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Chapter 7
Forces in Fluids
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Bellringer
Table of Contents
Imagine the following situation:
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
One afternoon, you go outside to find your younger
sister standing by her bike with a nail in her hand.
The bike has a flat tire. She wants to know why the
air came out of the tire when she pulled the nail out.
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
Write a few sentences in you science journal to
explain why air rushes out of a hole in a tire.
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Objectives
•  Describe how fluids exert pressure.
Fluids Exert Pressure
•  Analyze how atmospheric pressure varies
with depth.
•  A fluid is any material that can flow and that takes
the shape of its container. Fluids include liquids and
gases.
•  Explain how depth and density affect water
pressure.
•  All fluids exert pressure, which is the amount of
force exerted per unit area of a surface.
•  Give examples of fluids flowing from high to
low pressure.
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Fluids Exert Pressure, continued
Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Pressure
•  In the image below, the force of the air particles
hitting the inner surface of the tire creates pressure,
which keeps the tire inflated.
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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the Esc key.
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Pressure,
Force, and Area
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have
Fluids Exert Pressure, continued
•  Calculating Pressure Pressure can be calculated
by using the following equation:
pressure =
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enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been
corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If
the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then
insert it again.
force
area
•  The SI unit for pressure is the pascal. One pascal
(1 Pa) is the force of one newton exerted over an
area of one square meter (1 N/m2).
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Fluids Exert Pressure, continued
•  Pressure and Bubbles Soap bubbles get rounder
as they get bigger because fluids exert pressure
evenly in all directions.
•  Since air is a fluid, adding air to an air bubble
causes it to expand in all directions at once.
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•  The atmosphere is the thin layer of nitrogen, oxygen,
and other gases that surrounds Earth.
•  Atmospheric pressure is the pressure caused by
the weight of the atmosphere.
•  Atmospheric pressure is exerted on everything on
Earth, including you.
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure, continued
Atmospheric Pressure, continued
•  Variation of Atmospheric Pressure The
atmosphere stretches about 150 km above the
Earth’s surface, but about 80% of the atmosphere’s
gases are found within 10 km. At the top of the
atmosphere, pressure is almost nonexistent.
•  The air inside
this balloon exerts
pressure that
keeps the balloon
inflated against
atmospheric
pressure.
•  Atmospheric Pressure and Depth As you travel
through the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure
changes. The further down through the atmosphere
you go, the greater the pressure is.
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Chapter 7
•  Pressure Changes and Your Body If you travel to
higher or lower points in the atmosphere, the fluids in
your body have to adjust to maintain equal pressure.
•  You may have experienced this adjustment is your
ears have “popped” when you were in a plane taking
off or in a car traveling down a steep mountain road.
•  Water is a fluid. So, it exerts pressure like the
atmosphere does.
•  Water Pressure and Depth Like atmospheric
pressure, water pressure depends on depth.
•  Density Makes a Difference Because water is
more dense than air, a certain volume of water has
more mass—and weighs more—than the same
volume of air. Water exerts more pressure than air.
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Water Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure, continued
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Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Pressure Differences and Fluid Flow
•  Just by drinking through a straw you can observe
an important property of fluids: Fluids flow from
areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
•  Pressure Difference and Breathing The next
slide shows how exhaling causes fluids to flow from
high to low pressure.
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
Pressure Differences and Fluid Flow,
continued
•  Pressure Differences and Tornadoes The air
pressure inside a tornado is very low. Because the
air pressure outside of the tornado is higher than the
pressure inside, air rushes into the tornado.
•  The rushing air causes the tornado to be like a
giant vacuum cleaner.
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Chapter 7
Bellringer
Identify which of the following objects will float in
water: a rock, an orange, a screw, a quarter, a
candle, a plastic-foam “peanut,” and a chalkboard
eraser.
Write a hypothesis in your science journal about
why an aircraft carrier, which weighs thousands of
tons, does not sink.
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Section 2 Buoyant Force
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Objectives
•  Explain the relationship between fluid pressure and
buoyant force.
•  Predict whether an object will float or sink in a fluid.
•  Analyze the role of density in an object’s ability to
float.
•  Explain how the overall density of an object can be
changed.
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Buoyant Force and Fluid Pressure
•  Buoyant force is the upward force that keeps an
object immersed in or floating on a liquid.
•  Determining Buoyant Force Archimedes’
principle states that the buoyant force on an object
is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid
that the object takes the place of, or displaces.
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Chapter 7
Buoyant Force and Fluid Pressure,
continued
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Section 2 Buoyant Force
Weight Versus Buoyant Force
•  Sinking An object in a fluid will sink if its weight is
greater than the buoyant force.
•  Floating An object will float only when the buoyant
force on the object is equal to the object’s weight.
•  There is more pressure at the bottom of an object
because pressure increases with depth. This results
in an upward buoyant force on the object.
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•  Buoying Up When the buoyant force on an object
is greater than the object’s weight, the object is
buoyed up (pushed up) in water.
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Chapter 7
Weight Versus Buoyant Force, continued
•  Will an object sink or float? That depends on the
whether the buoyant force is less than or equal to
the object’s weight.
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Buoyant Force on Floating Objects
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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the Esc key.
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Chapter 7
Floating, Sinking, and Density
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Section 2 Buoyant Force
Finding Density
•  More Dense Than Air Ice floats on water because
it is less dense than water. Ice, like most substances,
is more dense than air. So, ice does not float in air.
•  Less Dense Than Air One substance that is less
dense than air is helium gas. A given volume of
helium displaces an equal volume of air that is much
heavier than itself. So, helium floats in air.
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Changing Overall Density
•  Changing Shape The secret of how a ship floats
is in the shape of the ship. Ships made of steel
float because their overall density is less than the
density of water.
•  The next slide demonstrates how a ship made out
of steel, which is almost 8 times denser than water,
is able to float in water.
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Changing Overall Density, continued
•  Changing Mass A submarine is a special kind of
ship that can travel both on the surface of the water
and underwater.
•  Submarines have ballast tanks that can be opened
to allow sea water to flow in.
•  As water is added, the submarine’s mass
increases, but its volume stays the same.
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Chapter 7
Changing Overall Density, continued
•  Changing Volume Like
a submarine, some fish
adjust their overall density
to stay at a certain depth
in the water.
Section 2 Buoyant Force
Swim Bladder
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
•  Most bony fishes have
an organ called a swim
bladder which helps them
change volume.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
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Chapter 7
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Section 3 Fluids and Motion
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Chapter 7
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
Objectives
Bellringer
You have been asked to design two kites. One kite
will be flown in areas where there is almost always
a good breeze. The other kite will be flown in
areas with very little wind. What differences in
design and materials are there between your two
kites?
Record your designs in your science journal.
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•  Describe the relationship between pressure and
fluid speed.
•  Analyze the roles of lift, thrust, and wing size in
flight.
•  Explain Pascal’s principle.
•  Describe drag, and explain how it affects lift.
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Chapter 7
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
Chapter 7
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
Fluid Speed and Pressure
Factors That Affect Flight
•  Bernoulli’s principle states that as the speed of a
moving fluid increases, the fluid’s pressure
decreases.
•  Thrust and Lift Thrust is the forward force
produced by a plane’s engine. Lift is the upward
force on the wing as it moves through the air.
•  Science in a Sink A table-tennis ball is attached to
a string and swung into a stream of water, where it is
held. Because the water is moving faster than air, the
ball is pushed by the higher pressure of the air into
an area of reduced pressure—the water stream.
•  Wing Size, Speed, and Lift Smaller wings keep a
plane’s weight low, which also helps it move faster.
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•  Bernoulli and Birds A small bird must flap its small
wings at a fast pace to stay in the air, but a large bird
flaps less.
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Chapter 7
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
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Chapter 7
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
Factors That Affect Flight, continued
•  Bernoulli and Baseball The next slide shows how
a baseball pitcher can take advantage of Bernoulli’s
principle to throw a curveball.
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Chapter 7
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
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Chapter 7
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
Drag and Motion in Fluids
•  Drag is the force that opposes or restricts motion
in a fluid. It is a force that is parallel to the velocity
of the flow.
•  Drag is usually caused by an irregular flow of air,
known as turbulence.
•  Turbulence and Lift Lift is often reduced when
turbulence causes drag.
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Chapter 7
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
Chapter 7
Section 3 Fluids and Motion
Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s Principle, continued
•  What Is Pascal’s Principle? Pascal’s principle
states that a change in pressure at any point in an
enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally to all parts of
that fluid.
•  Because of Pascal’s principle, the touch of a
foot can stop tons of moving metal.
•  Pascal’s Principle and Motion Hydraulic devices
use Pascal’s principle to move or lift objects. Liquids
are used in hydraulic devices because liquids cannot
be easily compressed into a smaller space.
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Chapter 7
Forces in Fluids
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Chapter 7
Forces in Fluids
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on
the next slide.
depth
density
water pressure
pressure
fluids
water
atmospheric pressure
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Chapter 7
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Forces in Fluids
End of Chapter 7 Show
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Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the
questions that follow each passage.
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 The Mariana Trench is about 11 km deep
—that’s deep enough to swallow Mount Everest, the
tallest mountain in the world. Fewer than a dozen
undersea vessels have ever ventured this deep into
the ocean. Why? Water exerts tremendous pressure
at this depth.
Continued on the next slide
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Passage 1, continued A revolutionary new undersea
vessel, Deep Flight, has a hull made of an extremely
strong ceramic material that can withstand such
pressure. Although Deep Flight has not made it to the
bottom of the Mariana Trench, some scientists think
this type of undersea vessel will one day be used
routinely to explore the ocean floor.
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A strange
B overthrowing the government
C radically different
D disgusting
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1. What is the meaning of the word revolutionary in this
passage?
A strange
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1. What is the meaning of the word revolutionary in this
passage?
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Chapter 7
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2. Based on the name of the undersea vessel
described in this passage, what does the vessel look
like?
F a robot
B overthrowing the government
G a house
C radically different
H a car
D disgusting
I an airplane
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Chapter 7
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2. Based on the name of the undersea vessel
described in this passage, what does the vessel look
like?
F a robot
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, which of the following
statements is a fact?
A Scientists hope to fly Deep Flight to the top of Mount
Everest.
B Deep Flight can withstand very high pressures.
G a house
C Scientists cannot explore the ocean without using
Deep Flight.
H a car
I an airplane
D Deep Flight has gone to the bottom of the Mariana
Trench a dozen times.
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Chapter 7
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3. Based on the passage, which of the following
statements is a fact?
A Scientists hope to fly Deep Flight to the top of Mount
Everest.
B Deep Flight can withstand very high pressures.
C Scientists cannot explore the ocean without using
Deep Flight.
D Deep Flight has gone to the bottom of the Mariana
Trench a dozen times.
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Chapter 7
Continued on the next slide
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Passage 2, continued A goldfish has neutral buoyancy.
A goldfish has a sac in its body called a swim bladder.
Gases from blood vessels can diffuse into and out of
the swim bladder. When the goldfish needs to rise in
the water, for example, gases diffuse into the swim
bladder and cause it to inflate. The swim bladder helps
the goldfish maintain neutral buoyancy.
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Passage 2 Buoyancy is an object’s ability to float. An
object will float if the water it displaces has a mass
greater than the object’s mass. It will sink if the water it
displaces has a mass less than its own mass. But if an
object displaces its own mass in water, it will neither
float nor sink. Instead, it will remain suspended in the
water because of what is called neutral buoyancy.
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1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain how a goldfish maintains neutral buoyancy
B to explain how to change the buoyancy of an object
C to convince people to buy goldfish
D to describe objects that float and sink
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1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A to explain how a goldfish maintains neutral buoyancy
B to explain how to change the buoyancy of an object
C to convince people to buy goldfish
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What is the meaning of the word suspended in this
passage?
F not allowed to attend school
G stopped for a period of time
H weighed down
D to describe objects that float and sink
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I supported from sinking
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Chapter 7
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2. What is the meaning of the word suspended in this
passage?
F not allowed to attend school
Chapter 7
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3. What is buoyancy?
A a sac in a goldfish’s body
B the ability to float
G stopped for a period of time
C the mass of an object
H weighed down
D an inflated balloon
I supported from sinking
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Chapter 7
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Interpreting Graphics
The graph below shows the water pressure measured
by a scientist at different depths in the ocean. Use the
graph below to answer the questions that follow.
3. What is buoyancy?
A a sac in a goldfish’s body
B the ability to float
C the mass of an object
D an inflated balloon
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Chapter 7
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1. What is the pressure on
the object when it is 100 m
underwater?
1. What is the pressure on
the object when it is 100 m
underwater?
A 1.0 MPa
A 1.0 MPa
B 1.1 MPa
B 1.1 MPa
C 1.5 MPa
C 1.5 MPa
D 2.0 MPa
D 2.0 MPa
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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2. Based on the data in the graph,
which of the following is the best
estimate of the pressure at 250 m
below the surface of the ocean?
2. Based on the data in the graph,
which of the following is the best
estimate of the pressure at 250 m
below the surface of the ocean?
F 1.7 MPa
F 1.7 MPa
G 2.2 MPa
G 2.2 MPa
H 2.6 MPa
H 2.6 MPa
I 5.0 MPa
I 5.0 MPa
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3. Which of the following statements best describes the
relationship between the water pressure on an object
and the depth of the object in the ocean?
3. Which of the following statements best describes the
relationship between the water pressure on an object
and the depth of the object in the ocean?
A Water pressure increases as the depth increases.
A Water pressure increases as the depth increases.
B Water pressure decreases as the depth increases.
B Water pressure decreases as the depth increases.
C Water pressure does not change as the depth
increases.
C Water pressure does not change as the depth
increases.
D Water pressure has no predictable relationship to the
depth.
D Water pressure has no predictable relationship to the
depth.
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Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.
Chapter 7
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1. Anna-Marie has a coil of wire. She uses a balance
to find that the wire has a mass of 17.8 g. She uses
water displacement to find that the volume of the wire
is 2.0 cm3 . Density is equal to mass divided by
volume. What is the density of the wire?
A 0.11 g/cm3
B 8.9 g/cm3
C 19.8 g/cm3
D 35.6 g/cm3
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Chapter 7
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1. Anna-Marie has a coil of wire. She uses a balance
to find that the wire has a mass of 17.8 g. She uses
water displacement to find that the volume of the wire
is 2.0 cm3 . Density is equal to mass divided by
volume. What is the density of the wire?
A 0.11
B 8.9
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Hussain rode his bike 30 km this weekend. What is
this distance expressed in meters?
F 0.3 m
G 300 m
g/cm3
H 30,000 m
g/cm3
C 19.8
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I 300,000 m
g/cm3
D 35.6 g/cm3
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Chapter 7
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2. Hussain rode his bike 30 km this weekend. What is
this distance expressed in meters?
F 0.3 m
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3. Olivia purchased 21 tubes of oil paint at $3.95 per
tube, which includes tax. What was the total cost of
the 21 tubes of paint?
A $65.15
G 300 m
B $82.95
H 30,000 m
C $89.10
I 300,000 m
D $93.50
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3. Olivia purchased 21 tubes of oil paint at $3.95 per
tube, which includes tax. What was the total cost of
the 21 tubes of paint?
A $65.15
Chapter 7
4. Javi filled a container halfway full with water. The
container measures 2 m wide, 3 m long, and 1 m
high. How many cubic meters of water are in the
container?
F 2 m3
B $82.95
G 3 m3
C $89.10
H 5 m3
D $93.50
I 6 m3
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4. Javi filled a container halfway full with water. The
container measures 2 m wide, 3 m long, and 1 m
high. How many cubic meters of water are in the
container?
5. Pressure is equal to force divided by area. Jenny
pushes a door with a force of 12 N. The area of her
hand is 96 cm2. What is the pressure exerted by
Jenny’s hand on the door?
F 2 m3
A 0.125 N/cm
G 3 m3
B 0.125 N/cm2
H5
m3
C 8 N/cm
I 6 m3
D 8 N/cm2
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
5. Pressure is equal to force divided by area. Jenny
pushes a door with a force of 12 N. The area of her
hand is 96 cm2. What is the pressure exerted by
Jenny’s hand on the door?
A 0.125 N/cm
B 0.125 N/cm2
C 8 N/cm
D 8 N/cm2
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
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Chapter 7
Section 2 Buoyant Force
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Section 3 Fluids and Motion
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Section 2 Buoyant Force
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Chapter 7
Standardized Test Preparation
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Fluids and Pressure
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Section 2 Buoyant Force
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