Tables, Charts and
Graphs
DOH-NEC
FETPAFI
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Purposes of Tables and Graphs
1. Organize, summarize and display
data clearly and effectively
2. Analyze data set
3. Identify, explore, understand and
present distributions, trends and
relationships in the data
4. To communicate epidemiologic
findings
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TABLE
is a set of data arranged in rows and
columns
Use clear and concise title that describe
the what, where and when of the data
collected
should be simple with 2-3 variables
should be self-explanatory
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TABLE
codes, abbreviations, and symbols
should be explained in detail in a
footnote
specific units of measure for the data
should be given
totals should be provided
If the data is not original, source should
be provided in a footnote at the bottom of
the table
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TABLES
Example 1
Results of Water Sampling onAugust 31, 2001
Kalookan City Jail
Cell No. & Water Source
RC (ppm)
FC (MPN**)
1
1
1
1
0.8
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.8
1
0.8
1
1
<2.2
2.2
not done
“
<2.2
not done
>16
not done
“
2.2
<2.2
>16
>16
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
<2.2
1 (water container)
2 (hand pump)
3 (water container)
4 (water container)
5 (hand pump)
5 (water tank )
6 (water container)
7 (hand pump)
8 (water container)
9 (hand pump)
10 (hand pump)
11 (hand pump)
12 (hand pump)
13 (hose 1)
13 (hose 2)
13 (hose 3)
Kitchen (hose)
**MPN=most probable number/100 ml.
FC=fecal coliforms (accepted value=<2.2 MPN/100 ml.)
RC=residual chlorine (recommended=0.20 to 0.50 ppm)
Source: Suñas, et al. FETP Scientific Papers, Vol 15,2001.
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TABLES Example 2
Table 3. Site of OPV Vaccination Parañaque, February
and March 1995
Site
February (N=108)
March (N=85)
Number
Percent Number Percent
OPV Post
58
54
42
49
EPI Post
35
32
28
33
Mobile Team 15
14
15
18
TOTAL
108
100%
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85
100%
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3
GRAPHS
A method of showing quantitative data using the x-y
coordinate system.
simplest graphs are the most effective
should be self-explanatory
each variable shown should be clearly
differentiated by legends
the x-axis is used for variables which is the
method of classification (independent variable
e.g. time)
the y axis shows dependent variable which is
a frequency of measure (e.g. number of
cases)
Examples: histogram, frequency polygon,
scatter diagram
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GRAPHS
Example 1: Histogram
Onset of Illness, Suspect Dengue Fever Cases
Poblacion, Concepcion, Iloilo (N=31)
June 9 to August 16, 1995
No. of Cases
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
June
July
August
Source: Arce LPA, et al. FETP Scientific
FETPAFI Papers, Vol 8 No. 2-A, 1996, p 90.
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Example 2:
Line Graph
Fig. 1. Onset of Illness of Measles Cases (N=222)
Siruma, Camarines Sur, January 28 – May 10, 2001
No. of cases
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan
21-27
Jan
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
M ar
M ar
M ar
M ar
28- 4-10 11-17 18-24 25- 4-M ar 11-17 18-24 25-31
Feb 3
M ar 3
10
Apr
1-7
Apr
Apr
Apr
8-14 15-21 22-28
Apr M ay
29- 6-12
M ay 5
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CHARTS
A method of showing epidemiological
data using only one coordinate or a
single variable.
1. Bar Charts
2. Pie Charts
3. Maps (Geographic
Coordinate Charts)
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Bar Chart
Simple Bar Chart
1. each value or category of variable
is represented by a bar
2. length of bar is proportional to
number of persons/events in that
category
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Bar Chart
Example 1: Bar Chart
Fully Immunized Child by Quarter (N=160)
Province of Camarines Sur, 2001
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
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3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
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Histogram
Onset of Illness, Suspect Dengue Fever Cases
Poblacion, Concepcion, Iloilo (N=31)
June 9 to August 16, 1995
No. of Cases
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
June
July
August
Source: Arce LPA, et al. FETP Scientific Papers, Vol 8FETPAFI
No. 2-A, 1996, p 90.
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Bar Chart
Example
2: Grouped Bar Chart
Sex Distribution Measles Cases by Quarter (N= 908)
San Lazaro Hospital January 1 to August 5, 1995
100
80
60
Male
Female
40
20
0
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
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4th Qtr
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Bar Chart
Example 3: Horizontal Bar Chart
Signs and Symptoms of Cholera Cases (n=67)
Caloocan City Jail, August 1- Sept. 8, 2001
Signs and symptoms
-
Diarrhea
Abdominal cramps
Body weakness
Fever
Nausea
Vomiting
Dizziness
Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
No. of cases
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Bar Chart
Example 4: 100% Component Bar Chart
Vaccination Status of Measles Cases by Quarter
(N=1,520)
San Lazaro Hospital, 2001
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Unknown
50%
Unvaccinated
Vaccinated
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
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4th Qtr
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Bar Chart
Example 5: Stacked Bar Chart
Vaccination Status of Measles Cases by Quarter (N=1,520)
San Lazaro Hospital, 2001
180
160
140
120
Unknown
100
Unvaccinated
80
Vaccinated
60
40
20
0
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
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Pie Chart
Size of slices show proportional
contribution of each component part
Useful for showing component parts of a
single group or variable
When comparing components of more
than one group or variables use a 100%
component bar charts as it is difficult to
compare two pies
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Pie Chart
Example 4: Pie Chart
Type of Fireworks Causing Injury (N=594)
Dec. 21, 20012001-Jan. 5, 2002
Legal
390 (66%)
Unknown
90 (15%)
Illegal
114
(19%)
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Maps
Show location of events/attributes
Spot Map
- shows where an event took place or a
disease condition exists
- useful for showing geographic
distributions
- does not take into consideration size of
population at risk therefore, does not show risk
of the event occurring in a particular place
Area Map (Cloropleth Map)
- display events or rates geographically
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GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE CHARTS
Example 5: Spot Map
Cholera Cases Caloocan City Jail
MAIN GATE
Warden’s
Office
Kitchen
13
ADMIN
5
4
6
3
12
7
2
8
1
Cooperative
11
Shallow
10
9
well
Basketball Court
Chapel
Cholera cases
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GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE CHARTS
Example 6: Area Map (chloropleth map)
Cholera Cases Caloocan City Jail
MAIN GATE
Warden’s
Office
Kitchen
5
4
6
3
13
ADMIN
12
7
2
8
1
Cooperative
11
Shallow
10
well
9
Basketball Court
Attack Rate = 50%
Attack Rate = 30%FETPAFI
Chapel
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Guide to Selecting Graph or Chart:
When to Use
Graph/Chart
Trends in numbers or rate over time
Arithmetic Scale Line Graph
Frequency distribution of continuous
variable
Number of cases during epidemic
Histogram
Compare size or frequency of different
categories of a single variable
Simple Bar Chart
Compare size or frequency of different
categories of 2-4 series data
Grouped Bar Chart
Compare totals and illustrate component
parts of the total among different groups
Stacked Bar Charts
Illustrate differences both + and – from
baseline
Deviation Bar Chart
Compare how components contribute to
the whole in different groups
100% Component bar Charts
Show components of a whole
Pie Charts
Display events/rates geographically
Area Map
Show location of cases or events FETPAFISpot map
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Thank You
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