SixthEdition
PRINCIPLES
OF
ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
THOMASL. FLOYD
PRENTICE
HALL
Upper SaddleRiver,New fersey
Columbus,Ohio
Cover Photo: @ Uniphoto
Editor: Scott Sambucci
Developmental Editor: Katie E. Bradford
Production Editor: Rex Davidson
Design Coordinator: Karrie Converse-Jones
Text Designer: John Edeen
Cover Designer: Brian Deep
Production Buyer: Patricia A. Tonneman
Marketing Manager: Ben Leonard
Illustrations: JaneLopez and SteveBotts
This book was set in Times Roman by The Clarinda
Company and was printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley &
Sons Company. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color
Corp.
O 2000, 1997,1993 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.
PearsonEducation
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey07458
All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced,
in any form or by any means,without permission in writing
from the publisher.
g*ti".
@ 1989,1985,1981by Menill Publishing
"altons
Company
Printedin theUnitedStatesof America
1 0 9 8 ' 1 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 0-13-095997-9
Prentice-Hall lnternational (UK) Limited, I'ondon
Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney
Prentice-Hall CanadaInc., Toronto
Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana,S. A., M exico
Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi
Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tblqo
Prentice-Hall (Singapore)Pte. Ltd., Singapore
Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro
Data
Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication
Floyd,ThomasL.
Principlesof electriccircuis/ ThomasL. Floyd.-6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0- 13-095997-9 (h.c.)
I. Electric circuits. I. Title
TK454.F57 2000
621.3815-dc21
99-36382
CIP
PREFACE
Principles of Electric Circuits, Sixth Edition, provides comprehensive,practical coverage
of basic electrical conceptsand circuits. Material is presentedin a readablestyle complemented by numerous examplesand illustrations. As in previous editions, the text includes
strong coverage of troubleshooting and applications. This edition has been thoroughly
reviewed and a tremendouseffort has been made to ensure that the coverase is accurate
and up-to-date.
New Softwareand Internet-Related
Features
r
r
Electronics Workbencht 6Wn1 tutorials for mosfchapters are now available on the
Internet at www.prenhall.com/floyd
/
PSpice tutorials for each chapter and a selecti/n of PSpice circuits are now available
on the Internet at www.prenhall.com/floyd. pspice student demonstration software
can be downloaded from www.orcad.com). /
The CD-ROM packagedwith the text contains
{he following three items:
1. Approximately 100 EWB circuits for the textbook's Troubleshooting and Analysis
Problems. EWB software version 5.X or higher is required to view these circuits.
2. Limited demonstration version of EWB version 5.X software. This allows the reader
accessto 15 of the circuits on the CD-ROM.
3. A full student version of EWB version 5.X. This is available for purchaseby contacting Interactive Image Technologies.
Users should direct all technical questionsabout the CD-ROM to Interactive Image Technologies at (800) 263-5552 or www.interactiv.com.
Other New Features
r
Troubleshooting and Analysis Problems at the end of most chapters coordinate with
EWB circuits on the CD-ROM that comes with the textbook. Answers are in the
Instructor's ResourceManual.
I Revised organization of the chapterson reactive circuits (Chapters 16, ll, and 18) that
facilitates two popular approachesto the subject matter
r Safety notes in some chapters
r Historical Notes at the opening of many chapters
r Expanded use of calculator solutions
r Identification of the most difficult end-of-chapterproblems
Other Features
I Functional full-color format
I TECHnology Theory Into Practice (Tech TIP) sectionsin most chapters
r Chapter Overview and Objectives at the opening of each chapter
r Introduction and Objectives at the beginning of each section in a chapter
I Many worked examples,each with a related problem
I Reviews at the end of each chapter section
ill
iv r
PREFACE
I
I
T
I
I
I
Chapter summaries
List of chapter formulas
Chapterglossaries(comprehensiveglossaryat the end of the book')
Chapterself-tests
Sectionalizedchapterproblem sets
Conventional cunent direction is used. (An alternateversion of this text uses electronflow direction.)
Ancillary package that includes
. Lab Manual'. Experiments in Basic Circuits: Theory and Application, by Dave
Buchla. Solutionsmanual available.
. Lab Manual: Experiments in Electric Circuits, by Brian Stanley.Solutions manual
.
.
.
.
'
available.
PowerPointslides
Test Item File (printed testbank)
Prentice Hall Test Manager (electronic testbank)
Instructor'sResourceManual
Bergwall Videos
lllustrationof ChapterFeatures
Chapter Opener Each chapterbeginswith a two-pageopeneras shownin Figure A. A
typical chapter opener contains a section list, a reference to the Electronics Workbench
(EWB) and PSpicetutorials on the website at www.prenhall.com/floyd, a chapteroverview,
chapter objectives, and associatedart related to the TECHnology Theory Into Practice
(Tech TIP) section and, in some chapters, one or two Historical Notes related to the
chapter.
EWB and PSpice Tutorials The website tutorials corespond to chaptersin the textbook, and a tutorial is referencedat the beginning of most chapters.If your course covers
EWB or PSpice, you can study the tutorial for a given chapterjust as if it were another
section in the text. Of course,the other textbook material is not affected if these tutorials
are not used;they are strictly optional.
13
CAPACITORS
list
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Website reference
for EWB and
PSpice tutorials
A
FIGURE
Chapteropener.
Chapter introduction
with Tech TIP preview
Performancebased
objectives
Histodcal Notes are found
in some chapters
PREFACEr
A set of review
questions ends
each section
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begin each section
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F I C U R EB
Section opener and section review.
Section Opener Each section in a chapter begins with a brief introduction that provides the essenceof the section and a list of section objectives.A typical section opener
is shown in Figure B.
Section Review Each section ends with a review consisting of questions and/or exercises that focus on the main concepts covered in the section. Answers to these section
reviews are at the end of the chapter.A typical section review is also shown in Figure B.
Worked Examples and Related Problems Numerous examples help to illustrate and
clarify basic concepts or demonstratespecific procedures.Each example concludes with
a related problem that reinforces or expands on the topic covered in the example. Some
of the related problems require a repetition of the calculations in the example using different values or conditions. Others focus on a more limited part of the example or encourage further thought. Answers to the related problems are found at the end of the chapter.
A typical worked example and the related problem are shown in Figure C.
Troubleshooting Sections Many chaptersinclude troubleshooting sectionsemphasizing troubleshooting techniquesand the use of test instruments as they apply to situations
relatedto chaptertopics.
vi T
PREFACE
FICUREC
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F I C U R ED
Representativepagesfrom a typical TECHnohgy Theory Into Practice (Tech TIP) section,
PREFACEr
vii
TECHnology Theory Into Practice (Tech TIP) The last section of each chapter
(except Chapters I and 22) presentsa practical application of certain material presented
in the chapter.Each Tech TIP includes a seriesof activities, many of which involve comparing circuit board layouts with schematics,analyzing circuits, using measurementsto
determine circuit operation, and in some cases, developing simple test procedures.
Results and answersto Tech TIPs are found in the Instructor's ResourceManual. A typical Tech TIP section is illustrated in Figure D.
Chapter End Matter Each chapterendswith a summary,glossary,formula list, multiplechoice self-test, and extensivesectionalizedproblem set including EWB Troubleshooting
and Analysis problems. The most difficult problems are indicated by an asterisk. Also,
answersto section reviews, related problems, and self-testsare at the end of each chapter.
Terms that appearboldface in the text are defined in the end-of-chapter glossaries.
Book End Matter Appendices at the end of the book consist of a table of standard
resistor values, a brief coverage of batteries, derivations of selected text equations, and
coverage of capacitor color coding. Following the appendices are answers to selected
odd-numbered problems (solutions to all end-of-chapter problems are in the Instructor's
ResourceManual), comprehensiveglossary,and index.
Suggestionsfor Teachingwith Principlesof ElectricCircuits
Se/ected Course Emphasis and Flexibility of the Text This textbook is designed
primarily for use in a two-term course sequencein which dc topics (Chapters I through
10) are covered in the first term and ac topics (Chapters I I through 22) are covered in the
secondterm. A one-term course covering dc and ac topics is possible but would require
very selective and abbreviatedcoverageof many topics.
If time limitations or course emphasisrestricts the topics that can be covered, as is
usually the case, there are several options for selective coverage.The following suggestions for light treatment or omission do not necessarilyimply that a certain topic is less
important than others but that, in the context of a specific program, the topic may not
require the emphasis that the more fundamental topics do. Because course emphasis,
level, and available time vary from one program to another, the omission or abbreviated
treatment of selectedtopics must be made on an individual basis. Therefore, the following suggestionsare intended only as a general guide.
1. Chaptersthat may be consideredfor omission or selective coverage:
r Chapter 8, Circuit Theorems and Conversions
r Chapter 9, Branch, Mesh, and Node Analysis
I Chapter 10, Magnetism and Electromagnetism
I Chapter 19, Basic Filters
I Chapter 20, Circuit Theorems in AC Analysis
I Chapter 21, Pulse Responseof Reactive Circuits
r Chapter 22, PolyphaseSystemsin Power Applications
2. The Tech Tip and troubleshooting sections can be omitted without affecting other
material.
3. Other specific topics may be omitted or covered lightly on a section-by-sectionbasis
at the discretion of the instructor.
The order in which certain topics appear in the text can be altered at the instructor's discretion. For example, the topics of capacitors and inductors (Chapter 13 and 14) can be
covered at the end of the dc course in the first term by delaying coverageof the ac topics
in Sections13-6, l3-7,14-6, and l4J urtil the ac coursein the secondterm. Another
possibility is to cover Chapters 13 and 14 in the second term but cover Chapter 16 (RC
Circuits) immediately after Chapter 13 (Capacitors) and cover Chapter I7 (RL Circuits)
immediately after Chapter 14 (Inductors).
I
PREFACE
Tech T|PS These sections are useful for motivation and for introducing applications of
basic conceptsand components.Suggestionsfor using these sections are:
I
I
I
As an integral part of the chapter to illustrate how the concepts and components can
be applied in a practical situation. The activities can be assignedfor homework.
As extra credit assignments.
As in-class activities to promote discussionand interaction and to help studentsunderstand why they need to know the material.
Coverage of Reactive Circuits Chapters 16,11, and 18 have been designed to facilitate two approachesto teaching these topics on reactive circuits.
The first approach is to cover the topics on the basis of components.That is, first
cover all of Chapter 16 (RCCircuits), then all of Chapter l1 (RL Circuits), and, finally,
all of Chapter 78 (RLC Circuits and Resonance).
The secondapproachis to cover the topics on the basis of circuit type. That is, first
cover all topics related to series reactive circuits, then all topics related to parallel reactive circuits, and flnally, all topics related to series-parallelreactive circuits. To facilitate
this second approach, each of the chapters have been divided into the following parts:
Part I: SeriesReactive Circuits, Part 2: Parallel Reactive Circuits, Part 3: Series-Parallel
Reactive Circuits, andPart 4: Special Topics. So, for seriesreactive circuits, cover Part 1
of all three chapters in sequence.For parallel reactive circuits, cover Part 2 of all three
chapters in sequence.For series-parallelreactive circuits, cover Part 3 of all three chapters in sequence.Finally, cover Part 4 of all three chapters.
A BriefHistoryof Electronics
It is always good to have a senseof the history of your career field. So, before you begin
your study of electric circuits, let's briefly look at the beginnings of electronics and some
of the important developmentsthat have led to the electronics technology that we have
today. The names of many of the early pioneers in electricity and electromagneticsstill
live on in terms of familiar units and quantities. Names such as Ohm, Ampere, Volta,
Farad, Henry, Coulomb, Oersted, andHerlz are some of the better known examples.More
widely known names such as Franklin and Edison are also very significant in the history
of electricity and electronicsbecauseof their tremendouscontributions. Brief biographies
of many of these appear in Historical Notes at the beginning of the appropriate chapters.
The Beginning of Electronics The early experiments in electronics involved electric
cuffents in glass vacuum tubes. One of the first to conduct such experiments was a German namedHeinrich Geissler(1814-1879).Geisslerremovedmost of the air from a glass
tube and found that the tube glowed when there was an electric curent through it. Around
1878, British scientist Sir William Crookes (1832-1919) experimentedwith tubes similar
to those of Geissler. In his experiments, Crookes found that the current in the vacuum
tubes seemedto consist of particles.
Thomas Edison (1847-1931), experimenting with the carbon-filament light bulb he
had invented,made anotherimportant finding. He inserled a small metal plate in the bulb.
When the plate was positively charged,there was a current from the filament to the plate.
This device was the first thermionic diode. Edison patentedit but never used it.
The electron was discoveredin the 1890s.The French physicist Jean Baptiste Per(1870-1942)
demonstratedthat the current in a vacuum tube consisted of the moverin
ment of negatively chargedparticles in a given direction. Some of the properties of these
particles were measuredby Sir JosephThompson (1856-1940), a British physicist, in
experiments he performed between 1895 and 1897. These negatively charged particles
later becameknown as electrons.The charge on the electron was accurately measuredby
an American physicist,RobertA. Millikan (1868-1953),in 1909.As a result of thesediscoveries,electrons could be controlled, and the electronic age was usheredin.
Putting the Electron to Work In 1904 a British scientist, John A. Fleming, constructed a vacuum tube that allowed electric current in only one direction. The tube was
used to detect electromagneticwaves. Called the Fleming valve, it was the forerunner of
PREFACEr
ix
the more recentvacuumdiode tubes.Major progressin electronics,however,awaitedthe
developmentof a device that could boost, or amplify, a weak electromagneticwave or
radio signal.This devicewas the audion,patentedin 1901by Lee deForest,an American.
It was a triode vacuum tube capableof amplifying small electricalac signals.
Two other Americans, Harold Arnold and Irving Langmuir, made great improvements in the triode vacuumtube between 1912 and 1914.About the sametime, deForest
and Edwin Armstrong, an electricalengineer,usedthe triode tube in an oscillatorcircuit.
In 1914, the triode was incorporatedin the telephonesystem and made the transcontinental telephonenetwork possible. In 1916 walter Schottky, a German, invented the
tetrode tube. The tetrode,along with the pentode (inventedin 1926 by Dutch engineer
Tellegen), greatly improved the triode. The first television picture tube, called the
kinescope,was developedin the 1920sby Vladimir Zworykin, an American researcher.
During World War II, several types of microwave tubes were developed that made
possiblemodern microwaveradar and other communicationssystems.In 1939,the magnetron was inventedin Britain by Henry Boot and John Randall. In that same year, the
klystron microwavetube was developedby two Americans,RussellVarian and his brother
Sigurd Varian.The traveling-wavetube (TWT) was inventedin 1943by Rudolf Komphner, an Austrian-American.
Solid-State Electronics The crystaldetectorsusedin early radioswere the forerunners
of modern solid-statedevices.However,the era of solid-stateelectronicsbeganwith the
inventionof the transistorin 1941at Bell Labs. The inventorswere Walter Brattain.John
Bardeen,and William Shockley.
In the early 1960s,the integratedcircuit (IC) was developed.It incorporatedmany
transistorsand other componentson a single small chip of semiconductormaterial. Integraled circuit technology has been continuously developed and improved, allowing
increasinglymore complex circuits to be built on smaller chips.
Around 1965, the first integratedgeneral-purposeoperationalamplifier was introduced.This low-cost,highly versatiledeviceincorporatednine transistorsand twelve resistors in a small package.It provedto havemany advantagesover comparablediscretecomponent circuits in terms ol reliability and performance.Since this introduction, the IC
operationalamplifierhasbecomea basicbuilding block for a wide varietyof linear systems.
Applications
Electricity and electronicsare very broad and diversefields and almost anything you can
think of somehowuses electricity or electronics.The following are some of the major
applicationareas.
Computers As everyoneknows, computersare usedjust about everywhereand their
applicationsare almostunlimited. For example,computersare usedin businessfor record
keeping,accounting,payroll, inventory control, market analysis,and statistics.In industry, computersare used for controlling and monitoring manufacturingprocesses.Information, communications,navigation,medical, military, law enforcement,and domestic
applicationsare some of the other broad areaswhere computersare found.
Communications Electronic communicationsinvolves a wide variety of specialized
fields that include telephonesystems,satellites,radio, television,data communications,
and radar, to name a few.
Automation Electronic systemsare used extensivelyin the control of manufacturing
processes.
For example,the robotic systemsusedin the assemblyof automobilesare electronically controlled.A few other applicationsare the control of ingredientmixes in food
processing,the operationof machinetools, distributionof power, and printing.
Transportation Electronicsis an integral part of most types of transportationequipment and systems.One exampleis the electronicsfound in most modern automobilesfor
entertainment,brake controls,ignition controls,enginemonitoring, and communications.
The airline industry would be completely shut down without electronicsfor navigation,
X
I
PREFACE
communication, and scheduling purposes.Also, trucks, trains, and boats depend on electronics for much of their operation.
Medicine Electronic systemsare used in the medical field for many things. For example, the monitoring of patient functions such as heart rate, blood pressure,temperature,
and respiration is accomplished electronically. Diagnostic tools such as the CAI scan,
EKG, X-ray, and ultrasound are all electronic-basedsystems.
Consumer Electronics Products used directly by the consumer constitute a large segment of the electronics market. There are systemsfor entertainmentand information such
as radios, televisions,VCRs, computers, sound Systems,and electronic games.There are
Systemsfor communications such as cellular phones, pagers' recorders, intercoms, CB
radio, short-wave radio, and computers.Also, many products that do work in the home
such as washing machines,dryers, refrigerators, ranges, and security Systemshave electronic controls.
Acknowledgments
Many very capable people have been involved with this Sixth Edition of Principles of
Electric Circuits. It has been completely reviewed and checked for both content and accuracy. Those at Prentice Hall who have been instrumental in moving this project through
its many phases include Rex Davidson, Katie Bradford, and Scott Sambucci. They
deservemuch credit.
My appreciation,once again, to Lois Porter who has done another wonderful job of
editing the manuscript. Also, thanks to Jane Lopez for the great job on the graphics art
used in the text. Chuck Garbinski has been my accuracy checker on this project and I
commend him for his outstandingwork. In addition, Chuck createdthe EWB circuit files
for the Electronics Workbench featuresthat are new to this edition. Last but certainly not
least, thanks to my colleague Dave Buchla for his consultations on many topics and his
thorough review of the manuscript. As always, we depend on expert input from many
users and nonusersof Principles of Electric Circuits. My thanks to the following reviewers who made many valuable suggestionsand provided much constructive criticism.
Herbert Hall, Lakeland Community College
Leslie E. Johnson,Delaware Tech and Community College
Steve Kuchler, Ivy Tech State College
Stuart Peterson,Ridgewater College
Charles R. Morgan, Denver Technical College
Jon Speer,Northwest State Community College, Archbold, OH
Victor L. Stateler,Kirkwood Community College
Thomas L. Floyd
CONTENTS
Components,
Quantities,and Units
'l-1
1-2
1-3
'l-4
1-5
2
2-1
2-4
2-5
2:6
2-7
2-B
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
5-3
Resistors
in Series i12
Currentin a Series
Circuit 114
TotalSeriesResistance116
5-4
5-5
Ohm'sLaw in SeriesCircuits 119
VoltageSourcesin Series 123
5-6
5-7
Kirchhoff's
VoltageLaw 126
VoltageDividers 129
5-B
5-9
Powerin a SeriesCircuit 136
CircuitGround 138
5-10 Troubleshooting142
5-11 Technology
Theoryinto practice 144
AtomicStructure 20
Electrical
Charge 23
6
ParallelCircuits 160
6-1
6-2
Resistors
in Parallel 162
VoltageDrop in ParallelCircuits j 65
6-3 Kirchhoff's
CurrentLaw 166
6-4 TotalParallelResistance170
6-5 Ohm'sLawin Parallel
Circuits 176
6-6 CurrentSourcesin Parallel 180
6-7 CurrentDividers 181
6-8 Powerin ParallelCircuits 185
6-9 Examples
of ParallelCircuit
Applications 187
6-10 Troubleshooting192
6-11 TechnologyTheory
into Practice 196
Ohm's Law 68
3-1
3-2
4
MetricPrefixes 1l
MetricUnit Conversionsi 3
Voltage 25
Current 29
Resistance30
TheElectric
Circuit 37
BasicCircuitMeasurements45
TechnologyTheoryinto practice 52
SeriesCircuits 110
5-1
5-2
Voltage,Current,and Resistance 1B
2-2
2-3
3
5
Electrical
Components
and Measuring
Instruments2
Electrical
andMagneticUnits 7
ScientificNotation B
Ohm'sLaw 70
Calculating
Current 72
Calculating
Voltage 7S
CalculatingResistance77
TheRelationship
of Current,Voltage,
and Resistance79
Technology
Theoryinto practice g2
Energyand Power 90
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-S
4-G
Energyand Power 92
Powerin an ElectricCircuit 94
ResistorPowerRatings 96
EnergyConversion
andVoltageDrop in
Resistance100
PowerSupplies 101
Technology
Theoryinto practice j 03
7
Series-Parallel
Circuits 210
7-7
7-2
7-3
IdentifyingSeries-Parallel
R e l a t i o n s h i p2s1 2
Analysisof Series-Parallel
C i r c u i t s2 1 7
VoltageDividerswith Resistive
Loads 225
xii r
CONTENTS
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-B
B
11-5 TheSineWaveFormula 394
'l'l-G Ohm'sLawand Kirchhoff's
Lawsin AC
Circuits 396
DC andACVoltages 399
11-7 Superimposed
Waveforms401
11-8 Nonsinusoidal
4OB
11-g OscilloscopeMeasurements
into Practice 413
11-10TechnologyTheory
LoadingEffectof a Voltmeter 229
LadderNetworks 232
Bridge 237
TheWheatstone
240
Troubleshooting
into Practice 243
TechnologyTheory
and Conversions 260
CircuitTheorems
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
8-6
B-7
B-B
8-9
TheVoltageSource 262
TheCurrentSource 264
SourceConversions266
12
"12-"1Introduction
to Phasors 432
12-2 TheComPlexNumberSYstem 437
and PolarForms 441
12-3 Rectangular
Theorem 269
TheSuperPosition
Theorem 276
Thevenin's
Norton'sTheorem 285
Theorem 2BB
MaximumPowerTransfer
(A-to-Y)
andWye-to-Delta
Delta-to-Wye
(Y-to-A)
Conversions290
into Practice 295
TechnologyTheory
OPerations 448
12-4 Mathematical
'12-S TechnologyTheory
into Practice 453
1 3 Capacitors 460
13-1 TheBasicCaPacitor462
13-2 Typesof CaPacitors469
CaPacitors475
13-3 Series
CaPacitors479
13-4 Parallel
Branch,Mesh,and NodeAnalYsis 310
g-1
9-2
9-3
,
g-4
9-5
9-6
BranchCurrentMethod 312
Determinants314
Using
Equations
SolvingSimultaneous
a Calculator 320
MeshCurrentMethod 323
in DC Circuits 481
13-5 Capacitors
in AC Circuits 491
13-6 Capacitors
"13-7 CapacitorAPPlications496
CaPacitors501
13-B Testing
into Practice 504
13-9 TechnologyTheory
NodeVoltageMethod 327
into Practice 330
TechnologyTheory
340 1 4
1 0 MagnetismandElectromagnetism
ElectromagneticDevices 352
1O-4 Magnetic HYsteresis 357
10-5
E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c l n d u c t i o n3 5 9
"14-6 Inductors
in AC Circuits 539
1 0 - 6 A p p l i c a t i o n so f E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
lnduction 363
' t O - 7 T e c h n o l o g y T h e o r iyn t o P r a c t i c e 3 6 7
1.'l
lntroductionto AlternatingCurrent
andVoltage 376
1-l--l TheSineWave 378
"11-2 SinusoidalVoltage
Sources 383
of Sine
1"1-3 Voltageand CurrentValues
Waves 386
of a
11-4 AngularMeasurement
SineWave 390
lnductor s 518
14-1 TheBasiclnductor 520
14-2 Typesof Inductors 526
lnductors 527
14-3 Series
14-4 ParallelInductors 528
-14-E Inductors
in DC Circuits 530
1 0 - 1 T h e M a g n e t i cF i e l d 3 4 2
1 O - 2 E l e c t r o m a g n e t i s m3 4 6
10-3
and ComPlexNumbers 430
Phasors
"14-7 lnductorAPPlications544
14-B TestingInductors 546
into Practice 547
14-g TechnologyTheory
15
Transformers 558
15-1 MutualInductance560
"15-2 TheBasicTransformer
561
Transformers565
15-3 SteP-UP
"15-4 SteP-Down
Transformers566
Winding 567
the Secondary
15-5 Loading
CONTENTS r
15-6 Reflecred
Load 569
15-7 Matchingthe Loadand Source
Resistances571
15-8 TheTransformer
as an Isolation
Device 574
15-9 NonidealTransformer
Characteristics576
15-10 OtherTypesof Transformers579
15-11 TroubleshootingTransformers
584
practice
15-12 TechnologyTheory
into
586
Ib
Part4: SpecialTopics 683
'17-7
Powerin Rl Circuits 683
'17-B
BasicApplications 687
"17-9 Troubleshooting694
17-10 TechnologyTheory
into practice 696
1 B RIC Circuitsand Resonance 7oB
Part1: SeriesReactiveCircuits 7-to
1B-1 lmpedance
of Series
RtCCircuits 710
1B-2 Analysis
of SeriesRlCCircuits 712
1B-3 Series
Resonance7i6
RCCircuits seg
Part1: SeriesReactiveCircuits 600
Part2: ParallelReactiveCircuits 723
18-4 lmpedanceof ParallelRtC Circuits 723
1B-5 Analysisof Parallel
RIC Circuits 726
18-6 ParallelResonance728
'16-1
Sinusoidal
Response
of RC
.Circuits600
16-2 lmpedanceand PhaseAngleof Series
RCCircuits 601
16-3 Analysisof SeriesRCCircuits 604
Part3: Series-Parallel
Reactive
Circuits 732
Part2: ParallelReactiveCircuits 6t"l
1B-7 Analysisof Series-Parallel
RIC
Circuits 732
16-4 lmpedanceand PhaseAngleof parallel
RCCircuits 611
16-5 Analysisof ParallelRCCircuits 614
Part4: SpecialTopics 740
1B-B Bandwidthof Resonant
Circuits 740
1B-9 Applications 744
1B-10TechnologyTheory
into practice 748
Part3: Series-Parallel
Reactive
Circuits 620
'16-G
Series-Parallel
RCCircuits 620
Part4: SpecialTopics 626
'16-7
Powerin RCCircuits 626
16-8 BasicApplications630
16-9 Troubleshooting641
16-10 TechnologyTheory
into practice 644
1 -
|/
Rl Circuits 662
Part1: SeriesReactiveCircuits 664
'17-1
Sinusoidal
Response
of Rl
Circuits 664
17-2 lmpedanceand PhaseAngleof Series
Rl Circuits 665
17-3 Analysisof SeriesRl Circuits 667
.'19
BasicFilters 760
19-1 Low-Pass
Filters 762
'19-2
High-Pass
Filters 769
19-3 Band-Pass
Filters 773
19-4 Band-Stop
Filters 778
19-5 Technology
Theoryinto practice 7Bl
20
174
Part3: Series-Parallel
Reactive
Circuits 67s
'17-G
Series-Parallel
Rl Circuits 679
CircuitTheoremsin AC Analysis 7s2
2O-7 TheSuperposition
Theorem 794
2O-2 Thevenin's
Theorem 7gB
2O-3 Norton'sTheorem BO7
204 MaximumPowerTransferTheorem
Bl j
practice
20-5 TechnologyTheory
into
814
Part2: ParallelReactiveCircuits 672
lmpedanceand PhaseAngleof parallel
Rl Circuits 672
17-S Analysisof Parallel
Rl Circuits 675
xiii
21
PulseResponse
of ReactiveCircuits 824
2'l-1 The RC lntegrator 826
21-2 Single-Pulse
Response
of RC
Integrators 827
xiv r CONTENTS
Response
of RC
21-3 Repetitive-Pulse
Integrators 832
Response
of RC
21-4 Single-Pulse
Differentiators 837
of RC
Response
21-S Repetitive-Pulse
Differentiators 842
of Rl Integrators844
21-6 PulseResponse
of R[
21-7 PulseResponse
Differentiators 849
of Time(Pulse)Response
21-B Relationship
Response853
to Frequency
21-9 Troubleshooting856
Theoryinto Practice 859
21-1OTechnology
Analysis BB5
22-4 Three-Phase
Source/Load
Power 891
22-5 Three-Phase
AppendixA
9OO
TABLEOF STANDARDRESISTORVATUES
AppendixB
BATTERIES901
AppendixC
DERIVATIONS904
AppendixD
CAPAC|TOR
COrOR CODING 907
22
in Power
Svstems
Polvphase
Applications87o
Machines 872
22-1 BasicPolyphase
22-2 PolyphaseCeneratorsin Power
Applications874
Cenerators 879
22-3 Three-Phase
Answersto SelectedOdd-NumberedProblems 908
Glossary 919
lndex 924