Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
Table of Contents
Introductory Remarks on Author-Title Conventions
The Basic Structure of Author-Title Entries for a List of Works Cited
A. Elements in Entries: Periodical Print Publications
B. Elements in Entries: Nonperiodical Print or Digital (e-book) Publications
C. Elements in Entries: A Work Cited Only on the Web
D. Additional Elements in Entries: A Work on the Web Cited with Print Publication Data
and an Online Database
E. Elements in Entries: Nonperiodical Publication on CD-ROM or DVD-ROM
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Examples of Entries
1. One Author – Book – Nonperiodical – Print
2. Two Authors – Book – Nonperiodical – Print
3. Two Authors and Two Editors – Work in an Anthology – Nonperiodical – Print
4. One Author – Article – Periodical – Print
5. One Author – Review – Print
6. One Author – Work in an Anthology – Nonperiodical – Web
7. One Author – Periodical – Web – Online Database
8. One Author – Article in a Newspaper – Web
9. One Author – Article in a Magazine – Print
10. An Article in a Reference Book – Citing Definitions – Print
11. An Article in a Reference Book – Citing Specialized Reference Works – Print
12. Two Authors – One Volume of a Multivolume Work – Print
13. A Book by a Corporate Author – Print
14. One Author – Book in a Language Other Than English – Print
15. One Author – Translation of a Book in a Language Other Than English – Print
16. Anonymous – Translation – Editors – Critical Edition – Nonperiodical – Print
17. Introduction – Preface – Foreword – Afterword – Nonperiodical – Print
18. One Author – One Editor – Critical Edition – Nonperiodical – Print
19. Quoting Dialogue between Two or More Characters in a Play
20. One Author – Excerpt – Reprint – Edition after the First – Trans. – Print
21. Article – Essay – Excerpt – Critical Edition – Cross-References – Print
22. Tables and Illustrations – Print
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Sample: List of Works Cited List (Author-Title)
From Discussions about Plagiarism
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Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
Introductory Remarks on Author-Title Conventions
The Modern Language Association (MLA) observes author-title styling conventions. The
samples in this supplement illustrate these conventions for some of the most frequently cited
text types in written academic discourse in the first cycle of your tertiary education in British
Studies.
If you have any questions or doubts about the styling conventions for your academic
text production, please seek the advice of your instructor after you have consulted one of the
copies of the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers in the
Bibliotheca Albertina [HD 270 G437]. You are also advised to consult the MLA website at:
www.mlahandbook.org for further orientation.
The Basic Structure of Author-Title Entries for a List of Works Cited
Author-Title
Last
Name
,
First
Name
.
Title
.
Place
of
Publication
:
Publisher
,
Year
of
Publication
.
Publication
Medium
.
A. Elements in Entries: Periodical Print Publications (cf. MLA 136)
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The name of the author or authors
[A.]
More than three authors
[first author, et al.]
The title of the article (within quotation marks)
(place a full stop in front of the closing quotation marks)
[“TA.”]
The name of the scholarly periodical (in italics)
[N]
The name or number of the series, if required to identify the periodical [S.]
The number of the volume of a scholarly periodical
[V.]
The number of the issue, if used, for a scholarly periodical
[I]
The publication date for a scholarly periodical: the year;
for other periodicals: the day, month, and year (D M Y)
[(Y):]
The inclusive page numbers (the first page of the article to the last page) [IPN.]
The publication medium (Print)
[PM.]
Any relevant supplementary information (optional)
[SM.]
Author-Title: Focus on Punctuation
A . “ TA . ” N V . I ( Y ) : IPN . PM .
1
Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
B. Elements in Entries: Nonperiodical Print or Digital (e-book) Publications
(cf. MLA 148, 210-11)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
8.
9.
The name of the author or authors
The title of the publication (in italics)
The edition, if not the first edition
The number of the volume or the numbers of the volumes
The city where the work was published
The publisher
The publication year
The publication medium (Print, Kindle file, or other e-book format)
Any relevant supplementary information (optional)
[A.]
[T.]
[E.]
[V.]
[C:]
[P,]
[Y.]
[PM.]
[SM.]
Author-Title: Focus on Punctuation
A . T . E . C : P , Y . PM .
For further orientation on e-book formats, please consult the frequently asked questions
webpage at www.mlahandbook.org/fragment/faq.
C. Elements in Entries: A Work Cited Only on the Web (cf. MLA 184-85)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The name of the author, artist, compiler, director, editor, illustrator, narrator,
performer, photographer or translator of the work
[A.]
The title of the work (in italics, if the work is independent; in roman type
and within quotation marks, if the work is part of a larger work) [T.]
The title of the overall website (in italics, if different from item 2)
[TW.]
The version or edition
[Ver/E.]
The website’s publisher or sponsor;
[P,]
if unknown, use the abbreviation: N.p. (MLA 184)
The publication date: day, month, and year (D M Y);
[PD.]
if unknown, use the abbreviation: n.d.
The publication medium (Web)
[PM.]
Your access date: day, month, and year (D M Y)
[AD.]
Author-Title: Focus on Punctuation
A . T . TW . Ver/E . P , PD . PM . AD .
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Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
D. Additional Elements in Entries: A Work on the Web Cited with Print Publication
Data and an Online Database (cf. MLA 189, 192)
a)
b)
c)
The title of database (in italics)
The publication medium (Web)
Your access date: day, month, and year (D M Y)
[DB.]
[PM.]
[AD.]
Author-Title: Focus on Punctuation (see the Minsky sample on page 5)
A . “ TA . ” T . Ed. . C : P , Y . IPN . DB . PM . AD .
Author-Title: Focus on Punctuation (see the Levinson and Burenhult sample on page 5)
A . “ TA . ” N . V . I ( Y ) : IPN . DB . PM . AD .
E. Elements in Entries: Nonperiodical Publication on CD-ROM or DVD-ROM
(cf. MLA 208)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The name of the author (if provided); otherwise: artist, compiler, director, editor,
illustrator, narrator, performer, photographer or translator; use the appropriate
abbreviation (ed., comp., trans.) after the name.
[A.]
The publication title or title of the work (in italics)
[T.]
The name of editor, compiler, or version,
if required to identify the source
[Ed/Comp/V.]
The edition, release, or version, if it is required to identify the source
[E/R/Ver.]
The city where the work was published
[C:]
The publisher
[P,]
The publication date (D M Y)
[PD.]
The publication medium
[PM.]
Any relevant supplementary information (optional)
[SM.]
Author-Title: Focus on Punctuation
T . C : P , Y . PM .
For example:
Encyclopaedia Britannica: Ultimate Reference Suite. London: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
2005. DVD-ROM.
3
Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
1. One Author – Book – Nonperiodical – Print
Tomasello, Michael. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language
Acquisition. 2003. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print.
In-text referencing
Direct quotation
Your text . . . “direct quotation” (Tomasello 199).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (Tomasello 199-200).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in Tomasello 199).
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. Tomasello 196-99).
2. Two Authors – Book – Nonperiodical – Print
Croft, William, and David Alan Cruse. Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2004. Print.
In-text referencing
Direct quotation
Your text . . . “direct quotation” (Croft and Cruse 55).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (Croft and Cruse 55).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in Croft and Cruse 55).
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. Croft and Cruse 55).
3. Two Authors and Two Editors – Work in an Anthology – Nonperiodical – Print
Robinson, Peter, and Nick C. Ellis. “An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics, Second
Language Acquisition, and Language Instruction.” Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics
and Second Language Acquisition. Ed. Peter Robinson and Nick C. Ellis. New York,
NY: Routledge, 2008. 3-24. Print.
In-text referencing: see 2
4. One Author – Article – Periodical – Print
Fillmore, Charles J. “Frames and the Semantics of Understanding.” Quaderni di Semantica 6
(1985): 222-54. Print.
Pesch, Joseph. “Mediation, Memory and a Search for the Father: Michael Ondaatje’s
Running in the Family. ZAA 45.1 (1997): 56-71. Print.
In-text referencing: see 1
4
Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
5. One Author – Review – Print
Gigante, Denise. “Headlessness.” Rev. of Losing Our Heads: Beheadings in Literature and
Culture, by Regina Janes. Essays in Criticism 56 (2006): 280-85. Print.
In-text referencing: see 1
6. One Author – Work in an Anthology – Nonperiodical – Web
Minsky, Marvin. “Frame-System Theory.” Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science. Ed.
Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird and Peter Cathcart Wason. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1977. 355-99. Google Book Search. Web. 26 Apr. 2010.
In-text referencing: see 1
7. One Author – Periodical – Web – Online Database
Levinson, Stephen C., and Niclas Burenhult. “Semplates: A New Concept in Lexical
Semantics?” Language 85.1 (2009): 153-74. Project Muse. Web. 21 July 2010.
In-text referencing: see 2
8. One Author – Article in a Newspaper – Web
Johnson, Andrew. “Dickens Tops Chart as Classic Tales Hit with Parents.” Independent.
Independent, 20 Aug. 2012. Web. 24 Aug. 2012.
In-text referencing
Direct quotation
Your text . . . “direct quotation” (Johnson).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (Johnson).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in Johnson).
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. Johnson).
9. One Author – Article in a Magazine – Print
Edmundson, Mark. “Prophet of a New Postmodernism: The Greater Challenge of Salmon
Rushdie.” Harper’s Dec. 1989: 62-71. Print.
In-text referencing: see 1
10. An Article in a Reference Book – Citing Definitions – Print
“Language.” Def. 2b. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Print.
In-text referencing
Direct quotation
Your text . . . “direct quotation” (“Language,” def. 2b).
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Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (“Language,” def. 2b).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in “Language,” def. 2b).
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. “Language,” def. 2b).
11. An Article in a Reference Book – Citing Specialized Reference Works – Print
Richards, Jack C., and Richard Schmidt. “Reader-Based Prose.” Longman Dictionary of
Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. 3rd ed. London: Longman, 2002. 442.
Print.
In-text referencing: see 2
12. Two Authors – One Volume of a Multivolume Work – Print
Feak, Christine B., and John M. Swales. Telling a Research Story: Writing a Literature
Review. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2009. Print. Vol. 2 of English
in Today’s Research World. 4 vols. to date.
In-text referencing: see 2
13. A Book by a Corporate Author
Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
7th ed. New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America, 2009. Print.
In-text referencing
Direct quotation
Your text . . . “direct quotation” (MLA 224).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (MLA 224).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in MLA 45).
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. MLA 224).
14. One Author – Book in a Language Other Than English – Print
Assmann, Aleida. Erinnerungsräume: Formen und Wandlungen des kulturellen
Gedächtnisses. 1999. München [Munich]: Beck, 2010. Print.
In-text referencing: see 1
15. One Author – Translation of a Book in a Language Other Than English – Print
Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. 1912. Trans. Karen E. Fields.
New York, NY: The Free Press, 1995. Print.
In-text referencing: see 1
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Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
16. Anonymous – Translation – Editors – Critical Edition – Nonperiodical – Print
Beowulf: A Verse Translation. Trans. Seamus Heaney. Ed. Daniel Donoghue. New York, NY:
Norton, 2002. Print.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Trans. Marie Borroff. Ed. Marie Borroff and Laura L.
Howes. New York, NY: Norton, 2010. Print.
In-text referencing
Direct quotation
Your text . . . “direct quotation” (Beowulf 1069).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (Beowulf 1168-86).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in Beowulf 1069).
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. Beowulf 1168-86).
17. Introduction – Preface – Foreword – Afterword – Nonperiodical – Print
Donoghue, Daniel, ed. Preface. Beowulf: A Verse Translation. Trans. Seamus Heaney. New
York, NY: Norton, 2002. ix-xi. Print.
In-text referencing
Direct quotation
Your text . . . “direct quotation” (Donoghue x).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (Donoghue x-xi).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in Donoghue x).
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. Donoghue x-xi).
18. One Author – One Editor – Critical Edition – Nonperiodical – Print
Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet: Texts and Contexts. Ed. Dympna Callaghan.
Boston, MA: Bedford, 2003. Print.
In-text referencing to Romeo and Juliet
Direct quotation
The final movement is in part a return to the prosaic doggerel of
the metrically flat-footed “For never was a story of more woe/
Than this of Juliet and her Romeo” (5.3.309-10).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (Rom. 5.3.309-10).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in Rom. 5.3.309-10).
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. Rom. 5.3.309-10).
The example of the direct quotation is taken from page 20 of the introduction in:
Callaghan, Dympna, ed. Introduction. Romeo and Juliet: Texts and Contexts. Boston, MA:
Bedford, 2003. Print.
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Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
19. Quoting Dialogue between Two or More Characters in a Play
When quoting dialogue between two or more characters in a play, set the quotation off from
your text, as follows (MLA 96-97):
JULIET. Good even to my ghostly confessor.
FRIAR LAURENCE. Romeo shall thank thee, daughter, for us both.
JULIET. As much to him, else is his thanks too much.
ROMEO. Ah, Juliet, if the measure of thy joy
Be heaped like mine, and that thy skill be more
To blazon it, then sweeten with thy breath
This neighbour air, and let rich music’s tongue
Unfold the imagined happiness that both
Receive in either by this dear encounter.
JULIET. Conceit, more rich in matter than in words,
Brags of his substance, not of ornament.
They are but beggars that can count their worth.
But my true love is grown to such excess
I cannot sum up sum of half my wealth.
FRIAR LAURENCE. Come, come with me, and we will make short work;
For, by your leaves, you shall not stay alone
Till Holy Church incorporate two in one. (2.6.21-37)
The example of an excerpt is taken from pages 90-91 in:
Callaghan, Dympna, ed. Romeo and Juliet: Texts and Contexts. Boston, MA: Bedford, 2003.
Print.
20. One Author – Excerpt – Reprint – Edition after the First – Trans. – Print
Todorov, Tzvetan. “The Fantastic.” Excerpt from The Fantastic. Cleveland, OH: Press of
Western Reserve University, 1973. Rpt. in The Turn of the Screw. By Henry James.
1898. Ed. Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Norton, 1999.
193-96. Print. Trans. of Introduction á la Littérature Fantastique. Paris: Seuil, 1970.
In-text referencing: see 1
8
Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
21. Article – Essay – Excerpt – Critical Edition – Cross-References – Print
Esch, Deborah, and Jonathan Warren, eds. The Turn of the Screw. By Henry James. 1898. 2nd
ed. New York, NY: Norton, 1999. Print.
James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw. 1898. Ed. Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren. 2nd ed.
New York, NY: Norton, 1999. Print.
Lustig, Timothy J. “Henry James and the Ghostly.” Esch and Warren 255-62.
Todorov, Tzvetan. “The Fantastic.” Esch and Warren 193-96.
In-text referencing for references to Todorov
Direct quotation
Your text . . . “direct quotation” (Todorov 193).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (Todorov 193-96).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in Todorov 193).
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. Todorov 193-96).
In-text referencing for references to Lustig
Direct quotation
Your text . . . “direct quotation” (Lustig 256).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary . . . (Lustig 259-60).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in Lustig 256)
Similarity in another work
Your text . . . (cf. Lustig 259-60).
In-text referencing for more than one work in a single parenthetical reference
Direct quotations
Your text . . . “direct quotation” . . . “direct quotation” (Todorov 193; Lustig 256).
Paraphrase/Summary
Your paraphrase/summary of Todorov and Lustig . . . (Todorov 193-96; Lustig 256).
Indirect source
. . . (qtd. in Todorov 193; Lustig 256)
Similarity in other works
Your text . . . (cf. Todorov 193-96; Lustig 256).
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Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
22. Tables (label: Table), and Illustrations (label: Fig.) (MLA 118-21)
Ryan, Michael, ed. Treasures of Ireland: Irish Art 3000 B.C.-1500 A.D. Dublin: Royal Irish
Academy, 1983. Print.
Tuggy, David. “Schematicity.” The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Ed. Dirk
Geeraertes and Hubert Cuyckens. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 82-116.
Print.
Tables or Illustrations in your text
[ Photograph of the ‘Tara’ Brooch, obverse ]
Fig. 1. The ‘Tara’ Brooch, obverse, photograph from Michael Ryan, ed., Treasures of
Ireland: Irish Art 3000 B.C.-1500 A.D. (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1983; print; 39).
[ Diagram of Examples of Metaphor and Metonomy ]
Fig. 2. Examples of Metaphor and Metonomy, diagram from David Tuggy, “Schematicity,”
The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, Ed. Dirk Geeraertes and Hubert Cuyckens
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007; print; 103).
10
Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
Works Cited
Assmann, Aleida. Erinnerungsräume: Formen und Wandlungen des kulturellen
Gedächtnisses. 1999. München [Munich]: Beck, 2010. Print.
Beowulf: A Verse Translation. Trans. Seamus Heaney. Ed. Daniel Donoghue. New York, NY:
Norton, 2002. Print.
Callaghan, Dympna, ed. Introduction. Romeo and Juliet: Texts and Contexts. Boston, MA:
Bedford, 2003. Print.
Croft, William, and David Alan Cruse. Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2004. Print.
Donoghue, Daniel, ed. Preface. Beowulf: A Verse Translation. Trans. Seamus Heaney. New
York, NY: Norton, 2002. ix-xi. Print.
Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. 1912. Trans. Karen E. Fields.
New York, NY: The Free Press, 1995. Print.
Edmundson, Mark. “Prophet of a New Postmodernism: The Greater Challenge of Salmon
Rushdie.” Harper’s Dec. 1989: 62-71. Print.
Encyclopaedia Britannica: Ultimate Reference Suite. London. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
2005. DVD-ROM.
Esch, Deborah, and Jonathan Warren, eds. The Turn of the Screw. By Henry James. 1898. 2nd
ed. New York, NY: Norton, 1999. Print.
Feak, Christine B., and John M. Swales. Telling a Research Story: Writing a Literature
Review. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2009. Print. Vol. 2 of English
in Today’s Research World. 4 vols. to date.
Fillmore, Charles J. “Frames and the Semantics of Understanding.” Quaderni di Semantica 6
(1985): 222-54. Print.
“Frequently Asked Questions.” MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
Modern Language Association of America. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2012.
Gigante, Denise. “Headlessness.” Rev. of Losing Our Heads: Beheadings in Literature and
Culture, by Regina Janes. Essays in Criticism 56 (2006): 280-85. Print.
Heaney, Seamus. trans. Beowulf: A Verse Translation. Ed. Daniel Donoghue. New York, NY:
Norton, 2002. Print.
James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw. 1898. Ed. Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren. 2nd ed.
New York, NY: Norton, 1999. Print.
11
Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
Johnson, Andrew. “Dickens Tops Chart as Classic Tales Hit with Parents.” Independent.
Independent, 20 Aug. 2012. Web. 24 Aug. 2012.
“Language.” Def. 2b. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Print.
Levinson, Stephen C., and Niclas Burenhult. “Semplates: A New Concept in Lexical
Semantics?” Language 85.1 (2009): 153-74. Project Muse. Web. 21 July 2010.
Lustig, Timothy J. “Henry James and the Ghostly.” Esch and Warren 255-62.
Minsky, Marvin. “Frame-System Theory.” Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science. Ed.
Philip Nicholas Johnson-Laird and Peter Cathcart Wason. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1977. 355-99. Google Book Search. Web. 26 Apr. 2010.
Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
7th ed. New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America, 2009. Print.
Pesch, Joseph. “Mediation, Memory and a Search for the Father: Michael Ondaatje’s
Running in the Family. ZAA 45.1 (1997): 56-71. Print.
Richards, Jack C., and Richard Schmidt. “Reader-Based Prose.” Longman Dictionary of
Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. 3rd ed. London: Longman, 2002. Print.
Robinson, Peter, and Nick C. Ellis. “An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics, Second
Language Acquisition, and Language Instruction.” Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics
and Second Language Acquisition. Ed. Peter Robinson and Nick C. Ellis. New York,
NY: Routledge, 2008. 3-24. Print.
Ryan, Michael, ed. Treasures of Ireland: Irish Art 3000 B.C.-1500 A.D. Dublin: Royal Irish
Academy, 1983. Print.
Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet: Texts and Contexts. Ed. Dympna Callaghan.
Boston, MA: Bedford, 2003. Print.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Trans. Marie Borroff. Ed. Marie Borroff and Laura L.
Howes. New York, NY: Norton, 2010. Print.
Todorov, Tzvetan. “The Fantastic.” Esch and Warren 193-96.
Tomasello, Michael. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language
Acquisition. 2003. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print.
Tuggy, David. “Schematicity.” The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Ed. Dirk
Geeraertes and Hubert Cuyckens. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 82-116.
Print.
12
Author-Title Style Sheet Orientation
From Discussions about Plagiarism
Excerpt taken from:
American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association, 2010. Print.
Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit
where credit is due. . . . You need to credit the source in the text. . . . The key element
of this principle is that authors do not present the work of another as if it were their
own work. This can extend to ideas as well as written words. If authors model a study
after one done by someone else, the originating author should be given credit.
(15-16)
Excerpt taken from:
Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
7th ed. New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America, 2009. Print.
Plagiarism involves two kinds of wrongs. Using another person’s ideas, information,
or expressions without acknowledging that person’s work constitutes intellectual theft.
Passing off another person’s ideas, information, or expressions to get a better grade or
gain some other advantage constitutes fraud. (52)
Excerpt taken from:
Turabian, Kate, L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th
ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Print.
Sloppy note-taking has caused grief for students and professionals alike, ranging from
ridicule for trivial errors to professional exile for inadvertent plagiarism. . . . Always
unambiguously identify words and ideas from a source so that weeks or months later
you cannot possibly mistake them for your own. . . . Never paraphrase a source so
closely that a reader can match the phrasing and sense of your words with those in
your source. (42)
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