Glass:
The Right Choice
1
• AAMA is a registered provider with the American Institute of
Architects’ continuing education program. Credits earned upon
completion of this program will be reported to CES records for
AIA members. Certificates of completion for non-AIA members
are available
il bl upon request.
t
• This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include content
that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or
endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any
method
th d or manner off handling,
h dli
using,
i
distributing,
di t ib ti
or dealing
d li
in
i
any material or product. Questions related to specific materials,
methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of
this presentation
presentation.
2
This presentation is protected by U.S. and
international copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display, or other use of the
presentation without written permission from
the speaker is prohibited.
© AAMA Glass Material Council 2008
L
Learning
i Objectives
Obj ti
This course is designed to improve your
understanding of:
•
•
•
•
4
Uses of glass
Types of glass
Fabricated glass solutions
M
Measuring
i and
d evaluating
l ti
glass
l
performance
f
SECTION 1
Glass Functionality
and Performance
Glass: How It Functions in a Building
Construction utilizing glass offers many unique advantages:
• Protection from the elements
• Natural light
• View of the outdoors
• Strength to weight ratio superior to concrete, which allows the
use of smaller, less costly foundations
Using readily available and efficient glassmaking technologies,
glass can be specified to meet the four main functions of
glass in a wall:
1 Complementing
1.
C
l
ti overallll aesthetics
th ti
2. Meeting life and safety requirements
3. Maximizing energy efficiency
4 Providing
4.
P idi comfortable
f t bl productivity
d ti it
6
Gl
Glass
Function
F
ti and
d Solar
S l Energy
E
Three elements that can be reflected, absorbed, or
transmitted by commercial windows and doors:
1) Ultraviolet (UV) light
• Not visible
• Represents only about 3% of the solar spectrum
2) Visible light
• Detected by human eye (perceived as “daylight”)
• Represents approximately 38% of the solar spectrum
3) Infrared light
• Occurs at wavelengths just below red light—hence the name
“infra” or “below” red
• Represents approximately 59% of the solar spectrum
7
S l Energy:
Solar
E
A Key
K C
Consideration
id ti
for Architects
Wavelength (nm)
780
700
600
Visible
Light
500
400
8
There is a broad
spectrum of
energy around
us everyday—
but solar energy
is unique for its
ability to impact
the energy
performance
and comfort of
commercial
structures.
H
How
IIs Solar
S l Energy
E
Transferred?
T
f
d?
Three ways
y to heat the atmosphere
p
or any
yp
physical
y
substance:
1)Conduction: Heat transfer through solid matter
through direct contact with a hot or cold surface
2)Convection:
)
Heat transfer through
g a moving
g fluid
(liquid or gas) across or around solid matter
3)Radiation: Heat transfer in the form of
electromagnetic waves from one matter to another
regardless of matter form
9
H tG
Heat
Gain
i and
d Loss
L
in
i Buildings
B ildi
Three components of solar heat gain in a commercial structure:
•
•
•
Transmitted solar energy
Reflected solar energy
The inward-flowing part of the solar energy absorbed by glass
Components of total heat gain (or heat loss):
•
Differences in temperature between interior and exterior spaces can
also cause heat gain (or heat loss, in cold climates).
convection
10
convection
Total
T
t l Glass
Gl
Performance:
P f
Beyond Solar Energy
While solar heat gain is an important measure of glass
performance for energy efficiency and comfort, it is just the
first in a long
g list of glass
g
performance
p
characteristics that
architects must understand and consider:
• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
• U-Factor
• Light Transmittance
• Damage-Weighted Index
• Light-to-Solar Gain
11
Glass Performance: Solar Heat Gain
• The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is the fraction
of solar radiation that is transmitted through
architectural glass—expressed as a number between
0 and 1
1.
gy it
• The lower a window’s SHGC,, the less solar energy
transmits—and the greater its shading ability.
• SHGC can be expressed in terms of glass alone
alone—or
or
can reflect the performance of an entire window
assembly including the frame.
12
Gl
Glass
Performance:
P f
U-Factor
UF t
13
•
U-Factor is a measure of how well a
material transmits heat.
•
The lower the U-Factor, the greater a
window’s
window
s resistance to heat flow—and
flow and
the better its overall insulating value.
•
U-Factor using imperial measurements
are expressed in units of BTU/hourBTU/hour
square foot-°F.
•
U-Factor can be calculated for glass
alone or—more commonly—for an
entire window unit, including the frame
and spacer materials that help to
impro e ins
improve
insulation.
lation
Gl
Glass
P
Performance:
f
Li
Light
ht T
Transmittance
itt
14
•
Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) – The fraction of solar
radiation in the visible light wavelengths that passes
through the glass.
•
Readily
R
dil available
il bl glass
l
products
d t for
f today’s
t d ’ commercial
i l
construction projects range from 0% VLT up to and
including glass products in the mid-90% VLT.
•
An emerging measure—the Damage-Weighted Index—helps
architects to assess the potential for fading far more
accurately
y than looking
g at VLT measures alone.
Glass Performance:
Damage-Weighted Index
The Damage-Weighted Index, which combines both visible and
ultra violet radiation, helps architects assess the potential for
fading far more accurately than looking at ultra violet measures
alone.
Two ways of calculating the DWI for architectural glass and
window units:
1) Tdw-K: Created by Europe’s Jurgen Krochmann, this measure
covers
co
e s tthe
eU
UV a
and
d visible
s b e pa
parts
ts o
of tthe
e spect
spectrum
u from
o 300 to
500 nm.
2) Tdw-ISO: A more comprehensive measure—recommended by
g
measure
Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage—this
covers the solar spectrum from 300 to 700 nm.
15
Gl
Glass
Performance:
P f
Light-to-Solar
Li ht t S l Gain
G i
16
•
Light-to-Solar Gain (LSG), emerging as an important glass
performance measure, is a gauge of the efficiency of a glass
product in transmitting daylight—while blocking solar heat
gain.
gain
•
LSG is the ratio between VLT and SHGC (LSG = VLT/SHGC).
•
U.S. Department of Energy defines spectrally selective glass
as glass with a Light to Solar Gain ratio of 1.25 or higher. The
g
the LSG,, the more energy
gy efficient the glass
g
product
p
higher
is.
SECTION 2
Different Glass Types—for
Varying Performance Needs
O
Overview
i
off Different
Diff
t Glass
Gl
Types
T
Today, architects can choose from a wide range of glass
products that meet different criteria for functionality and
performance:
• Float
• Rolled
• Coated
18
Fl t Glass:
Float
Gl
An
A Industry
I d t Standard
St d d
• The architectural glass found in most buildings
today is commonly referred to as “float glass,”
which consists primarily of silica sand, soda, and
lime.
process these materials
• In the float manufacturing process,
are heated to their molten state—then drawn over a
liquid bath of tin, before the mixture is cooled under
controlled conditions.
conditions Because tin has a higher
specific gravity than molten glass, the glass “floats”
on the tin—forming a perfectly flat layer.
19
The Float Glass Process:
Mixing the Batch
The “batch” is digitally weighed and mixed with cullet, as well as small
amounts of other materials—then transferred by conveyor into the batch
house. The batch is continuously fed into the furnace, where it is melted.
20
The Float Glass Process: Melting
The batch materials are continuously fed into the furnace, where they are
heated to their melting point. The molten glass flows to the end of the
furnace where it moves through a canal onto a pool of liquid tin.
furnace,
tin
21
The Float Glass Process:
Glass Ribbon Formation
As the glass moves over the liquid tin, metal knurls contact the glass
ribbon at its edges—helping to control both its width and speed. The
molten glass “floats” and forms a perfectly flat layer.
22
The Float Glass Process: Pyrolytic Coating
As the glass ribbon is pulled over the liquid tin, reflective or low-E coatings
can be applied to the “atmosphere” surface of the glass. These coatings
are known
k
as pyrolytic
l ti or “hard”
“h d” coats.
t
23
The Float Glass Process: Annealing
Lifted out by rollers, the glass ribbon finally leaves the tin bath. Now it is
cooled slowly or “annealed” in order to remove any residual stresses and
make it stronger.
stronger After annealing
annealing, the glass can be cut into pieces
pieces.
24
The Float Glass Process: Cutting
Cooled glass passes through inspection booths to ensure that it has the
uncompromising quality needed for its end use. Defects are marked, and
g edges
g are trimmed. The remainder is cut for packaging.
p
g g The
the rough
glass is then inventoried and ready to be shipped.
25
Fl t Glass
Float
Gl
Products
P d t
Three Categories of Glass Substrates:
1) High Solar Transmittance (approximately 70-90%)
•
•
Absorb little of the heat energy from the sun providing little protection
from solar heat gain and potentially damaging UV and visible light
Offer excellent clarity and color neutrality
2) Medium Solar Transmittance (approximately 40-50%)
•
•
Provide more p
protection against
g
solar heat g
gain and visible light
g
transmittance
Features color
3) Low Solar Transmittance (approximately 33% or less)
• Provide excellent protection against solar heat gain, as well as high
levels of damaging light transmission
• Heavily colored
Note: Solar heat gain can actually be beneficial in cold, northern climates
26
El
Eleven
Float
Fl t Glass
Gl
Substrates
S b t t
1) Lower-Performing Glass Substrates
Clear
Low-Iron
2) Medium-Performing Glass Substrates
Green
G
Gray
Bronze
Bl G
Blue-Green
Blue
3) Higher
Higher-Performing
Performing Glass Substrates
Azure
Dark Green
Clear
27
Low-Iron
Low
Iron
Green
Dark Blue
Dark Gray
Gray
Bronze
BlueGreen
Blue
Azure
Dark
Green
Dark
Blue
Dark
Gray
R ll d Glass:
Rolled
Gl
AP
Patterned
tt
d Option
O ti
28
R ll d Glass
Rolled
Gl
Applications
A li ti
Patterned Glass
• Interior
I t i and
d exterior
t i d
decorative
ti elements,
l
t especially
i ll iin h
heavier
i
glass thicknesses
Rolled Glass
• Help channel or direct visible light energy to be used in lighting
panels, including solar or photovoltaic cells
29
Coated
C
t d Gl
Glass:
Customized Performance
• “Hard” or Pyrolytic Coatings applied
during the float process that become part
of the finished glass itself
Soft or Sputter Coatings applied
• “Soft”
through a magnetic sputter vapor
deposition process separate from the float
glass process
• Reflective and Low-Emissivity
g offer excellent solar control,,
Coatings
minimizing heat gain
30
Surface Orientation:
The Science of the Surface
31
Low-E
Low
E Coatings:
Outstanding Thermal Performance
“Emissivity”
“E
i i it ” is
i a measure off a
material’s ability to re-radiate
absorbed infrared radiation.
Low-emissivity or “low-E” glass coatings
• Metallic layers applied to float glass to
reflect radiant energy back toward its
source
• Heat stays outside during the summer,
and inside during the winter
32
Location of Low-E
Low E Coatings:
Critical to Performance
To maximize the performance of
low-E coatings,
g , there are some
general guidelines:
• The U-Factor is the same, whether
low-E coatings are placed on
surface 2 or 3
• The SHGC is generally lower with
low-E coatings on surface 2
33
P
Pyrolytic
l ti Coatings:
C ti
Hard
H d Benefits
B
fit
Glass products that feature a pyrolytic coating have a
number
b off advantages:
d
t
•
Easy to handle, transport, stack,
and store
•
Can be heat-treated and
laminated to meet specialized
pp
applications
•
Durable enough to be used
monolithically – consult with
product manufacturer for details
p
•
Can be exposed to weather—
positioned on the #1 surface—but
this is not recommended as the
coating may be easily damaged.
34
Damage to Low-E coating that was placed on the
#1 surface and cleaned using an organic cleanser.
Sputter Coatings:
Soft on Energy
“Sputter” or “soft” glass coatings are applied through
the bombardment of metal atoms onto the surface of
float glass.
Though less durable than pyrolytic coatings, they offer
many benefits:
• Versatile, can be applied to any glass substrate
• Cover the full range of performance and aesthetic
requirements (literally hundreds of sputter coating
possibilities)
• Feature new post-temperable technologies that allow them
to be heat-treated
35
Reflective Coatings:
Superior Solar Control
Reflective
R
fl ti Glass
Gl
Coatings
C ti
are metallic
t lli layers
l
applied to float glass in order to reflect shortwavelength
g solar energy
gy back into the atmosphere.
p
Though reflective coatings can make glass very hot,
its benefits include:
36
• Significantly reduce solar heat gain, making interior
spaces cooler and more comfortable
• Lower the capital costs needed for air-conditioning
systems
• Reduce ongoing air conditioning expenditures
• Provide a distinctive appearance for architectural
facades
Vi i Coated
Viewing
C t d Glass
Gl
Products
P d t
Reflective Glass
• Most of the light reaching the observer
g
is reflected from the coating
• Little read-through
• View in a vertical position, against a
dark background
Low-E
Low
E Glass
• A lot of transmitted light
• Significant read-through
37
• Assess in a vertical position, against a
medium- or dark-colored background
SECTION 3
Fabricated Glass Solutions—
Taking Performance
One Step Further
O
Overview
i
off Fabricated
F b i t d Solutions
S l ti
Fabricated glass products that are widely available
include:
• Heat-Treated
H tT
t d
• Laminated
• Insulating
• Fire-Rated
• Spandrel
• Silkscreen
39
Heat-Treated
Heat
Treated Glass:
Stress-Resistant Solutions
• All float glass is annealed—or cooled slowly—after
manufacturing to remove residual stresses and make
the glass stronger
• Heating the glass can strengthen it for use in some
specific applications
• There are two common heat
heat-treating
treating methods used to
strengthen glass:
1) Heat Strengthening
2) Tempering
40
What Causes Thermal Stress?
Contributing Factor
41
Importance Rating (1-10)
10 being the most important
Edge quality
10
Energy absorption of glass (tinted, reflective)
8
g from overhangs
g
Shading
8
Shading from vertical members
7
Altitude of building (solar intensity and temp. change)
7
Geographic location of building
6
Heat sinks
4
Inclusion of low-E coating
4
Use of labels on glass
4
Adjacent reflective surfaces
4
Color of window frame
3
Interior shades
3
Glass size
3
Heat-Strengthened Glass
•
Annealed glass is reheated to a high temperature, then
cooled quickly in a process called “quenching”—making it
twice as strong.
•
Heat-strengthened
g
glass
g
is used in spandrels,
p
, windows in
high wind load areas and applications where the glass has
a risk of thermal stress.
•
Heat strengthening does not result in a “safety”
safety glass
product; it breaks in a pattern similar to annealed glass.
T
Tempered
d Glass
Gl
•
Similar to heat strengthening
g
g but cooled with a much more
intense air flow during the “quench” phase. Four times
stronger than annealed glass.
•
Breaks into small
small, pebble-like
pebble like pieces resulting in significantly
less safety hazard.
•
Excellent for commercial storefronts, entryways, display cases,
railings skylights,
railings,
sk lights and overhead
o erhead lighting fixtures.
fi t res
H t S k d Gl
Heat-Soaked
Glass
• Tempered glass is frequently specified to meet
higher wind loads and ensure safety in large glass
installations.
• Heat soaked glass is a solution that helps to reduce
the risk of spontaneous breakage.
• While many international building codes demand
heat-soaked glass this trend is only beginning to
i
impact
t North
N th American
A
i
architecture.
hit t
Laminated Glass
• Laminated glass consists of two or more lites of glass bonded
together
g
by
yap
plastic interlayer.
y
• When broken, the glass fragments remain bonded to the
plastic interlayer to retain the lite in the opening and reduce
hazard potential.
• Customized applications for laminated glass products include
safety,
f t security,
it hurricane
h i
resistance,
i t
and
d sound
d control.
t l
Photo courtesy of GANA
Laminated Glass Applications: Safety
• U
Used
d as safety
f t glazing
l i
in commercial and
residential construction
• Retains glass shards
within framing system
• Building codes often
require laminated
safety glass for
storefronts, entrance
doors, and overhead
g
glazings
g
Laminated Glass Applications: Security
• Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 and terrorist
attacks of September 11, 2001 have increased focus
on laminated glass for security and protection.
• Laminated glass products are integral components
to design for blast and ballistic protection.
• Can also be designed for protection against forced
entry while allowing for emergency access and
egress.
• Specialized laminated products are available that
also protect against
g
electronic eavesdropping
g and
electromagnetic interference.
Laminated Glass Applications:
Hurricane Resistance
• Laminated glass meets new
hurricane resistance building
codes.
• Glazing and framing impacted
with either large missile (9 lb.
2x4 @ 3
34 mph)
p )o
or small
s a
missiles (2 gram steel shot @
88 mph) without penetration
• S
System
t
th
then pressure cycled
l d
9000 times and glazing must
remain in opening
48
373 Photography
Laminated Glass Applications:
Sound Control
•
Multi-layer construction dampens the
transmission of certain sound
frequencies
•
Significantly increases Sound
Transmission Loss (STL) to improve
Sound Transmission Class ((STC)) and
Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class
(OITC)
•
Dramatically improves sound control
characteristics near airports, highways,
railroads, manufacturing facilities, etc.
•
Also used
sed for interior so
sound
nd control in
audio studios and other production
environments.
49
Fi R t d Glass
Fire-Rated
Gl
Options
O ti
Glazing
g options
p
available that meet fire code requirements
q
1) Glass With Intumescent Interlayers (and similar gel-filled
products)
2) Ceramic
C
i Gl
Glass
3) Fire-Rated Framing Systems
50
Fire-Rated
Fi
R t d Glass:
Gl
Fire-Protective
Fi P t ti
Versus Fire-Resistant
Ceramic Fire-Rated: Fire-resistant but not fire-protective
•
Stops the direct expansion of fire but does not stop heat transfer
•
Can lead to spontaneous combustion of objects in protected areas
•
Ceramic products are listed for use in non-impact safety-rated locations and
are appropriate for applications ranging from 20 to 90 minutes.
Intumescent Fire
Fire-Rated:
Rated: Both fire
fire-protective
protective and fire
fire-resistant
resistant
•
Expand at about 250°F, transform into a rigid and opaque shield that blocks
both convected and radiated heat transmission
•
Listed for complete
p
transparent
p
non-load bearing
g wall assemblies up
p to 120
minutes
This illustration demonstrates
how intumescent interlayers
p
at about 250°F
expand
Fire-Rated Glass: Framing Systems
• Allow for through
through-vision
vision fire
protection
• Flexible framing solutions can
include:
1) Wood, aluminum, or steel
framing
2) Thermally broken framing for
transparent walls
3) Butt glazing (glass butted together,
jjoined by
y virtually
y invisible silicone
sealant)
• Framing solutions can offer varying
degrees of fire or safety protection,
depending upon the glass products
installed within them
52
Fire-Rated
Fi
R t d Glass:
Gl
Key Terminology
Integrity (E)—ability to prevent the passage of flames and hot gases
Low Radiation (EW)—ability to keep heat radiation below 15 KW/m2
on the protected side (measured from a one-meter distance)
Insulation (EI)—ability to stop heat transfer on the protected side
(maximum allowed Tº rise on the glass +285ºF average/350ºF locally)
Internal Grade (IG)—suitable for internal applications not exposed to
UV rays
External Grade (EG)—suitable for external applications (facades)
(facades), as
well as internal applications exposed to direct UV rays
53
Insulating Glass: Designed for
Energy Efficiency
• Two or more lites of glass assembled
to created a hermetically sealed
insulating space
• Reduce heat gain/loss between
interior and exterior spaces to improve
energy efficiency
• Incorporate various glass types,
coatings or tints depending upon
coatings,
requirements
• May also have high-performance
spacer systems, insulating gas,
decorative muntins and internal blinds
54
Insulating Glass: Spacer Options
Purpose of the spacer
• Provides structural integrity to maintain airspace between
glazing lites
• Act as a carrier for the desiccant system
• Act as the support system for sealants
Purpose of the spacer system (spacer, desiccant and sealants)
within an IG unit
• Maintain space between glazing lites
• Dry gas in space to prevent moisture condensation
• Retain insulating gas fills within space
• Maintain hermetic seal around IG perimeter
55
Insulating Glass:
Gas Filling Options
• Inert insulating gases reduce
conductive and convective
heat transfer through IG unit.
• Argon is most common but
may utilize krypton and other
high performance gases for
special applications
• Typically a percentage of gas
content mixed with air
56
I
Insulating
l ti Glass:
Gl
Special
S
i l Features
F t
• Muntins inside IG units simulate a true divided
lite without the labor and expense. A variety of
shapes and colors are available.
• IInternal
t
l blinds
bli d used
d for
f light
li ht and
d heat
h t control
t l
also reduce cleaning and maintenance
requirements.
57
Spandrel Glass: Creating a
Seamless Appearance
• Spandrel glass
conceals structural
components such as
floor and ceiling
joists which would
interfere with the
seamless appearance
of curtain wall
facades
• There are two types
of spandrel glass silicone coated and
ceramic
i frit
f it coated
t d
58
spandrel
Silkscreen Glass:
Silk
Gl
Custom
C t
Aesthetics—and Solar Control
• Silkscreen designs provide a decorative, colored
pattern on float or coated glass.
• Ceramic frit paint is silkscreened to glass substrate in
a pattern of dots, lines, or holes then “fired” to
becomes a durable,
durable permanent part of the glass
glass.
• Silkscreen glass also acts to diffuse light and radiant
providing
g solar control.
heat transmission, thus p
• Custom silkscreen colors and patterns can be
specified, to create a truly one-of-a-kind effect.
59
SECTION 4
Making the Right
Glass Choice
Gl
Glass
S
Selection
l ti Criteria
C it i
In specifying the best possible glass solution for each
project, architects must consider a range of factors,
including:
• Glass Aesthetics
• Performance Needs
• Application Demands
• Product Considerations
61
Choosing a Glass:
Aesthetic Considerations
•
•
•
•
•
•
62
Unique aesthetic vision
Increasing demand for natural light
Selection of the glass substrate and color
Glass coatings (performance and aesthetics)
Fabricating options
Understanding of the design implications
Choosing
Ch
i a Glass:
Gl
Performance Needs
Consider long-term energy efficiency
•
Significantly impacted by glass choice
•
Daily comfort of those who will occupy the building
Maximize year-round energy performance
Invest in energy-efficient solutions (may be larger investment)
•
Cutting edge technologies
•
Labor-intensive processes
Resources
63
•
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
•
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEEDTM) Green Building Rating System
IECC®: Mapping Performance Needs
• IECC® prescribes energy performance requirements
• Eight U.S. regions with patterns of annual heating/cooling demands
• Glass and window products can be specified based upon their “fit”
for the region in which they will be installed
64
All of Alaska in Zone 7, except for
the following Boroughs in Zone 8:
Bethel, Dellingham, Fairbanks N.
Star, Nome, North Slope, Northwest
Arctic, Southeast Fairbanks, Wace
Hampton, Yukon-Koyukuk
Zone 1 includes
Hawaii, Guam,
Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands
E
Encouraging
i “Green”
“G
” Design:
D i
LEEDTM
65
•
LEEDTM Green Building
g Rating
g System
y
has created guidelines
g
and recommendations for specifying windows.
•
Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, LEED is
g
to accelerate the development
p
and implementation
p
designed
of green building practices.
•
LEED recognizes not only energy efficiency, but also indoor
quality—considering
y
g thermal comfort,, as well
environmental q
as ample daylight and views.
•
In addition, LEED awards points for manufacturers’ recycling
practices,, and their proximity
p
p
y to job
j sites (decreasing
(
g
transportation impacts).
•
Low-E windows and other innovative glass solutions are ideal
g LEED’s “green”
g
building
g design
g criteria.
for meeting
Choosing
Ch
i a Glass:
Gl
Application Demands
66
•
In addition to meeting building codes where hurricane
resistance, security, or fire safety may be a concern,
consider the everyday strength needs of the glass.
•
Loads on architectural glass can include mechanical
stresses (caused by high winds or snow accumulation) and
thermal stresses (caused by heat build
build-up).
up).
•
Vertical, sloped, overhead, and flooring installations
include their own special set of concerns and product
requirements Be cognizant of the extra strength and
requirements.
safety needs of glass installed in these applications.
•
Also consider appropriate framing systems and glass
sealants, which can lend structural support and longevity.
Choosing
Ch
i a Glass:
Gl
Understanding Product Considerations
•
A il bl thicknesses,
Available
thi k
sizes,
i
and
d fabricating
f b i ti options
ti
•
Product customization does come with its costs
•
•
It may
y make sense to choose standard g
glass sizes and
finishing options whenever possible.
•
Partner with glass suppliers to balance creativity with
practicality and cost effectiveness.
Customized products can also take time
•
•
Restrictions imposed by building codes
•
67
Understand the impact of specialized glass solutions on
th overall
the
ll project
j t schedule.
h d l
Ensure that glass suppliers have conducted adequate
product testing to ensure that their products meet these
requirements.
S
Sources
off Additional
Additi
l Information
I f
ti
For more information, contact the following organizations:
• American
A
i
A
Architectural
hit t
l Manufacturers
M
f t
Association,
A
i ti
www.aamanet.org
t
• American Society for Testing and Materials International, www.astm.org
• Ca
Canadian
ad a Window
do and
a d Door
oo Manufacturers
a u actu e s Association,
ssoc at o , www.cwdma.ca
c d a ca
• Efficient Windows Collaborative, www.efficientwindows.org
• ENERGY STAR® program, www.energystar.gov/windows
• Glass Association of North America, www.glasswebsite.org
• International Energy Conservation Codes, www.energycodes.gov
• Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance
Alliance, www.igmaonline.org
www igmaonline org
• National Glass Association, www.glass.org
• National Fenestration Rating Council, www.nfrc.org
• U.S. Green Building Council, www.usgbc.org
68
Course Summary
Following this course,
course you should have an
increased understanding of:
• How glass is used in architectural applications—and the
functionality and performance benefits it can provide
• Different types of glass—and their applications
• Fabricated glass solutions and their applications
applications—including
including
insulating units, heat-treated glass, and fire-rated glass
• How to measure and evaluate glass performance—to make
better-informed
bette
o ed choices
c o ces when
e spec
specifying
y gg
glass
ass
69
Thank you!
This concludes the American Institute of Architects
C ti i Education
Continuing
Ed
ti System
S t
Program.
P
Are there any
yq
questions?
70
S i
Seminar
Evaluation
E l ti
Thank y
you for y
your kind attention.
Please take a moment to complete
the evaluation form.
form
71