AB85
NORTON’S THEOREM
Analog Lab
Experiment Board
Ver. 1.0
QUALITY POLICY
To be a Global Provider of Innovative and Affordable
Electronic Equipments for Technology Training by
enhancing Customer Satisfaction based on
Research, Modern manufacturing techniques and
continuous improvement in Quality of the products
and Services with active participation of employees.
An ISO 9001: 2000 company
94-101, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura INDORE-452010, India.
Tel.: 91-731-2570301 Fax: 91-731-2555643
AB85
Email: info@scientech.bz Web: www.scientech.bz
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
2
AB85
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
3
AB85
NORTON’S THEOREM
AB85
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.Introduction
4
2. Theory
6
3.Experiment
8
To verify Norton’s Theorem
4.Warranty
11
5.List of Service Centers
12
6.List of Accessories with AB85
12
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
4
AB85
INTRODUCTION
AB85 is a compact, ready to use Norton’s Theorem experiment board.
This is useful for students to study Norton’s Theorem. It can be used as
stand alone unit with external DC power supply or can be used with
SCIENTECH Analog Lab ST2612 which has built in DC power supply,
AC power supply, function generator, modulation generator, continuity
tester, toggle switches and potentiometer.
List of Boards :
Model
AB01
AB02
AB03
AB04
AB05
AB06
AB07
AB08
AB09
AB10
AB11
AB14
AB15
AB16
AB17
AB18
AB19
AB20
AB21
AB22
AB23
AB25
AB28
AB29
AB30
AB31
AB32
AB33
Name
Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED)
Transistor characteristics (CB NPN)
Transistor characteristics (CB PNP)
Transistor characteristics (CE NPN)
Transistor characteristics (CE PNP)
Transistor characteristics (CC NPN)
Transistor characteristics (CC PNP)
FET characteristics
Rectifier Circuits
Wheatstone Bridge
Maxwell’s Bridge
Darlington Pair
Common Emitter Amplifier
Common Collector Amplifier
Common Base Amplifier
Cascode Amplifier
RC-Coupled Amplifier
Direct Coupled Amplifier
Class A Amplifier
Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower)
Class C Tuned Amplifier
Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator & Frequency
Divider / Multiplier)
Multivibrator ( Mono stable / Astable)
F-V and V-F Converter
V-I and I-V Converter
Zener Voltage Regulator
Transistor Series Voltage Regulator
Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5
AB85
AB41
AB42
AB43
AB44
AB45
AB51
AB52
AB53
AB54
AB56
AB65
AB66
AB67
AB68
AB80
AB81
AB82
AB83
AB84
AB85
AB88
AB89
AB90
AB91
AB92
AB93
AB96
AB97
AB101
AB102
AB106
Differential Amplifier (Transistorized)
Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Non-inverting /
Differentiator)
Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar)
Operational Amplifier (Integrator/ Differentiator)
Schmitt Trigger and Comparator
Active filters (Low Pass and High Pass)
Active Band Pass Filter
Notch Filter
Tschebyscheff Filter
Fiber Optic Analog Link
Phase Shift Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillators
Colpitt Oscillator
Hartley Oscillator
RLC Series and RLC Parallel Resonance
Kirchoff’s Laws (Kirchhoff’s Current Law & Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law)
Thevenin’s and Maximum power Transfer Theorem
Reciprocity and Superposition Theorem
Tellegen’s Theorem
Norton’s theorem
Diode Clipper
Diode Clampers
Two port network parameter
Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell)
Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR)
Optical Transducer (PhotoTransistor)
Temperature Transducer (RTD & IC335)
Temperature Transducer (Thermocouple)
DSB Modulator and Demodulator
SSB Modulator and Demodulator
FM Modulator and Demodulator
………… and many more
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
6
AB85
THEORY
Norton’s Theorem :
Any two-terminal, linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source and a parallel resistor.
Fig. 1
The Norton’s equivalent circuit provides equivalence at the terminals
only − the internal construction and characteristics of the original network
and the Norton equivalent are usually quite different.
This theorem achieves two important objectives:
Provide a way to find any particular voltage or current in a linear network
with one, two, or any other number of sources.
We can concentrate on a specific portion of a network by replacing the
remaining network with an equivalent circuit.
Sequence to find values of RN and IN
1.
Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton
equivalent circuit is to be found. In the fig. 1, this requires that the
load resistor RL be temporarily removed from the network.
2.
Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network. (The
importance of this step will become obvious as we progress through
some complex networks)
RN :
3.
Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are
replaced by short circuits and current sources by open circuits) and
then finding the resultant resistance between the two marked
terminals.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
7
AB85
(If the internal resistance of the voltage and/or current sources is
included in the original network, it must remain when the sources are
set to zero.)
IN :
4.
Calculate IN by first short the load and find the short circuit current
flowing through the shorted load terminals using conventional
network analysis.
5.
Norton’s equivalent circuit is drawn by keeping RN in parallel to
current source as shown in Fig.
6.
Reconnect the load resister (RL) across the load terminal and the
current through it( IL) is then given by



 ( R N + RL ) 
I L = I N 
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
RN
8
AB85
EXPERIMENT
Objective :
To verify Norton’s Theorem.
Apparatus required :
1.
Analog board, AB 85.
2.
DC power supplies +5V and -5V from external source or ST2612
Analog Lab.
3.
Digital multimeter.
4.
2 mm patch cords.
Circuit diagram :
Circuit used to study Norton’s Theorem is shown in Fig 3.
Fig. 3
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
9
AB85
Procedure :
1.
Connect +5V and -5V dc power supplies at their indicated position
from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
2.
To measure practical value of Norton's equivalent current I N of given
circuit, proceed as follows :
3.
4.
a.
Connect a 2mm patch cord between +5V supply and socket a,
and ground to ground of the circuit.
b.
As we want to replace left side of Load resistance by its
Norton's equivalent circuit. Disconnect load resistance by
removing Patch cord between socket b & c.
c.
Measure current between socket b & ground
d.
It is the required value of Norton's equivalent current (IN ).
To measure Theoretical value of Norton's equivalent current IN of
given circuit, proceed as follows :
a.
Determine the value of current I flowing through 1K2 resistor
with the help of basic current laws.
b.
Determine the value of current I flowing through 475E resistor
with the help of basic current laws.
c.
Compare theoretical and practical value of Norton’s equivalent
current IN.
To measure practical value of Norton's equivalent Resistance RN of
given circuit, proceed as follows :
a.
Disconnect the 2mm patch cord between socket a & supply.
b.
As we want to replace left side of Load resistance by its
Norton’s equivalent circuit. Disconnect load resistance by
removing Patch cord between socket b & c.
c.
Connect socket a & ground so as to replace source by its
internal resistance (Assuming it negligible)
d.
Measure resistance between socket b & ground.
e.
It is the required value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
10
AB85
5.
Measure Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN
between socket b & ground of the given circuit by using
fundamentals of resistance in series and parallel.
6.
Compare theoretical and practical value of Norton’s equivalent
resistance RN.
7.
To compare the given circuit with its Norton’s equivalent circuit
proceed as follows :
a.
Connect a 2mm patch cord between socket a & supply and
ground to ground socket.
b.
Set the value of Load resistance of given circuit and its
equivalent circuit equal to 500Ω, 600Ω, 700Ω… 1K.
c.
Connect an ammeter between socket b & c to measure current
flowing through load resistance of given circuit.
d.
Connect an ammeter between socket d & h and examine the
value. This current is same as IN of the Norton circuit.
e.
Connect a 2 mm patch cord between socket d & e and between
socket h & i .
f.
Connect an ammeter between socket f & g to measure current
flowing through load resistance of Norton’s equivalent circuit.
g.
Compare current flowing through both of the load resistance.
Result :
1.
Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN = _____________
2.
Practical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN = _______________
3.
Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN = __________
4.
Practical value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN = _____________
5.
(Yes/No) _________, The value of current flowing through the load
resistance in both of the cases is approximately equal. Hence
Norton’s theorem is verified.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
11
AB85
WARRANTY
1)
We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects
during 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2)
The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous
components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by
the original manufacturer and defect will be rectified as far as lies
within our control.
3)
The guarantee will become INVALID.
a)If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the
instruction manual.
b)If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not
followed.
c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party.
d)Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the
instrument.
4)
The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us
immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed
specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of
purchase etc.
5)
The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is
dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways. To and fro
charges will be to the account of the customer.
DESPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE
Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please
observe the following procedure:
1)
Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving full
details of the fault noticed.
2)
After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether
it is necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the
adjustment is possible in your premises.
Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed
in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and
a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
12
AB85
LIST OF SERVICE CENTERS
1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
90, Electronic Complex
Ph: (0731) 5202959
Pardesipura,
Email: info@scientech.bz
INDORE – 452010
2. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
First Floor, C-19,
Ph.: (011) 22157370, 22157371
F.I.E., Patparganj Industrial Area ,
Fax: (011) 22157369
DELHI – 110092
Email: ndel@scientech.bz
3. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
New no.2, Old no.10, 4th street
Ph.: (044) 42187548, 42187549
Venkateswara nagar, Adyar
Fax: (044) 42187549
CHENNAI – 600025
Email: chennai@scientech.bz
4. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
202/19, 4th main street
Ph.: (080) 51285011
Ganganagar,
Fax: (080) 51285022
BANGALORE- 560032
Email: bangalore@scientech.bz
5. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
8,1st floor, 123-Hariram Mansion,
Ph.: (022) 56299457
Dada Saheb Phalke road,
Fax: (022) 24168767
Dadar (East),
Email: stplmum@scientech.bz
MUMBAI –400014
6. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
988, Sadashiv Peth,
Ph.: (020) 24461673
Gyan Prabodhini Lane,
Fax: (020) 24482403
PUNE – 411030
Email: pune@scientech.bz
7. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd
SPS Apartment, 1st Floor
Ph.: +913355266800
2, Ahmed Mamoji Street,
Email : kolkata@scientech.bz
Behind Jaiswal Hospital,
Liluah, HOWRAH-711204 W.B.
8. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd
Flat No. 205, 2nd Floor,
Ph.: (040) 55465643
Lakshminarayana Apartments
Email: hyd@scientech.bz
‘C’ wing, Street No. 17,
Himaytnagar,
HYDERABAD- 500029
LIST OF ACCESSORIES
1.
2mm Patch cords (red) .......................................................2 Nos.
2.
2mm Patch cords (black) ....................................................3 Nos.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
13
AB85
3.
2mm Patch cords (blue) .....................................................4 Nos.
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
14