Medium and Small Scale Concentrating Solar
Thermal Power (MSS-CSP)
Chances and Potentials
Dr. Werner Platzer
Fraunhofer-Institut für
Solare Energiesysteme ISE
SolarPaces Workshop
Berlin, 16th September 2009
Content
ƒ Introduction
ƒ Demand worldwide
ƒ Collectors for MSS-CSP
ƒ Heat engines
ƒ Case studies
ƒ Outlook
2
3
Motivation
ƒ Larger power stations using Concentrated Solar thermal Power (CSP > 20
MWel) is available on the market having levelised electricity costs (LEC) between
0,15 – 0,25 €/kWh (2006) and predicted price reductions of 50% until 2015
ƒ Large power stations require appreciable planning efforts and financial expense
ƒ There is increasingly experience and development in alternative heat engines
from ORC turbines to steam piston motors and screw compressors in a lower
nominal power range
ƒ Photovoltaics, wind power and biomass projects have shown to be successfully
implemented by cooperative public investment projects
4
Potential disadvantages of smaller projects
ƒ Lower efficiencies
(lower temperature levels, less complex thermodynamical processes)
ƒ Suitable heat engines not available
ƒ higher specific planning costs
ƒ higher specific investment costs
5
Potential advantages of smaller projects
ƒ Coupling with heating or cooling consumer loads with matching nominal
power possible
ƒ Off-grid systems may replace more expensive solutions using e.g. Diesel
engines
ƒ Series production of components -> basis for cost degression
ƒ Less complex operation, lower temperatures -> lower component costs
6
Content
ƒ Introduction
ƒ Demand and potentials
ƒ Collectors for MSS-CSP
ƒ Heat engines
ƒ Case studies
ƒ Outlook
7
European Demand for Process Heat
=> about 55% (6500 PJ/a) below 400°C
Source: Ecoheatcool.org
8
Cooling Demand
9
Yearly Sales of Diesel Generators for Continous
Operation
> 9000 Units
http://www.dieselgasturbine.com
10
Regional Distribution
11
Example India
12
Content
ƒ Introduction
ƒ Demand worldwide
ƒ Collectors
ƒ Heat engines
ƒ Case studies
ƒ Outlook
13
14
Overview of collector types for process heat
ƒ IEA Task 33
ƒ From improved flat-plate
collectors to vacuum tube
receivers to concnetration
collectors
ƒ Performance data
partially available
ƒ Cost information missing
15
Efficiency curves for generic collectors
1
0.9
effic ienc y [-]
0.8
0.7
Trough 1
0.6
F res nel
0.5
Trough 2
0.4
Tube
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
100
200
300
400
Delta_T [K]
16
Content
ƒ Introduction
ƒ Demand worldwide
ƒ Collectors
ƒ Heat engines
ƒ Case studies
ƒ Outlook
17
Characterisation of power block
ƒ Data from manufacturers and publications
ƒ Steam engines
ƒ Smaller engines in prototype stadium
ƒ Cost data for complete power block (pumps, heat exchanger, controls,…)
18
Part load behaviour of heat engines
elec tric al effic ienc y
0.25
Example:
s team turbine
ORC -turbine
s team s crew motor
0.2
s team pis ton motor
0.15
0.1
Nominal
power:
1 MWel
Field
outlet:
300°C
0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
P /P _Nenn
19
Turbines: Efficiency is depending on size and mass flow!
Example: Saturated steam at 270 °C and 55 bar
20
Screw motor
• Screw used in compressors, copes with saturated steam
• Power range 100 – 200 kWel, different developments
21
Prognostizierte Lernkurve
Lernkurve für eine 1000 kW Schraubenmotoranlage
2000
Spezifische Investitionskosten [€/kW]
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Gefertigte Stückz ahl pro Jahr
22
Spezifische Schraubenmotor-Kosten
23
Piston motor
• Power range 25 to 1.500 kW
• Suitable for saturated steam
• Only one manufacturer
24
Organic Rankine Prozess (ORC)
Kollektorfeld
Dampf
Thermoöl
Verdampfer
Turbine
G
Vorwärmer
Rekuperator
Pumpe
Speisewasserbehälter
Kondensator
Kondensat
Pumpe
25
ORC – Organic Rankine cycle
No condensation
during
expansion!
26
Range of ORC-Turbines
• Adoratec
• GMK mbH
• Turboden S.r.l
• Barber Nichols
• UTC Power
• Adaturb GmbH
315 - 1500 kWel
100 - 1500 kWel
200 - 2000 kWel
10 - 2700 kWel
225 kWel
30-60 kWel
270 – 320 °C
275 °C
265 °C
265 °C
75 °C
270 °C
18%
20%
18%
18%
8%
18%
27
Ausblick
• Leistungsspezifische Kosten (700 kWel) uneinheitlich:
Turbinen
1250 €/kW
19%
Dampfschraube
Dampfmotor
Zentrifugalkompressor
ORC-Turbine
2100 €/kW
1000 €/kW
700 €/kW
1500 €/kW
13%
12%
18%
28
s pec ific inves tment c os t [€/kW]
Cost function for ORC turbines
4000
3500
R egres s ion
manufacturer information
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600
nominal power [kW]
29
Cost functions of heat engines
5500
s pec ific inves tment c os ts [€/kW]
5000
4500
4000
s crew motor
3500
s team turbine
OR C turbine
3000
pis ton motor
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
2
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
power [MW]
30
Cost situation not clear
• Efficiency losses for smaller engines have technical and economical
reasons (e.g. gap losses for turbines)
• Specific costs (200 kWel) very vague:
turbines
steam screw projection
steam piston motor
700 – 2000 €/kW
3000 – 3500 €/kW
900 – 1100 €/kW
ORC-Turbine
1500 – 3000 €/kW
31
Absorption Cooling
32
Content
ƒ Introduction
ƒ Demand worldwide
ƒ Collectors for MSS-CSP
ƒ Heat engines
ƒ Case studies
ƒ Outlook
33
Case Study 1: Combined Cooling Grid-connected
Speicher
260 °C / 25 bar
Thermoöl
Kollektorfeld
345 °C
Dampf
Überhitzer
Turbine
G
AKM (1-st.)
Verdampfer
85 °C
Vorwärmer
245 °C
Kühler
Pumpe
Speisewasserbehälter
Location Faro, Portugal with Feed-in tariff 27 Cent/kWh
Cooling demand 500 kW at 6°C 24h -> 4,4 GWh/a
34
Optimal Nominal Power
180
Kapitalwert
[T€]
Net present
value
[k€]
160
900
140
120
800
100
700
80
60
600
COP = 0,7
40
500
20
0
400
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
Thermische
Leistung
Thermal
power
[kW] [kW]
1000
185
Elektrische
Kraftwerksblock
ElectricalNennleistung
nominal power
[kW] [kW]
Capital value
Kapitalwert
Kondensationswärme
Condensation
heat
Nennleistung
Power
AC AKM
Heizleistung
Heat
AC AKM
35
Efficiency power block and COP Absorption Cooler
0,35
0,8
27 °C
0,7
35 °C
0,25
0,6
ηel [-]
41 °C
0,2
0,5
46 °C
0,4
0,15
COP [-]
0,3
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,05
0,1
0
0
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Kondensationstemperatur [°C]
36
Optimization Condensation Temperature
600
200 €/m²
Kapitalwert
[T€] [k€]
Net present
value
500
250 €/m²
300 €/m²
400
300
200
100
0
-100
70
80
90
100
110
-200
-300
Kondensationstemperatur [°C]
37
Investment Cost for Absorption Cooling
2,5
y = -45,693x3 + 130,65x2 - 124,34x + 40,395
IKT / IKTopt
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
0,65
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
0,9
0,95
1
1,05
T / Topt [-]
38
Optimization of Solar Field Area
1000
[T€] [k€]
NetKapitalwert
present value
200 €/m²
250 €/m²
500
300 €/m²
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
-500
-1000
-1500
Kollektorfläche [m²]
39
Optimization of Storage Size
600
Kapitalwert [T€]
400
200 €/m²
5000
250 €/m²
4500
300 €/m²
4000
300
200
100
0
-100
0
25
50
75
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
-200
Betriebsstunden WKM [h]
500
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-300
Speichervolumen [m³]
0
25
50
75
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Speichervolumen [m³]
40
Optimization of Storage Size
2,5
Kälte
Strom
Ertrag [GWh/a]
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
0
25
50
75
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Speichervolumen [m³]
41
Example: Results for 2 different collector costs
200 €/m²
300 €/m²
Electricity yield [MWh/a]
540
420
Cooling yield [MWh/a]
2130
1640
49
37
Collector area [m²]
4900
3500
Storage size [m³]
240
140
Investment sum [k€]
1700
1600
Capital value [k€]
492
- 103
Solar fraction cooling [%]
Load profiles for cooling important ->large load beneficial, if storage is included
42
Wärmenutzungsgrad / IRR [%]
Influence of load profiles for cooling
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
60
Wärmenutzungsgrad
Interner Zins
41
38
21
17
16
500 kW 8 - 18 Uhr (2 GWh/a)
500 kW 24 Stunden (4,4
GWh/a)
Bürogebäude (1,7 GWh/a)
43
Case Study 2: Combined Process Steam Generation
Speicher
300 °C / 40 bar
Überhitzer
Thermoöl
320 °C
Kollektorfeld
Dampf
245 °C
Turbine
Verdampfer
G
Kühler
55 °C
Vorwärmer
220 °C / 10 bar
Überhitzer
Verdampfer
Prozessdampf
Backup
Gasbrenner
Vorwärmer
190 °C
160 °C
Pumpe
44
Variations for grid-connected systems
Two locations with different feed-in tariff:
ƒ Faro, Portugal, DNI = 2197 kWh/(m²a)
ƒ
Feed-in tariff 27 Cent/kWh
Ajaccio, Korsika, DNI = 1780 kWh/(m²a)
Feed-in tariff 40 Cent/kWh
Profiles for process heat demand:
ƒ 500 kW from 9h to 18h
ƒ 500 kW over 24 hours
45
Results grid-connection
Kapitalwert
[T€] [k€]
Net present
value
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
Demand:
500kW
kW
8h18
- Uhr
Bedarf: 500
8 bis
18h
Standort:
Faro
1.000
Location Faro
Process steam
Prozessdampf
500
Process steam
+ electr.
Prozessdampf
+ Strom
0
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
Kollektorfläche
Collector
area[m²]
[m2]
46
Results grid-connection
Net present
value
Kapitalwert
[T€] [k€]
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
Demand:
Bedarf: 500500
kW kW
24h 24h
2.000
Standort: Faro
Location Faro
1.500
1.000
Prozessdampf
Process
steam
500
Prozessdampf
+ Strom
Process
steam
+ electr.
0
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
Kollektorfläche
Collector
area[m²]
[m2]
47
Case Study 3: Comparison CSP with PV
grid-connection with feed-in tariff
45
40
Einspeisevergütung
Feed-in
tariff CSPCSP
Einspeisevergütung
Feed-in
tariff PV PV
LEC [€-Cent/kWh]
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
PV 3000
€/kW
PV 4000
€/kW
PV 5000
€/kW
CSP 200
€/m²
CSP 300
€/m²
CSP 400
€/m²
48
Case Study 3: Comparison CSP with PV
off-grid system
18
16
14
IRR [%]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
PV 3000
€/kW
PV 4000
€/kW
PV 5000
€/kW
CSP 200
€/m²
CSP 300
€/m²
CSP 400
€/m²
49
Case Study 3: Comparison with PV+ flat-plate collector
CSP combined heating and generation
25
PV
flat plate
PV ++Flachkollektor
CSP combined
heating
CSP KWK
IRR [%]
20
15
10
5
0
3000
€/kW
4000
€/kW
5000
€/kW
200 €/m² 300 €/m² 400 €/m² 500 €/m²
50
Case Study 4: Variation in DNI
1
2
Standort
∑ DNI
1
Freiburg
890
2
Perpignan
1390
3
Faro
2197
4
Bahariyya
2529
5
Keetmanshoop
3049
3
4
5
51
Case Study 4: Variation in DNI
Off-Grid Systems
[kW]
„
„
Cooling
500
(24h)
Kälte:
500
kWkW
(24h)
„
Prozessdampf:
800 kW
kW (8h
(8 bis
18 Uhr)
Process
steam 800
– 18h)
„
Strom: 400
kW Maximalleistung
(aus literature
Literatur)
Electricity
profile
max. 400kW from
[kW]
[h]
[kW]
[h]
[h]
52
Case Study 4: Solar Electricity
350
Freiburg
rel. LEC (Faro = 100%)
300
250
200
Perpignan
150
Faro
100
Bahariyya
Keetmanshoop
50
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
rel. Summe DNI (Faro = 100%)
53
Case Study 4: Solar Combined Heating and Cooling
14000
10000
15
8000
10
6000
4000
5
Einsparung
[T€]
Savings
[k€]
12000
20
2000
ho
op
Ke
et
m
an
s
Ba
ha
riy
ya
Fa
ro
0
Pe
rp
ig
na
n
0
Fr
ei
bu
rg
Amortisationszeit
Amortisation [a]
[a]
25
54
Content
ƒ Introduction
ƒ Demand worldwide
ƒ Collectors for MSS-CSP
ƒ Heat engines
ƒ Case studies
ƒ Outlook
55
Conclusions and outlook
ƒ Small scale grid-connected electricity production with CSP is certainly still
further away from market competitivity than large scale CSP!
ƒ Replacement of off-grid diesel generator applications might be interesting in
some cases, even in comparison to photovoltaic stand-alone systems
ƒ Combined heating and/or cooling enhances economics substantially
ƒ Development of alternative small power blocks (screw, ORC) are under way,
demonstration and adaptation to dynamical solar field conditions necessary!
ƒ We need more experience and demonstration worldwide!
ƒ Large potential markets (e.g. India) exist
56
Internet-Plattform (englisch)
ƒ Kontakte
ƒ Termine
ƒ Informationen
ƒ Studien
57
Internet-Plattform - Firmendarstellung
ƒ Kostenfreies Angebot
ƒ Einfache Eintragung über
Internet-Formular
58
Thank you for listening!
www.mss-csp.info
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
59