I INTRODUCTION
COMPONENTS,
QUANTITIES,
AND UNITS
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
Componentsand
Electrical
MeasuringInstruments
and MagneticUnits
Electrical
ScientificNotation
Metric Prefixes
Metric Unit Conversions
at
available
Tutorials
PSpice
http://www.prenhall.com/floYd
This chapter presentsa basic introduction to the field
of electronics.An overview of electrical and electronic componentsand instruments gives you a preview of the types of things you will study throughout
this book.
You must be familiar with the units used in
electronics and know how to expresselectrical quantities in various ways using metric prefixes. Scientific
notation is an indispensabletool whether you use a
computer, a calculator, or do computations the oldfashioned way.
TECHnology
Theory
Into
Practice
Fluke 867 graphical multimeter (courtesy of John Fluke Manufacturing Co.)
r CHAPTER
OB'ECTIVES
O Recognizesomecommon componentsand
measuringinstruments
tr List the electrical and masnetic quantities and their
units
tr Use scientilic notation (powers of ten) to express
quantities
tr Use metric prefixes to expresslarge and small
numbers
Q Convert from one metric unit to another
-
A ,N D U N I T S
2 T COMPONENTS
Q,U A N T I T I E S
INSTRUM ENTS
1 _ "1T E L EC T R IC A
CLOMP ON E N TAND
S
M EASURING
In this book, you will study many types of electrical components and several instruments. A thorough background in dc and ac fundamentals provi.desthe foundation
for understanding complex electronic devices and circuits. A preview of the basic
types of electrical and electronic components and instruments that you will be studying in detail later in this and in other courses is provided in this section.
After completing this section, you sihould be able to
r Recognize some common components and measuring instruments
. State the purpose of a resistor
. State the purpose of a capacitor
. State the purpose of an inductor
. State the purpose of a transformer
. List some basic types of electronic test and measuring instruments
Resistors
Resistorsresist,or limit, electric current in a circuit. Several common types of resistors
are shown in Figure 1-1 through Figure 1-4.
#
----
W
il0l
nRfl l;
..-.'-.'.-.'-.'-.'.-.'-lul!
+€:
(a) Carbon-composition
(b) Metal film
F I C U R E1 - 1
Two commontypesof indivi.dualfi.xedresistorswith axial leads.
(a) Metal film chip
reststor
(b) Chip resistor
resistr anay
FIGURE
1-2
Chip resistorand resistornetworks.
(c) Resistor network (simm)
1d) Resistornetwork (surfacemount)
E L E C T R I CC
AO
L M P O N E N TASN D M E A S U R I N C
INSTRUMENTT
S 3
(a) Axiai-lead wire wound
(b) Adjustable wire wound
(c) Radial-lead for PC board insertion
(d) Surface-mount
FICURE
1-3
Commontypesof power resistors.
W
(a) Lead mounted
(b) Surface mounted
FIGURE
1-4
Commontypesof variable resistors.
Capacitors
Capacitors store electrical charge;they are found in most types of electronic circuits. Figure 1-5 and Figure 1-6 show severaltypical capacitors.
In d u cto rs
Inductors, also known as coils, are used to store energy in an electromagneticfield; they
serve many useful functions in an electrical circuit. Figure 1-7 on page 5 shows several
typical inductors.
4 .
COMPONENTS
A ,N D U N I T S
Q,U A N T I T I E S
Ww
(a) Electrolytic, axiai-lead and surface mount
(b) Ceramic, axial-lead and surface mount
(c) Film, axial-lead and chip
F I C U R E1 - 5
Commontypesof fixed capacitors,
F I G U R E1 - 6
Typical variable capacitors.
Transformers
Transformers are used to magnetically couple ac voltages from one point in a circuit to
another,or to increaseor decreasethe ac voltage. Severaltypes of small transformers are
shown in Figure 1-8. Utility companies use huge transformers to change voltages for
high-voltage transmissionlines.
E L E C T R I CC
AL
I N S T R U M E N TT
S 5
O M P O N E N TASN D M E A S U R I N C
\ \
\
\
\
\-
s*ffi"
'*
ffi"
@.,
\.\
@\\
\ t \
\\
,M^.
N.1,,'
[j
@
-t,,.rri,
,I-7
FICURE
Somefixed and varinbleinductors.
rry
'T--,,,
=
'il
i
'
l
'll
',' t)
r
i
{J
ilt.i
FIGURE
1-B
Typicaltransformers.
Devices
Semiconductor
Severalvarieties of diodes, transistors,and integrated circuits are shown in Figure 1-9.
ElectronicInstruments
Figure 1-10 shows a variety of instrumentsthat are discussedthroughoutthe text. Typical instruments include the power supply, for providing voltage and current; the voltmeter, for measuringvoltage; the ammeter,for measuringcurrent; the ohmmeter,for measuringresistance;the wattmeter,for measuringpower; and the oscilloscopefor observing
and measuring ac voltages.The voltmeter, ammeter,and ohmmeter are available in a sinsle instrumentcalled a multimeter.
1-9
FIGURE
An assortmentof
semiconductordevices.
R
ffiffi/M&
/
rs,\
#ffi/ffi
fo/
Y7a
-g
w
$mP
@
l:..-
ry
(c)
(d)
1-10
FIGURE
Typicalinstruments.(a) DC power supply.(b) Analog multimeter.(c) Digital multimeter(d) Disital storageoscilloscope.
ELECTRICAL
N D M A C N E T I CU N I T S .
SECTION1-1
RTVIEW
7
Answers to section reviews are found at the end of the chapter.
1. Name four types of common electrical components.
2. What instrumentis usedfor measuringelectricalcurrent?
3. What instrument is used for measuringresistance?
4. What instrumentis used lor measuringvoltage?
5. What is a multimeter?
1_2 ) ETECTRICAL
AND MACNETICUNITS
In electronics, you must desl with measarable quantities. For example, you must be
able to express how many volts ure measured at a certain point in a circuit, how
much current there is through a wire or & component, or how much power & certain
ampffier produces. In this section, you are introduced to the units and symbolsfor
most of the electrical and magnetic quantities that are ased in this book.
After completing this section, you should be able to
r List the electrical and magnetic quantities and their units
. Specify the symbol for each quantity
. Specify the symbol for each unit
Letter symbols are used in electronics to represent both quantities and their units. One
symbol is used to representthe name of the quantity, and another symbol is used to represent the unit of measurementof that quantity. For example, P stands for power, and W
standsfor watt, which is the unit of power. Another example is voltage. In this case, the
same letter standsfor both the quantity and its unit. Italic V representsvoltage and nonitalic V representsthe volt, which is the unit of voltage. As a rule, italic letters stand for
the quantity and nonitalic letters representthe unit of that quantity.
Table l-1 lists the most important electrical quantities, along with their SI units and
symbols. The term 51 is the French abbreviation for Intemational System(Systime International in French). Table l-2 lists magnetic quantities, along with their SI units and
symbols.
TABLE1-1
Ekctrical quantities and units with SI symbols,
Quantity
capacltance
charge
conductance
curTent
energy
frequency
impedance
inductance
power
reactance
resistance
time
voltage
Symbol
Unit
Symbol
C
farad
coulomb
siemens
ampere
joule
hefiz
ohm
henry
watt
ohm
ohm
second
volt
F
C
S
A
J
Hz
f)
H
W
O
O
s
V
O
G
I
w
f
Z
P
X
R
t
v
AND UNITS
B T COMPONENTS,
QUANTITIES,
TABLE1_2
Magnetic quantitics and units with SI symbols.
flux density
magnetic flux
magnetizing force
magnetomotive force
permeability
reluctance
1-2
sEcTroN
REVIEW
. 1 , 1 ,
i.:'::,
H
F^
LL
gI
tesla
weber
ampere-tums/meter
ampere-tufn
webers/ampere-turns-meter
ampere-turns/weber
1. What does 51 stand for?
,.
'.
B
r:t"Tlf to Table l-1, list as
electricalquantitiesas possible,includYttol,
:n1ny
ing their symbols,units, and unit symbols.
3. Without referringto Table l-2. list as many magneticquantitiesas possible,including their symbols,units, and unit symbols.
NOTATION
1_3 r SCIENTIFIC
In the fi.eld of electronics, you will encounter both very small und very large quantitics. For example, il is common to huve electric current values of only a few thousandths or even a few millionths of an ampere. On the other hand, you will fi.nd. resistance values of several thousund or severul million ohms. This range of values is
typical of many other electrical quantities also.
After completing this sectian, you should.be able to
I Use scientific notation (powers of ten) to express quantities
. Express any number using a power of ten
. Perform calculations with oowers of ten
Scientific notation provides an easy method to express large and small numbers and to
perform calculations involving such numbers. In scientific notation, a quantity is
expressedas a product of a number and a power of ten. In standard scientific notation, the
number has an absolutevalue between 1 and 10. For example, the quantity 150,000would
in scientificnotationas 1.5 x lOs.
be expressed
Powersof Ten
Table 1-3 lists some powers of ten, both positive and negative, and the conesponding
decimal numbers. The power of ten is expressedas an exponent of the base 10 in each
case. The exponent indicates the number of places that the decimal point is moved
to the right or left to produce the decimal number. If the power of ten is positive,
the decimal point is moved to the right to get the equivalent decimal number. For
examole.
l O a =l x l O a =L Q W 9 . =1 0 , 0 0 0
SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION r
TABLE1_3
Somepositiveand negativepowersof ten.
106= 1,000,000
10s= 100,000
104= 10,000
103= 1,000
102= 100
l3j=l'
9
10{ = 0.000001
10-5= 0.00001
10a = 0.0001
10-'= 0.001
l0-2= 0.01
10-l= 0.1
If the power of ten is negative,the decimal point is moved to the left to get the equivalent
decimal number. For example,
l0+= lx lOa=.Pg=0.0001
EXAMPLE1-1
Expresseachnumberin scientificnotationasa numberbetweenI and l0 timesa positive powerof ten:
(a) 200
(b) s000
(c) 85,000 (d) 3,000,000
Solution
(a) 200=2 x 102
(c) 85,000= 8.5 x tOa
(b) 5000= 5 x 103
(d) 3,000,000
= 3 x 106
RelatedProblem* Express4750in scientificnotationas a numberbetween1 and
l0 timesa positivepowerof ten.
EXAMPLE 1-2
Expresseachnumberin scientificnotationasa numberbetweenI and 10 timesa nesativepowerof ten:
(a) 0.2
(b) 0.00s
(c) 0.00063 (d) 0.000015
Solution
(a) 0.2=2x10-r
= 6.3 x 10-a
(c) 0.00063
( b ) 0 . 0 0 5 = 5x L 0 - 3
(d) 0.000015
= 1.5 x 10-s
RelatedProblem Express0.00738in scientificnotationasa numberbetweenI and
10 timesa negativepowerof ten.
EXAMPLE
1-3
Expresseachof the following as a regulardecimalnumber:
(a) 1 x 10s
(b) 2 x 103 (c) 3.2x l0-2
(d) 250x 10 6
Solution
(a) 1 x 10s= 100,000
(c) 3.2 x l0-2 = 0.032
(b) 2x 103= 2000
(d) 250x 10-6= 0.000250
RelatedProblem Express9.12x 103as a regulardecimalnumber.
+ Answers to related problems for examples are found at the
end of the chapter.
A ,N D U N I T S
1O T COMPONENTS
Q,U A N T I T I E S
CalculationsUsingPowersof Ten
The advantageof scientific notation is in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of very small or very large numbers'
Addition
The stepsfor adding numbers using powers of ten are as follows:
L. Express the numbers to be added in the same power of ten.
2. Add the numbers without their powers of ten to get the sum.
3. Bring down the common power of ten, which is the power of ten of the sum.
EXAMPLE 1-4
Add 2 x 106and5 x 107andshowtheresultfor eachstep.
Solution
L. Expressboth numbersin the samepowerof ten:(2 x 106)+ (50 x 109'
2. Add2 + 50 = 52.
3. Bring downthe commonpowerof ten (106),andthe sumis 52 x 106.
Re/atedProblem Add 3.1x 103and0'55 x l0a.
The stepsfor subtracting numbers using powers of ten are as follows:
Subtraction
L. Express the numbers to be subtractedin the same power of ten.
2. Subtract the numbers without their powers of ten to get the difference.
3. Bring down the common power of ten, which is the power of ten of the difference.
EXAMPLE 1-5
Subtract25 x l0-t2 from 75 x 10-11and showthe resultfor eachstep.
Solution
L. Expresseachnumberin the samepowerof ten: (750 x 10-12)- Q5 x 10-tt)'
2. Subtract750- 25 =725.
3. Bring downthe commonpowerof ten (10-12),andthe differenceis 725 x l0-r2.
RelatedProblem Subtract98 x 10-2from 1530x l0-3.
Muttiptication
The stepsfor multiplying numbers using powers of ten are as follows:
1. Multiply the numbers directly without their powers of ten.
2. Add the powers of ten algebraically (the powers do not have to be the same).
EXAMPLE 1-6
Multiply 5 x 1012and 3 x 10-6.
Solution
Multiply the numbers, and algebraically add the powers.
= 15 x 106
(5 x i012X3x t0-6) = 15 x 1012+(-6)
Re/atedProblem
Multiply 3.2xlO6 and l'5 x l0-3'
M E T R I CP R E F I X E .S 1 1
Division
The steps for dividing numbers using powers of ten are as follows:
1. Divide the numbers directly without their powers of ten.
2. Subtract the power of ten in the denominator from the power of ten in the numerator
(the powers do not have to be the same).
EXAMPLE1-7
Divide50 x 108by 25 x 103.
Solution The divisionproblemis written with a numeratorand denominatoras
50 x 108
,J,TF
Divide the numbers and subtract 3 from 8.
: 9 ' 1 9=
: 2 x r o 8 ' r =x2r o s
2 5x l 0 '
RelatedProblem Divide 100x 1012bv 4 x 106.
sEcTtoN1-3
RTVIEW
1. Scientific notation usesboth positive and negative powers of ten. (T or F)
2. Express 100 as a power of ten.
3. Do the following operations:
(a) (1 x to5y+ 1zx ro)
(c) (8 x 103;* 14x r02;
(b) (3 x to6x2x r04t
(d) (25x 10-6)- (130x 10-7)
1-4 I METRICPREFIXES
In electrical und electronics applications, certain powers of ten are used more often
thun others. It is common practice to use metric prffixes to represent these quantities. You can think of the metric prefix as u shorthund way to express a large or
small numben
After completing this section, you should be able to
I Use metric prefixes to express large and small numbers
. List the metric prefixes
. Change a power of ten to a metric prefix
. Use a calculator for numbers with metric prefixes
. Use engineeringnotation
Table 1-4 lists the metric prefix for each of the commonly used powers of ten.
Useof Metric Prefixes
Now some examples will illustrate the use of metric prefixes. The number 2000 can be
expressedin scientificnotationas 2 x I03. Supposeyou wish ro represent2000 watrs (W)
with a metric prefix. Since 2000 = 2x 103,the metric prefixkilo (k) is used for 103.So
you can express2000 W as 2 kW (2 kilowatts).
As anotherexample,0.015 ampere(A) can be expressedas 15 x l0 3 A. The metric prefix milli (m) is used for 10-3.So 0.015 A becomes15 mA (15 milliamperes).
12 r
A ,N D U N I T S
COMPONENTS
Q,U A N T I T I E S
TABLE1-4
Commonlyusedmetricprefixesand their symbols.
Metric Prefix
Metric Symbol
PowerofTen
Value
T
G
M
k
m
p
n
p
1012
one trillion
one billion
one million
one thousand
one-thousandth
one-millionth
one-billionth
one-trillionth
tera
oi oa
mega
kilo
milli
micro
nano
plco
EXAMPTE1-B
10'
106
103
103
10-6
10-e
l0-12
Expresseachquantityusinga metricprefix:
(c) 0.000036
A
(b) 25,000,000
(a) 50,000V
O
Solution
(a) 50,000V= 50 x 103V = 50 kV
(b) 25,000,000
Q = 25 x 106O = 25 MO
(c) 0.000036
A = 36 x 10-6A = 36 pA
RelatedProblem Expressusingmetricpref,xes:
(b) 0.000470
A
(a) 56,000,000
o
on a Calculator
EnteringNumberswith Metric Prefixes
To enter a number expressedin scientific notation on a calculator,use the EE key (the EXP
key on somecalculators).Example 1-9 showshow to enternumberswith metric prefixes
on a TI-85 scientificcalculator.Consultthe user'smanualfor your particularcalculator.
1-9
EXAMPLE
(a) Enter 3.3 kO (3.3 x 103fl) on your calculator.
(b) Enter 450 p.A (450 x 10 " A) on your calculator.
Solution
(a) Stepl:
Step2:
Step3:
(b) Stepl:
Step2:
Step3:
Enter @ A @. Thedisplayshows3.3.
Press@ . Ttredisplayshows3.3E.
Enter @. fne displayshows3.3E3.
Enter @ @ @. Thedisplayshows450.
Press@ . ttre displayshows450E.
Press@. Enter @. ttr" displayshows450E-6.
RelatedProblem Enter259mA on yourcalculator.
Notation
Engineering
Engineering notation is a term that refers to the application of po$/ersof ten in which the
Dowers of ten are limited to multiples of three, such as 103' l0-3, 106, 10-6, lOe,
i0-', tOtt, and 10-12.Thereasonforihis is that all units used in the fields of engineerwith^prefixesof
ing and technology,such as ohms, amps,volts, and watts, are,expressed
(giga,
(micro,
10e),n (nano,
10-6),G
t ltito, 103),m (milli, 10-3),M (mega, 106),p
10-e),T (tera, 1012),and p (pico, 10-12).
M E T R I CU N I T C O N V E R S I O N SI
sEcTtoN1-4
REVIEW
13
f . f-ist the metric prefix for each of the following powers of ten: 106. 103,l0-3, 10-6,
l0-q. and l0-r2.
2. Use an appropriatemetric prefix to express0.000001A.
3. Use an appropriatemetric prefix to express250,000W.
1 _ 5 T M E T R ICU N IT C ON V E R S IONS
It is often necessaryor convenient to convert a quantity from one metric-prefixed unit
to anotherysuch as from milliamperes (mA) to microamperes (p"A).A metric prefix
conversion is accomplished by moving the decimal point in the number an appropriste number of places to the left or to the right, depending on the particular conversion.
After completing this section, you should be qble to
I Convert from one metric unit to another
. Convert between milli, micro, nano, and pico
. Convert between kilo and mesa
The following basic rules apply to metric unit conversions:
1. When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit, move the decimal point to the
right.
2. When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit, move the decimal point to the
left.
3. Determine the number of places that the decimal point is moved by finding the difference in the powers of ten of the units being converled.
For example, when convefting from milliamperes (mA) to microamperes(pA), move the
decimal point three places to the right becausethere is a three-place difference between
the two units (mA is l0-3 A and pA is l0 6 A). The following examplesillustrate a few
conversions.
EXAMPLE1-10
Convert0.15milliampere(0.15mA) to microamperes
(pA).
Solution Move the decimalpoint threeplacesto the right.
0 . 1 5m A = 0 . 1 5x l 0 - 3 A = 1 5 0x 1 0 - 6 A= 1 5 0p A
RelatedProblem ConvertI mA to microamperes.
EXAMPLE1-11
Convert4500microvolts(4500p.V)to millivolts(mV).
Solution Move the decimalpoint threeplacesto the left.
4500pV = 4500x 10-6V = 4.5 x 10-3V = 4.5 mV
RelatedProblem Convert1000aV to millivolts.
I
I
,O .
A ,N D U N I T S
COMPONENTS
Q,U A N T I T I E S
1-12
EXAMPLE
(pA)'
(5000nA) to microamperes
Convert5000nanoamperes
Solution Move the decimalpoint threeplacesto the left'
5000nA = 5000x lO-qA = 5 x 10-6A = 5 PA
RelatedProblem Convert893 nA to microamperes'
EXAMPLE 1-13
(pF).
(47,000pF) to microfarads
picofarads
Convert4',7,000
Solution Move the decimalpoint six placesto the left'
F=0.047x 10-6F =0'047v"F
x 10-12
47,O}OpF=47,000
RelatedProblem Convert0.0022prFto picofarads'
EXAMPLE 1-14
Convert0.00022microfarad(0.00022pF) to picofarads(pF).
Solution Move the decimalpoint six placesto the right'
=220pF
10-6F=220x 10-12F
0.00022pF=0.00022x
RelatedProblem Convert10,000pF to microfarads'
EXAMPLE 1-15
(MQ)'
Convert1800kilohms(1800kO) to megohms
Solution Move the decimalpoint threeplacesto the left'
1800kO = 1800x 103Q = l'8 x 10oQ = 1.8MO
RelatedProblem Convert2.2kA to megohms.
When adding (or subtracting) quantities with different metric prefixes, first convert
one of the quantities to the same prefix as the other as the next example shows.
EXAMPTE1-16
the sumin milliamperes.
Add 15mA and8000p.Aandexpress
Solution Convert8000pA to 8 mA and add'
15 mA + 8000pcA= 15x 10-3A + 8000x 10-6A
= 15 x 10-3A + 8 x 10-3A = 15mA + 8 mA = 23 mA
RelatedProblem
sEcTloNl-s
REVIEW
Add2813mA to 10,000prA;expressthe sumin milliamperes'
1. Convert0.01MV to kilovolts(kV)'
2. Convert250,000pA to milliamperes(mA).
3. Add 0.05MW and75 kW.
S E L F - T E SrT 1 5
r SUMMARY
r Resistors limit electric cuffent.
I Capacitors store electrical charge.
r Inductors (also known as coils) store energy electromagnetically.
r Transformers magnetically couple ac voltages from one point in a circuit to another.
r Semiconductor devices include diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.
I Power supplies provide current and voltage.
I Voltmeters measurevoltage.
r Ammeters measurecurrent.
r Ohmmeters measureresistance.
I A multimeter measuresvoltage, current, and resistance.
I Metric prefixes are a convenient method of expressingboth large and small quantities
I In scientific notation, a quantity is expressedas a number times a power of ten.
r SELF.TEST
Answers are found at the end of the chapter.
1. Which of the following is not an electrical quantity?
(a) current
(b) voltage
2. The unit of current is
(a) volt
(b) watt
(c) time
(c) ampere
(d) power
(d) joule
3. The unit of voltage is
(a) ohm
(b) watt
(c) volt
4. The unit of resistanceis
(a) ampere
(b) henry
(d) farad
(c) hertz
(d) ohm
5. 15,000 W is the same as
(a) 15 mW
(b) 15 kw
(c) 15 Mw
(d) 15 pW
6. The quantity 4.7 x 103is the same as
(a) 470
(b) 4700
(c) 47,000
(d) 0.0047
7. The quantity 56 x l0-i is the sameas
(a) 0.056
(b) 0.s60
(c) 560
(d) 56,000
8. The number 3,300,000 can be expressedas
(a) 3300 x 103
(b) 3.3 x 10{
(c) 3.3 x 106
(d) either answer(a) or (c)
9. Ten milliamperes can be expressedas
(a) 10 MA
(b) 10 pA
(c) 10 kA
10. Five thousand volts can be expressedas
(a) 5000 V
(b) 5 MV
(c) 5 kV
(d) 10 mA
(d) either answer (a) or (c)
11. Twenty million ohms can be expressedas
(a) 20 mQ
(b) 20 Mw
(c) 20 MA
12. Heftz is the unit of
(a) power
(b) inductance
(c) frequency
(d) 20 pa
(d) time
16 I
A ,N D U N I T S
COMPONENTS
Q,U A N T I T I E S
r PROBLEMS
problemsarefound at the endof the book.
Answersto mostodd-numbered
SECTION1-3 ScientificNotation
1. Express each of the following numbers in scientiflc notation as a number between 1 and 10
times a positive power of ten:
(c) 2,000,000
(b) 7s,000
(a) 3000
2. Express each number in scientific notation as a number between I and 10 times a negative
power of ten:
(c) 1/5,000,000
(b) 1/2000
(a) 1/500
3. Express each of the following numbers in three ways, using 103, 104,and 105:
(b) 99.000
(c) 0.2 x 106
(a) 8400
4. Expresseachofthefollowingnumbersinthreeways,using10-3,10-4,and10-5:
(c) 7.8 x l0-2
(b) 0.6
(a) 0.0002
5. Express each of the following in regular decimal form:
(c) 3.9 x l0-l
(b) 50 x 10'z
(a) 2.5 x 10-6
6. Express each of the following in regular decimal form:
(c) 40 x 1o-'2
(b) 8 x l0 e
(a) 45 x 10-6
Add the following numbers:
(b) (5 x 10r) + (85 x 10-2)
(a) (92 x 106)+ (3.4x 107)
(c) (560x 1o{) + (460x lo-e)
8. Performthe following subtractions:
- (1.1x 1012) (b) (26x 108)- (1.3x 10e)
(a) (3.2x 1012)
- (8 x lo-1r)
(c) (150x 10-12)
9. Performthe followingmultiplications:
(b) (12x 1012)(3
x 102)
(a) (5 x to3x+x tos)
(c) (2.2x 10-e)(7x 10-6)
10. Divide the following:
( a ) ( 1 0 x 1 0 3 ) + ( 2 . 5 x1 0 2 ) ( b ) ( 2 5 0 x1 0 f + ( 5 0 x 1 0 8 )
@) (a.2x 108)+ (2 x 10{)
11. Expresseachof the following numbersas a numberhavinga powerof ten of 10-6:
(b) 0.001856
(a\ 2.37 x l0-3
x 10-2
(c) 5743.89
x l0 12 (d) 100x 103
12. Performthe followingindicatedoperations:
(b) (46X10r)(105)/106
(a) (2.8x 103X3xlo2)l(2xr02)
(d) (30)'z(s)11o-'?
(c) (7.3s)(0.s
x l0'0)]
x 1012)/[(2x10
1
13. Performeachoperation:
(a) (49 x106)l(4x 10-8)
(c) (1.5x 10-f214.7x 10f
SECTION 1-4
(b) (3 x t03;2/11.8
x t03;
(d) l/t(s x 10r)(0.01x 10-6)l
Metric Prefixes
14. Expresseachof the followingas a quantityhavinga metricprefix:
(c) 200x l0 12F
(b) 5.5x 103v
(a) 31 x 10-3A
15. Expressthe followingusingmetricprefixes:
(c) 350x 10-eA
(b) 3.3x 106Q
(a) 3 x 10{ F
16. Expressthe followingquantitiesusingpowersof ten:
(c) 1200kV
(b) 0.022p.F
(a) 258 mA
17. Expresseachof the following quantitiesas a metricunit:
(c) 0.003x 10-ew
(b) 970x 104Q
(a) 2.4 x 10-sA
18. Complete the following operations:
(a) (s0s.A)(6.8
ka) = (c) 12kYl20mA = -
V
h) 24V|1.2MA=-A
A
19. Complete the following operations and expressthe results using metric preflxes:
(b) (30 ky)2zMQ = -W
(a) (100 pA)2(8.2kA) = pW
. "17
ANSWERS
TO SELF-TEST
SECTION1-5 Metric Unit Conversions
20. Perform the indicated conversions:
(a) 5 mA to microamperes
(b) 3200 pW to milliwatts
(c) 5000 kV to megavolts
(d) 10 MW to kilowatts
21. Determine the following:
(a) The number of microamperesin 1 milliampere
ft) The number of millivolts in 0.05 kilovolt
(c) The number of megohms in 0.02 kilohm
(d) The number of kilowatts in 155 milliwatts
r ANSWERS
TO SECTION
REVIEWS
Section 1-1
1. Common electrical componentsare resistors, capacitors,inductors, and transformers.
2. The ammeter measurescurrent.
3. The ohmmeter measuresresistance.
4. The voltmeter measuresvoltage.
5. A multimeter is an instrument that measuresvoltage, curent, and resistance.
Section1-2
1. SI is the abbreviation for Systdme International.
2. Refer to Table 1-l after you have compiled your list of electrical quantities.
3. Refer to Table 7-2 after you have compiled your list of magnetic quantities.
Section 1-3
1. True
2 . 1 0 0 =1 x 1 0 2
3. (a) (l x 105;+ (2 x 105)= 3 x 105
(c) (8 x 1031
* 14x 102)=2v 10r
(b) Q x r c \ Q x 1 o 4 ) = 6 x 1 o r o
(d) (25x 10-6)- (130x 10-7;= 12; 19-e
Section1-4
L. 106= mega(M), 103= kilo (k), 10-3= milli (m), 10-6= micro (p), 10-e= nano(n), and
= pico (p)
16-12
2. 0.000001A = 1 pA (onemicroampere)
3. 250,000W - 250kW (250kilowatts)
Section 1-5
1. 0.01MV = 10kV
2. 250,000pA = 0.00025mA
3. 0.05MW + 75 kW = 50 kw + 75 kW= 125kW
r ANSWERS
TO RETATED
PROBTEMS
FOR
EXAMPTES
1-1
L-2
1-3
L-4
1-5
1-6
4.75x 703
7.38x 10-3
9120
8.6x 103
55 x 10-2
4.8x 103
r ANSWERS
r. (c)
(d)
e.
TO SEIF.TEST
2. (c)
10. (d)
l-:7 25 x 106
1-8 (a) 56 Ma
(b) 470 p,A
L - e @ m @ m @@
1-10 1000pA
1-11 l mV
l-12 0.893p.A
3.(c)
11. (c)
4.(d)
12. (c)
s. (b)
l-13 2200pF
1-14 0.010pF
1-15 0.0022MO
1-16 2883mA
6. (b)
7.(a)
8.(d)