Annals of West University of Timişoara, ser. Biology, vol. XI, pp 35-50
EVALUATION OF THE DEGREE OF POLLUTION WITH HEAVY
METALS OF SOILS OF TIMISOARA TOWN
Stela URUIOC2, Mariana ALBULESCU1, Cristian Stanco BADEA2, Costina Roxana
URUIOC2
West University of Timisoara, Chemistry, Biology & Geography Faculty,
1
Departament of Chemistry, 2Departament of Biology
ABSTRACT
Timisoara town as other urban centres is exposed to some possible dangers that
soil and plant contamination with heavy metals can produce. The our studies has
been realised on ten soil samples and three plant samples gathered from
important areas regarding pollution with heavy metals of Timisoara city. The
samples have been analyzed through atomic absorption spectrometry with a
device type Varian 2, that has a double beam. The content in cobalt, copper,
manganese, zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, magnesium and iron from soil is
changeable under maximum admission. The content in iron, manganese, copper,
lead, cadmium from Tilia cordata leaves is situated in normal limits, but higher
than in soil.
KEY WORDS: heavy metals , pollution, soil, Timişoara, Romania
INTRODUCTION
Urban environment pollution with heavy metals caught the attention of
many researchers because of his complex problems that this phenomen represents
(Duris, 1999; Lăcătuşu et al., 2001; Adomaitis et al., 2003; Panaiotu et al., 2005,
2006). Heavy metals are one of the most dangerous pollutants of urban locality
(Mîrlean et al., 1993). Development of industry and transports leads to an
excessive growth of heavy metals concetrations from big throngs. Large growth of
vehicles leads to the evacuation of big cantities of lead.
In the big industrial cities, in most of the cases, heavy metals
concentrations overpassed the alert limit, reaching to alarming toxicity levels.
Heavy metals are pollutants, with low toxic potential even to reduced levels of
exposure (Şenilă et al., 2006). Heavy metals represent one of the pollutant
category with the most important effects regarding environment quality (Har et al.,
2005). Pollution level monitorisation and the impact produced by metallic
elements represents an important purpose for environment studies in Timişoara
and near it.
Thus, Ţărău et al. (2002, 2006, 2007) brings up studies regarding soil
pollution by Termoelectrica Timişoara and environment conservation in the
periurban area. Borza et al. (2005) emphasis the impact of economic and social
activity over soil quality from periurban area Timisoara. Ianoş (2006) realises a
study regarding soil vulnerability of heavy metals pollution from Timisoara town.
The aim of this paper is to obtain new information regarding evaluation in
Timisoara town of some possible dangers that soil and plant contamination with
heavy metals can produce and their impact over environment.
35
URUIOC STELA et al.: Evaluation od the degree of pollution with heavy metals of soils of Timisoara town
MATERIAL AND METHODS
For evaluting the level of soil pollution with heavy metals samples soils
have been collected from ten points spreaded in characteristic areas of Timisoara
town (Fig. 1). A soil sample has been constituted of 25 partial samples prelevated
from 0 - 5 cm depth. Also, samples of Tilia cordata leaves have been collected
from 3 important areas of the town (Fig. 2).
Collection points were established in order to avoid the eventual dangers
that heavy metals contamination can produce rergarding the main pollution
sources. For placing the collection points for soil and plants samples we used as
topographic base the map from Timisoara Town Guide. The collected soil and
plant samples were mineralised and disintegrated in OSPA Timisoara laboratories.
Figure 1. The prelevation points of the soil samples
1. I.C. Brătianu Market, crossing wich: Tache Ionescu Boulevard, Popa Şapcă Street,
Oituz Street, George Coşbuc Street; 2. Mărăşeşti Market, the revolving direction between:
Alexandru Ioan Cuza Street, Gh. Dima Street, Oituz Street; 3. Crossing: Amurgului Street,
Calea Sever Bocu, Divizia 9 Cavalerie Street; 4. Consiliului Europei Market, crossing:
Calea Aradului, Calea Sever Bocu, Calea Circumvalaţiunii, Calea Torontalului; 5.
Crossing: Republicii Boulevard, Jiu Street; 6. General Dragalina Street between: Regele
Carol I Boulevard; 16 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard; 7. General Gh. Domăşneanu Market,
revolving direction: Dr. Iosif Bulboca Boulevard, Calea Stan Vidrighin, Calea Buziaşului,
Venus Street; 8. Dâmboviţa Boulevard between: Dreptatea Street, Transilvania Street, Ana
Ipătescu Street; 9. Gh. Dima Street between: Gh. Lazăr Street, 9 Mai Street; 10. Crossing:
Cetaţii Boulevard, Calea Torontalului, Miresei Street.
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Annals of West University of Timişoara, ser. Biology, vol. XI, pp 35-50
The prepared samples were dried at 110◦C then roasted in oven at 500 ◦C
and finally at 600◦C. The dross from the crucible has been treated with regal water
(HCl:HNO3 in pertained to 3:1) and held 30 minutes 70◦C on water bathroom, and
then diluted, filtered on paper with filter that has medium porosity and brought to
sign in a flask of 20 ml containing hydrochloric acid 1 N. The content in Co, Cu,
Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Mg, Fe from soil and also the content of Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd
from plants has been determined through spectrometry of atomic absorption with a
device Varian 2, with double beam. Before this, were assigned the standard curves
for the analyzed metals.
Soil and plant samples were processed and analyzed after national
standards and norms that were consented by the Standardization Association from
Romania (A.S.R.O).Data interpretation and processing, and also the naturalistic
characterisation of the researched area have been done according to Elaboration
Methodology of Pedologic Studies (MESP) that has been elaborated by ICPA
Bucharest 1987, and being completed with elements from The Romanian System
of Soil Taxonomy (SRTS, 2003).
Figure 2. The prelevation points of plant samples
1. Civic park, 2. Calea Aradului, 3.Calea Sagului
37
URUIOC STELA et al.: Evaluation od the degree of pollution with heavy metals of soils of Timisoara town
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. Chemicals characteristics of soils
1.1.Soil reaction (pH)
Soil reactions expresses the way in which the main biochemical processees
take place from soil.
Evolution in time of pedogenetic conditions from Timisoara town shows
up that the reaction presents some characteristics that indicates inadequate
anthropic interventions.
The majority of the analyzed samples presents values (7,4-8,2) that
indicate a weak alcalin reaction (Fig 3).
Knowing the reaction of soil is important because it prevents the specialist
towards the measures that he has to undertake, in order to bring up the soil in best
condition of reaction (5,8 – 6,8) for plant growth.
Soil reaction also influences indirect the nutrition conditions of plants
through pH values influence over the main nutrition elements mobility or some
pollutants.
8.2
8.2
8
8
Piaţa I.C.Brătianu
8.05
Piaţa Mărăşti
7.93
7.85
7.85
7.8
7.81
7.727.69
Intersecţia Str.Amurgului cu Calea
Sever Bocu
Piaţa Consiliului Europei
Intersecţia B-dul Republicii cu Str.
Jiu
Str. General Dragalina
pH 7.6
7.47
Piaţa General Gh. Domăşneanu
7.4
B-dul Dâmboviţa
7.2
Str. Gh. Dima
Intersecţia Str.Cetăţii cu Calea
Torontalului
7
Figure 3. The pH value in the prelevated soil samples
1. 2. The heavy metals content from soil
From the ten soil samples prelevated from the green areas from Timisoara
town were determined the following heavy metals: cobalt, copper, manganese,
zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, magnesium and iron.
Now we are going to make an analysis of the concetration of each metal
showing up the negative effects that higher concentration in heavy metals have on
plants and life generally.
Cobalt is an essential element for bacteries that fix natrium. These use
cobalt for fixing the atmsopheric natrium. The soil content in cobalt is tight
38
Annals of West University of Timişoara, ser. Biology, vol. XI, pp 35-50
bounded by the condition of soil formation, by the nature of the parent materials
and by the anthopic interventions.
In the case of the analyzed area, the biggest concentration of Co is found
in I. C. Brătianu Market (sample 1= 0.76 ppm) while in General Gh. Domăşneanu
Market we found the lowest concentration (sample 7 = 0.413 ppm). The values
from the other points of collection are relatively similar, being situated between
0.541 ppm and 0.646 ppm. These values situates the analyzed sites in soils with
normal content of Co (Fig. 4).
0.8
0.76
0.743
0.7
0.646
0.618
0.6
0.604
0.584
0.619
0.571
0.541
0.5
ppm 0.4
0.413
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
sample number
7
8
9
10
Figure 4. Variation of cobalt concentrations from soil samples
6
5.639
5.175
5
4.75
4.635
4.952
4
4.598
4.399
4.127
ppm 3
2.785
2.224
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
sample number
7
8
9
10
Figure 5. Variation of copper concentrations from soil samples
39
URUIOC STELA et al.: Evaluation od the degree of pollution with heavy metals of soils of Timisoara town
Copper is present in soil in lower cantities than 20 ppm.Cantities that are
close to this value sau higher lead to the diminution of biological activity from
soil. Reaching to plants, in higher concentrations than 20 ppm, copper can become
toxic for the animals than consumes those plants (Uruioc, 2000).
Concerning copper concetrations from the studied soils these are included
between 2.224-5.639 ppm, the highest value being at the croosing between
Amurgului and Sever Bocu Street (sample 3) and the lowest value on Gheorghe
Dima Street (sample 9). Regarding these values, the analyzed soils are among the
soils that have normal concentration of copper (Fig. 5).
Manganese is found in soil, in the crystalline structure of clayey minerals,
at the surface of colloids organico-minerals (exchangeable manganese), in the soil
solution and under the form of activ manganese that is accessible to plants.
In the ten analyzed soil samples the concentration of manganese overpass
little the value 9 ppm. The only value under 9 ppm has been registered in
Gheorghe Dosmaneanu Market (sample 7 = 8.64 ppm) (Fig. 6).
The results of the analysis show up that these soils have a normal content
of manganese.
Zinc is found in soil, in clayey minerals, oxydes, hydrates and in organic
material. There is a closed bound between the content of soil in humus and the
content in zinc.
The content in zinc of the sites from the analyzed area oscillates between
2.774 ppm and 2.918 pmm. These values situates the analyzed soils to the inferior
limit of the normal concentrations (Fig. 7).
The lowest values were registered in General Gheorghe Domăşneanu
Market (sample 7) and Gheorghe Dima Street (sample 9).
Cadmium is a chemical element that is related to zinc, it is less abundant
than zinc and is known because of his toxic effect on plants and animals.
In most of the gathered samples from the investigated area the content of
cadmium is under the limit of detection of the device. Values over 0 have been
identified in I. C. Bratianu Market (sample 1 = 0.064 ppm), Marasesti Market
(sample 2 = 0.013 ppm), the crossing between Republicii Boulevard and Jiu Street
(sample 5 = 0.014 ppm) and the crossing between Cetatii Boulevard and Torontal
Street (1 ppm) In all the cases cadmium content is under the normal limit (1 ppm)
(Fig. 8).
Nickel is a stainless metal, pollutant for the natural environment and for
soils, being related from the geochemical point of view with cobalt.
Resulted in the weak of alteration processes of the primary rocks, in big
part nickel remains in solid products of physical-mechanic disintegration, then
being transported and stored in the parent material of soils.
What regards the nickel content of soils from the analyzed area this
presents low values and also contents that are between 1.947 ppm (sample 7) and
3.230 ppm (sample 1) (Fig. 9).
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Annals of West University of Timişoara, ser. Biology, vol. XI, pp 35-50
9.2
9.15
9.154
9.132
9.108
9.1
9.079
9.066
9.05
9.062
9.06
ppm
9.011 9.015
9
8.964
8.95
8.9
8.85
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
sample number
Figure 6. Variation of manganese concentration from soil samples
2.95
2.9
2.918
2.912
2.896 2.892
2.897
2.867 2.866
2.85
2.855
ppm
2.8
2.774
2.775
2.75
2.7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
sample number
Figure 7. Variation of zinc concentrations from soil samples
41
10
URUIOC STELA et al.: Evaluation od the degree of pollution with heavy metals of soils of Timisoara town
0.07
0.06
0.064
0.053
0.05
0.04
0.041
ppm
0.03
0.02
0.013
0.01
0
0
1
2
3
0
4
0
5
6
sample number
0
7
0
8
0
9
10
Figure 8. Variation of the cadmium content from soil samples
3.5
3
3.23
3.013
2.5
2.625
2.535
2.689 2.637
2.557
2.446
2.423
2
1.947
ppm
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
sample number
Figure 9. Variation of nickel content fom soil samples
42
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Annals of West University of Timişoara, ser. Biology, vol. XI, pp 35-50
Lead is a chemical element, very toxic for live organisms, that it is usually
found in rocks and soils in medium cantities of 15-16 ppm (Fiedler et al., 1988).
In West Plain lead content is about 15-25 ppm (Lăcătuşu et al., 1997). The high
values identified in the Banato-Crisana Plain are derived from mountainous
massives with metamorphic and acid magmatic rocks (Lăcătuşu et al., 1997).
Being easily extracted from rocks in alteration processes, the soluble compounds
of lead are taken over by pluvial waters or by the drainage from slopes, in this way
enriching the areas descended through subsidence.
In the Timisoara area high values of lead are due to the natural background
and to the intense road traffic.
These values are under normal limits, that it is 1-20 ppm, with low
tendencies of increase in some areas. The only value over the normal limit was
identified in I. C. Bratianu Market (sample 1 = 20.379 ppm). In the other tested
areas lead contents were between 1.882 ppm and 15.522 ppm (Fig. 10).
Magnesium. In soil magnesium is found under exchangeable form and
under soluble form that is taken by plants. As concentration in magnesium come
down from the soil solution takes place the transition from exchangeable form to
soluble one.
What regards the content in magnesium of sits from the investigated area
this oscilliates between 2.532 ppm and 2.903 ppm, values that situates the
investigated area within the soils with less values of magnesium (Fig. 11).
Iron. The content in iron of the sites within the analyzed area, these
oscillate between 17.619 ppm and 18.032 ppm.
25
20
20.379
15
15.522
14.34
ppm
12.266
11.38
10
9.087
8.892
7.202
5
2.903
1.822
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
sample number
Figure 10. Variation of lead content from sample soils
43
10
URUIOC STELA et al.: Evaluation od the degree of pollution with heavy metals of soils of Timisoara town
3
2.9
2.903
2.876
2.875
2.864
2.87
2.856
2.8
2.896 2.871
2.806
2.7
ppm
2.6
2.5
2.532
2.4
2.3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
sample number
Figure 11. Variation of magnesium concentrations from the soil samples
18.1
18.032
18
17.9
17.907
17.852 17.863
17.8
ppm
17.753 17.748
17.7
17.697
17.6
17.672
17.638
17.619
17.5
17.4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
sample number
Figure 12. Variation of iron content from soil samples
These values situates the analyzed sits in the soils with low extractable in
iron content. The biggest value has been registered at the crossroad between
Republicii Boulevard and Jiu Street (Fig. 12). The gathered samples from the
central-north part of Timisoara (samples 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10) present lower
concentrations vis a vis of those gathered from the central-south part of Timisoara
44
Annals of West University of Timişoara, ser. Biology, vol. XI, pp 35-50
(samples 5, 6, 7, 8), where there are the main sources of pollution (CET Tmişoara)
(Fig . 1).
2. The heavy metals content from plants
From the obtained results there can be noticed that in plants are registered
higher contents in some heavy metals than in soil. This proves the role that
vegetation has (through retention from the atmosphere of different dusts and a
significant quantity of pollutants), especially in soil protection and generally in
environment.
Iron. In the three areas of prelevation of Tilia cordata leaves samples, iron
concentrations have been varied: in Civic Park 9400 ppm, in Calea Aradului 8000
ppm and in Calea Sagului the lowest concentration of 6400 ppm (Fig.13).
Manganese. The highest concentration of manganese has been registered
in the leaves of Tilia cordata from the Civic Park (62 ppm). The values from Calea
Aradului and from Calea Sagului have been similar, that is 28 ppm and 23 ppm
(Fig. 14).
10000
9000
9400
8000
8000
6400
7000
Parcul Civic
Calea Aradului
Calea Sagului
6000
ppm
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Figure 13. Variation of iron concentrations from the samples of Tilia cordata leaves
45
URUIOC STELA et al.: Evaluation od the degree of pollution with heavy metals of soils of Timisoara town
70
62
60
50
Parcul Civic
Calea Aradului
Calea Sagului
40
ppm
28
30
23
20
10
0
Figure 14. Variations of manganese concentrations from the samples of Tilia cordata
leaves
Copper. In the gathered samples of Tilia cordata leaves from the Civic
Park and from Calea Sagului have been registered values of copper of 1.9 ppm. In
Calea Aradului copper concentrations are reduced to half from the values of
others (1 ppm) (Fig. 15).
Lead. The highest concentration of lead (0.7 ppm) has been registered in
the samples of leaves from Civic Park from the central area of Timisoara. In Calea
Aradului lead value of 0.5 ppm and in Calea Sagului the cantity of lead was the
lowest, 0.3 ppm (Fig. 16).
Cadmium. In the prelevated samples from Calea Sagului cadmium has
been under the limit of detection of the device. From the analysis done on Tilia
cordata leaves from Calea Aradului resulted 0.2 ppm cadmium. The biggest
concentration (0.5 ppm) has been identified in the plants from Civic Park, more
than double vis a vis Calea Aradului (Fig. 17).
In order to establish some correlations between the heavy metals content
from soil and plant, we consider that it is necessary thicken the points of
observation from the areas where these substances had higher concentrations.
46
Annals of West University of Timişoara, ser. Biology, vol. XI, pp 35-50
2
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
ppm
Parcul Civic
Calea Aradului
Calea Sagului
1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 15. Variations of copper concentrations from the samples of Tilia cordata
leaves
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
ppm
Parcul Civic
Calea Aradului
Calea Sagului
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Figure 16. Variations of lead concentrations from the samples of Tilia cordata leaves
47
URUIOC STELA et al.: Evaluation od the degree of pollution with heavy metals of soils of Timisoara town
0.5
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
Parcul Civic
Calea Aradului
Calea Sagului
0.3
ppm 0.25
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.1
0
0.05
0
Figure 17. Variations of cadmium concetrations from the samples of Tilia cordata
leaves
3. Determined factors in heavy metals accumulation in Timisoara town
In the urban area of Timisoara, soil means the crossing of a significant
number of pollutants: thrown or deposited solid residuals, residual waters used for
the irrigations of some areas, negative dusts thrown up by industrial factors, toxic
gases dissolved in rain water and then reached in soil.
The main factors that had an important role in heavy metals accumulation
in the soils from Timsoara are: means of transport, industrial agents, the physique
condition of soil and the climate.
The means of transport. At least once a day, the atmosphere of Timisoara
knows high concentration of gaseous pollutants and sedimentable dusts resulted
from the means of transport (Ianoş, 2006).
These are relocated on a area that is conditioned by the environmental
factors (relief aspect, wind, turbidity), or urbanistic (assembly of high block of
flats, green areas), loading the soil with some toxic elements and pollutants.
The industrial agents. The steriles come from the sterile spoil bank of
CET Timisoara is deposited in humid wethers, in the south part of Utvin. As these
spoil bank spread up, the impact will be over the phreatic, through pollution of
water adduction that dews up the sterile, being charged up with heavy metals
(cadmium, lead). After the wethers are dried, the wind spreads on the area dusts
loaded with chemical elements that are toxic for the vegetal and animal organisms,
producing air and soil pollution.
The climate. The main condition of dispersal of the pollutants is the
climate condition, factor that leads and catalyses all the transformation reactions
of the pollutants.
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Annals of West University of Timişoara, ser. Biology, vol. XI, pp 35-50
The moderate continental-temperate climate with oceanic and
mediterranean influences in which Timisoara is, had and has consequences over
the pollutant accumulation through debased reactions acceleration as well as
through soluble toxic substances pursuant to of an increased pluviometric regime.
CONCLUSIONS
After the analysation of the ten taken soil samples from the characteristic
areas of Timisoara town and three leaves of Tilia cordata samples from important
areas from the point of view of pollution with heavy metals we can conclude the
following:
The majority of analyzed soils samples present values that indicate o weak
alcalin reaction.
The content in cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead,
magnesium and iron from soils is variable even under the maximum limit
admitted.
The highest concentrations in toxic heavy metals have been identified in I.
C. Bratianu Market; in this point of soil samples prelevation, lead overpasses the
normal limit; also, we meet the highest value of cadmium but this doesn’t reach
the alert stage.
The lowest concentrations of lead have been identified in General Gh.
Domasneanu Market and Gh. Dima Street, in these 2 points cadmium value has
been under the detection limit of the device.
The content in iron, manganese, copper, lead, cadmium from Tilia cordata
leaves are situated in normal limits.
In Tilia cordata leaves are higher contents in iron, manganese, copper and
cadmium but smaller in lead.
The factors determined in the heavy metals accumulation in Timisoara
town are: the means of transport, the industrial agents (CET Timisoara), the
climate.
In order to reach to the alert stage through the growth of the pollution
stage we recommend: the endowment of the industrial agents pollutant with the
adequate filter, reduction of the vehicle traffic, usage of some unpolluting in the
case of the means of transport.
We also recommend thicken of the points of observation in order to
prepare a plantation programme of some species resistant to pollution: Acer
campestre, Alnus sp, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Juglans sp, Platanus
hybrida, Robinia pseudacacia, Abies sp, Pinus nigra.
According to MAPM 756/1997 order regarding the normal limits of heavy
metals from soil and relatively with other towns from the country, Timisoara can’t
be considered a polluted town.
•
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URUIOC STELA et al.: Evaluation od the degree of pollution with heavy metals of soils of Timisoara town
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***Ghidul municipiului Timişoara
*** Ord. MAPM 756/1997
*** Metodologia Elaborării Studiilor Pedologice (1987)
***Sistemul Român de Taxonomie a Solurilor (SRTS, 2003).
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