Solar powered Single Stage boost inverter with
ANN based MPPT algorithm
OCTOBER 08, 2010
Presentation By
Mr. M.Kaliamoorthy,
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
PSNA College of Engineering and Technology
Dindigul, Tamilnadu-624622
Tel: 9865065166
E-Mail: kaliasgoldmedal@gmail.com,kalias_ifet@yahoo.com
Website:www.kaliasgoldmedal.yolasite.com
Paper Number : 371
The Journey of Thousand Miles Begins with a single step
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Objectives of This Paper
• Design and development of solar powered single stage boost inverter for
RL load
• Design of accurate PV module and improved MPPT algorithm using
Neural Networks
• Comparison of closed loop controlling of boost inverter using– PI controller
– Sliding mode controller
– MPPT algorithm
Low aim is a crime- Diode-John Ambrose Fleming-1904
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Contents of Presentation
• Simulation of accurate PV panel
• Simulation of improved maximum power point tracking algorithm
using Neural Networks
• Analysis and simulation of open loop single stage PV fed boost dcac converter
• Developing sliding mode control and PI control for PV fed boost
inverter
• Comparison of the results and conclusion
Model a Drop, To know the power of the OCEAN- Zener Diode –Clarence Melvin Zener-1915
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL WORKING PRINCIPLE
Workship the creator not his creation- Edmond Becquerel ,1889 Electricity From Sun
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING
From the figure
I = I L − I D − − − −(1)
Where I=Output Current In Amps
Il=light Current Or Photo Generated Current In Amps
ID= Diode Current in amps
Reading is an adventure that never ends- Photo Voltaic Cell- Russell Ohl-1903
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING Cont…
By Shockley equation, current diverted through diode is

 U + IR s
I D = I o exp 
 nkT / q

Where
 
 − 1
 
Io= Reverse Saturation Current
n= Diode Ideality Factor
K=Boltzmann’s Constant
T= Absolute Temperature
q= Elementary Charge
For silicon of 250C nkT/q=0.0259 volts=α

 U + IR s  
I D = I o exp 
 − 1
 α
 

Believing in yourself is the first step to success- Lead Acid Battery- Raymond Gaston Plante-1859
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING Cont…
Substituting above equation in equation (1) we get
  U + IRs  
I = I L − I o exp
 − 1 − − − −(2)
  α  
Where α=nkT/q is known as Thermal Voltage Timing Completion Factor
The four Parameters IL,Io,Rs and α need to be determined to
Study the I-U characteristics of PV cells
Look at your strengths and not your weaknesses- SCR-General Electric (GE)-1958
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING Cont…
LIGHT CURRENT IL determination
φ
[
IL =
I L ,ref + µ I , SC (Tc − Tc , ref )]
φref
Where φ
= irradiance(W/m 2 )
φref = reference irradiance(1000 W/m 2 is used in this study)
I L,ref = Light current at reference condition (1000 W/m 2 and 25 0 c)
Tc
= PV cell temperature
Tc,ref = Reference Temperature (250 C is used here)
µ I , SC = Temperature coefficient of the short circuit current (A/ 0C )
Both I L,ref and µ I,SC can be obtained from manufacturer data sheet
Success is a journey, Which has no Destination- Alternator-Nikola Tesla-1891
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING Cont…
SATURATION CURRENT IO determination
3
 egap N s  Tc ,ref + 273 
 Tc ,ref + 273 
 exp 
1 −

I o = I o ,ref 
Tc + 273 
 qα ref 
 Tc + 273 
Where I o,ref = Saturation current at the reference condition (A)
e gap
= Band gap of the material (1.17eV for Si materials)
Ns
= Number of cells in series of the PV module
q
= Charge of the electron (1.60217733 x 10-19 C )
= The value of α at the reference condition
α ref
U oc ,ref
 U

I o ,ref = I L ,ref exp  − oc,ref 
 α ref 
= The open circuit voltage of the PV module
at the reference condition(V) (Will be provided by manufacturers)
There is no age bar for learning- Electric Chair-Harold P.Brown-1888
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING Cont…
Calculation of α
α ref =
2U mp ,ref − U oc ,ref
I sc ,ref
I sc ,ref − I mp ,ref
 I mp ,ref
+ ln1 −

I sc ,ref





Where
U mp ,ref = Maximum power point voltage at the reference condition (V)
I mp,ref = Maximum power point current at the reference condition (A)
I sc,ref
= Short circuit current at the reference condition (A)
α is a function of temperature, which is expressed as
Tc + 273
α=
α ref
Tc ,ref + 273
Knowledge is the antidote to fear – Electric Distribution System –Thomas Alva Edison - 1882
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODELING Cont…
Calculation of Series Resistance Rs
Some manufactures provide value of Rs, if they do not provide
It can be calculated as follows

I mp , ref 

 + U oc , ref − U mp , ref
α ref ln  1 −
I sc , ref 

Rs =
I mp , ref
R s is taken as constant
here
Thermal Model of Photovoltaic cell
C pv
C pv
dT c
U xI
= k in , pv φ −
− K loss (Tc − Ta )
dt
A
= The oveall heat capacity per unit area of the PV cell/Modul e [J/( 0 c.m 2 )]
K in , pv = Transmitta nce absorbtion product of PV cells
k loss
= Overall heat loss coefficien t[ W/( 0 c.m 2 )]
Ta
= Ambient te mperature( 0 c )
A
= Effective area of the PVcell/ Module(m 2 )
Present life is better than life coming in future – Robot- Jacques de Vaucanson-1738
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODEL PARAMETERS
IL,ref(ISC,ref)
2.664 A
αref
5.472 V
Rs
1.324 Ω
Uoc,ref
87.72 V
Ump,ref
70.731 V
Imp,ref
2.448 A
Φref
1000 W/m2
Tc,ref
250c
CPV
5 X 104 J/ (0c.m2)
A
1.5m2
Kin,pv 0.9
Kloss
30 W/ (0c.m2)
Be willing to accept temporary inconvenience for permanent improvement –Dynamo-Michael Faraday-1832
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODEL IN MATLAB/SIMULINK
Better safe than sorry –Analog Storage Oscilloscope- Hughes-1957
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL MODEL IN MATLAB/SIMULINK
Distance lends enchantment to the view –CRO- Karl Ferdinand Braun- 1897
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
CHARACTERISTICS OF PV CELL AT CONSTANT
CELL TEMPERATURE
Voltage Vs Power Characteristics
Voltage Vs Current Characteristics
250
4.5
1400 W/Sq.M
1600 W/Sq.M
1200 W/Sq.M
1000 W/Sq.M
800 W/Sq.M
200
4
3.5
150
C u rre n t i n s e c s
P o w er in W atts
3
100
2.5
2
1600 W/Sq.M
1400 W/Sq.M
1200 W/Sq.M
1000 W/Sq.M
800 W/Sq.M
1.5
1
50
Constant Cell Temperature 25 deg Centigrade
0.5
Constant Cell Temperature of 25 deg Cent
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Voltage in Volts
60
70
80
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Voltage in Volts
60
Everyone wants to go to heaven but nobody wants to die - Megger – Evershed - 1905
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
70
80
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
CHARACTERISTICS OF PV CELL AT CONSTANT
IRRADIANCE
Voltage Vs Current Characteristics
Voltage Vs Power Characteristics
3.5
160
50 deg C
75 deg C
100 deg C
125 deg C
150 deg C
3
120
2.5
100
2
P ower In W atts
Curren t In Am p s
50 deg c
75 deg c
100 deg c
125 deg c
150 deg c
140
1.5
80
60
1
40
Constant Irradiance of 1200 W/Sq.M
0.5
0
0
20
10
20
30
40
50
Voltage in Volts
60
70
80
0
Constant Irradiance of 1200 W/Sq.M
0
10
20
30
40
50
Voltage in Volts
Everything comes to him who waits -Ammeter – Edward Weston -1886
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
60
70
80
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV cell Using
Neural Networks
Transfer Function in the Input Layer
: Linear
Transfer Function in the Hidden Layer : Tan Sigmoid
Transfer Function in the output Layer : Linear
Training Algorithm : Back Propagation
Fish and guests smell after three days - Digital Multimeter –Fluke Electronics- 1969
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV cell Using
Neural Networks
TC
G
Imp (A)
Vmp(V)
P(W)
25°C
200W/m2
.477
56.5
27.3
400W/m2
.956
59
57.4
600W/m2
1.437
62.2
88.4
800W/m2
1.913
61
118.5
1000W/m2
2.394
61.2
149.5
1200W/m2
2.875
64.4
182
1400W/m2
3.346
62.8
212
1600W/m2
3.827
62
241
1800W/m2
4.298
61.8
270
History repeats itself - Electrolytic capacitor- Julius Edgar-1928
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV cell Using
Neural Networks
calculated Imp of a PV model
Imp of Neural Network
One can never consent to creep when one feels an impulse to soar – Electromagnetism –Maxwell-1865
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Single Stage Boost Inverter
Circuit implementation
Modes of operation
Don’t sit like a rock work like a clock- Fluorescent Lamp –Edmund Germer - 1926
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Modeling of Single Stage Boost Inverter
 di L 1   − R a
 dt   L 1
 dV  =  1
1

 
 dt   C 1
1 
 V1 
 V in 
 L 
L1   i L 1   L1 
  + 
γ +  1 
1   V1   i L1 
 V2 
−
−
 C 1 
 C 1 R 1 
C 1 R 1 
−
The above equation
is of the form
V& = AV + B γ + C
One today is worth than two tomorrows- Fuel Cell- Francis Thomas Bacon -1932
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Modeling of Single Stage Boost Inverter
Similarly we can write the state space equations when switches S3 and S4
are switched and the total state space equation is given by
1
R
  − a
0
−
L
L
 
1
1
  1
1
0
−
 
C 1 R1
 =  C1
Ra
  0
0
−
 
L2
 
1
  0
0
 
C2
Where γ is the status of switches
 di L 1
 dt
 dV
1

 dt
 di L 2
 dt
 dV
2

 dt
 V1

 L

i   1
  L1   − iL1
0
  V1   C 1
+
1  iL 2   V 2
−


L2  V 2   L2
 
 iL 2
1 
−
− C
C 2 R 1 
2

0
 V in 

 L 

1



V
2



 C 1 R1 

γ
+
 V


in



L



2
 V1 


C R 
 2 1

A great talker is a great liar - Hall Effect- Edwin Hall -1879
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Simulation Results
With Constant Irradiance and Temperature
Output Voltage
FFT window: 1 of 18 cycles of selected signal
300
100
200
0
100
V o lta g e in V o lts
-100
0
0.07
0.075
0.08
0.085
Time (s)
-100
-200
Fundamental (60Hz) = 182 , THD= 5.32%
120
-400
-500
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Time in secs
0.1
0.12
0.14
Mag (% of Fundamental)
-300
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Harmonic order
12
14
16
A man is as old as he feels - Hybrid Vehicle –Ferdinand Porsche-1899
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Simulation Results
With Constant Irradiance and Temperature Continues….
Current Through Inductor 1
Voltage across Capacitor 1
8
350
6
4
Current in Amps
V oltage in V olts
300
250
200
2
0
-2
-4
-6
150
-8
100
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06 0.07 0.08
Time in secs
0.09
0.1
0.11
0
0.02
0.04
0.12
0.06
0.08
Time in Secs
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.1
0.12
0.14
Current Through Inductor 2
8
Voltage across Capacitor 2
350
6
4
Current in Amps
V oltage in V olts
300
250
200
2
0
-2
-4
-6
150
-8
100
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06 0.07 0.08
Time in secs
0.09
0.1
0.11
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Time in Secs
0.12
Be willing to accept temporary inconvenience for permanent improvement- Logic gates-Charles Babbage -1837
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Simulation Results
With Variable Irradiance and Constant Temperature
PV cell output voltage for Different values of Irradiance
77.5
G=1000 W/sq.M
G=1000 W/sq.M
77
Voltage (V)
V o ltag e in V o lts
76.5
76
G=700 W/sq.M
G=700 W/sq.M
75.5
75
74.5
74
G=500 W/sq.M
73.5
Time (sec)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Time in Secs
Output voltage
PV panel voltage
Believing in yourself is the first step to success- Neon Lamp –Georges Claude-1910
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Current (A)
Voltage (V)
Simulation Results
With Variable Irradiance and Constant Temperature Continues…
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
Capacitor voltage
Inductor current
A hungry man is an angry man -Pager-Al Gross-1949
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
PI Controller Fed Single Stage Boost Inverter
Discretion is the better part of valor -Piezoelectricity-Pierre Curie-1880
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Voltage (V)
Simulation of PI Controller
With Constant Irradiance and Temperature
Time (sec)
Voltage (V)
Input voltage
Output voltage
Time (sec)
Lightning never strikes twice in the same place -Relay-Joseph Henry-1835
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Simulation Results
With Variable Irradiance and Constant Temperature
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)
S=1000W/sq.m
S=500W/sq.m
Time (sec)
PV panel voltage
Time (sec)
Output voltage
Money makes the world go round - Thermo Electricity –Thomson Johann Seebeck-1821
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Sliding Mode Controller
When good transient response of the output voltage is needed, a sliding
surface equation in the state space, expressed by a linear combination of
state-variable errors ε I (defined by difference to the references variables),
can be given by
S (iL1 ,V1 ) = K1ε 1 + K 2ε 2 = 0
where coefficients K1and K2 are proper gains, ε 1 is the feedback current
error, ε 2 and is the feedback voltage error, or
ε 1 = i L 1 − i Lref
ε 2 = V 1 − V ref
S (i L 1 , V 1 ) = K 1 (i L 1 − i Lref
) + K (V
2
1
− V ref
)= 0
The system response is determined by the circuit parameters and coefficients
K1and K2 . With a proper selection of these coefficients in any operating
condition, high control robustness, stability, and fast response can be achieved.
Never judge a book by its cover - Radio Guglielmo-1901
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Sliding Mode Controller Continued….
Sliding mode controller scheme
Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today - Remote Control –Nikola Tesla-1898
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Simulation Results for
Sliding Mode Controller With Variable Irradiance
Output Voltage (PV) Sliding Mode Control
PV Output Voltage For different irradiance
300
77.5
G=1000W/sq.M
77
200
76.5
V o l ta g e i n V o l ts
V o l ta g e i n V o l ts
100
76
75.5
75
0
-100
74.5
G=500W/sq.M
-200
74
73.5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Time in secs
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
-300
0.3
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.4
0.42
Time in secs
0.44
PV panel voltage
No one can make you feel inferior without your consent –Regenerative Circuit-Edwin Armstrong-1914
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
0.46
0.48
0.5
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Simulation Results for
Sliding Mode Controller With Variable Irradiance
continues….
Inductor Currents in Amps
Output voltage across capacitors
40
400
Inductor 1
Inductor 2
30
350
20
I n d u c to r C u re n ts i n A m p s
V o ltag e in V o lts
300
250
200
10
0
-10
-20
Capacitor 1
Capacitor 2
150
-30
100
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Time in secs
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
-40
0.05
0.1
0.15
Time in secs
0.2
Opportunity never knocks twice at any man's door - Electron –Joseph John –Thomson-1897.
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
0.25
0.3
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Simulation Results for
Sliding Mode Controller With Variable Irradiance
continues….
Selected signal: 18 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles
200
0
-200
-400
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Time (s)
0.2
0.25
0.3
Fundamental (60Hz) = 185.4 , THD= 1.20%
Mag (% of Fundamental)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Harmonic order
12
14
16
Practice makes perfect -Fax Machine-Alexander Bain-1842
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Simulation Results for
Sliding Mode Controller With Variable Temperature
continues….
PV ouput Voltage For different Temperatures(Sliding Mode Control)
PV ouput for different Cell Temperatures
400
68
T=75 deg C
66
300
T=75 deg C
200
64
V o ltag e in V o lts
V o l ta g e i n V o l ts
100
62
0
-100
60
-200
58
-300
T=100 deg C
56
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Time in secs
0.2
0.25
0.3
-400
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Time in secs
Seeing is believing -Electro Magnet-William Sturgeon-1825
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
0.25
0.3
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Simulation Results for
Sliding Mode Controller With Variable Temperature
continues….
RMS Value of Output Voltage ( Sliding Mode control)
Capacitor Voltages
180
600
Capacitor 1
Capacitor 2
160
500
140
400
120
Voltage in Volts
V oltage in V olts
300
100
80
200
100
60
0
40
-100
20
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Time in secs
Set a thief to catch a thief
0.2
0.25
0.3
-200
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Time in secs
-Transistor-Brattain Walter-1947
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
0.25
0.3
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Comparisons
Controller
Output
THD
Settling time
Input
condition
Atmospheric condition
Open loop
AC with constant RMS
≈5
≈0.01 s
Constant
Vph and Iph
Constant irradiation (G) and
temperature (T)
Open loop
AC with changing RMS
≈9
≈0.01 s
Varying Vph
and Iph
Varying G / T
PI
AC with almost constant RMS
≈2
≈0.005s
Varying Vph
and Iph
Varying G / T
SMC
AC with constant RMS
≈1.5
≈0.002s
Varying Vph
and Iph
Varying G / T
Attack is the best form of defence -Darlington Pair-Darlington Sidney-1953
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
Conclusions
•Simple and reliable operation
•The cost of this inverter is relatively low as minimum number of power devices
are used
•Closed loop controlling improves the reliability and dynamic stability
•Closed loop controlling using MPPT is simple and more reliable compared to
all other controllers
Ask no questions and hear no lies -Hysterisis- Ewing James Alferd-1890
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies
Presented By: M.Kaliamoorthy,AP,PSNACET,EEE
THANK YOU
Success is a journey, Which has no Destination
2010 IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies