22.2 Motional Emf THE EMF INDUCED IN A MOVING CONDUCTOR Conducting bar not touching the plates F + (is equivalent to) Each charge within the conductor is moving and experiences a magnetic force F qvB F + V EL vBL The magnetic force is in fact exactly equivalent to an electric force exerted by a parallel plate capacitor moving with the rod. F qE, E vB, V EL vBL The action, on a moving charge, of a magnetic field generated by a magnet at rest is exactly equivalent to that of an electric field generated in the rest frame (the frame of reference in which the object in question is at rest) of that charge. (not in the scope of this class) 1 22.2 Motional Emf From a different point of view, the bar behaves as if it has a built-in battery (or DC voltage source). As illustrated on the right side of the figure, the battery will also cause charges to accumulate at the ends. F + (is equivalent to) Motional emf when v, B, and L are mutually perpendicular E vBL + - E v The direction of the EMF (- to the + side of the battery) is in the same direction as the magnetic force given by RHR-1 2 22.2 Motional Emf The moving bar is in fact exactly equivalent to a battery, that one can construct a circuit with it to power a light bulb. The diagrams below show such a circuit made using conducting rails over which the bar slides while making full electrical contact to form a closed circuit. I (is equivalent to) E vBL 3 22.2 Motional Emf Example : Operating a Light Bulb with Motional Emf In the figure, the conducting rod is moving with a speed of 5.0m/s perpendicular to a 0.80T magnetic field. The rod has a length of 1.6m and a negligible electrical resistance. The rails also have a negligible electrical resistance. The light bulb has a resistance of 96 ohms. Find (a) the emf produced by the rod and (b) the current induced in the circuit. (a) E vBL 5.0 m s0.80 T 1.6 m 6.4 V (b) I E 6.4 V 0.067 A R 96 4 22.2 Motional Emf But where does the power and energy come from to make the light bulb shine? That hand has to work against the magnetic force exerted by the field on the induced current. RHR-1 gives a magnetic force to the left. Fhand - FB , In order to keep the rod moving at constant velocity, the force the hand exerts on the rod must balance the magnetic force on the current: Fhand FB ILB The opposite direction of the force from the previous page, shown in this figure below, would violate the principle of conservation of energy. A magnetic force produced in the same direction as the original velocity of the bar would then accelerate the bar without any external work: bar will accelerate and the force would increase. THIS DOES NOT HAPPEN 5 22.2 Motional Emf Example: Conservation of Energy A conducting rod is free to slide down between two vertical copper tracks. There is no kinetic friction between the rod and the tracks. Because the only force on the rod is its weight, it falls with an acceleration equal to the acceleration of gravity. Connect a resistor connected between the tops of the tracks. (a) Does the rod now fall with the acceleration of gravity? (b) How does the principle of conservation of energy apply? Answers: With the resistor connected , we now have a closed circuit. A current will flow: I = E/R = vBL/R. (a) When released from rest, the rod will initially accelerate down at g. But it will then encounter a magnetic force (exerted by the magnetic field on the current) upward with magnitude FB = ILB=vL2B2/R. So the acceleration will slow until the rod reaches “terminal” (asymptotic) velocity/speed when the magnetic force becomes equal to that of gravity: vL2B2/R=mg vf = mgR / (L2B2). (b) Conservation of energy: gravitational potential energy is being converted to heat dissipated by the resistor: GPE/t=mg (h/t )=-mg vf =-m2g2R / (L2B2) Power dissipation in the resistor: P = If 2R = (vf BL/R)2R = [mg / (LB)]2R = m2g2R / (L2B2). 6 22.3 Magnetic Flux The induced emf depends on the rate of change of: (a) magnitude of B field, (b) the direction of B field, (c) size of circuit loop Generalization: Induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux x - xo xL - xo L A - Ao BA - BAo BL B B E vBL t - to t - to t - to t - to magnetic flux B BA Induced emf E - o t - to t 7 22.3 Magnetic Flux MORE GENERAL EXPRESSION FOR MAGNETIC FLUX Normal vector Normal vector The magnetic flux is proportional to the number of field lines that pass through a surface. Directional boundary path. Circulation sense related to normal vector by RHR-2 B BA cos 8 22.4 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION The average emf induced in a coil of N loops is - o E -N -N t t - to Review: SI Unit of Induced Emf: volt (V) Example: The Emf Induced by a Changing Magnetic Field A coil of wire consists of 20 turns each of which has an area of 0.0015 m2. A magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface. Initially, the magnitude of the magnetic field is 0.050T and 0.10s later, it has increased to 0.060 T. Find the average emf induced in the coil during this time. BA cos - Bo A cos E -N -N t t 0.060 T - 0.050 T B - Bo 2 - NA cos 20 0 . 0015 m cos 0 t 0.10 s - 3.0 10 -3 V 9 22.5 Lenz’s Law LENZ’S LAW The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic flux has a polarity that leads to an induced current whose direction is such that the induced magnetic field opposes the original flux change. Change in flux induced emf induced current induced B field opposes change in flux Reasoning Strategy 1. Determine whether the magnetic flux that penetrates the coil is increasing or decreasing (relative to your chosen positive direction for current). 2. Find what the direction of the induced magnetic field must be so that it can oppose the change in flux by adding or subtracting from the original field. 3. Use RHR-2 to determine the direction of the induced current from the induced field in step 2. 10