การประเมินการใช้น้าของอ้อยตอ 1 โดยวิธี Eddy Covariance Technique
Evaluation of Water Use of the First Ratoon Cane by Eddy Covariance Technique
นงภัทร ไชยชนะ1, ทิวำ พำโคกทม1, เจษฎำ ภัทรเลอพงศ์2 และเชฎฐ์ สำทรกิจ3
Nongpat Chaichana1, Tiwa Pakoktom1, Jessada Phattaralerphong2 and Jate Sathornkich3
บทคัดย่อ
กำรทดลองครั้งนี้เป็นกำรประเมินปริมำณกำรใช้น้ำของอ้อยตอ 1 ณ ศูนย์ส่งเสริมอุตสำหกรรมอ้อยและ
น้ำตำลทรำยภำคกลำง ตั้งแต่เดือนมิถุนำยน 2553 ถึงเดือนเมษำยน 2554 โดยเทคนิค Eddy Covariance จำกข้อมูล
กำรใช้น้ำของอ้อยตอ 1 ตลอดกำรทดลอง 11 เดือน พบว่ำ กำรใช้น้ำของอ้อยเพิ่มขึ้นตั้งแต่เช้ ำมืดจนถึงเที่ยงวันและมี
กำรใช้น้ำมำกที่สุดในช่วงเวลำ 12:00-14:00 น. หลังจำกนั้น กำรใช้น้ำของอ้อยลดลง เมื่อเปรียบเทียบกำรใช้น้ำในแต่
ละระยะกำรเจริญเติบโตพบว่ำ ระยะงอกมีค่ำกำรใช้น้ำเฉลี่ยต่อวันน้อยที่สุด คือ 1.6 มม.ต่อวัน ส่วนระยะแตกกอมีค่ำ
กำรใช้น้ำเฉลี่ ยต่อวั นมำกที่สุ ด คือ 2.4 มม.ต่อวัน นอกจำกนี้พบว่ำ ปริมำณกำรใช้ น้ำทั้ งหมดในแต่ละระยะกำร
เจริญเติบโตซึ่งได้แก่ ระยะงอก ระยะแตกกอ ระยะย่ำงปล้อง และระยะสุกแก่ มีค่ำ 57.3, 151.3, 330.6 และ 142.7
มม. ตำมลำดับ ทั้งนี้ปริมำณกำรใช้น้ำของอ้อยตอ 1 รวมทั้งหมดมีค่ำเท่ำกับ 682.0 มม. จำกกำรทดลองครั้งนี้
สำมำรถสรุปได้ว่ำปริมำณกำรใช้น้ำของอ้อยตอ 1 ขึ้นกับกำรเปลี่ยนแปลงเวลำในรอบวันและระยะกำรเจริญเติบโต
และปริมำณกำรใช้น้ำของอ้อยตอ 1 ทั้งหมดมีค่ำเท่ำกับ 682.0 มม.
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ABSTRACT
This study was to evaluate water use of the first ratoon cane at Cane and Sugar Industry
Promotion Center from June 2010 to April 2011. Water use of the first ratoon cane were evaluated by
Eddy Covariance technique. From the results, water use of first ratoon cane was gradually increased from
predawn and reached the maximum during 12:00-14:00 and then water use of cane decreased.
Comparison, water use in each growing stage, minimum of water use average about 1.6 mmd-1 was
found in germination stage, while maximum water use 2.4 mmd-1 was found in stalk elongation stage. In
addition, total water use in germination stage, tillerling stage, stalk elongation stage and maturity stage
was 57.3, 151.3, 330.6 and 142.7 mm, respectively. However, total water use of first ratoon cane was
682.0 mm. For this study, it was concluded that water use of first ratoon cane depended on daily time and
growing stage and total water use of first ratoon cane was 682.0 mm.
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Key words: Water use, Eddy Covariance Technique, first ratoon cane
e-mail address: nongpat.chai@gmail.com
1
คณะเกษตร กำแพงแสน มหำวิทยำลัยเกษตรศำสตร์ วิทยำเขตกำแพงแสน นครปฐม 73140
Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140.
2
คณะทรัพยำกรธรรมชำติและอุตสำหกรรมเกษตร มหำวิทยำลัยเกษตรศำสตร์ วิทยำเขตเฉลิมพระเกียรติ จังหวัดสกลนคร สกลนคร 47000.
2
Faculty of Natural Resource and Agro-Indrustry, Kasetsart University, Chalermprakiat Sakon Nakorn, Sakon Nakorn, 47000.
3
ภำควิชำพืชสวน คณะเกษตร มหำวิทยำลัยเกษตรศำสตร์ เขตจตุจักร กรุงเทพฯ 10900.
3
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900.
1
INTRODUCTION
Sugarcane is an important crop in Thailand and global not only for sugar production but also
increasingly as a bioenergy crop due to its phenomenal dry matter production capacity (Marcelo et al.,
2007). Sugarcane global production now estimated at 1,250 million tons a year, the production yield of
sugarcane in Thailand is about 106 million tons per year. Total planting area of sugarcane in Thailand is
1.42 million ha rely on irrigation to a small extent (20%) to produce a viable crop (Office of the Cane and
Sugar Board, 2012). Seasonal water requirements for sugarcane have been derived mostly from a
relationship between cane yield and water used through transpiration and soil evaporation. (InmanBamber and Smith, 2005). Water flux and water use can be measured using many methods and Eddy
Covariance technique (EC) is the new method which do not interfere with process of gas exchange
between the surface source and the atmosphere (Kuo-Hsin et al., 2010). This technique has been used
to measure H2O flux and many studies have been published (Schrier-Uijl et al., 2010). However, most of
water exchange studies involved short-term measurements. In this paper, we present seasonal variation
of H2O flux at a customarily cultivated single cropping sugarcane crop base on the results of a single
season-long measurement of H2O flux using the EC technique.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Site description and period of measurement
This site was conducted at the first ratoon cane which was locates at Cane and Sugar Industry
Promotion Center Region 1 Kanchanaburi province in Western Thailand. The site is located at 14.03°E
latitude and 99.68°N longitude with an elevation of 22.37 m above sea level as shown in Figure 1. The soil
of the sugarcane field are sand and sandy loam. A H2O flux measurement and meteorological tower was
6.0 m height and was erected in the center of plot area. The sugarcane fields around the tower were
managed as single sugarcane-cropping fields following by a common management in this area. In this
study, the data of the 1st ratoon cane growing season (9 June 2010-31 April 2011) were analyzed.
2. Meteorological data measurement
The meteorological parameter consisted of solar radiation (Rs), net radiation (Rn), total amount of
rain, wind speed and wind direction, air temperature and relative humidity. All of meteorological
instruments were installed on the tower at a height of 6.0 m as shown in Figure 2. Soil moisture contents
which measured by EC-20 (Decagon Devices, Inc.) were buried at depths of 15 and 45 cm in the soil
around the tower. The meteorological data were conducted and average in every 30 minute and stored in
data logger CR1000 (Campbell Scientific, Inc.)
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Figure 2
The EC tower for
H2O flux and
meteorological
measurement
was established
in sugarcane
field.
Figure 1 The aerial photograph of experimental site
and the star is the location of the EC tower.
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3. Plant growth
Plant cane was planted in 30 June 2009 and the first ratoon cane started from 9 June 2010.
Growth characteristics consisted of plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight, leaf area (LA) and
leaf area index (LAI). The samples were taken from 5 plots around the tower at monthly intervals
commencing from 60 days after planting cane harvested until the next harvest. Each samples consisted
of the above-ground portions of all shoots, the shoots were separated into stem, leaf blade and leaf
sheath. When the amount of sample was in excess, a portion of representative subsample was used for
dry weight determination, extrapolated for a whole sample, which was designated as the total dry matter.
All samples were oven dried at 80°C until a constant weight was reached.
4. Eddy Covariance flux measurement
H2O flux was measured by the Eddy Covariance technique. Three components of wind velocity
and temperature fluctuation were measured with a sonic anemometer (CSAT-3; LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE,
USA). The densities of CO2 was measured with an open-path infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) (LI-7500; LICOR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). The sensor heads of the sonic anemometer and IRGA were mounted the
tower at a height of 2.0 m. above the plant canopy. The data from the sonic anemometer and IRGA were
sample at 20 Hz using a 16-bit digital data recorder and stored in data logger CR3000. Half-hourly flux
density of the H2O was calculated from the covariance between the vertical wind velocity and the
respective quantities. All data were downloaded to computer every week and the quality check by using
the standard meteorology (Makoto et al., 2005).
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RESULTS
1. Meteorological data
Meteorological condition in the first ratoon cane during 9 June 2010-30 April 2011 are shown in
Figure 3. Daily average solar radiation (Rs) variation ranged from 3.29-27.56 MJm-2d-1, lower levels of
solar radiation in March 2011. Net radiation (Rn) was increased after the sunrise and reached its
maximum at noon. The daily average of Rn variation ranged from 0.63-22.5 Wm-2. The trend of average
air temperature (Ta) and average of relative humidity (RH) as shown in Figure 4. The average of Ta
fluctuation was between 17.9-31.1°C, its minimum was 17.9°C in March 2011 and its maximum was
31.1°C in April 2011. The average of relative humidity (RH) was 71% its minimum was 53%. Total amount
of rain during the study period was 345 mm and its maximum was 61.1 mm per day which was occurred
in 29 June 2010 (Figure. 5).
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Solar Radiation (Rs) and
Net Radiation (MJm-2d-1)
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Figure 3 Time series of solar radiation (Rs) and net radiation (Rn) at the experimental site from 9 June
2010-30 April 2011.
Air Temperature (Ta) ( C)
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30
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Ta
RH
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Relative Humidity (RH) ( %)
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Figure 4 Time series of average air temperature (Ta) and average relative humidity (RH) at the
experimental site from 9 June 2010-30 April 2011.
60
Total amout of rain (mm.)
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Figure 5 Total amount of rain at the experimental site from 9 June 2010-30 April 2011.
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(a)
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5 6 7
age (month)
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(b)
3
LAI
Plant height (cm)
2. Plant growth parameters
Plant height increased gradually from starting the measurement and reached to the saturated
point at 210 DAH. Plant height was reached a maximum of 152 cm in maturity stage as show in Fig. 6 (a).
The LAI shown a gradually increase from the tillering stage and reached a maximum at stalk elongation
stage (Figure 6(b)).
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Figure 6 The plant height (cm) (a) and leaf area index (LAI) (b) of the first ratoon cane.
3. Daily trend of H2O flux
All of the data set of the first ratoon cane were analyzed for the daily trend of H 2O flux. The daily
trend of H2O flux is presented in Figure 7. Throughout the measurement period, the daily values ranged
from 0.0008-0.0736 gH2Om-2s-1. The fluxes of H2O were smaller during the nighttime and started
increasing at 7:00 and continued onwards, the conductance increased continuously up noon, and
steadily declined thereafter.
0.08
(average 30 min)
0.07
H2O flux (gH2Om-2s-1)
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0.05
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0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0:00
4:00
8:00
12:00
Local Time
16:00
20:00
24:00
Figure 7 Daily trend of H2O flux of the first ratoon cane from 9 June 2010-30 April 2011.
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4. Seasonal trend of H2O flux
Seasonal variation of H2O flux as shown in Figure 8. The daily values ranged fluctuation between
0.7-4.3 mmd-1. The average and total of water use in each growing stage as shown in Table 1. Total of
water use in germination stage, tillering stage, stalk elongation stage and maturity stage were 57.3, 151.3,
330.6 and 142.7 mm, respectively. Total of water use of the 1st ratoon cane were 682.0 mm.
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H2O flux (mmd-1)
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( 1 day average)
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Month-year
Figure 8. Seasonal trend of H2O flux of the first ratoon cane during 9 June 2010-30 April 2011.
Table 1 The average and total of water use in each growing stage of the first ratoon cane from 9 June
2010-30 April 2011.
Month after plant
Average of water use Total of water use
Month Year
Growing stage
cane harvesting
(mmd-1)
(mm)
Jun 2010
July-Aug
2010
Sep 2010Jan 2011
Feb-Apr
2011
Total
0-1
Germination
1.9
57.3
2-3
Tillering
2.4
151.3
4-8
Stalk elongation
2.2
330.6
9-11
Maturity
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142.7
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During transpiration, energy gradients develop along the transpiration pathway. This is necessary
for water to flow from the roots, through the xylem to the leaves (Inman-Bamber and Smith, 2005).
Pakoktom et al. (2009) found the water use of rice paddy field varied in each growing stage and highest
water use achieved when rice has a high leaf area index or that is high leaf density. In a previous study
on sugarcane in Thailand (Jessada et al., 2008), water use was increased gradually from after planting
and reached to the saturated point at 4 month after planting and totally of water use of plant cane (7
months) was 678.9 mm.
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CONCLUSION
The fluxes of H2O were smaller during the nighttime and then started increasing from 7:00 a.m.
and continued onwards, the conductance increased continuously up noon, and steadily declined
thereafter, caused from plants transpire in photosynthesis system. Total of water use of the 1st ratoon
cane were 682.0 mm.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was financially supported by Office of the Cane and Sugar Board. Many thanks to
DORAS center for their supporting instruments and many encouragements. And We are grateful to the
Cane and Sugar Industry Promotion Center Region 1 for supporting the experimental field.
LITERATURE CITED
เจษฎำ ภัทรเลอพงศ์, พูนพิภพ เกษมทรัพย์, ศรปรำชญ์ ธไนศวรรยำงค์กูร, ดวงรัตน์ ศตคุณ และเชฏฐ์ สำทรกิจ.
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ความรู้ โครงสร้างองค์ความรู้และพัฒนาด้านอ้อย ภายใต้แผนแม่บทโครงสร้างพืนฐานทางปัญญา.
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rice paddy field in Japan. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 135: 93-109.
Marcelo de A. S., J. L. Jifon, J. A. G. Da Silva and V. Sharma. 2007. Use of physiological parameters as
fast tools to screen for drought tolerance in sugarcane. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 19(3): 193-201.
Office of the Cane and Sugar Board 2012. Report on Cane and Sugar Production 2011/12. Available
Source: http://www.ocsb.go.th/upload/journal/fileupload/923-3963.pdf., 14 September, 2012.
Kuo-Hsin, T., J. Tsai, A. Alagesan, B. Tsuang, M. Yao and P. Kuo. 2010. Determination of methane and
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covariance measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150: 825-859.
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