Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW
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(Ann. WULS - 6**:)RUDQG:RRG7HFKQRO
The influence of artificial weathering on abrasion resistance of selected
wood species from South America
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Abstract The influence of artificial weathering on abrasion resistance of selected wood species from South
America 7KH DUWLILFLDO ZHDWKHULQJ PHWKRG FRQVLVWLQJ RI DOWHUQDWLQJ VRDNLQJ ZRRG LQ ZDWHU GU\LQJ DW D
temperature of 70 °C and UV radiation exposure was used to determine the influence of weathering on resistance
to abrasion of garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa 9RJ 0DFEULGH FXPDUX Dipteryx odorata $XEO :LOG DQG
tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis $XEO6HOHFWHGZRRGVSHFLHVZHUHRIVLPLODUVWUXFWXUHGHQVLW\DQGKDUGQHVV The
results of artificial weathering are changes in the abrasion resistance. With the progressive artificial weathering
abrasion resistance of wood changed gradually. In case of tatajuba and garapa wood resistance to abrasion was
VLPLODUO\ ,Q FDVH RI JDUDSD ZRRG WKH ZLGHVW UDQJH RI FKDQJHV DIWHU ZHDWKHULQJ SURFHVV ZDV REVHUYHG ,W ZDV
fouQGWKDWQRWRQO\ZRRGGHQVLW\GHWHUPLQHVZRRGDEUDVLYHUHVLVWDQFHEXWan LPSRUWDQWIDFWRULVZRRGVWUXFWXUH
mainly arrangement of wood fibers.
Keywords: DUWLILFLDOZHDWKHULQJgarapa (Apuleia leiocarpa 9RJ0DFEULGHFXPDUXDipteryx odorata $XEO
:LOGDQGWDWDMXEDBagassa guianensis $XEODEUDVLRQUHVLVWDQFH.
,1752'8&7,21
The important factors determining use of wood terrace boards and flooring surface are not
only aesthetic attractiveness in terms of cRORU JUDLQ DQG ILJXUH EXW LQ its good wearing
properties such as abrasion resistance ['HVFKDQG'LQZRRGLH]. Aesthetics is formed by
the visual impression oIWKHSDWWHUQVRIZRRGHQHOHPHQWVOD\RXWRI structure of applied wood
speFLHVWKHLUFRORUDQGVXUIDFHfinishing quality. During outside exposition wood surfaces is
subjected to changes in texture and color. Factors responsible for these changes are alternating
DFWLRQV RI KXPLGLW\ DQG WHPSHUDWXUH SKRWR-chemical and biological processes as well as
mechanical erosion caused by wind and rDLQIDOO >0DWHMDN @. Variability of weather
conditions and prolonged exposure to them causes the process called wood weathering also
referred to as an ageing. Wood weathering is a process of irreversible changes in appearance
and properties caused by long-term acting of the weather conditionsVRODUUDGLDWLRQFRQWHQW
of oxygen in DLUFKDQJHVLQWHPSHUDWXUHDQGKXPLGLW\DVVXPLQJQRGLUHFWLQIOXHQFHRIELRWLF
factors [)HLVW&RORPHWDO:LOOLDPV].
During exposure in natural environmentLQLWLDOO\VPRRWKZRRGVXUIDFHEHFRPHVURXJK
as wood fibers rise and wood cracks. This is accompanied by changes in chemical
components [:LOOLDPV-DQNRZVND@$OORIWKHVHFKDQJHVRFFXUPDLQO\LQVXUIDFH
OD\HURIZRRG5HVHDUFKRIFKHmical changes in wood represents explanation of degradation
RI WKH RXWHU OD\HUV WDNLQJ SODFH LQ ZRRG GXULQJ H[SRVXUH WR QDWXUDO FRQGLWLRQV >)HLVW 'RQHJDQHWDO:LOOLDPV@/LJQLQFRQVWLWXWHV- % of wood tissue and due to
phenolic naturH OLJQLQ DEVRUEV PRVW RI WKH 89 UDGLDWLRQ ZKLFK FRQVHTXHQWO\ FDXVHV LWV
degradation. Lignin deprived of cellulose chain adhesives and coatings is also degraded as a
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Because of changes in wRRGVXUIDFHVGXULQJH[WHUQDOH[SRVLWLRQZHKDYHXQGHUWDNHQ
to investigate the mechanical properties having a significant influence on the terrace boards
XVDJH WKDW LV KDUGQHVV DQG DEUDVLRQ ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH ZRRG VSHFLHV IURP 6RXWK
America that arH RIWHQ IRXQG LQ 3ROLVK PDUNHW )XUWKHUPRUH Rbjective of this study was
61
determination and comparison the influence of artificial weathering (assuming the absence of
ELRWLF LQWHUDFWLRQV DEUDVLRQ UHVLVWDQFH 7KH UHVHDUFK LQFOXGHV VHOHFWHG ZRRG VSHFLHV IURP
6RXWK$PHULFDJDUDSDFXPDUXWDWDMXED- wood often used in Europe for products dedicated
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Wood species selected for the research are deciduous hardwood species from South America
WDE. This wood is of diffuse-porous structure. All of species are wood with irregular fibres
DUUDQJHPHQW VWULSHG RU LQWHUORFNHG DUUDQJHPHQW RI ILEHUV Wood species selected for the
research are a group of materials used for the production of elements used in external
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Table 1. The research material
Trade names and names
according to EN 13556 (2005)
Apuleia leiocarpa 9RJ0DFEULGH
garapa*
Bagassa guianensis Aubl.
tatajuba
Dipteryx odorata $XEO:LOG
cumaru
* Apuleia leiocarpa 9RJ0DFEULGHDUHQRWLQFOXGHGLQ(1
Latin names
Origin
South America
Samples of each wood genus were taken from one board to obtain "identical sample". That
method let to keep wood structure so the appearing changes in the artificial weathering
SURFHVVZHUHWKHPDLQIDFWRUIRUWKHH[DPLQHGSURSHUWLHVJURXSVRIVDPSOHVZHUHWDNHQ
from each species of wood. Tangential and radial wood surface was tested separately. Only
longitudinal sections were tested because of the fact that in final product these sections
GRPLQDWH 'LPHQVLRQV RI VDPSOHV ZHUH [[ PP (DFK JURXS ZDV LQWHQGHG IRU WKH
research of different stages of weathering. Surfaces of wood had been sanded before the
experiment began.
The design of the artificial weathering cycle was based on literature [Matejak et al.
)ROOULFK @ 2QH DUWLILFLDO ZHDWKHULQJ F\FOH WRRN KRXUV DQG ZDV VHSDUDWHG LQWR
WKUHH VWHSV )LJXUH 7KH ILUVW VWHS ZDV VRDNLQJ VSHFLPHQV LQ ZDWHU DW ƒ& K 7KH
FRQGLWLRQVRIVHFRQGVWHSKZHUHƒ&DQG-UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\5+DQGWKHWKLUG
VWHS ZDV SHUIRUPHG DW ƒ& DQG - 5+ K ZLWK LUUDGLDWLRQ ZLWK 89 UD\V )RXU
IOXRUHVFHQWODPSV5
V/LJKWHFKRI:HDFKDQGWKHVSHFWUXP - QPRI
WKHUDGLDWLRQVSHFWUXPLVDZDYHOHQJWKRI-QPZHUHXVHGIRULUUDGLDWLQJ
7KH DEUDVLYH ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH ZDV PHDVXUHG ZLWK WKH 7DEHU PHWKRG LQ DFFRUGDQFH
ZLWKWKH(1,62-VWDQGDUG7KHWHVWZDVEDVHGRQWKHORVVRI thickness and loss
RIPDVVRIWKHWHVWHGVDPSOHVDIWHUKXQGUHGUHYROXWLRQVRIWKHZKHHO7KHORDGDPRXQWHGWR
JWHVWWHPSHUDWXUHZDVFORVHGWRƒ&DQGDLUKXPLGLW\- 7KHDEUDVLRQWHVWZDV
made before artificial weathering SURFHVVDIWHU0 and 40 cycles of artificial weathering. 3ULRU
to the determination of DEUDVLYH ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH HDFK JURXS ZDV FRQGLWLRQHG LQ DLU DW D
WHPSHUDWXUHFORVHWR ƒ&DQG5+“7RFRPSDUHUHVLVWDQFHWRDEUDVLRQSHUFHQWDJH
loss of mass was determinate.
We decided to determine wood density according to ,62 )XUWKHUPRUH
ZRRG KDUGQHVV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR (1 7KHVHWHVWVZHUHFDUULHGRXW
E\WKH%ULQHOOPHWKRGZLWKDKDUGQHVVWHVWHURIWKHFRPSDQ\&9,QVWUXPHQWV/'%7KH
WHVWFRQVLVWHGRILQGHQWLQJDPPEDOOPDGHRIVWLOOLQWRWKHwooden element being subject
WR WKH WHVW ZLWK WKH IRUFH RI N1 DQG GXULQJ WKH WLPH VSHFLILHG LQ WKH VWDQGDUG )RU HDFK
LQGHQWDWLRQWKHKDUGQHVVZDVFDOFXODWHGLQDFFRUGDQFHWRWKHIRUPXOD
62
ZKHUH
+%–%ULQHOOKDUGQHVV>03D@
F – loading forFH>1@
D – GLDPHWHURIVWHHOEDOO>PP@
d – diameter of the indentation [mm].
The number of indentations for each wood VSHFLHVZDVRQUDGLDOFURVVVHFWLRQDQG
RQWDQJHQWLDOFURVVVHFWLRQ
5(68/76
Carrying out 40 cycles of the process of artificial weathering resulted in changes of the
appearance of wood samples. AIWHUWKHILUVWF\FOHVZRRGVDPSOHVVXUIDFHEHFDPHURXJKDQG
cracks occurred. Soaking wood in water resulted in raising wood fibers during drying and
partial chipping of material (gentle rubbing the surfaces with a finger resulted in chipping of
wood substance showing degradation of ligno-FHOOXORVLF EDFNERQH RI FHOO ZDOOV The
roughest surface was observed in case of cumaru wood. 3UREDEO\ WKLV SKHQRPHnon was
accompanied by an irregular fibres arrangement. The artificial weathering process caused the
cracking of the wood samples. Dealing with the issue of weatheringDPRQJRWKHUV0DWHMDNHW
DO >@ )HLVW >] :LOOLDPV [] WKH PDLQ UHDVRQ WKDW causes wood damage is
sorption stress which occurs during rapid wetting and fast drying (running at high frequency
RIFKDQJHVLQKXPLGLW\FDXVHZRRGFUDFNLQJ
Artificial weathering process caused a color changes,QLWLDOO\WKHVXUIDFHRIWHVWZRRG
samples became darker. The first cycles of artificial weathering caused no obvious change in
FRORUEXWDIWHUHDFKVWDJHRIWKHSURFHVVGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHREVHUYHG- VDPSOHVEHFDPHGDUNHU
which was probably the result of dissolved dye substances in deeper layerV DQG WKHQ
depositing them on the surface of wood during drying. This phenomenon was confirmed by
Donegan et al. [@ Williams [@DQG-DQNRZVND>@.
Table 2. 5HVXOWVRIGHWHUPLQDWLRQGHQVLW\RIWHVWHGZRRGVSHFLHVLQEUDFNHWVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQZDVJLYHQ
Name of wood
Wood density
kg·m-
Cumaru
Garapa
Tatajuba
* moisture content after conditioning LQDLUDWDWHPSHUDWXUHFORVHWR °C and r+“
Table 3. 5HVXOWVRIGHWHUPLQDWLRQKDUGQHVVRIWHVWHGZRRGVSHFLHVLQEUDFNHWVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQZDVJLYHQ
Name of wood
Radial cross section
Tangential cross section
03D
Cumaru
Garapa
Tatajuba
* moisture content after conditioning LQDLUDWDWHPSHUDWXUHFORVHWR °C and r+“
7HVWHGZRRGVSHFLHVVKRZVLPLODUOHYHORIGHQVLW\WDE$FFRUGLQJWR.U]\VLN>@DOO
of tested wood species can be classed as very heavy wood. Effects of hardness tests showed
63
that in case of cumaru and garapa there is no significant difference between radial and
WDQJHQWLDOFURVVVHFWLRQ WDE 2QO\LQFDVHRIWDWDMXEDZRRGGLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQKDUGQHVV
on tangential and radial cross section was found and confirmed with t-Student test.
Comparison the effects of abrasive resistance test of untreated wood (percentage
ORVVHVRIPDVVZHUHFRPSDUHG– WDELWFDQEHVDLGWKDWJDUDSDZRRGVKRZHGWKHKLJKHVW
UHVLVWDQFH WR DEUDVLRQ WKH VPDOOHVW ORVV RI PDVV 7KLV SKHQRPHQRQ LV D OLWWOH VXUSULVLQJ
taking account that garapa is not the heaviest wood in group of tested wood species. As it is
NQRZQIURPOLWHUDWXUH>.U]\VLN@DEUDVLYHUHVLVWDQFHRIZRRGLVGHSHQGLQJRQGHQVLW\RI
a material. )XUWKHUPRUH WKH KHDYLHVW WHVWHG ZRRG VSHFLHV - cumaru showed the smallest
resistance to abrasion. It lets to make conclusion that not only wood density determines wood
DEUDVLYH UHVLVWDQFH EXW WKH YHU\ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LV ZRRG VWUXFWXUH PDLQO\ DUUDQJHPHQW RI
wood fibers (cumaru and tatajuba have striped fibres but garapa rather interlocked fibres. In
case of cumDUXZRRGWKHURXJKHVWVXUIDFHZDVREVHUYHGEXWDIWHUDUWLILFLDOZHDWKHULQJZRRG
surface became smoother in touch. The loose wood fibers crumbled out during the first cycles
of artificial weathering and after that losses of mass were smaller.
Table 4 5HVXOWVRIDEUDVLYHZHDUUHVLVWDQFHWHVWV– percentage loss of mass (in bracket standard deviation was
JLYHQ
Before artifical
weathering
After 20 cycles of
artificial weathering
After 40 cycles of
artificial weathering
radial
cross
section
radial
cross
section
Name of wood
radial
cross
section
tangential
cross
section
tangential
cross
section
tangential
cross
section
Garapa
Tatajuba
* moisture content after conditioning LQDLUDWDWHPSHUDWXUHFORVHWR °C and r+“
Cumaru
In case of tatajuba and garapa wood resistance to abrasion was similarly. In case of
JDUDSD ZRRG WKH ZLGHVW UDQJH RI FKDQJHV DIWHU ZHDWKHULQJ SURFHVV ZDV REVHUYHG ,W
confirmed that artificial weathering caused gradually degradation of surfaces layer degradation of ligno-cellulosic backbone of cell walls and in case of garapa degradation was
the most dynamic.
After analysis of average value of percentage loss of mass it can be said that radial
section is more resistant to wearing than tangential cross section. Only tatajuba wood did not
confirm this relation.
1HYHUWKHOHVV RI WHVWHG ZRRG VSHFLHV ZLWK WKH DUWLILFLDO ZHDWKHULQJ SURFHVV DEUDVLYH
UHVLVWDQFHZHUHZRUVW0RUHRYHULWZDVREVHUYHGWKDWDFFHOHUDWHGZHDWKHULQJKDVLQIOXHQFHRQ
variability of resuOWVKLJKHUYDOXHRIFRHIILFLHQWYDULDWLRQIt can be caused by variability of
grade degradation of wood surface.
64
CONCLUSIONS
7KHDUWLILFLDOZHDWKHULQJPHWKRGFRQVLVWLQJRIDOWHUQDWLQJVRDNLQJZRRGLQZDWHUGU\LQJDWD
temperature of 70 °C and UV radiation exposure was used to determine the influence of
weathering on resistance to abrasion of garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa 9RJ0DFEULGHFXPDUX
(Dipteryx odorata $XEO :LOG DQG WDWDMXED Bagassa guianensis $XEO 6HOHFWHG ZRRG
VSHFLHVZHUHRIVLPLODUVWUXFWXUHGHQVLW\DQGKDUGQHVV
The results of artificial weathering are changes in the abrasion resistance. With the
progressive artificial weathering abrasion resistance of wood changed gradually. In case of
WDWDMXED DQG JDUDSD ZRRG UHVLVWDQFH WR DEUDVLRQ ZDV VLPLODUO\ ,Q FDVH RI JDUDSD ZRRG WKH
widest range of changes after weathering process was observed. It was found that not only
ZRRG GHQVLW\ GHWHUPLQHV ZRRG DEUDVLYH UHVLVWDQFH EXW very important factor is wood
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(Apuleia leiocarpa 9RJ0DFEULGHtonkowca wonnego (Dipteryx odorata $XEO:LOGi
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