Pupil Booklets to support the OCR GCSE RS Philosophy & Applied Ethics Short Course Moira Pate 2008/2009 © Farmington Trust
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Contents Introduction The Booklet Extra Worksheets Conclusion Acknowledgements © Farmington Trust
page 3 pages 4 ‐83 pages 84 ‐ 115 page 116 page 116 2
Introduction I am the Head of Religious Studies at Balshaw’s CE High School, Leyland in Lancashire. It is a mixed comprehensive school of approximately 925 pupils. I have been teaching GCSE RS full courses since they began some 25 years ago. However, I had not taught the GCSE RS short course prior to applying for my Farmington fellowship. I decided that if I could produce work both useful to myself and my department for the GCSE short course, I could also share it with other Farmington colleagues. The aim of my Farmington fellowship was initially to produce one booklet for the old OCR GCSE RS Short Course (Philosophy & Ethics). However, since I began my research in September 2008, OCR has introduced a new GCSE syllabus for teaching with effect from September 2009. I therefore, started in December 2008 to adapt the work that I had already begun to produce and updated it to fit in with the new course. I have produced two booklets and some resources for the OCR GCSE RS Philosophy & Applied Ethics Short Course, Units B603 (Ethics 1) & B604 (Ethics 2). By coincidence Unit B603 also features in the new OCR World Religion(s) Full Course. I have produced two photocopiable booklets for units B603 & B604. These are for pupils to write in and I have also produced some resources for the teacher to use, i.e. PowerPoint presentations and some moviemaker presentations. My work still continues as I need to produce more resources for the rest of the World Religions Full Course units. © Farmington Trust
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P R E J U D I C E
KEY FACT
The Race Relations
Prejudice
•
one or something. The
Act 1976 prohibits
judgement is usually
discrimination in
housing,
employment
Prejudice is prejudging some
unfavourable.
•
Prejudice is usually based on
lack of knowledge.
Why are people prejudiced?
People are sometimes prejudiced against others because of their race.
Can you think of four other reasons why some people might be
prejudiced against others?
a)________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
b)________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
c)________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
d)________________________________________________________
Explai
Practice question
If everyone in the world felt that they were being treated fairly, there
would be far less crime. Discuss this statement. You should include
different, supported points of view and a personal viewpoint.. You must
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refer to Christianity in your answer.
Christian teaching about equality
Luke 10 v 30 - 37
Write out briefly the parable of the Good Samaritan. State what
Christians might learn about racism from this parable.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Biblical quotations
Complete the following biblical quotations that might be used in an answer
about prejudice and equality.
1 ‘There is neither Jew nor Greek …’
(Galatians 3:28)
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
2 ‘Then God said, “Let us make
man in our …’”’ (Genesis 1:26)
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
3 ‘So in everything, do to others …’ (Matthew 7:12)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
4 ‘L_____ one another’”’ (John
13 v 34))
__________________________
__________________________
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A famous Christian who has worked
against racism
Think of one famous Christian who has worked to make the world better for
people of different races. In the boxes, write facts about that person and
what he or she did. You could split up the boxes into early life, actions,
achievements, awards and teachings.
Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quick Recap
1. What was ‘apartheid’
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What did the Race Relations Act of 1976 change about the law?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights say about
equality?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What did the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 change about the law?
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The struggle against racism
Two Famous Men
•
Martin Luther King and Trevor Huddleston are both examples
of Christians who have worked in the struggle against racism.
•
Because of their Christian beliefs that all people are made ‘in
the image of God’, they have tried to get equal rights for
everyone and to bring an end to racist laws.
I have a dream…
I have a dream that my four
children will one day live in a
nation where they will not be
judged by the colour of their skin
Remember
Include examples in your
answers of people alive, or
dead, who helped with the
struggle against racism.
but by the content of their
character. I have a dream today.
Use up to date examples of
racist incidents.
I have a dream that one day the
Research on the internet:-
state of Alabama …………. Will be
Martin Luther King
transformed into a situation were
Trevor Huddleston
little black boys and black girls will
be able to join hands with little
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Lewis Hamilton’s treatment by
the crowd in Brazil in 2008.
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Martin Luther King
1. Where did Martin Luther King live in?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Give three examples of how black people were treated when
Martin Luther King was growing up.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Why did Martin Luther King believe that using violence is
always wrong? Who was his inspiration?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Explain how Martin Luther King worked against racism without
using violence.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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5. Give an example of what Martin Luther King’s most famous
speech was about.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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6. Which award did Martin win?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. How did Martin Luther
King’s life end?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Trevorquestion
Huddleston
Practice
Explain
how
a Christian
might
work for
the struggle
against
1
In which
country
did Trevor
Huddleston
do most
of racism.
his work to
fight racism?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2
What was Trevor Huddleston’s profession?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3
What was ‘apartheid’?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4
How did Christian beliefs influence Trevor Huddleston’s work?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
5
What did Trevor Huddleston encourage people around the world to
do, to support his struggle against apartheid?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Christian beliefs about race
Why do Christians believe that racism is wrong?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Practice questions
1. Explain what the suffragette movement was. Why was it set up,
what did it achieve?
2. What did the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 achieve?
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Quick Recap
1
Give an example of a biblical teaching that could be used to
show that racism is wrong.
......................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2
Explain briefly why people are racist.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3
Who made a famous speech including the words ‘I have a
dream today’? What was his dream?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….........…...………….…..
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Key Fact
All people whatever their race were created by God, and so all people
are (QLEAU) in the sight of God and should be treated the same.
Racism is treating people differently because of the race or culture to
which they belong. Some people think that the ‘white’ race have
conquered and occupied so much of the world that they often saw the
people that they defeated as (AHEHTNSE) and as inferior.
Over the last 50 years there has been a growing awareness by the
western Christian church that racism has been part of its history.
Jesus came from the Middle (SETA) yet in western Christian art is nearly
always portrayed as a white man. The church has now begun to teach
about equality.
Christians believe that God
created all humans in his
image, and thus all humans are
bound together as equals in the
sight of God.
“For in Christ Jesus you are all
children of God through faith. As
many of you as were baptised into
Christ have clothed yourselves with
Christ. There is no longer Jew or
Greek, there is no longer slave or free,
there is no longer male and female;
for all of you are one in Christ Jesus.”
Paul’s letter to the Galatians
3:26-28
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“The leadership of the church is what I
call “politely racist”. It does not
exercise vulgarity but it is extremely
racist. Because of that they are not
able to listen to the black presence in
their midst”
Revd. Tony Ottey – Church of
England Minister
“Every human being created in
the image of God is a person
for who Christ died. Racism,
which is the use of a person’s
racial origin to determine their
value, is an assault on Christ’s
values and a rejection of his
sacrifice.”
World Council of Churches
1980
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All the churches now agree that to discriminate against people on the
grounds of their racial origin is wrong, and (YORTCNRA) to the law of God.
Many people have fought against racial discrimination in both the church
and society, Martin Luther King (USA black rights), Archbishop Desmond
Tutu and Trevor Huddleston (South Africa apartheid).
There are also lessons to be learnt from other religions in the world. For
Christian
attitudes
prejudice
example, Gandhi
used the idea ontowards
non-violent protest.
Christians should not just be non-racist but anti-racist.
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Christianity teaches
that everyone is equal in the eyes of God
and so it would be wrong to make anyone feel inferior or
suffer because of any difference between them:
You shall love your neighbour
as yourself. Matthew 22:39
Jesus based his teachings
about other people on love:
I give you a new commandment, that you love on
another. Just as I have loved you, you also
h
ldJohn
l
13:34
h
There are also two important
teachings in the writings of Paul about this:
From one man he made every nation of men, that they
should inhabit the whole earth; and he determined the times
set for them and the exact places where they should live.
Acts 17:26
There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor
female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.
Galatians 3:28
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Attitudes towards Gender
Sexism is treating people differently because of the gender which they
were born. All people whatever their gender were created by God and so
all people are equal in the sight of God and should be treated as equal.
Men have held positions of power for the last 3,000 years. (EOPPLE) have
lived in social structures controlled by male attitudes and values. Historical
and religious writings over the last 2,000 years illustrate the way that
societies have treated women.
“I permit no women to teach or have authority over men, she is to keep
silent”
1 Timothy 2:12
“Women should remain at home, sit still, keep house and bear children”
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
“The souls of women are so small that some believe they have none at all”
Samuel Butler (1612-1680)
Although the church has been guilty of sexist behaviour Jesus did not
show sexist behaviour.
Sexist language
The language that we speak is full of terms which state that men are
superior to women. E.g. masterpiece, statesman, forefathers, God the
Father.
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Jesus and women
He preached to women as well as men (Luke 10:38-42), revealed himself
as saviour to a Samaritan woman (John 4:7-30), had women disciples and
after the resurrection appeared first to a woman (Matthew 28:1-10).
Christians believe, and Jesus said, that God created all people equal.
Practice Question
‘A woman’s place is in the home. She should not go to work.’
Discuss this statement. You should include different, supported points of
view and a personal viewpoint.. You must refer to Christianity in your
answer.
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Is Christianity Sexist?
God created man in his own image …
male and female, he created them.
Genesis 1:27
The Lord chose men to form the
twelve apostles … for this reason
the ordination of women is not
possible.
The RC Church
I permit no women to teach or have
authority over men, she is to keep
silent.
St Paul
Men and women are equal. We have
female ministers in my church and have
done for a long time.
Member of the United Reform
There is neither Greek nor Jew, slave
nor free, male nor female, for you are
all one in Christ.
Galatians 3:28
Do you think
Christianity is sexist?
Any woman who acts in such a way that
she cannot give birth to as many children
as she is capable of off makes herself
guilty of that many murders.
St Augustine 6th Century
The souls of women are so small that
some believe that they have not at all.
Samuel Butler 1612-1680
Remember to explain
more than one point of
view and give
examples.
Women are simple souls, who like simple things …
she will come across town, across the house, across
the room across to your point of view and across to
almost to give you love, if you offer her yours.
Episcopal Preacher 1968
Women should remain at home, sit still, keep house and bear and bring up
children … if a woman grows weary and at least dies from child bearing it
matters not. Let her die from bearing – she is there to do it.
Martin Luther, Church Reformer 1482-1546
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Christianity: concern for others
One of the major teachings of Christianity is concern for other people. The
earliest Christians followed Jesus’ teachings:
“All the believers were together and had everything in common.
Selling their possessions and goods, they gave to anyone as he had
need”
Acts 2:44-45
Christian compassion
Many people in the world seem to think that making money is the main
purpose of their lives but this goes against Christian teaching:
People who want to get rich fall into temptation and a trap and into
many foolish and harmful desires that plunge men into ruin and
destruction. For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. Some
people, eager for money, have wandered from the faith and pierced
themselves with many griefs.
I Timothy 6:9-10
Christianity
The second great commandment which Jesus gave to his disciples is at the
centre of Christian teaching:
Love the Lord your God with all you heart and with all your soul and
with all your mind and with all your strength. The second is this:
Love your neighbour as yourself. There is no commandment greater
than these.
Mark 12:30-31
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Jesus told his followers that:
… it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for
a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.
Luke 18:25
When speaking about wealth he taught that people should look after one
another:
For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty
and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you
invited me in, I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and
you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me.
Matthew 25:35-36
When it comes to earning a living, Christians must make sure that the job
they choose does not hurt other people. People argue that Christians should
not be involved in occupations like the arms trade, in prostitution or
pornography.
The Synod [believes] that, as a matter of common humanity and of
our mutual interest in survival, the world requires a new and more
equitable system of economic and relationships between nations.
General Synod of the Church of England, 1981
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Forgiveness and reconciliation
“Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us”
“Forgive us our sins”, Jesus taught his followers to pray, “as we forgive
those who had sinned against us.” Bitterness, being unable to forgive,
destroys people from the inside.
Forgiving someone is not the same as saying that they did not do it, or
letting people walk all over you, but it is important.
In 1986 Jill Saward was the victim or rape when she was viciously assaulted
in her vicarage home. Here are some words about her attack.
“All I can do is to pray that they will be healed, not just physically, but from
all the things in the past that have led them to act the way that they did … I
had a dream back in the summer that I was asked to help with the
rehabilitation with one of them. My first reaction was, ‘No, I couldn’t handle
it. ‘but when I was thinking about it afterwards I realised that they could
repent and turn round. All this has taught me in a special way that no-one
is beyond the scope of God’s love”
Lord Longford is a Christian who, because of his many years of campaigning
for the release of the Moors murdered Myra Hindley was asked if he was
going to visit the murderer Rosemary West. He replied, “I’ll go if I am asked
and I imagine that Rosemary West knows that by now. No one is
irredeemable or unforgivable. You must hate the sin and love the sinner.
Christians believe that people can forgive because God forgives us. In some
extraordinary way Jesus’ death on the cross has made this forgiveness
possible. People can have a right relationship with God. They can stop
worrying about whether they are ‘good’ enough for God. They can be set
free: free to love, free to forgive and free to be truly human.
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Jesus’ teachings on forgiveness
“You have heard it said, ‘Love your neighbour and hate your
enemy, but I say to you Love your enemies and pray for
those who persecute you, that you may be the sons of your
Father in heaven”
Matthew 5:43-44
Jesus also stopped the stoning of a woman caught in adultery and
said to those who were stoning her:
“Let you who is without sin cast the first stone”
John 8:7
Jesus taught that people have to be ready to forgive but also that
they have to able to accept forgiveness. To accept forgiveness
someone has to admit that they have done something wrong.
They also need to try to repair the damage that their wrong actions
have caused (if possible). In the Roman Catholic Church if a person
goes to (NESFISCOON) they have to be ready to make amends
before the priest will pronounce God’s forgiveness (SBLOTNIAUO).
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HUMAN RIGHTS
FACTS
•
Christians believe all human
beings are valuable, because
they were made individually by
God in his image.
•
KEY FACTS
The United Nation’s
statement said that everyone
The Christian churches have all
should be treated equally and
given their support to the United
without prejudice, and people
Nations Declaration of Human
should be able to expect a fair
Rights.
trial. No-one should be
tortured or kept in prison
without a good reason. People
The United Nations declaration of
human rights
Fill in the gaps, using the words from the box below:
The United ………………………….. declaration of human rights is a statement made
after the ……………………………… World War. It sets out ……………………….. human
rights, such as the ………………………………………… to a fair trial, the right not to be
……………………………………………., the right to hold ……………………………. And the right
to be treated with ……………………………
Opinions
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Second
equality
tortured
Nation’s
right
basic
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Amnesty International
In each bubble, write a fact
about Amnesty International.
You could include: when it
began; who founded it; what its
aims are; its opinions about
capital punishment; what its
supporters do.
Amnesty
International
Practice question
Explain why Christian belief might lead a person to support an organisation such as
Amnesty International.
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Quick Recap
1
What is a ‘prisoner of conscience’?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2
Why do Christians believe that everyone should have the same basic
human rights?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3
Give an example of a biblical quotation that could be used in a
discussion about human rights.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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B604
Religion, Peace & Justice
Crime & Punishment
Christian beliefs about the treatment of criminals
A crime is an action considered to be wrong and punishable by law. A sin is
an act of disobedience which goes against the will of God. People do wrong
for a variety of reasons. Some of the reasons for committing crimes are:
•
•
•
•
Social pressures – people are encouraged to have lots of
possessions.
Circumstances – people are more likely to commit crimes if they
come from areas of high unemployment, bad housing or are deprived.
Personal problems – a difficult life can lead to a life of crime as
revenge, an expression of anger or as a means of escape.
Greed wanting the things that other people have.
The Purposes of Punishment
(PTCINOORET) – Putting people into prison keeps them away from the
opportunity of crime and so protects society.
Retribution – If you do something wrong you deserve to be punished in a
way that is fitting for the crime you’ve committed.
(EENTRDRCEE) – if a person is caught and punished they will (hopefully)
not commit the crime again, and it will put others off from committing
crimes.
Vindication – People must be punished so that the laws will be respected.
Reform – People who commit crimes need help. Linked to the punishment
will be help that will stop them from offending again.
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It is very important to Christians that everyone should be forgiven - if
they repent of their sins.
This does not mean that criminals should not be punished, but that
criminals should always have a chance to repent, even years after the
crime has been committed.
Most Christians are against the death penalty for this reason, it does not
give a criminal a chance to think about the crime and asks for forgiveness.
Christians also believe that laws should be just. Some people are victims
of unjust laws like denial of freedom of speech, politics or religion. These
people are called prisoners of (SNIECNOCCE)
Christians today realise that the fight against crime also means the fight
against unjust and unfair laws
Jesus’ views on crime
Jesus was more concerned with a person’s inward (TSOHYEN) and
morality rather than outward shows of being good.
This is shown by the parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector
(Luke 18:9-14). Jesus taught that although keeping the law was important
it was what the people were like inside that was more important. Jesus
said that criminal thoughts were as wrong as the deeds themselves. He
was also very critical of those who were quick to judge others’ crimes
while ignoring their own.
“Pass no judgments and you will not be judged”
Matthew 7 v 1
“Do not look at the speck in your brother’s eye and ignore the log
in your own”
Matthew 7 v 3
Jesus was often criticised for mixing with those who were thought of as
sinners – tax collectors, prostitutes and cheats. He took the view that it
was important to God that people changed their ways and he had come to
help them do this.
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I n the parable of the woman caught in adultery (John8 1-11), Jesus
says:
“If any of you is without sin, let him throw the first stone at her”.
John 8 v 7
Jesus told many stories about how sinners would be welcomed by God
after they had confessed their sins. Read the parable of the lost sheep
(Luke 15:4-7). Jesus also showed his teachings by example for when he
was dying on the cross he asked God to forgive his murderers.
“Forgive them Father! They don’t know what they are doing”
Luke 23:34
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CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Capital Punishment
FACT
•
The UK stopped
Capital punishment is the
death penalty, when someone
using capital
is killed as a punishment for his
punishment in 1965.
or her crimes.
•
Some Christians are in favour
of capital punishment, and
others are against it; both
sides of the argument can be
supported by the Bible.
What are the four main
The aims of punishment
aims of punishment? Match
up the sentences with the
words below.
Protection
Retribution
Deterrence
Reform
This means acting as a warning, to put people off
committing the same crime themselves
This means paying the criminal back for whatever
he or she has done.
This means keeping the rest of society safe from
the criminal
This means making the criminal into a better
person.
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Practice question
‘No human being ever deserves capital punishment, no matter how bad
his or her crime’. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer, and
show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer
to Christianity in your answer.
Christian points of view
Explain why some Christians might support capital punishment, while
others might oppose it. Think of three or four reasons for each side of the
argument.
Why Christians might support
Capital punishment
Why Christians might oppose
Capital punishment
a) ______________________________
______________________________
a) ______________________________
______________________________
b) ______________________________
______________________________
b) ______________________________
______________________________
c) ______________________________
______________________________
c) ______________________________
______________________________
d) ______________________________
______________________________
d) ______________________________
______________________________
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Quick Recap
1
Give an example of a biblical quotation that a Christian might use
to support the view that capital punishment is acceptable.
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
2
Name a Christian church that has always been totally opposed to
capital punishment
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3
Which of the aims of punishment can be achieved by using capital
punishment, and which aims cannot be achieved?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE PLANET
Facts
•
Some people think the theories of science, especially the ideas
about how the world began, prove the Bible isn’t true.
•
Other people think the Bible is true and scientists must be wrong.
•
Other people think scientists and the Bible could both be right, but
in different ways.
FACT
Creationists are Christians who
believe that the world was created
exactly as described in Genesis.
Most scientists believe the universe
started with the Big Bang.
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Science versus the Bible
What does science teach about how
the universe began?
What does science teach about how
humanity began?
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What does the Bible teach about how
the universe began?
What does the Bible teach about how
humanity began?
35
The biblical story: creation or myth
1. What do people mean when they describe the Genesis stories as
‘myth’?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Some Christians say it is wrong to describe parts of the Bible as
myth. What reasons might they give for saying that it is wrong?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
Practice question
‘It is impossible to be a Christian if
you believe scientific theories about
how the human race began’. Discuss
this statement. You should include
different, supported points of view
and a personal viewpoint.. You must
refer to Christianity in your answer.
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Quick Questions
1
What did Adam and Eve do that led them to be sent out of the
Garden of Eden, in the Genesis story?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2
Scientists say there is evidence to support their belief that different
species evolved over millions of years. What sort of evidence might
they use?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3
Explain how some Christians defend the view that the creation
stories in the Bible are not meant to be taken literally.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Key Belief
Facts
The world was created by God and we
have been given a duty of stewardship
to care for and look after the world.
The world in which we today has many problems .
These include:
•
Pollution – The waste from our cars, our factories and our homes are
causing problems like acid rain, poisoned rivers and oceans, and an
increase of disease due to poor air, water and soil.
•
Overpopulation – The number of people in the world will soon break
the 6 billion barrier.
•
Energy wastage - The USA uses over 100 times the energy per
person than the developing world; most energy is made from oil, gas,
coal and nuclear all of which cause more pollution problems.
•
Chemicals & pesticides – These are killing off certain parts of the
insect chain, causing the emergence of “superbugs” immune to all
pesticides, and also running off into the rivers and water table
causing pollution.
•
Deforestation – There are less than 20% of the world’s forests left.
The world’s forests are the lungs of the planet, without them the
world would be unable to breathe.
•
Desertification – Over farming and poor land husbandry have
turned a considerable proportion of the world into useless desert. The
ozone layer – now at its thinnest ever, the ozone layer protects us
from harmful Ultra-Violet rays (UV-A) of the sun.
•
The food chains – Killing off part of the food chain, by the over use
of chemicals and pesticides, means the death of the rest of that chain
and eventually, as the top of many chains, of humanity.
•
Species extinction – Over fishing, over farming, deforestation and
desertification are killing off species.
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A Christian view
The first book of the Bible is the book of Genesis. Genesis means
beginning and the book of Genesis describes both the creation of
the world and the relationship between it, God and humanity.
“Then the Lord God placed the man in the Garden of Eden to
cultivate it and guard it.”
Genesis 2:15
Christians believe that the Earth and all of nature belong to God
who created it. Humans are the only part of that creation but it
has been given the role of stewardship.
“God said, ‘and now I will make human beings; they will be like
us and will resemble us. They will have power over the fish, the
birds and the animals domestic and wild large and small”
Genesis 1: 26-27
So for a Christian there are many reasons to feel responsible for
the world;
o The world was created by God (Genesis 1:1 – 2:4)
o Humans were given stewardship of the world. (Genesis
1:26-27)
o The world was perfect when it was created.
o It is human greed, selfishness and envy that have
destroyed the world.
o We have a duty to help solve these problems. Jesus taught
us to care for the world.”
“You made him ruler of everything you made;
You appointed him over all creation”
Psalm 8:6
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“How clearly the sky reveals God’s glory!
How plainly it shows what he has done,
Each day announces it to the following day,
Each night repeats it to the next.
No speech is heard, no noise is made yet their message goes out to all the
world and is heard to the ends of the earth.
However, it is clear that the earth still belongs to God not to humans:
The earth is the Lord’s and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it.
Psalm 24:1
In the New Testament Jesus stresses God’s concern for life:
Consider how the lilies grow. They do not labour or spin. Yet I tell you, not
even Solomon in all his splendour was dressed like one of these.
Luke 12:27-28
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Fact
People are aware that there’s something
seriously wrong with how we’re treating the
planet.
Key words
Environment
Everything that surrounds you that is not you
Ecology
The study of life in relation to its environment
Conservation
Preserving and protecting the environment
Acid Rain
Rain with a high concentration of pollutants
Global Warming
Greenhouse effect
The effect on climate caused by the sunlight
coming in, but the heat not getting out
CFC’s
(chlorofluorocarbons) used in aerosols, fridges
etc
Ozone Layer
Protective layer above the earth, absorbing
radiation
Deforestation
Stripping of trees from an
area leading to
Soil Erosion
removal of topsoil by
wind & rain
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FACTS
ƒ
Christians believe the world is God’s
creation, and that it continues to
belong to God. They believe they
FACT
have a special responsibility to care
Christians believe
for the planet.
they have a special
responsibility to act
ƒ
The environment today faces many
serious problems that threaten the
existence of various species.
as ‘stewards’ to take
care of the world
that God has made.
Key Words
Explain in your own words what the key terms below mean.
a. Global warming:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b. Deforestation:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c. Stewardship:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
d. Pollution:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e. Recycling:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Stewardship
1. Write a short paragraph to explain what Christians mean when they
talk about ‘stewardship’.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
They could try to
use less fuel by carsharing
HOW MIGHT
CHRISTIANS
HELP THE
PLANET?
They could vote for
someone who supported
green policies
Practice question
Explain how Christian beliefs might affect a person’s attitude towards the
protection of the environment.
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Quick Recap
1. Name two organisations, which a Christian might support, that are
dedicated to protecting wildlife and the environment.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Where in the Bible are Christians told that they should be stewards of
the earth?
3. What does Christianity teach about the proper relationship between
humanity and other animal species?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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CARING FOR THE POOR
Facts
ƒ
The Bible teaches that wealth can be a dangerous thing. Christians
have a responsibility to care for the poor. Christians believe that God
will judge them according to how much concern they have shown for
the poor.
ƒ
All the Christian churches today emphasise the need for people to
share what they have with the developing countries.
FACT
The Bible teaches that caring for the
poor is one of the most important
ways of showing love for God
For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil.
1 Tim 6 v10
You cannot serve both God and money
Matthew 6 v 24
If anyone has material possessions and sees his brother in
need but has no pity on him, how can the love of God be in
him?
1 John 3 v 17
It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than
for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.
Mark 10 v 25
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Christian Teachings
Christians believe that wealth is a gift from God and should be used
to help those less fortunate than ourselves. People who have wealth
are considered to be stewards.
Lord when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give
you something to drink...? I tell you the truth, whatever you did for
one of the least of these brothers of mine, you did for me. Matthew
25 v 37 – 40
Go sell everything you have and give it to the poor, and you will have
treasure in heaven. Mark 10 v 21
KEY FACTS
Christians believe they should show love for
other people, even if the other person is a
stranger or an enemy. Christian love is called
‘agape’, which is a Greek word.
The Bible teaches that it is a Christian duty to
Quick Questions
1.
What is Absolute poverty?_________________________
2. What is Relative poverty?_________________________
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The parable of the sheep and the goats
Tick the right answer in the boxes below
1
The parable of the sheep and
the goats is found in the
gospel of:
A
Matthew
B
Mark
C
Luke
D
John
2
Jesus said that people would
be rewarded if they had:
A
worked hard
B
prayed every day
C
fed the hungry
D
kept the Sabbath day
holy
4
The King said, ‘Whatever you
did for one of the least of
these brothers of mine, ..
3
Jesus said that people would
be punished if they had:
A
stolen money from their
neighbours
A
…you did for me.’
B
… you will be given
treasure in heaven.’
… other people will do
the same for you.’
… you are my faithful
servant
B
ignored people in need
C
been jealous of other
People’s possessions
prayed loudly in the
Street to show off
D
C
D
Practice question
Describe biblical teaching that a Christian might use to explain why people
should help the poor.
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Quick Recap
1 In the parable of the sheep and the goats, what did Jesus say
people should do for those who are in prison?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 In the story of the rich man and Lazarus (Luke 16:19-31), what
happened to the rich man?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 What is the Greek name for Christian love?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Christian aid agencies
Christian Aid
Write four different points that you
Facts
ƒ
There are many different aid
might make in an exam about the
agencies set up by
work of Christian Aid.
Christians, to put Christian
ideas about care for the
poor into practice.
ƒ
1.
Some of the best known
ones are Christian Aid,
CAFOD and Tearfund.
2.
3.
4.
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Cafod
Write four different points that you might make
in an exam about the work of CAFOD.
2.
1.
3.
4.
KEY FACT
Supporting aid agencies is a way in which
Christians can put into practice their beliefs
about the need to show concern for the poor.
Practice question
Describe a Christian organisation that helps the poor.
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Quick Recap
1
Name any Christian overseas agency.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2
Give two reasons why Christians believe they should help the poor.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3
Give one example of how a Christian aid agency might use its money.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Attitudes to money and wealth
FACTS
ƒ
Christians believe that greed
for money can often prevent
people from having a proper
relationship with God.
ƒ
They believe that the rich
KEY FACT
should share what they have
The Bible teaches that
with the poor.
people who are rich
and who care too much
about their possessions
should sell what they
have and give the
money to the poor,
otherwise they will
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Biblical teaching about poverty and
wealth
Use the words below to complete these biblical teachings about the poor:
1. Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the ……………… of God.
(Luke 6:20)
2. On the first day of every week, each of you is to put aside and
………. whatever extra you earn.
(I Corinthians 16:2)
3. He looked up and saw rich people putting their gifts into the
treasury; he also saw a poor ……………… put in two small copper
coins. He said, ‘Truly I tell you, this poor widow has put in more
than all of them; for all of them; for all of the have contributed out
of their abundance, but she out of her poverty has out in all she
had to …………………. On.’ (Luke 21:1-4)
4. No one can serve two masters; for a slave will either …………… the
one and love the other, or be devoted to the one and despise the
other. You cannot serve ………………… and wealth. (Matthew 6:24)
5. The love of money is the ……………….. of all evil. (I Timothy 6:10)
6. ‘You lack one thing: go, ………………. What you own, and give the
money to the poor; and you will have treasure in heaven; then
come, follow me.’ When he heard this, he was shocked and went
Widow
kingdom
God
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hate
live
possessions
save
root
sell
54
Earning money
Make two lists: one of jobs that Christians would try to avoid; the other of
jobs that a Christian might try to choose as a way of helping others. Think
of four or five ideas for each.
Jobs that a Christian might try
to choose
Example: working with refugees
Jobs that a Christian would not
choose
Example working in the porn
industry
Quick Recap
1. Why did Jesus say the poor widow had given more than the rich
people, even though she only gave two small coins?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. What did Jesus tell the rich young man to do, so that he would
have treasure in heaven?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. In a sentence, explain how a Christian might choose to earn his or
her money.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Practice question
‘People should earn as much as they can. It does not matter how they get
their money.’ Explain in your own words why a Christian would disagree
with this statement.
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Christians and War
Key Facts
Christians disagree about war. Some Christians believe that war is acceptable
provided it keeps to the rules of a Just War. Other Christians are pacifists
they believe that (CNEILVOE) is never right and that war is always wrong,
one group of Christians who are pacifists are called Quakers.
During the 1st and 2nd World Wars some people refused to fight because they
were pacifists, these people were called conscientious objectors because
they (JDOEBCTE) to war on the grounds of their conscience. They were often
treated badly and called traitors or cowards and locked up in prison.
In 1983 the Church of England agreed that, although (CNLUREA) weapons
were a very bad thing, the government of the land had a duty to protect its
citizens from other counties with nuclear weapons. They said that all
countries should agree not to be the first to use nuclear weapons and that
there should be steps taken to reduce the number of nuclear weapons.
Sometimes war and violence occur because of religious conflict. When a
group of people fight a ‘Holy War’ it is because they believe that God is on
their side. The problem is that often both ‘sides’ believe that God is with
them on their ‘side’.
In the New Testament Jesus taught about forgiving your enemies and loving
your neighbour. Jesus said:
“Do not take revenge on someone who wrongs you. If anyone slaps
you on the right cheek, let him slap your left cheek also.”
Matthew 5:39
Jesus meant that you should never repay violence with violence, you are
showing a better example if you do not fight back. Jesus also said,
“Blessed are the peacemakers for they are God’s children”
Matthew 5:9
When Jesus was about to be arrested, Peter, one of his disciples, pulled out a
sword and cut off the ear of one of the soldiers. Jesus stopped his saying
“put down your sword, for those who live by the sword die by the
sword.”
Matthew 26:52
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Things to do
Answer the following questions in FULL sentences
1. What does ‘just’ mean in the phrase ‘just war’?
2. Copy out the rules for a just war.
3. a) What is a pacifist?
b) Name one group of Christians who are pacifists.
c) What is a conscientious objector?
4. What did the Church of England decide about nuclear weapons in
1983?
5. Do you think that a just war is possible since nuclear weapons have
been invented?
6. Whose ‘side’ is God on during a war?
7. “The Gulf War was a ‘Holy War’”.
Discuss this statement. You should include different, supported points
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of view and a personal viewpoint. You must refer to Christianity in your
answer.
The Just War
World War One
The Prime Minister and the King agreed to go to war with Germany. It
lasted four years. Both sides used nerve gas.
World War Two
The British Prime Minister declared war with Germany in September
1939.
During the war, the Germans used flying rockets to flatten London and
other major cities. The British also flattened German cities with bombs.
Civilians were killed.
At the end of the war the Americans dropped two atomic bombs on
Japan. One on the city of Hiroshima and one on the city of Nagasaki.
The Gulf War 1990 – 1991
The Prime Minister and the Queen, backed by the UN agreed to this war.
Both sides used chemical weapons and rockets. Civilians were killed.
The Iraq War 2003 – 2004
The UN did not back the Prime Minister and Queen. Iraq was bombed
and civilians were killed.
1. Discuss the wars above and any others that you can think of.
2. Were these wars ‘just wars’? Look at the conditions of a Just War.
3. Explain carefully why each war was just or not just.
4. Research more information about a war of your choice.
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WAR
The
TheJust
JustWar
WarTheory
Theory
r
In the 13th century Thomas Aquinas drew up the Just War principle.
He thought that although war and killing were horrible things there
were times then it was reasonable to fight. There were three
conditions, later other Christian thinkers added more conditions.
T
1. There must be just cause. Those attacked must have
committed some fault.
2. The war must be started and controlled by a competent and
legal authority.
3. There must be right intention. The intent must be to promote
the cause of good and avoid evil.
4. War must be the last resort. All other ways of solving the
problem must have been tried.
5. There must be a reasonable probability of success.
6. There must be reasonable proportion between the injustice
suffered (the cause of the war) and the death and suffering
the war will bring. You must only use enough force to achieve
your objectives. As far as possible, only military people, and not
civilians, must be involved.
Christian teaching
about the Just War
gives rules about what
should and should not
happen in wartime.
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FACT
Bible references can be
used to support different
sides of the argument.
60
Biblical teaching about war
1. Give two examples of biblical teachings that might be used to support
fighting in wars.
a.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What do these teachings mean?
a………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Practice question
Explain why some Christians say that the First World War was a just war.
Quick Recap
1.
Give two examples of wars that have taken place in the last 10
years.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
What is terrorism?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.
Give an example of a recent terrorist action.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Jesus and Pacifism
Jesus always demonstrated peace in his teachings and behaviour
Here are some examples from the Bible
When Jesus was arrested, he
stopped his disciples from
fighting and went
peacefully with his
‘Blessed are the peacemakers,
captors.
for they shall be called the
Matthew 26 v 47 - 53
sons of God’
Matthew 5:9
You have been taught “An eye
for an eye” But I tell you this
… If someone slaps you on the
right cheek, turn and offer him
your left’
Matthew 5:38-39
You have heard it said “Love
your friends, hate your enemies”
But now I tell you: Love your
enemies and pray for those who
persecute you
Matthew 5:43-44
Everyone must submit himself to the
governing authorities, for there is
no authority except that which God
has established.
Romans 13 v 1 - 7
The Parable of the Unmerciful
Servant explains that if God is to
forgive you, you must be prepared
to forgive also.
Matthew 18 v 23 - 35
Peace I leave with
you, my peace I give
unto you.
John 14 v 27
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Do everything possible on your
part to live in peace with
everybody. Never take revenge
my friends, but instead let
God’s anger do it…… Do not let
evil defeat you; instead
conquer evil with good. Romans
12 v 17 – 21.
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The Quakers
(Society of Friends)
This is a Christian denomination which is strongly pacifist. They follow this
teaching of St Paul
‘Live in harmony with one another … if possible, so far
as it depends on you, live peaceably with all … Never
take revenge, leave it to God’s anger … If your enemy
is hungry, feed him … Do not be overcome by evil, but
overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good’
Romans 12:16-21
For Quakers, there is never a justification for war.
‘We utterly deny all outward wars and strife and fighting with
outward weapons, for any end or under any pretence
whatsoever’
So Quakers
ƒ Demonstrate against war
ƒ
Do not join the armed forces
ƒ
Become conscientious objectors
ƒ
Believe in negotiation and reconciliation
But if war does happen some try to lessen the effects by becoming involved
in relief work and acting as medics. Others prefer not to as they are still
Quick Quotes
“There was never a good war or a bad peace”
Benjamin Franklin 1783
“ Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved
by
63
understanding”
Albert Einstein
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PACIFISM
Facts
ƒ
Pacifists believe it is never right to use violence.
ƒ
They do not fight for their countries in times of war.
ƒ
They never use violence when they are protesting against something.
What is pacifism?
Name four methods that a pacifist might use, instead of violence,
as a way of dealing with conflict.
……………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………..
KEY FACT
…………………………………………………………………… Pacifism is the belief that
…………………………………………………………………… it is possible and
…………………………………………………………………… desirable to live without
……………………………………………………………………
war and violence
……………………………………………………………………
Complete the facts
Complete each sentence with information about pacifism.
Martin Luther King was a pacifist
A conscientious objector is
who struggled against
someone who
………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………
The methods used were
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………
The Quaker Movement, otherwise known as
……………………………………………………………………………….
Believes that the right way to resolve conflict is
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………………………………………………………………………………
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Can violence ever be right?
Some Christians believe that violence is always wrong; others like
Dietrich Bonhoeffer believe that there are times when violence can be
justified. What reasons might they give?
Reasons why Christians might be
pacifist
Reasons why Christians might
think violence is sometimes
acceptable
They might say that you can’t ‘love
your enemies’ if you are being violent
towards them.
They might say that Christians have a
duty to defend people who are weak or
in need.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
Practice question
“Sometimes war is the only way of restoring peace”. Discuss this
statement. You should include different, supported points of view and a
personal viewpoint. You must refer to Christianity in your answer.
Quick Recap
1
Briefly describe the work of a famous Christian who has supported
pacifism.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2
Explain what is meant by a ‘Holy War’.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3
Why might Christians disagree about whether pacifism is right?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4
Explain what is meant by a conscientious objector
©………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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THE SANCTITY OF LIFE
FACTS
ƒ
Christians believe that human life is sacred, or holy.
ƒ
They believe that all people are made ‘in the image of God’, as
described in Genesis, which means that all people share
something of the nature of God.
ƒ
Many Christians believe that, because life is sacred, it should
never be deliberately taken away.
The sanctity of life
If life is sacred, or holy, then what would many Christians think about the
following issues?
Abortion
Euthanasia
Suicide
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Capital Cap
Punishment
Fighting in war
66
The image of God
In each bubble, write a quotation from the Bible to show the Christian belief
that people are specially made by God. You could choose:
Genesis 1:27
Genesis 2:7
Psalm 8:5
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
Practice question
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
Explain why Christians might have
different views about whether a …………………………………………………………
human life should be saved.
Quick Recap
1
Explain what the phrase ‘sanctity of life’ means.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2
Explain why Christians think that human life is more special than
other kinds of life, such as animal life.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3
Why do some Christians believe that abortion and euthanasia can
sometimes be acceptable, even though they think human life is
sacred?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
ABORTION
Abortion Facts
ƒ
Before a baby is born, while it is still developing in the uterus, it is
called a foetus. In the very early stages of development, it is called
an embryo.
ƒ
Abortion is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy.
Why do women sometimes have abortions?
Think of four different reasons why a pregnant woman might decide to
have an abortion. For example, she might be too young to bring up a
baby.
1
2
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………….
3
4
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
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Christian teaching about abortion
1 Why are many Christians against abortion?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 Which branch of the Christian church teaches that abortion is nearly
always wrong, unless is happens in order to save the mother’s life?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3 Some Christians think that there are some circumstances where
abortion might be the kindest thing. List three possible circumstances
where some Christians might agree that an abortion would be right.
a ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
KEY FACT
Many Christians are against
abortion, because they believe
that God plans every human
Question
life even before birth; they
important? The mother’s rights
think abortion is similar to
© Farmington
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d
h
Whose rights are the most
or the baby’s?
69
Quick Recap
1 When does life begin?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2 What does UK law say about abortion?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 What is meant by the phrase ‘sanctity of life’?.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What is meant by the phrase ‘quality of life’?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………….......…………………………………………………………………………..
5.
What is the most important? Sanctity of life or quality of life?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. What is meant by the phrases pro-choice and pro-life?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Abortion:
The Roman Catholic Church strongly opposes abortion in every instance. It
believes that life is (DCSAER) and that abortion breaks the commandment not to
kill. According to Roman Catholic teaching the foetus is a human being from the
moment of (NCPTECINOO), and that its’ rights to life are equal to that of the
mother’s. When treatment to save a woman’s life results in the loss of a foetus,
it is considered to be acceptable, since it was not intended.
ƒ
Ensoulment: The point at which the foetus receives its soul from God. It
then becomes a human being.
ƒ
Quickening: This is the time that the baby first moves in the womb. It is
supported by the experience of John the Baptist’s mother Elizabeth,
described in the Bible:
When Elizabeth heard Mary’s greeting,
The baby leaped in her womb, and
Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit.
Luke 1:41
Other Christian denominations like Anglicans believe that life is sacred and that
abortion is not what God would want. However, although abortion should not be
encouraged, they feel that under certain circumstances it can be justified.
Methodists see abortion as undesirable, but justify it in certain circumstances.
Anglicans and Protestants consider that compassion for all involved is important
and abortion is a personal choice according to the mother’s conscience.
Sanctity of Life
Means that life is sacred. It is given by God so it must be protected and
respected
Quality of Life
Refers to the type of future the foetus will have. Will it be loved, protected,
wanted, fulfilled?
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Abortion: What does the Bible say?
Christians believe that all life is a gift from God and is therefore sacred.
This influences what they think about life issues such as abortion and
euthanasia. The Bible does not make a direct reference to abortion but
Christians use the following quotations to support their views on
abortion.
TASK
Read the following quotations and try and explain what each is
saying about human life.
Genesis 1:27
“So God created human beings, making
them to be like himself”.
Christians understand this to mean that
life ……………
Luke 12:6-7
“Aren’t five sparrows sold for two
pennies? Yet not one sparrow is
forgotten by God. Even the hairs
of your head have all been
counted”
Christians believe that all life but
especially human life is ……..
Psalm 139:13 and 15-16
“You created every part of me;
you put me together in my
mother’s womb. When by bones
were being formed carefully put
together in my mother’s womb,
when I was growing there in
secret, you knew that I was there
– you saw me before I was born”
This is explaining that God knew a
person form the moment of
conception and has a ………
Exodus 20:13
“Do not murder”.
This is interpreted by many
Christians to mean that life
should not ……..
Job 12:10
“It is God who directs the lives of his
creature; every man’s life is in his
power.”
Therefore Christians believe it is up to
God …
Ecclesiastes 11:5
“God made everything, and you
can no more understand what
he does than you understand
how new life begins in the womb
of a pregnant woman.”
This emphasises that it is God
who …..
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Abortion case studies
Joanna is 16 years
old, about to do her
GCSEs, and has
discovered that she
is 12 weeks pregnant.
Mrs Proctor is in
her 30s. Her
husband has just
left her and
moved away from
the area.
She is left with 2 children under 10. To
her surprise she finds she is 16 weeks
pregnant with his baby.
Michelle is in her 20s and not married
to her partner. She is 7 weeks
pregnant with twins. The twins are
healthy but she already has 1 child
and would like just one more.
She is considering
‘selective abortion’
in which doctors can
inject one foetus to
kill it.
Mrs Peters is in her 30s. She is a
Christian. She is pregnant with her
first child and has just been
told that her 20
week old foetus is
almost certain to
be born with a
severe mental and
physical
handicap.
For each of the four case studies discuss
a) What action should the person take immediately?
b) What factors should influence their decision?
c) Should each of them be allowed an abortion?
d) What support or help will they need?
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Amanda aged 44
We have been trying to have a baby for the last ten years. My husband and I both love
children. If I have this baby doctors say there is a high risk that I could die.
Arguments in favour of abortion
Arguments against abortion
Sharon aged 16
I’m not married. I thought my boyfriend loved me but when I told him I was pregnant he left
and moved in with another girl. My parents are very religious and don’t approve. How would I
manage? What would people think of me?
Arguments in favour of abortion
Arguments against abortion
Peony aged 29
I can’t have a baby just now. I want to keep my career going, and I don’t want to give it up
for a baby. I earn more money than my husband, and our life style would suffer.
Arguments in favour of abortion
Arguments against abortion
Anna aged 32
I’ve already got five children. My husband is unemployed, a Roman Catholic and he does not
approve of contraception. We live in a tiny council flat with only two bedrooms. I just can’t
cope with another baby.
Arguments in favour of abortion
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Arguments against abortion
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Artificial Insemination and Genetic
Engineering
Over the last few years medical science has advanced to such a degree
that it is possible to create a baby with no fewer than 5 parents. The
woman who bears the child (The surrogate mother), the woman who
donates the egg, the man who donates the sperm and the couple who
wanted the baby.
One technique that allows this sort of ‘miracle’ to happen is called
Artificial Insemination (AI) when live sperm, either from a donor (AID)
or from the husband (AIH), is injected into a woman’s uterus at the
time of ovulation. Another approach is to transfer fertile embryos into
an infertile mother. This has been used for an infertile mother
incapable of otherwise carrying a child.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Should we interfere with nature?
What if the child is deformed?
Does a sperm donor have any obligations or rights to the
eventual offspring?
Do all couples have the right to reproduce?
What should be done with spare embryos?
Have human beings the right to play God?
A Roman Catholic view of AI
“Artificial Insemination (AI) is different from natural intercourse. As
used with animals this poses no moral problem. However the Church
teaches that among humans, AI violates the dignity of the person and
the sanctity of marriage. It is therefore contrary to the Natural and
Divine Law. In an address to Catholic doctors, Pope Pius XII
condemned AI. It is condemned because a third person becoming
involved in a marriage is like “mechanical adultery”: the donor fathers
a child (with his sperm) yet he has no responsibility to the child; and a
process that isolates the sacred act of creating life from the marriage
union is a violation of the marriage union (which alone is the way to
create life). However, if the marriage act is preserved, then various
clinical techniques designed to help create new life are not to be
condemned.”
Adapted from Modern Catholic Dictionary
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There is disagreement among Christians whether Artificial Insemination
should be allowed. Most Churches agree that Artificial Insemination is
OK as it is the who not the how that is important when considering the
baby. So Artificial Insemination by Donor is considered wrong but
Artificial Insemination by Husband right. For this reason (GOURYSRAC) is
also considered wrong. Some religious groups, however, argue that new
life must be formed in an entirely natural method and it is God’s choice if
a couple are unable to have children by these natural means. All the
churches agree that Artificial Insemination should only take place
between married couples.
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND EMBRYO RESEARCH
Doctors are also beginning to unlock the (CTNEGEI) code that
determines life. It might well be possible in the future to eliminate
deformity or disability and to choose the gender, sexuality, eye and hair
colour, intelligence and personality of our babies. The debate on this
hangs on the question “when does an embryo become a human being?”
For some people this is at the moment of conception.
“The human embryo has the right to proper respect. ‘Test tube babies’
are real babies not simple embryos to be manipulated, frozen or left to
die … human beings are not to be treated as a means to an end”
The Roman Catholic Truth Society – 1985
For other groups research that will benefit the majority of humans in the
long term is permissible, but only up to a certain limit, and under certain
conditions;
“We support the recommendation that research, under license, be
permitted on embryos up to 14 days old and agree that embryos should
not be created just for scientific research”
Anglican report - 1994
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EUTHANASIA
Main Facts
ƒ
It is against the law in the UK to do anything deliberately to make
someone else’s death come more quickly, even if they are in great
pain and have asked to be helped to die.
ƒ
Most Christians disagree with euthanasia.
Ways of classifying euthanasia
What do these different phrases mean?
Choose the meaning from the bubble below, and write it in the correct
box.
1 Active euthanasia is …
2 Passive euthanasia is …
3 Voluntary euthanasia is …
4 Involuntary euthanasia is …
... when something
is deliberately done
to end a person’s
life
© Farmington Trust
… when someone
asks to be given
help to die.
… when other
people make the
decision to end
someone’s life.
… when treatment
to help someone
stay alive is not
given or is stopped.
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Why some Christians are for
euthanasia
Give three reasons why a Christian might support euthanasia:
1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Practice question
‘Euthanasia can never be right, no
matter how much a person is suffering.’
Discuss this statement. You should
FACT
include different, supported points of
Most Christians believe that
view and a personal viewpoint.. You
it is wrong to choose the
must refer to Christianity in your
time of your own death, and
answer.
that this is best left to God.
Why some Christians are against
euthanasia
Give three reasons why a Christian might oppose euthanasia.
1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Quick Questions
What does the Roman Catholic Church teach about euthanasia?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What is ‘voluntary euthanasia’?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
When people say that legal euthanasia might be open to abuse, what
do they mean?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
What is a living will? …………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Christian attitudes towards
euthanasia
Christianity teaches that all life comes from God:
“Then God said, “Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and
let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the
livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along
the ground”. So God created man in his own image, in the image of
God he created him; male and female he created them.
God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and increase in
number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and
the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the
ground”
Genesis 1:26-28
It also teaches that life is sacred:
“Your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit”
1 Corinitians 6:19
For this reason it would be wrong and against Christian teaching to
commit suicide or to take the life of another person. The Sixth
Commandment is:
“You shall not commit murder”.
Exodus 20:13
It is clear
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Trustfrom the Bible that human beings are not to choose when80
THE HOSPICE MOVEMENT
Main Facts
ƒ
Hospices are places where people who are terminally ill can go to live
permanently, or for short breaks called respite care.
ƒ
Hospice staff try to help people to live with dignity and without pain
until their lives come to a natural end.
FACT
Some Christians believe that there are better ways to help a person die
with dignity than euthanasia. Hospices are nursing homes where people
who are dying can be looked after by trained medical staff.
Quick Questions
1. What does ‘respite care’ mean?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Why do many Christians believe that a hospice is better than
euthanasia for someone who is dying?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Who was Dame Cicely Saunders?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Practice question
Explain how and why a Christian might support the work of a hospice.
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What are hospices for?
Write a sentence in each box of the spider diagram, to explain some of the
things that hospices do. Each box has a word to help you.
Comfortable
Counselling
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
What are
hospices for?
Dignity
Support
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……………………………………………….
How Christians might help
Make a list of different ways in which Christians could support the work of
a hospice. Think of four or five different ideas.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Quick Questions Abortion
1. An abortion is when a woman ___________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. A foetus is ______________________________________________
3. An embryo is __________________________________________
4. Some people think that life begins when
____________________________________________________________
Other people think that it is much later. For example,
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
5. A person is more likely to be against abortion if they
think that life begins at ___________________________________
6. A person is more likely to agree with abortion if they
believe that life begins at _________________________________
7. Sanctity of life means _______________________________
____________________________________________________________
8. Quality of life means ________________________________
____________________________________________________________
9. Catholics are ___________ abortion because
_____________________________________________________________
10. Protestants believe that life is ____________
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Recap – Forgiveness
1. An eye for an Eye __________________________________________
2. What should you do if someone strikes you on the right
cheek? __________________________________________________________
3. What do you do if some one has not tunic and you have
two? _________________________________________________________
4. Love your enemies and __________________________________
5. In the story of the Prodigal son who does the
Father represent ___________________________________________
Elder Son represent________________________________________
6. How do we know that the younger son was sorry for what he
had done/ ______________________________________________________?
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Use of Animals in Medical Research
1. Most Christians are opposed to using animals to test
for ___________________________________________________
2. Many Christians believe that if is acceptable to sue
animals to test medicines and drugs. This is because
they believe that human life is more _________________
than animals.
3. Some Christians oppose all testing on animals
because it shows a lack of respect for
___________________________
Christian teachings
Psalm 8 v 6 & 7
You have made him ruler over the works of your hands ………all flocks and
herds, and the beasts of the field, the birds of the air and the fish of the sea.
Genesis 1 v 28
Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living
creature that moves on the ground
Luke 12 v 7
Are not five sparrows sold for two pennies? Yet not one of them is forgotten
by God…….. Don’t be afraid you are worth more than many sparrows.
Nicene Creed
I believe in one God ……….maker of heaven and earth and of all things
visible and invisible
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WORD LIST MEANING
Conventional War
Nuclear War
Chemical War
Biological War
Guerrilla War
Weapons used can be knives, swords, guns, tanks
or even missiles. All non nuclear
War using nuclear weapons. Atomic bombs were
used in t1945 at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Chemical weapons used such as mustard gas and
napalm. Can disable or kill
Weapons consist of living organisms and infected
materials. E.g. anthrax and ricin
Unofficial armed force fighting regular forces
Terrorism
Indiscriminate violence intended to create fear.
Innocent people targeted deliberately. E.g. Al Qaeda
Geneva Conventions Rules established in the 20th century to make wars
as humane as possible
Unilateral
Getting rid of the country’s own nuclear weapons,
Disarmament
regardless of what other nations do
Multilateral
All nations reduce or get rid of all nuclear weapons
Disarmament
by mutual agreement.
CND
An organisation that supports unilateral
disarmament
Justice
Everyone has the right to equal and fair treatment
Just War
A war that can be justified by the Church
Sanctity of Life
Recognition that life is sacred and unique and that
every individual has the right to respect
Right for everyone to lead a life free from violence
or harm
Absolute rejection of violence. War can never be
justified.
Peace
Pacifist
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Taking each part of the Just War Theory in turn, explain how the
British fight against Saddam Hussein in the Iraq War of 2003
– 2004 may or may not be justified.
1. There must be a just cause. Those attacked must have committed some
fault.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. The war must be started and controlled by a competent and legal
authority.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. There must be right intention. The intent must be to promote the cause
of good and avoid evil.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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4. War must be the last resort. All other ways of solving the
problem must have been tried.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. There must be a reasonable probability of success.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6. There must be a reasonable proportion between the injustice
suffered and the death and suffering the war will bring. You must
only use force to achieve your objectives. As far as possible, only
military people, not civilians must be involved.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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Essay question
a) What is pacifism?
1 mark
b) Name two Christians who worked for peace
2 marks
c) What is the Just War Theory?
d) What are Christian attitudes to war?
3 marks
6 marks
e) ‘All people must agree that war is wrong’.
Discuss this statement. You should include different, supported
points of view and a personal viewpoint. You must refer to
Christianity in your answer.
12 marks
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Essay question
a) What is a Holy war?
1 mark
b) Name two recent wars and say whether they were conventional or nuclear
2 marks
c) What is a Just War?
3 marks
d) Explain why some Christians are prepared to fight in a war and some are
not?
6 marks
e) ‘Conscientious objectors are cowards’.
Discuss this statement. You should include different, supported points of
view and a personal viewpoint. You must refer to Christianity in your
answer.
12 marks
Essay question
a) What is meant by the term euthanasia?
1 mark
b) What is meant by the term ‘quality of life’?
2 marks
c) Explain why many Christians oppose euthanasia.
d) Outline the work of the Hospice Movement
3 marks
6 marks
e) ‘If there were better care for the dying, there would be no need
for euthanasia’.
Discuss this statement. You should include different, supported
points of view and a personal viewpoint. You must refer to
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Christianity in your answer.
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Essay question
a) What is discrimination?
1 mark
b) What is racial harmony?
2 marks
c) Explain what Christians believe about the role of women in
society
3 marks
d) Explain Christian teachings about equality?
6 marks
e) ‘If all races felt that they were treated equally, there would be
far less crime’.
Discuss this statement. You should include different, supported
points of view and a personal viewpoint. You must refer to
Christianity in your answer.
12 marks
•
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Essay question
a) What is abortion?
1 mark
b) What is meant by the term ‘sanctity of life’?
2 marks
c) What does Christianity teach about abortion?
3 marks
d) Explain Christian teachings about fertility treatments.
6 marks
e) ‘The later an abortion, the more morally it is wrong’.
Discuss this statement. You should include different, supported
points of view and a personal viewpoint. You must refer to
Christianity in your answer.
12 marks
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ABORTION
Abortion Main Facts
The law in the United Kingdom says that abortion is only allowed
if two doctors agree that:• The mother’s life is at risk
• The mother’s physical or mental health is at risk
• There would be a serious effect on other children in the
family
Abortions cannot be carried out after 24 weeks of pregnancy.
People argue about when life begins
• When the egg is fertilised
• When the foetus can survive outside the womb
• When the child receives a soul
There are two different Christian attitudes to abortion
1. Roman Catholics and many Protestants believe that abortion
is always wrong because
• To prevent a life being born is murder
• Life begins at the moment of conception
2. Other Protestants disagree with abortion, but think that in
certain circumstances it is the lesser of two evils.
• They do not believe that life begins at the moment of
conception
• They believe that there would be too much suffering if
abortion were banned
• They believe that when faced with a choice of two evils,
Christians should choose the lesser evil.
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EUTHANASIA
Euthanasia Main Facts
• Euthanasia is taken from a Greek word meaning ‘to die
well’. It is often explained as ‘mercy killing’ or ‘dying with
dignity’.
•
• The law in the United Kingdom says that nothing can be
done by doctors that could be thought of as euthanasia.
• Recently doctors have been allowed by the courts to switch off
life support machines and to stop feeding patients who are in
a persistent vegetative state.
• Life support machines, better drugs and new medical
technology keep terminally ill, injured, handicapped and
disabled people alive. Years go these people would have died.
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WORD LIST MEANING
Prejudice
Discrimination
Equality
Ethnic Prejudice
Colour Prejudice
Genocide
Xenophobia
Apartheid
Justice
Sanctity of Life
Peace
Pacifist
Desmond Tutu
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B604
Religion, Peace and
Justice
• Crime and Punishment
• Social Injustice
• Violence and Pacifism
• Attitudes to War
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B604
Religion and
Equality
• Attitudes to racism
• Attitudes towards gender
• Forgiveness and reconciliation
• Attitudes to religion
• Principle of Equality
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B603
Religion and Medical
Ethics
• Attitudes to abortion
• Attitudes to fertility treatment
• Attitudes to euthanasia and suicide
• Using animals in medical research
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B603
Religion, Poverty and
Wealth
• Religious views of wealth and of the
causes of hunger, poverty and disease
• Concern for others
• The uses of money
• Moral and immoral occupations
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Quick Recap
Give two reasons why people go to war?
_________________________________________
What is a conventional weapon?
_________________________________________
What is unilateral disarmament?
________________________________________
What is multilateral disarmament?
________________________________________
What are four conditions of the Just War Theory?
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
What is a pacifist?
________________________________________
What is a conscientious objector?
________________________________________
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Main Facts
• Christians believe that wealth itself is
not necessarily a bad thing, because it
can be used to do good deeds.
• Money must be made honestly and
used fairly in Christian ways.
• Christians should treat their employees
fairly and never cheat customers.
• Christians should not be involved in
business that hurt people
The Causes of World Poverty
The Main Causes of world Poverty are:
• Wars
• Natural Disasters
• Debt
• Unfair Trade
• AIDS/HIV
• Lack of clean water
• Too many children
• Lack of Education
• Lack of investment
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FACTS
The people in the world now depend on each other – so world
poverty should concern everyone.
About 1.2billion people survive on less that one dollar per
day.
Rich countries depend on the developing countries for
essential products like tea, coffee, copper, oil.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights says:
Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal and should act
towards one another like brothers
Article 25
Everyone has the right to enough food, clothing, housing
and medical care
Article 26
Everyone has the right to free elementary education
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Quick Recap
What are three causes of world poverty?
______________________________________
Name three developing world countries
______________________________________
Name one thing that does the Declaration of
Universal Rights says about the poor?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
What percentage of the world live in the poor
southern countries?
______________________________________
Name three products that we get from the
developing world
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
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WORD LIST MEANING
Conventional War
Nuclear War
Chemical War
Biological War
Guerrilla War
Terrorism
Geneva Conventions
Unilateral
Disarmament
Multilateral
Disarmament
CND
Justice
Just War
Sanctity of Life
Peace
Pacifist
RELIGION, POVERTY & WEALTH
Main Facts
© Farmington
The
world isTrust
divided into two main parts
• The Developed World
105
The Developing Countries
High level of Malnutrition
Food of low nutritional value
or
Not enough food
Key Facts
Lack of clean drinking
water
Poor medical services
No access to doctors,
dentist, nurses.
30% or world’s
population do not have
adequate sanitation
Very young babies &
elderly most at risk
20 million die from
malnutrition every year
Most people work
in agriculture
Life expectancy of 40
years
3 out of every 4
men
Only grow enough
for own family
Mainly an illiterate population
No money to buy
There is a direct link between the level of
illiteracy and poverty
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WORD LIST MEANING
Prejudice
Discrimination
Equality
Ethnic Prejudice
Colour Prejudice
Genocide
Xenophobia
Apartheid
Justice
Sanctity of Life
Peace
Pacifist
Desmond Tutu
Ethics
Nelson Mandela
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B604
Religion and
Equality
Religion, Peace and
Justice
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B603
Religion, Poverty and
Wealth
Religion and Medical
Ethics
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Quick Questions
1. Where is the developed world?
1 mark
2. Where is the developing world?
1 mark
3. What is malnutrition?
2 marks
4.
What is illiteracy?
2 marks
5.
What is the North South Divide?
3 marks
6. What did the Brandt report highlight?
6 marks
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Practice Question
‘We live in a totally divided world’
Discuss this statement. You should include different,
supported points of view and a personal viewpoint. You must
refer to Christianity in your answer.
12 marks
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Conclusion The final booklets have taken on a slightly different format to the above information as I have changed the order and added in extra worksheets. I have included these on my CD Rom which also contains PowerPoint presentations and movie maker presentations. I am sure that Farmington will give you a copy of the CD Rom if you ask them. Alternatively, if you would like a copy of these please email me at MOIRAPATE@hotmail.com. I will attempt to email the folder to you. Acknowledgements I would like to thank everyone at Farmington for their help and support during my Fellowship year. In particular, Ralph for all his kind, thoughtful words and tremendous understanding and encouragement throughout the year. Also thanks to Suzanne, who is the backbone of Farmington. © Farmington Trust
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