iCoupler Digital Isolation Products ® Table of Contents Introduction to Analog Devices’ iCoupler Isolation Products Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 In a wide variety of systems, designers are faced with the challenge of signaling data between two points while preventing the flow of electrical current. This is typically needed for safety or grounding considerations. The solution to this problem is to employ a galvanic isolation device. Such a device allows signals to travel between the two points but prevents the flow of electrical current. Quality and Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 iCoupler Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Product Selection Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ADuM1100 Single-Channel Isolators . . . . 8 ADuM120x Dual-Channel Isolators. . . . . . 9 ADuM130x/ADuM140x Triple-/Quad-Channel Isolators . . . . . . 10 ADuM240x 5 kV Quad-Channel Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Common isolation solutions use either optocoupler, transformer, or capacitor techniques. None of these approaches has kept up with the relentless drive to improve the cost, size, power, performance, and reliability characteristics of electrical systems. As a result, the isolation function has become a limiting factor in many designs regarding these characteristics. Analog Devices’ iCoupler technology eliminates this bottleneck. Using chip scale transformer technology, iCoupler products bring the isolation function into the fold with other semiconductor functions with improvements in all these areas. As a result, designers can implement isolation in their designs without the cost, size, power, performance, and reliability constraints found with traditional isolation solutions. POINT A ISOLATOR POINT B INFORMATION FLOW PROTECT HUMANS/EQUIPMENT NO CURRENT FLOW ISOLATION BARRIER ELIMINATE GROUNDING PROBLEMS IMPROVE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 2 iCoupler Benefits iCoupler products eliminate limitations imposed by the most common isolation solution—optocouplers. They do so by bringing dramatic improvements in five areas—integration (reduced size and cost), performance, power consumption, ease of use, and reliability. Integration (Reduced Size and Cost) iCoupler products are manufactured using wafer-processing techniques. As a result, multiple isolation channels can be efficiently integrated with each other and with other semiconductor functions. The example shown below compares the size and cost characteristics of a typical multichannel isolation solution using optocoupler and iCoupler technologies. As illustrated, the integration benefit of iCoupler technology enables a 40% to 60% reduction in size and cost. R1 C2 D1 C1 R2 C2 DUAL OPTO D2 R6 ADuM1401 OPTO 25 mm 10 mm R5 D4 R3 R7 C1 OPTO 16 mm R4 C3 R8 D3 17 mm Performance iCoupler products employ high speed CMOS and chip scale transformers. This is in contrast to the LEDs and photodiodes used in optocouplers. As a result, much higher performance levels can be achieved. As seen below, iCouplers provide a two to four times improvement in data rate and timing specifications relative to commonly used high speed optocouplers. Parameter Optocoupler #1 Optocoupler #2 ADuM1100BR iCoupler 12.5 Mbps 25 Mbps 100 Mbps Propagation Delay 40 ns 40 ns 18 ns Part-to-Part Match 20 ns 20 ns 8 ns Pulse Width Distortion 8 ns 6 ns 2 ns Maximum Data Rate www.analog.com/icoupler 3 Power Consumption Since iCoupler products do not contain inefficient LEDs and photodiodes, they operate at power levels as low as 2% that of optocouplers. This, in turn, reduces heat dissipation, improves reliability, and often reduces cost. The figure at right compares the power consumption of a variety of optocouplers with that of iCouplers operating at various data rates. POWER CONSUMPTION (mW) 1000 OPTOCOUPLERS 100 HCPL-0723 HCPL-0710 HCPL-060x HCPL-0700 HCPL-050x HCPL-020x 10 iCOUPLERS 1 0.1 1 10 DATA RATE (Mbps) Ease of Use All iCoupler products have standard digital CMOS input and output interfaces. As a result, no external components are required to connect iCouplers with other digital devices. Furthermore, the performance of iCoupler products is extremely stable over temperature, supply voltage, and lifetime. No derating is necessary. iCouplers can therefore be quickly incorporated into any design without the complexity associated with optocouplers. Parameter Optocouplers iCouplers Analog Digital Current Transfer Ratio Large Variations Not Applicable Maximum Operating Temperature +85°C (Usually) +100°C to +125°C Propagation Delay vs. Temperature 0.1 ns/°C to 1 ns/°C 0.02 ns/°C – 2.7 V to 5.5 V Unspecified to 10 kV/s 25 kV/s Interfaces Voltage Translation Common-Mode Transient Immunity Reliability Components containing LEDs (such as optocouplers) are often among those having the highest failure rates in electrical systems. However, by eliminating LEDs and substituting CMOS technology, iCouplers achieve the same reliability characteristics as other CMOS components. Parameter Optocouplers iCouplers iCoupler Advantage • No LED Wearout Active Devices LEDs, Photodiodes 0.6 Micron CMOS • Low Temperature Acceleration • FIT Rate <10 Insulation Discrete, Inserted at Assembly Polyimide, Wafer-Level Processed Thermal Dissipation 50 mW to 200 mW per Channel 1 mW to 10 mW per Channel (Data Rates < 10 Mbps) Semiconductor Clean-Room Control and Consistency • Increased Lifetime • Negligible Heating of Adjacent Components www.analog.com/icoupler 100 4 Quality and Reliability iCoupler products have been evaluated to high levels of reliability regarding parametric performance as well as insulation integrity. In addition, all iCouplers carry the same regulatory safety approvals as those commonly found with high quality optocouplers. Quality iCoupler wafers are fabricated using standard CMOS processes combined with a post-passivation process involving a tightly-controlled layer of insulating polyimide. All fabrication processes are subjected to rigorous in-line monitoring and quality control. Furthermore, fabrication, assembly, and product-level qualifications are performed over multiple lots to ensure manufacturing stability and quality. At final test, each iCoupler unit is subjected to both parametric as well as high voltage testing. High voltage testing is performed at a voltage 20% above the product’s isolation rating and checks for current leakage and partial discharge. The presence of either is indicative of a component with either an existing or imminent deficiency. LIST OF QUALIFICATIONS CORPORATE STANDARD QUALIFICATIONS FABRICATION QUALIFICATION SUPPLEMENTAL QUALIFICATIONS CUSTOMER FEEDBACK PASSED PRODUCTION QUALITY CONTROL ASSEMBLY QUALIFICATION APPLICATION SPECIFIC QUALIFICATION PASSED • • • • • TIME-DEPENDENT DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN ELECTROMIGRATION HOT CARRIER INJECTION THERMAL SHOCK SEQUENCE TEMPERATURE CYCLING SEQUENCE • • • • • • • • • • BOND STRENGTH BURN-IN SEQUENCE CONSTANT ACCELERATION HERMETICITY HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE INTERNAL WATER VAPOR TEST LEAD FATIGUE LID TORQUE MARKING PERMANENCY MECHANICAL SHOCK • • • • • • • • • • • • ELECTRICAL ENDURANCE—HTOL AND LTOL EARLY LIFE FAILURE CHARACTERIZATION HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE MOISTURE ENDURANCE TEST DIE SHEAR TEST MOISTURE SENSITIVITY CHARACTERIZATION MOISTURE SENSITIVITY CHARACTERIZATION MOISTURE ENDURANCE SEQUENCE AND AUTOCLAVE RESISTANCE TO SOLDERING HEAT SOLDERABILITY THERMAL IMPEDANCE • VIBRATION, VARIABLE FREQUENCY • X-RAY INSPECTION • FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY QUALIFICATION • ELECTRICAL STATIC DISCHARGE (ESD) • LATCH UP END-PRODUCT QUALIFICATION Regulatory Approvals The iCoupler products contained in this brochure have been approved by UL, CSA, and VDE. The table below summarizes the compliance of these products for each agency relative to the relevant standard, voltage level, and insulation type. An important note is that despite successful testing to reinforced insulation requirements, VDE’s certification has been withheld until a new magnetic isolator safety standard is approved (estimated for mid-2005). Once this new standard (IEC 60747-5-5) is approved, iCoupler products as shown below will receive VDE reinforced insulation certification. Agency UL CSA VDE ■ Standard UL 1577 (Optical Isolators) Acceptance Notice 5A IEC 60601-1 (Medical Equipment) DIN EN 60747-5-2 IEC 60747-5-5 (Magnetic Isolators) Approval ADuM1100 ADuM120x 2.5 kV rms Isolation Rating (Basic) 2.5 kV rms Isolation Rating (Reinforced) 5.0 kV rms Isolation Rating (Reinforced) 400 V rms Working Voltage (Basic) 400 V rms Working Voltage (Reinforced) 250 V rms Working Voltage (Reinforced) ✓ ✓ 400 V rms Working Voltage (Basic) 400 V rms Working Voltage (Reinforced) 500 V rms Working Voltage (Basic) ✓ ADuM130x ADuM140x ✓ ✓ ADuM240x ■ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ■ ■ ✓ = Pending as of March 2004. www.analog.com/icoupler ✓ ✓ ■ ■ ■ ■ 5 Reliability Analog Devices’ reliability evaluations address both the parametric performance as well as the insulation integrity of iCoupler products. Shown below are the reliability evaluations that iCoupler products have undergone. In addition, the lifetime of the iCoupler insulation system has been evaluated using voltage acceleration tests. Based on this data, iCoupler products have 10 ppm lifetimes exceeding 60 years when subjected continuously to their maximum rated working voltage. Test Conditions Duration Quantity Rejects 168 Hours 0 Autoclave* 121°C, 100% RH, 2 Atm High Temperature Operation Life 150°C < TJ < 175°C, Biased 2,000 Hours 0 High Temperature Storage 150°C 2,000 Hours 0 Highly Accelerated Stress Test* 130°C, 85% RH, 2 Atm, Biased 672 Hours 0 Low Temperature Operation Life –40°C, Biased 1,000 Hours 0 Temperature Cycle* –65°C/+150°C 500 Cycles 0 Thermal Shock* –65°C/+150°C 500 Cycles 0 ESD, Pin-to-Pin 3 kV (Human Body Model) – 0 ESD, Across Isolation Barrier 13 kV (IEC 61000-4-2) – 0 * Noted samples were subjected to preconditioning (per J-STD-020B Level 1) prior to the start of the stress test. Level 1 preconditioning consists of the following: • Bake: 24 hrs @ 125°C • Unbiased Soak: 168 hrs @ 85°C, 85% RH • Reflow: 3 passes through a convection/IR oven with a 2°C/sec maximum ramp rate and a peak temperature of 255 –0/+5°C for a minimum of 10 seconds Magnetic Immunity iCoupler products are extremely immune to external magnetic fields. This is due to the small size of iCoupler transformers (approximately 0.5 mm in diameter). The chart below shows how large a neighboring current must be to induce a magnetic field that could disrupt iCoupler performance. The required current is a function of both frequency and current-to-iCoupler transformer spacing. For example, if a current flowing 5 mm away from an iCoupler transformer is oscillating at 1 MHz, it would have to have a magnitude of 500 A to cause an iCoupler disruption! MAX ALLOWABLE CURRENT (kA) 1000 DIST. = 1 M 100 DIST. = 100 MM 10 DIST. = 5 MM 1 0.1 0.01 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M MAGNETIC FIELD FREQUENCY (Hz) www.analog.com/icoupler 100M 6 iCoupler Technology iCoupler isolation technology is based on chip scale transformers rather than the LEDs and photodiodes used in optocouplers. By fabricating the transformers directly on-chip using wafer-level processing, iCoupler channels can be integrated with each other and other semiconductor functions at low cost. iCoupler transformers are planar structures that use the CMOS metal layers as well as a gold layer fabricated on top of the wafer passivation. A high breakdown polyimide layer underneath the gold layer insulates the top transformer coil from the bottom. CMOS circuits connected to the top coil and the bottom coil provide the interface between each transformer and its external signals. Input logic transitions are encoded using 1 ns pulses routed to the primary side of a given transformer. These pulses couple from one transformer coil to another and are detected by the circuitry on the secondary side of the transformer. This circuitry then recreates the input digital signal at the output. In addition, a refresh circuit is included at the input side to ensure that the output state matches the input state even if no input transitions are present. This is important in power-up situations as well as input waveforms with low data rates or long durations with constant dc inputs. Since the purpose of iCoupler products is to isolate an input from an output, the circuitry on one side of the transformers must be contained on a separate chip from the circuitry on the second side of the transformers. The transformers themselves can be placed on either chip or on a third chip as shown in the ADuM140x configuration below. The entire chipset is assembled within a standard plastic package similar to that used for a wide variety of semiconductor devices. A novel feature of iCoupler devices is their ability to combine both transmit and receive channels in the same package. Since the iCoupler transformers are inherently bidirectional, signals can pass in either direction, provided the appropriate circuitry is present on either side of the transformers. In this manner, multichannel isolators are offered with a variety of transmit/receive channel configurations. AT EACH INPUT EDGE, DRIVER CIRCUIT TRANSMITS SINGLE OR DOUBLE PULSES (1 ns) TO TRANSFORMER PULSES COUPLE FROM TOP TO BOTTOM COIL THROUGH POLYIMIDE INSULATION RISING FALLING EDGE EDGE INPUT DIGITAL SIGNAL WITH FALLING AND RISING EDGES CMOS TOP METAL ADuM140x Quad Isolator Construction www.analog.com/icoupler RECEIVER CIRCUIT RECREATES DIGITAL INPUT BASED ON RECEIVED PULSES 7 Product Selection Table iCoupler products cover a wide range of performance levels and channel configurations. In addition, selected products offer increased isolation ratings and/or operating temperatures. The table below provides an overview of current offerings. Check www.analog.com/icoupler for the latest information about iCoupler products. Check with your local salesperson or distributor for the latest pricing information. Max Data Rate (Mbps) Number of Channels 2 Low Cost Models 1 3 4 2 Midrange Models 10 3 4 25 100 25 High Performance Models 1 2 3 90 4 High Temp Model 100 1 Channel Config1 Isolation Rating2 2.5 kV rms 5.0 kV rms Max Operating Temp (˚C) 8-Lead, 16-Lead, Narrow-Body Wide-Body SOIC SOIC Price3 2.5 kV/5.0 kV 1k qty 2/0 ADuM1200AR • $1.27 1/1 ADuM1201AR • $1.27 3/0 ADuM1300ARW • $1.73 2/1 ADuM1301ARW • $1.73 4/0 ADuM1400ARW ADuM2400ARW • $2.30/$3.16 3/1 ADuM1401ARW ADuM2401ARW • $2.30/$3.16 2/2 ADuM1402ARW ADuM2402ARW • $2.30/$3.16 2/0 ADuM1200BR • $1.85 1/1 ADuM1201BR • $1.85 3/0 ADuM1300BRW • $2.61 2/1 ADuM1301BRW • $2.61 4/0 ADuM1400BRW ADuM2400BRW • $3.48/$4.60 3/1 ADuM1401BRW ADuM2401BRW • $3.48/$4.60 2/2 ADuM1402BRW ADuM2402BRW • $3.48/$4.60 1/0 ADuM1100AR • $1.87 1/0 ADuM1100BR • $2.09 2/0 ADuM1200CR • $2.59 1/1 ADuM1201CR • $2.59 3/0 ADuM1300CRW • $4.13 2/1 ADuM1301CRW • $4.13 4/0 ADuM1400CRW ADuM2400CRW • $4.63/$5.95 3/1 ADuM1401CRW ADuM2401CRW • $4.63/$5.95 2/2 ADuM1402CRW ADuM2402CRW • $4.63/$5.95 1/0 ADuM1100UR +105 +125 1Refers to the number of forward and reverse channels. For example, “3/1” denotes three forward channels and one reverse channel. 2Refers to the UL 1577 isolation rating. 3Feb. 2005 pricing. Note: All 2.5 kV products are available in both standard and lead-free configurations. The model numbers of lead-free versions are obtained by adding a “Z” to the end of the model numbers above. 5.0 kV products are available in lead-free configurations only. The lead-free models may be used with standard solder reflow profiles if lead-based solder is used. www.analog.com/icoupler • $2.88 8 ADuM1100 Single-Channel Isolators Features • High data rate: dc to 100 Mbps (NRZ) • Low propagation delay: 18 ns max • Small pulse width distortion: 2 ns max • Low power operation • 1 mA per channel max at dc to 2 Mbps The ADuM1100 product family consists of Analog Devices’ highest performance iCoupler products. Configured as pin-compatible replacements for common high speed optocouplers (data rates >10 Mbps), the ADuM1100 offers an easy way to increase performance, reduce power consumption, and reduce cost in high speed designs. The ADuM1100 operates from 3.0 V to 5.5 V and supports data rates as high as 25 Mbps (AR grade) or 100 Mbps (BR and UR grades), respectively. The ADuM1100UR model extends the maximum operating temperature from 105°C to 125°C. • 4.5 mA per channel at 25 Mbps • 17 mA per channel at 100 Mbps • High temperature operation • +105°C for AR/BR grades • +125°C for UR grade • 3 V/5 V level translation • 8-lead, narrow-body SOIC package • Safety approvals: • UL 1577: isolation rating = 2.5 kV rms • VDE (EN60747-5-2): VIORM = 560 VPK • CSA Component Acceptance Notice 5A VDD1 VI (DATA IN) VDD2 D E C O D E E N C O D E VO (DATA OUT) VDD1 UPDATE GND1 GND2 WATCHDOG ADuM1100 www.analog.com/ADuM1100 GND2 9 ADuM120x Dual-Channel Isolators Features The ADuM120x product family consists of Analog Devices’ highest-density iCoupler products. By combining two independent isolation channels into an 8-lead, narrowbody SOIC package, the ADuM1200 and ADuM1201 offer per-channel footprints of only 15 square millimeters. Furthermore, unlike any optocoupler offering, the ADuM1200/ADuM1201 family supports both unidirectional and bidirectional data flow. • 8-lead, narrow-body SOIC package • Unidirectional and bidirectional communication • Low power operation: • 1.1 mA per channel max at dc to 2 Mbps • 3.7 mA per channel at 10 Mbps • 8 mA per channel at 25 Mbps • 3 V/5 V level translation The ADuM1200/ADuM1201 family is offered at three performance/price points. The AR grade supports data rates up to 1 Mbps; the BR grade supports data rates up to 10 Mbps; and the CR grade supports data rates up to 25 Mbps. All of these models operate from 2.7 V to 5.5 V over a temperature range of –40°C to +105°C. These products are ideal solutions for multichannel applications in which space is at a premium. • High temperature operation: +105°C • Safety approvals: • UL 1577: isolation rating = 2.5 kV rms • VDE (EN60747-5-2): VIORM = 560 VPK • CSA Component Acceptance Notice 5A ADuM1200 www.analog.com/ADuM1200 ADuM1201 10 ADuM130x/ADuM140x Triple- and Quad-Channel Isolators Features • High data rate: dc to 90 Mbps (NRZ) • Unidirectional and bidirectional channel configurations • Low power operation • 1.0 mA per channel max at dc to 2 Mbps • 3.5 mA per channel at 10 Mbps • 31 mA per channel at 90 Mbps The ADuM130x/ADuM140x product family eliminates the need for multiple optocouplers and their accompanying external discrete components. These triple- and quad-channel isolators are offered in five different channel configurations, each with three performance grades to provide a tailored solution for a wide variety of applications. The ARW grade supports data rates up to 1 Mbps; the BRW grade supports data rates up to 10 Mbps; and the CRW grade supports data rates up to 90 Mbps. All models operate from 2.7 V to 5.5 V over a temperature range of –40°C to +105°C. These products provide an easy, single-component solution to triple- and quad-channel applications. • 3 V/5 V level translation • High temperature operation: +105°C • 16-lead, wide-body SOIC package • Safety approvals: • UL 1577: isolation rating = 2.5 kV rms • VDE (EN60747-5-2): VIORM = 560 VPK • CSA Component Acceptance Notice 5A ADuM1300 www.analog.com/ADuM1300 ADuM1301 • ADuM1400 ADuM1401 ADuM1402 www.analog.com/ADuM1400 11 ADuM240x 5 kV Quad-Channel Isolators Features • High data rate: dc to 90 Mbps (NRZ) • Unidirectional and bidirectional channel configurations • Low power operation • 1 mA per channel max at dc to 2 Mbps The ADuM240x product family is Analog Devices’ first with an isolation rating greater than 2.5 kV rms. These quad-channel isolators are pin- and specificationcompliant with the ADuM140x family, but provide double the isolation rating at 5.0 kV rms. Intended for medical and other safety-critical applications, the ADuM240x isolators are certified to a working voltage of 250 V rms (reinforced insulation) according to the medical equipment standard IEC 60601-1. They are also approved for working voltages up to 500 V rms per the more general standard EN60747-5-2. These quad-channel isolators are offered in three different channel configurations, each with three performance grades. The ARW grade supports data rates up to 1 Mbps; the BRW grade supports data rates up to 10 Mbps; and the CRW grade supports data rates up to 90 Mbps. All models operate from 2.7 V to 5.5 V over a temperature range of –40°C to +105°C. These products provide an easy, single-component solution for multichannel applications requiring a superior level of agency-approved insulation characteristics. • 3.5 mA per channel at 10 Mbps • 31 mA per channel at 90 Mbps • 3 V/5 V level translation • High temperature operation: +105°C • 16-lead, wide-body SOIC package • Safety approvals • UL 1577: isolation rating = 5.0 kV rms • VDE (EN60747-5-2): VIORM = 707 VPK • CSA Component Acceptance Notice 5A • IEC 60601-1: maximum working voltage = 250 V rms ADuM2400 www.analog.com/ADuM2400 ADuM2401 ADuM2402 iCoupler Isolators Eliminate Optocoupler Difficulties No LEDs and photodetectors make for better isolation components: • Integration: Wafer-level fabrication enables lower size and cost • Performance: Two to four times higher data rate and timing accuracy • Power: Ten to seventy times lower power consumption • Ease of Use: Standard CMOS interfaces without current-transfer-ratio headaches • Reliability: CMOS-level reliability eliminates LED problems Analog Devices, Inc. Worldwide Headquarters Analog Devices, Inc. One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106 U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 (800.262.5643, U.S.A. only) Fax: 781.461.3113 Analog Devices, Inc. Europe Headquarters Analog Devices SA 17-19 rue Georges Besse Antony, 92160 France Tel: 33.1.46.74.45.00 Fax: 33.1.46.74.45.01 Analog Devices, Inc. Japan Headquarters Analog Devices, KK New Pier Takeshiba South Tower Building 1-16-1 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-6891 Japan Tel: 813.5402.8210 Fax: 813.5402.1064 Analog Devices, Inc. Southeast Asia Headquarters Analog Devices 22/F One Corporate Avenue 222 Hu Bin Road Shanghai, 200021 China Tel: 86.21.5150.3000 Fax: 86.21.5150.3222 Technical Support Evaluation Boards FAQ, Application Notes, and Technical Articles A variety of iCoupler evaluation kits are available to facilitate product evaluation. Furthermore, because many iCoupler products share identical footprints and pinouts, existing evaluation boards can be used for most products not having dedicated evaluation boards. A full list of all available evaluation kits can be found in the Design Tools section of www.analog.com/icoupler. The Related Technical Info section of the iCoupler website contains a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) document addressing many common questions about isolation, iCoupler technology, and iCoupler products. Also available at this location are various application notes and an assortment of technical articles. IBIS Models A full set of IBIS models is available in the Design Tools section of www.analog.com/icoupler. These models may be used to validate user designs incorporating iCoupler components. © 2005 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Printed in the U.S.A. BR04966-10-3/05 For Further Information • Analog Devices’ Central Technical Support Group: www.analog.com/TechSupport/Linear • iCoupler website: www.analog.com/icoupler