watching). In time he suffers hearing loss. Who is responsible?
a. Bill
for not taking responsibility to wear the protection.
b. Bills employer
for not supervising Bill more closely.
c. Both Bill and his employer.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
The systems approach
The emphasis of the HSE Act is on the systematic management of health and safety at
work. It requires employers and others to maintain safe working environments, and
implement sound practice. It recognises that successful health and safety management is
best achieved through good faith co-operation in the place of work and, in particular,
through the input of those doing the work.
The principal systems
All workplaces should have in place the following systems:
Emergency procedures
Training and supervision
Employee participation
Incident and hazard reporting
Hazard management
Emergency procedures
Emergency procedures are the actions that all people in and around any workplace need
to do in the event of an emergency, for example a fire, earthquake or chemical spillage.
Emergency procedures should include a series of instructions on what to do and what not
to do in the event of an emergency. Here is an example:
Stop work and leave the building IMMEDIATELY when the fire alarm sounds or
when you are instructed to do so!
Follow instructions, avoid panic, and cooperate with those responding to the
emergency.
Proceed to the designated or nearest exit.
DO NOT delay your exit from the building by looking for belongings or other
people.
DO NOT use the elevators
use the stairs.
DO help those with disabilities.
When leaving the building, proceed to the designated assembly area.
DO NOT obstruct fire hydrants or the responding fire/rescue workers and their
equipment.
DO NOT re-enter the building until instructed to do so by your supervisor or
emergency warden.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Training & supervision
You must be adequately trained in the safe use of all plant, objects, substances, protective
clothing and equipment that you are or may be required to use or handle. Your employer
must also ensure that you are supervised by an experienced person until you are
sufficiently experienced to do your work safely. You also have a duty to follow instruction
and not to endanger yourself or others.
Your training may come in many forms. Most workplaces provide induction training which
happens when you begin employment at a workplace. Induction or basic on-the-job
training should include:
How to carry out the job in a safe and
healthy manner.
Information on hazards and hazardous work
practices.
Where applicable, details of any isolation or
"tag-out" procedures.
Reporting of accidents or incidents.
Selection, use, fitting, storage, and
maintenance of protective clothing and
equipment.
Where to obtain occupational safety and
health information.
Emergency procedures.
Many workplaces repeat induction training a few months after a person has started. In
addition to your basic workplace training you should be given specific training such as how
to use any equipment you will be using. You should also receive training (and supervision)
with every significant change of duties or work environment.
Example:
Joe begins work at a processing factory and completes his induction training. A month
later he is shown how to work some equipment
and is stationed there for the rest of the day.
Half way through the day a piece of machinery
gets jammed. Joe reaches in to try and pry the
jammed bit loose but instead manages to
crush his finger. After the accident
investigation is carried out, Joe s employer is
convicted under the HSE Act for failing to
provide adequate training and supervision (Joe
wasn t told about safety procedures when
working with the machine, and there was no
one around for him to ask when the machine
jammed).
Copyright © 2007. New Zealand Industry Training Organisation Incorporated
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Employee participation
Your workplace should have a system in place that gives you reasonable opportunities to
participate effectively in ongoing processes for the improvement of health and safety at
work. The reason for this is that the HSE Act recognises that you can help make your
workplace safe and that you can provide information on health and safety issues (such as
workplace hazards) you face at work.
This system usually takes the form of a Health and Safety committee or representative(s).
Each health and safety representative or committee may represent a particular type of
work, or place of work of the employer and is likely to carry out some or all of the following
functions:
To foster positive health and safety management practices in the place of work;
To identify and bring to the employer's attention hazards in the place of work and
discuss with the employer ways that the hazards may be dealt with;
To consult with inspectors on health and safety issues;
To promote the interests of employees in a health and safety context generally and
in particular those employees who have been harmed at work, including in relation
to arrangements for rehabilitation and return to work; and
To carry out any other functions conferred by the particular system of employee
participation, a code of practice, or by the employer (with the agreement of the
representative or a union representing them).
Incident and hazard reporting
Incidents and hazards need to be recorded in registers. Incidents and accidents are
recorded in an accident register and hazards in a hazard register.
Accident register
Details of all work-related accidents or incidents that have harmed or might have harmed
any person must be recorded in an accident register. This includes accidents or incidents
involving employees, self-employed people, customers and other visitors to a place of
work.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
When a work-related accident results in serious harm:
Make sure anyone injured or suspected
of injury has received first aid or medical
attention if necessary.
Do NOT interfere with the accident
scene, unless:
A Department of Labour health and
safety inspector has given
permission,
It is necessary to save someone's life
or prevent harm or suffering to them,
It is necessary to maintain access by the general public to an essential service
or utility, or
It is necessary to prevent serious damage to property.
Advise the local Department of Labour health and safety office as soon as possible
by phone or fax.
Carry out / co-operate with any subsequent investigation.
Mail or fax written notice to the nearest Department of Labour health and safety
office within 7 days. The written notice can use the Accident or Serious Harm
Form (see example in the appendices) or else must contain the same details as
this form.
Keep the original (or a copy) written notice in the accident register. If the accident
register is kept in a different form, the same details must be recorded.
Take steps to eliminate, isolate or minimise any identified hazard, once an Inspector
gives permission to interfere with the accident scene.
Hazard register
Details of ALL identified work-related hazards are
recorded in a Hazard register. Each Hazard should be
listed on a Hazard Identification form (see example in
the appendices) or, if the hazard register is kept in a
different form, the same details must be recorded.
Hazard management
To keep a workplace safe and healthy, employers
should make sure there are no hazards to which employees and others in the workplace
could be exposed. Employers should look for hazards in advance, as part of their risk
management and work planning, so that potential hazards are anticipated and prevented.
In all of this employers should get the benefit of their employees knowledge by talking to
them and/or their representatives (including unions) in good faith about the best way to do
things.
Employers have to put in place an effective system for identifying existing and emerging
(new) hazards.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Methods of hazard identification include:
Physical inspections of the workplace, equipment, and
work practices;
Analysis of tasks and how they are carried out by
employees in the workplace;
Analysis of processes carried out in the workplace;
Analysis of previous 'near miss' incidents.
Employers should then also have an effective system for
responding to and managing the hazards that they identify.
Hierarchy of hazard management controls
How the employer responds to and manages a particular hazard will depend on the
circumstances. The hierarchy of hazard management is:
Eliminate
Isolate
Minimise
Eliminate
The preferred response is to eliminate the hazard; that
is, change things so that the hazard no longer exists.
Examples of eliminating hazards are:
Replacing a toxic chemical with a non-toxic
substitute.
Relocating electrical plugs close to work stations
to eliminate the hazard of cords running across
passageways.
Covering a tripping hazard with a ramp.
Replacing a manual task with a machine to
eliminate the hazard of repetitive strain injury.
Isolate
If the hazard cannot be reasonably eliminated, the next response should be to isolate the
hazard; that is, put in place a process or mechanism that keeps employees away from the
hazard.
Examples of isolating hazards are:
Placing a noisy machine inside a sound proof enclosure.
Installing a safety guard around a dangerous piece of machinery.
Placing chemicals in a secure location away from the general workplace.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Minimise
If the hazard cannot be reasonably isolated, then the hazard must be minimised; that is,
do what can reasonably be done to lessen the likelihood of harm being caused by the
hazard and to protect employees.
Examples of minimising hazards are:
providing employees with suitable protective clothing or equipment, for example,
monitoring employees exposure to the hazard; and
with their informed consent, monitoring employees health in relation to the hazard.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Quiz 2
1. 1. The HSE Act recognises that successful health and safety management is best
achieved through:
a. good faith co-operation and input of those doing the work
b. heavy penalties and fines for non-compliance.
c. Effective managers who complete regular training programmes.
2. All workplaces should have which of the following systems?
a. Emergency procedures
b. Training and supervision
c. Employee participation
d. Incident and hazard reporting
e. Hazard management
f. All of the above
3. Emergency procedures instruct employees on:
a. How to put out fires and control other emergencies at work.
b. What to do in the event of an emergency.
c. Civil Defence actions to take when there is an emergency.
4. If you are adequately trained on the use of equipment you don t need any
supervision.
a. True
b. False
5. You should be supervised until you have enough experience to safely handle all
situations that may arise at work.
a. True
b. False
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
6. When is it necessary to receive training:
a. At induction
b. When using any plant, objects, substances, protective clothing and
equipment that you are or may be required to use or handle
c. with every significant change of duties or work environment
d. All of the above.
7. Why should there be system in place that gives you reasonable opportunities to
participate effectively in ongoing processes for the improvement of health and
safety at work?
a. So that the workload is shared between all employees.
b. So that you can feel important and possible advance your career in this
direction.
c. Because you can provide information on health and safety issues you face at
work.
8. All known hazards need to be listed in:
a. A hazards register.
b. An emergencies procedures manual.
c. A legal document that is filed with the Department of Labour health and
safety office.
9. The first thing you should do when there has been an accident is:
a. Report to the Department of Labour health and safety office.
b. Ensure any injured people receive first aid or medical attention.
c. Sound the fire alarm.
10. The Department of Labour health and safety office need to be informed:
a. When an accident resulting in serious harm or death has occurred.
b. When any accident whether anyone was injured or not, has occurred.
c. Only when an accident resulting in death has occurred.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
11. You need to report to the Department of Labour health and safety office about an
accident:
a. Within 7 days.
b. Within 7 weeks.
c. Within 7 months.
12. Which of the following are methods to identify hazards:
a. Physical inspections.
b. Analysis of tasks.
c. Analysis of processes.
d. Analysis of previous 'near miss' incidents.
e. All of the above.
13. The hierarchy of hazard management is:
a. Minimise, isolate, eliminate.
b. Eliminate, isolate, minimise.
c. Isolate, minimise, eliminate.
d. Eliminate, minimise, isolate.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Hazards as defined in the HSE Act
Under the HSE Act, Hazard :
(a) means an activity, arrangement, circumstance, event, occurrence, phenomenon,
process, situation, or substance (whether arising or caused within or outside a place
of work) that is an actual or potential cause or source of harm; and
(b) includes(i)
a situation where a person's behaviour may be an actual or potential cause
or source of harm to the person or another person; and
(ii)
without limitation, a situation described in subparagraph (i) resulting from
physical or mental fatigue, drugs, alcohol, traumatic shock, or another
temporary condition that affects a person's behaviour.
Hazards can:
be actual or potential.
be physical, biological, or behavioural (including temporary conditions that can
affect a person's behaviour, such as fatigue, shock, alcohol or drugs)
arise or be caused within or outside a place of work.
The term hazardous has a corresponding meaning.
Examples of hazards:
Sharp or protruding pieces of equipment that can harm people as they walk past.
Toxic chemicals that can poison people who breathe in the fumes or damage their
skin.
A wet, slippery floor that people can slip on.
A loud workplace that can cause hearing loss and/or stress.
Moving parts of machinery that people can get their fingers, hair, etc., caught in.
A person skylarking with a knife or other piece of dangerous equipment.
A person operating a machine while under the
influence of alcohol.
SLIPPERYWHEN
WET
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Quiz 3
1. A hazard is an activity, arrangement, circumstance, event, occurrence,
phenomenon, process, situation, or substance that is an actual or _?_ cause or
source of harm.
2. Hazards can be:
a. Actual
b. Potential
c. Physical
d. Biological
e. Behavioural
f. All of the above
3. Hazards can arise or be caused within or _?_ a place of work.
4. A hazard is anything that can cause or has the potential to cause harm.
a. True
b. False
5. Which of the following is a hazardous:
a. Working when very tired.
b. Working while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
c. Breathing in toxic fumes.
d. Manual tasks that put strain on the body.
e. A wet floor.
f. All of the above.
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Unit Standard 497 Demonstrate knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Practice
Appendix
Form of register or notification of circumstances of accident or serious harm
Required for section 25(1), (1A), (1B), and (3)(b) of the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992
For non-injury accident, complete questions 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 14 and 15 as applicable
1
Particulars of employer, self-employed person or principal:
2
The person reporting is:
an employer
a principal
3
4
11 Agency of accident/ serious harm:
machinery or (mainly) fixed plant
mobile plant or transport
powered equipment, tool, or appliance
non-powered handtool, appliance, or equipment
chemical or chemical product
material or substance
environmental exposure (e.g. dust, gas)
animal, human or biological agency (other than bacteria or virus)
bacteria or virus
a self-employed person
Location of place of work:
Name
Residential address
5
6
7
Sex (M/F)
Occupation or job title of injured person:
The injured person is:
an employee
self
9
13 Nature of injury or disease:
fatal
puncture wound
poisoning or toxic effects
multiple injuries
damage to artificial aid
disease, nervous system
disease, musculoskeletal system
disease, skin
disease, digestive system
disease, infectious or parasitic
disease, respiratory system
disease, circulatory system
tumour (malignant or benign)
mental disorder
14 Where and how did the accident/serious harm happen?
a contractor (self-employed person)
other
Period of employment of injured person:
1st week
6 months-1 year
non-employee
8
trunk
multiple locations
fracture of spine
other fracture
dislocation
sprain or strain
head injury
internal injury of trunk
amputation, including eye
open wound
superficial injury
bruising or crushing
foreign body
burns
nerves or spinal chord
Personal data of injured person:
Date of birth
12 Body part:
head
neck
upper limb
lower limb
systemic internal organs
1st month
1-5 years
Treatment of injury:
None
Doctor but no hospitalisation
1-6 months
Over 5 years
First aid only
Hospitalisation
Time and date of accident/ serious harm:
Time
am/pm
Date
Shift
Day
Afternoon
Night
15 If notification is from an employer:
(a) Has an investigation been carried out?
(b) Was a significant hazard involved?
yes
yes
Hours worked since arrival at work
Signature and date ________________________ ___ / ___ / ___
10 Mechanism of accident/ serious harm:
fall, trip or slip
hitting objects with part of the body
sound or pressure being hit by moving objects
body stressing
heat, radiation or energy
biological factors
chemicals or other substances
mental stress
Name and
position
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no
no