Details for the Building Enclosure
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The Thompson & Lichtner Co.
Senior Architect
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Richard Keleher Architect
AIA, CSI, LEED AP
Independent Consultant
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Building Enclosure Services:
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Design Assistance
Peer Review
Condition Surveys
Submittal Review
Construction Inspection and Testing
BSA Building Enclosure Council
Founding Chair
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BETEC a Council of NIBS
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(Building Enclosure Technology and Environment Council)
Board Member
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The Green Team
Concord, MA; Founder
Tubac House, Rick Joy
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Details for the Building Enclosure
Copyright materials
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright
laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation
without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.
© Thompson & Lichtner, 2014
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Disclaimer
The following details are intended for educational use only and
should not be incorporated directly into a design without
careful consideration by a design professional.
Certain assumptions have been made about design conditions
and other elements that could make the examples incorrect for
some applications.
All materials are generic and no preference for one
manufacturer’s product over another is implied.
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Outline:
Principles Applied to Details
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Recommend two-stage weather-tightening
Sealants not Reliable
Rain penetration forces
Five control layers
Wood Frame
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Walls and roofs
Openings – flanged windows
Commercial Construction
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Sprague School, HMFH
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Parapets
Veneer walls
Precast concrete with dual seal joints
Openings
• Curtain wall
• Windows, louvers and doors
• Flanged windows
• Storefronts
• Subsills and receptors
Expansion joints
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PRINCIPLES
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Principles
The Obvious Solution – Sealants Not Reliable
• Design Requirements
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Width sufficient to accommodate movement
• Shape Must be Just Right (see diagram)
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Correct: depth = 1/2 of width
Too thick: adhesive failure: comes of off adjacent
substrate. Maximum thickness: Silicone: 3/8”
Silicone doesn’t cure over 3/8” Polyurethane: ½”
Too thin: cohesive failure: comes apart
• Installation Requirements
Sealant Shapes
1 Correct shape
2 Too thick.
3 Too thin.
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Compatible sealant and substrate
Proper surface preparation
Proper backer rod type and position
Proper tooling
Proper temperature (Cold-dampness. Hot-workability)
• And, Many Causes of Deterioration
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Ultraviolet radiation
Thermal cycling (worst in New England)
Standing water (horizontal joints)
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Principles
The Five Control Layers
1 Rainscreen:
Sheds a majority of the water and protects underlying material from
damaging ultra-violet light.
2 Drainage Plane: (Sometimes labeled “water barrier”). Drains the water away from substrate,
incorporates flashings, drips, weeps, etc.
3 Air Barrier:
Prevents air leakage and consequent convective energy loss and prevents
condensation due to water vapor being carried around vapor barriers, etc. An
air barrier is critical to envelope performance. It prevents water leakage
entrained in the air, condensation from moisture laden air, and energy loss. It
can, and often is, used as the drainage plane
4 Thermal Barrier: Prevents conductive energy loss. Insulation should be protected by a vapor
retarder/barrier if it is not closed-cell. Closed-cell insulations can act as their
own vapor retarder/barrier. The vapor retarder/barrier should be on the warmin-winter side of the assembly. In climate zones 3 and 4 no vapor retarder/
barrier is required. See next slide.
5 Vapor Retarder: Prevents warm, humid air from reaching a cold surface where it can be cooled
(maybe)
to the dew point and condense on interior surfaces. See the next slide.
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Principles
Forces
Rain Penetration
Forces to be managed:
• Kinetic Energy
•
Surface Tension
• Gravity
• Capillarity
• Air Pressure
Conclusion
Two-stage weather-tightening is the only reliable
way to provide weather-tight walls.
3/8”
Use veneers with drainage planes behind (cavity
walls).
The drainage plane is CRITICAL. Attention to the
details is as important as ever (75% of construction
litigation is for leaks).
Problem
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Solution
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Principles
Fire
2012 International Building Code
Requirements
NFPA 285 Fire Test
1.
Excerpts:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Combustible materials are permitted in
non-combustible construction (see
Section 603 of the IBC):
Foam plastics in accordance with
Chapter 26
Roof coverings that have an A, B or C
classification.
Combustible exterior wall coverings,
balconies and similar projections and bay
or oriel windows in accordance with
Chapter 14.
Mastics and caulking materials applied to
provide flexible seals between
components of exterior wall construction.
Exterior plastic veneer installed in
accordance with Section 2605.2.
2603.5 Exterior walls of buildings of
any height. Exterior walls of buildings of
Type I, II, III or IV construction of any
height shall comply with Sections
2603.5.1 through 2603.5.7.
2603.5.5 Vertical and lateral fire
propagation.
The exterior wall assembly shall be
tested in accordance with and comply
with the acceptance criteria of NFPA 285.
Exception: One-story buildings
complying with Section 2603.4.1.4.
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Monte Carlo Hotel Fire, Las Vegas
EIFS set ablaze by workmen
1/25/08
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Principles
NFPA 285 Fire Test
More Information
Email me at kel@rkeleher.com. I can
sedn you my paper on NFPA 285.
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Principles
Looking Forward
Thermal Bridges
Pressure for Higher R-value will
Conflict with (New?) Fire Test
Requirements
Will Cause condensation and
significantly reduce the value of
insulation. See ASHRAE chart:
New requirements for higher insulation
values and enforcement of existing and
new fire performance requirements for
commercial buildings are in direct
conflict.
Decreased Heat Flow Due to Higher
Insulation Levels Will Lead to
Moisture Problems (Corrosion,
Damage, Mold)
See Building Science Corporation BSI028 (www.buildingscience.com).
© Copyright 2014
Note that the reduction depends on
depth; above is for studs. Girts will
have less loss (not as deep).
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Graph courtesy of Morrison Hershfield
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Principles
Two Thermally-Broken Cladding Attachment Systems
Cascadia Windows and Doors
fiberglass clip
Knight Wall Systems
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Principles
US Climate Zone Map*
*US Department of Energy
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Principles
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Massachusetts Air Barrier Requirements
for Commercial Buildings*
*Massachusetts Building Code, 780 CMR, Chapter 13 - Energy
Principles
Now in the
national model
code, too
The code also requires careful and thorough
detailing of the air barrier and it flashings and
connections to adjacent elements.
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WOOD-FRAME
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Vapor Control Layer
Principles
(some of the subtleties of vapor control)
Excerpted from Info-310, by Building Science Corporation (BSC), www.buildingscience.com
The requirements in the code can be used for wood framed structures with temperature and humidity
conditions typical of residential occupancy. Three classes of vapor control are defined depending on
the vapor permeance of the vapor control layer.
Class I:
Class II:
Class III:
<0.1 perms, e.g. polyethylene sheet, sheet metal, or aluminum facing.
0.1 - 1.0 perms, e.g., kraft faced fiberglass batts, and some vapor control paints.
1.0 - 10 perms, e.g. latex or enamel paints.
The level of vapor control is required on the interior side of framed walls with typical fibrous stud
cavity insulation (fiberglass, mineral wool, or cellulose) is determined based on DOE climate zone of
construction (see climate map, next slide). No interior vapor control is required on the interior side of
framed walls in climate zones 1, 2, 3, 4A, or 4B. In hot, humid climates, a Class I or II vapor control
layer on the interior of the framing can, and often does, cause premature building enclosure failure
due to inward moisture drive condensation. BSC recommends avoiding Class I or II vapor control
layer on the interior in these zones, or any material that acts inadvertently like a Class I or II vapor
control layer such as reflective foil insulations, vinyl wall coverings, glass mirrors and epoxy paints.
This is because, unlike old-fashioned wood sheathing and plywood, which were very permeable (10
perms), OSB starts out at 2 perms and becomes more of a vapor retarder as it gets wet. A primary
rule of building science is to never have two vapor barriers in an assembly (if it gets wet, it can’t dry).
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Principles
Vapor Control Layer continued
Hence the recommendation to have a vapor permeable weather barrier. But, be careful with
moisture-storing claddings, such as brick veneer; they can drive vapor INTO a wall when the sun hits
the wall.
A class III vapor control layer may be used on the interior of framed walls in Zone 4c and higher.
High density (2lb/cf) closed cell spray foam can be used on the interior of non-insulating sheathing
as a replacement for insulating sheathing in a “flash and batt” or “flash and blow” application. For
example, in zone 6, high density spray foam with an R-value of 11.25 (slightly less R-value is OK in
zone 5) or more can be used on the interior cavity side of exterior plywood or OSB sheathing
installed on a 2x6 framed wall with the remainder of the cavity insulated with a fiberglass batt or
cellulose and a Class III vapor control layer.
I would note that in Zone 5, the “balanced wall” works for normal occupancies (not high humidity).
The balanced wall allows the use of vapor-retarding weather barriers, avoiding any concern with
moisture-storing claddings that moisture might be driven inwards on sunny days, because an interior
vapor retarder is not required if the insulating value of the insulation in the stud cavity is equal to or
less than the insulating value of the insulation in the cavity behind the veneer. This is true only for
Zones 5 and lower (a higher percentage of insulation can be added in the stud cavity in lower
Zones).
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Vapor Control Layer
continued
Installing a vapor control layer in the incorrect location can lead to premature enclosure failure,
however, it is very important to remember that air leakage is usually a far more powerful
mechanism of water vapor transmission.
Vapor Control in 2030: Just as we were getting to advanced understanding of hygrothermal
behavior, climate change is making vapor management uncertain again; we are predicted to be in a
climate like Baltimore's by 2030; where does the vapor retarder go? Assemblies that really breathe
or the Perfect Wall* will be the only solutions that work. But with many common materials, like
siding with multiple layers of paint preventing drying, this solution will be even harder. The perfect
wall would seem to be the best solution, but it is often more expensive to build than a conventional
wall with insulation in the stud cavity.
* The Perfect Wall is a wall where the sequence of control layers is: rainscreen, thermal, and air,
vapor, and water (all together). The structure is therefore insulated, therefore causing no thermal
bridges. The control layers are all relatively visible and therefore inspect-able. And there cannot be
condensation in vulnerable areas because the design of a perfect wall limits any possibility of
condensation to areas of the wall designed to accommodate moisture.
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Drainage Plane Systems for Wood Frame Construction
T&L prefers to use vapor-permeable fluid-applied membranes. Use selfadhered membrane flashing for the transition to windows, doors, etc..
A lesser alternative is to use #30 asphalt-saturated felt with the joints in the
sheathing sealed to provide the air barrier. Most sources say that #15 asphalt felt has a permeance of
about 5 perms when dry, and between 20 perms and 60 perms when wet). Since building codes define a
vapor retarder as a layer with a permeance of 1 perm or less, #15 asphalt felt is not a vapor retarder. Also,
once asphalt felt gets wet, its permeance increases -- which is usually a good thing. That means a wet
wall can dry out through the now-permeable layer of asphalt felt.
The least preferred alternative is the new systems that tape the
sheathing joints to achieve the air barrier and drainage plane, T&L believes the top edge of the
horizontal tapes need to be sealed, but that, even with that precaution, the coatings on the face of these
systems is not thick enough or is too rough to prevent water damage.
T&L does not use housewraps to provide air or water leakage protection.
Note that, for the details that follow, Zone 5 is the presumed climate zone, unless noted otherwise.
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Wood Frame
Walls and Roofs
Low Performance
Air Barriers: Two air
SECTION
PLAN
barriers are necessary if , one
on the interior (the drywall, often
called the airtight drywall
approach) and one on the
exterior (the sheathing), to keep
air currents from bypassing the
open-cell batt insulation.
Note that
housewrap is
NOT
recommended
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Wood Frame
Walls and Roofs
Low Performance
Control Layers
SECTION
Note that fiberglass insulation is NOT
recommended, due to the risk of convective
loops which cause heat loss and might bring
warm humid air up against cold surfaces with
consequent risk of condensation.
Note that for all wood frame walls, plywood is
shown, rather than OSB. Plywood has the
ability to increase its permeance as it gets
wetter, allowing it to dry out if it gets wet.
This makes it a much more resilient material.
This system assumes that the air barrier can
be achieved using the airtight drywall
approach, which is difficult to achieve. In
addition, the sheathing joints need to be
sealed to make them airtight due to the
open-cell batt insulation.
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PLAN
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Wood Frame
Walls and Roofs
Medium
Performance
SECTION
Flash and
Batt (or Blow)
Design
Note that Class III (latex
paint) vapor retarder may be
used and the airtight drywall
approach does not have to
be used, because the spray
foam prevents warm, humid
air from reaching the cold
backside of the sheathing.
PLAN
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Wood Frame
Walls and Roofs
Medium
Performance
Control Layers
SECTION
PLAN
With flash and batt/blow
design, the closed-cell
insulation prevents the warm
vapor-laden air in the interior
from reaching the inside face
of sheathing. A cathedral
ceiling, can be used with this
design, using flash and
batt/blow there, too. The
interior air barrier is not as
critical with the flash and batt
wall/ceiling
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Wood Frame
Walls
Rainscreen Siding
Note: can be used with
all of the wood frame
wall designs shown.
Vents at bottom
(shown) and
top
Shiplap joint
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Wood Frame
Walls and Roofs
High Performance
Ventilation is
desirable, but
not essential
SECTION
Alternatives for wall and
ceiling: use cellulose or
open cell spray foam and
add a vapor barrier on
the inside for climate
zone 5 or use closed-cell
foam or flash and
batt/blow without a vapor
barrier
PLAN
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Wood Frame
Walls and Roofs
High Performance
Control Layers
SECTION
Top of
sheathing open
to vent; baffle
with flashing
(DRYWALL AND SHEATHING)
PLAN
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Wood Frame
Walls and Roofs
High Performance
Highly insulated
Design
More insulation
Ventilation is
desirable, but
not essential
SECTION
PLAN
R 15:
3”
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3-1/2”:
Note: this design works
as long as the R-value
of the extruded
polystyrene insulation
is greater than the Rvalue of open cell
foam, batt, or cellulose
maximum R13 fiberglass batt or cellulose
insulation in the stud
cavity.
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Wood Frame
Note: Some use taped
insulating sheathing
instead of the extruded
polystyrene in this detail.
T&L is concerned about
the durability of the tape in
that approach
SECTION
Walls and Roofs
High Performance
Highly insulated
Design
Control Layers
More insulation
Better water resistance
PLAN
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Wood Frame
Insulation in Stud Cavity (traditional wall)
Insulation in stud cavity of simple wood stud walls, with no continuous insulation
outboard of sheathing:
Insulation
Vapor Barrier Required?
Closed-cell polyurethane
No
Dense-pack cellulose
Yes
Will not allow mildew or mold, due to mildewcide
Open-cell polyurethane
Yes
Fiberglass batt
Yes
Possibility of convection currents unless airtight drywall approach is used
and unless sheathing is made into an air barrier.
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Backup Wall
Weather barrier
flashing wrapped
into opening,
typical
Wood Frame
Note: The head to jamb as
a minimum, and preferably
the sill to jamb joints
should be mitered to
complete the air and water
barrier connections
Sealant here
optional; will
provide a
better air seal
SECTION
Openings
Flanged Windows
HEAD
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SECTION
Wood Frame
Openings
Flanged Windows
HEAD
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Miter corner
Miter or cope
flanges
Commercial
Walls – Openings
Flanged Windows,
and
Receptor Systems
for Storefronts –
SUBSILL
This isometric of the
jamb conditions of a
receptor system is an
example of the difficult
conditions that can be
encountered.
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Windows With
Receptors and
Storefronts SUBSILL
Note: windows and
storefronts are often
used with receptor
systems. These are
problematic, and offer
another whole set of
potential leakage paths
for both air and water.
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Wood Frame
Backup Wall
Sealant here
optional except
that there must
be sealant for
six inches up
from the sill
Openings
Flanged Windows
JAMB
PLAN
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Wood Frame
Backup Wall
Openings
Flanged Windows
JAMB
Control Layers
PLAN
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Details for the Building Enclosure
Wood Frame
SECTION
Run sealant
six inches up
jambs*
Join to sealant
at jambs to
create a sill pan
Backup Wall
* Better air barrier provided with
sealant all the way around
Openings
Flanged Windows
SILL
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Wood Frame
SECTION
Openings
Flanged Windows
SILL – Control Layers
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COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION
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Commercial
Walls
Brick Veneer
Note that a metal panel veneer is designed in
much the same way; the connections to the
backup wall are different but the other
components are similar.
ISOMETRIC
Isometric of Brick Veneer Wall*
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott and drawn by The Stubbins Associates
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Commercial
Walls
Brick Veneer
ISOMETRIC
Control Layers
Always a vapor
barrier with
moisture-storing
claddings
Isometric of Brick Veneer Wall with Concrete Block Backup*
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott
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Commercial
Roofing
goes over
and is
sealed to
weather
barrier
AVB goes
around
blocking
Wall/Roof
Brick Veneer
Low-Slope Roof
SECTION
Brick Veneer Wall/Low-Slope Roof Detail with Parapet*
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott and drawn by The Stubbins Associates
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Commercial
The vapor barrier is often
omitted on steel deck (except
for high-humidity occupancies).
Always use a vapor barrier on
new concrete decks. If a vapor
barrier is used, include a leak
detection system to avoid
overloading with retained water
in the event of a leak. If vapor
barrier is omitted, the roof
membrane must be treated as
the air barrier
Wall/Roof
Brick Veneer
Low-Slope Roof
Control Layers
Brick Veneer Wall/Low-Slope Roof Detail with Parapet*
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott and drawn by The Stubbins Associates
Vapor barrier here, to
keep vapor out of the
parapet or use closedcell foam in the parapet,
as shown,
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Commercial
Important
Wall/Roof
Brick Veneer
Low-Slope Roof
SECTION
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Commercial
Walls
Brick Veneer
Relieving Angle
SECTION
Self-adhered
membrane flashing
(red, dashed)
Note the air barrier
membrane must be
sealed to the support
for the relieving angle.
Also note that the SPF
can be extruded
polystyrene.
Detail of Brick Relieving Angle*
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott
and drawn by The Stubbins Associates
© Copyright 2014
Flashing
may be
overkill
Liquid Membrane
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Commercial
Walls
Brick Veneer
Relieving Angle
SECTION
Control Layers
Floor slab
Detail of Brick Relieving Angle*
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott
and drawn by The Stubbins Associates
Alternate: delete
backer rod and
roll membrane
into joint; will
keep it out of
the way of
insulation
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Commercial
Walls
Precast Concrete
Rainscreen with
Dual Seal
ISOMETRIC
Weeps/vents
(may be filled
with visual
baffle such as
Quadrovent
The vapor barrier
may be omitted if 2”
or more closed-cell
spray foam is used
for the insulation;
spray foam over 2”
thick acts as its own
vapor barrier
Isometric of Precast Concrete Panel Showing Pressure-Equalization Vent/Drain*
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott
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Commercial
DRAINAGE PLANE
Walls
Precast Concrete
Rainscreen with
Dual Seal
ISOMETRIC
Control Layers
Isometric of Precast Concrete Panel Showing Pressure-Equalization Vent/Drain*
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott
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Walls
Precast Concrete
Rainscreen with
Dual Seal
SECTION
Closed-cell spray
polyurethane foam
Can be substituted for
semi-rigid insulation
Section of Precast Concrete Panel Showing Pressure-Equalization Vent/Drain* with a vapor barrier
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott
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Commercial
Vapor barrier
may be omitted
with 2” or more
closed-cell
spray foam
DRAINAGE PLANE
Walls
Precast Concrete
Rainscreen with
Dual Seal
SECTION
Section of Precast Concrete Panel Showing Pressure-Equalization Vent/Drain*
Control Layers
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Aluminum & Glass
Curtain Walls
HEAD
Note the air barrier
membrane must be
sealed to the support
for the relieving
angle. Also note that
the SPF can be rigid
insulation
Curtain Wall Head with Brick Veneer Wall Cladding*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by Richard Keleher Architect
© Copyright 2014
Note applicable to
all curtain wall
details; fillet bead of
sealant (see blow up
at jamb detail) at
edge of air barrier
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Aluminum & Glass
Curtain Walls
HEAD
Control Layers
Curtain Wall Head with Brick Veneer Wall Cladding*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by Richard Keleher Architect
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Aluminum &
Glass
Curtain Walls
JAMB
Curtain Wall Jamb with Brick Veneer Wall Cladding*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by Richard Keleher Architect
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Aluminum & Glass
Curtain Walls
JAMB
Control Layers
Curtain Wall Jamb with Brick Veneer Wall Cladding*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by Richard Keleher Architect
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Aluminum & Glass
Curtain Walls
SILL
Curtain Wall Sill with Brick Veneer Wall Cladding*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by Richard Keleher Architect
Typical:
Horizontal
surfaces should
be sloped to the
outside
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Aluminum & Glass
Curtain Walls
SILL
Control Layers
Curtain Wall Sill with Brick Veneer Wall Cladding*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by Richard Keleher
Architect
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Aluminum & Glass
Curtain Walls
TYPICAL MULLION
Curtain Wall Typical Mullion with Brick Veneer Wall Cladding*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by Richard Keleher Architect
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Aluminum & Glass
Curtain Walls
TYPICAL MULLION
Control Layers
Curtain Wall Typical Mullion with Brick Veneer Wall Cladding*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by Richard Keleher Architect
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Commercial
Walls – Openings
Aluminum & Glass
Curtain Walls
ISOMETRIC OF
SYSTEM
Sealant will
not work!
Curtain Wall Isometric of System with Brick Veneer Wall Cladding*
*Dwg developed by Building Enclosure Council Chairs & drawn by Richard Keleher
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Dashed red lines are selfadhered membrane flashing
Commercial
Liquid
Membrane
Note that
the SPF can
be rigid
insulation.
Liquid
Membrane
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council
Chairs and drawn by Richard Keleher Architect
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Walls - Openings
Windows, Louvers, and Doors
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HEAD
Details for the Building Enclosure
Window Head Detail at Brick Veneer*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council
Chairs and drawn by the Façade Group
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Commercial
Walls - Openings
Windows, Louvers, and Doors
HEAD - Control Layers 63
Details for the Building Enclosure
Commercial
Typical for all window details; heel
bead of sealant continues air barrier
past snap-in glazing bead. Will help
prevent air leakage and possible
condensation
Window Jamb Detail at Brick Veneer*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council
Chairs and drawn by the Façade Group
© Copyright 2014
Walls - Openings
Windows, Louvers, and Doors
64
JAMB
Details for the Building Enclosure
Window Jamb Detail at Brick Veneer*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by
the Façade Group
© Copyright 2014
Commercial
Walls - Openings
Windows, Louvers, and Doors
JAMB - Control Layers 65
Details for the Building Enclosure Commercial
Weep glazing
pocket; required by
IGU manufacturers
for warrantee
Window Sill Detail at Brick Veneer*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by
the Façade Group
© Copyright 2014
Typical Note: the air and
vapor barrier may be just a
weather barrier (a vaporpermeable membrane). This is
mandatory when over 50%
(climate zone 5) of the
insulation is in the stud cavity
because when over 50% is in
that location, a vapor barrier is
required on the inside. Note
that hygrothermal analysis
should be performed to confirm
no condensation, which is
generally true with less than
50% of the R-value in the stud
cavity.
Walls - Openings
Windows, Louvers, and Doors
66
SILL
Details for the Building Enclosure
Window Sill Detail at Brick Veneer*
*Drawing developed by the Building Enclosure Council Chairs and drawn by
the Façade Group
© Copyright 2014
Commercial
Walls - Openings
Windows, Louvers, and Doors
SILL - Control Layers 67
Details for the Building Enclosure
Fenestration
Performance
Do not gang or stack
windows; use curtain
wall, unless the
ganged/stacked units
have been laboratory
tested and meet the
performance standards
of the project.
Quality Assurance
As for all fenestration, it is
recommended to field test several
installed units, both to confirm
fenestration performance and to test
the flashings.
For every failed test, the contractor
should be required to pay for testing two
additional units, in addition to repairing
and re-testing the failed units.
Fenestration should be field tested at
the laboratory design test pressure or at
least the specified test pressures. The
specifications should specifically state
that the AAMA allowed 1/3 reduction will
not be allowed on this project.
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Snap-in closure
Storefront head
and jamb details
are the same as
window head and
jambs, unless a
receptor is used
Note: Storefronts
are inherently less
energy-efficient
due to air leakage
and are prone to
water leakage
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and
Abbott and drawn by The Stubbins Associates
Walls – Openings, Storefront
HEAD & JAMB
© Copyright 2014
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Details for the Building Enclosure
Commercial
Walls - Openings
Storefronts - Head
and Jamb
Control Layers
DRAINAGE PLANE HERE, TOO
*Drawing developed at Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and
Abbott and drawn by The Stubbins Associates
© Copyright 2014
Walls – Openings, Storefront
HEAD & JAMB - Control
Layers
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Details for the Building Enclosure
Commercial
Sill pan with end dams & no
penetrations - fasten thru vertical leg
Weep
glazing
pocket
Snow guards
may be
necessary with
shallow slopes
Weep
sealant
*Drawing by Donham & Sweeney
Walls – Openings Storefront
SILL
© Copyright 2014
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Details for the Building Enclosure
Commercial
DRAINAGE PLANE HERE, TOO
*Drawing by Donham & Sweeney
Walls – Openings Storefront
SILL - Control Layers
© Copyright 2014
72
Details for the Building Enclosure
Commercial
Storefront Sills
Sealant applied to end dam before
storefront installation. This is a blind
seal
Outside of storefront after installation.
Still an unsealed opening
Sealant or wrapped membrane
as shown in details at perimeter
of store front; not shown in photo
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Commercial
Storefront Sill and Head
Rough opening with weather barrier
Head receptor
Head
receptor
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Details for the Building Enclosure
Commercial
Expansion Joints
Note the tie-ins to the
adjacent control layers.
The most difficult part of
designing and building
expansion joints is the
fact that they often
involve connecting to an
existing structure, about
which there may not be
adequate information on
the existing wall
construction to enable
designing the tie-ins to
the existing control
layers.
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Details for the Building Enclosure
Commercial
Expansion Joints
Control Layers
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Details for the Building Enclosure
Commercial
Expansion Joints
An EPDM or neoprene
bellows is used to create
the air barrier and
drainage plane/water
barrier behind the
cladding.
Veneer and
air barrier
membrane
are not
shown
The bellows can be
folded in the field,
maintaining a continuous
membrane. For complex
intersections, the
manufacturers will
factory-fabricate the
intersecting bellows,
based on shop drawings.
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Summary of Key Concepts:
• Manage Water, Air and Vapor
• Continuity of planes of defense
Issues for Architects:
• Coordination between trades
•
•
Compatibility of materials
Connection details
Issues for Contractors:
• Sequencing of the work
• Quality Control
•
•
Inspection
Testing (see next slide)
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Testing
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Details for the Building Enclosure
Testing
Wind uplift test
Electronic roof testing (also for
waterproofing membranes – better
than flood testing)
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Testing
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Details for the Building Enclosure
References:
Building Science for Building Enclosures
by John F. Straube and Eric F. P. Burnett
2005 Building Science Press, Somerville, Massachusetts
Designing the Exterior Wall
by Linda Brock
2005 John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey
High Performance Enclosures
by John F. Straube
2012 Building Science Press, Somerville, Massachusetts
The Whole Building Design Guide http://www.wbdg.org
Building Envelope Design Guide (R. Keleher, editor)
http://www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php
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