MAKROLON
®
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...Clearly the Right Choice
Fabrication Guide
None Tougher–None Clearer
MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet...
“Made with MAK” for Quality and Excellence
In addition to supplying quality products, leading
technology, and industry leading technical
support, Sheffield Plastics takes pride in having
the highest rated distribution network in the
industry. The Sheffield Plastics team is comprised
of our local distributors backed by Sheffield
manufacturing and product support personnel.
When your application requires additional
assistance, please contact our team of dedicated
professionals who are always ready to assist you
at 800-254-1707.
Produced from Bayer Corporation’s MAKROLON
polycarbonate resins, Sheffield’s MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet meets or exceeds the
performance characteristics of any directly
competitive product on the market today.
Combining innovation with a desire for excellence
and state-of the-art manufacturing, Sheffield
Plastics Inc. produces a wide range of
polycarbonate sheet products that are
unsurpassed for clarity and toughness.
With outstanding forming, fabrication, and
performance characteristics, “None Tougher,
None Clearer” MAKROLON Polycarbonate
Sheet can be easily fabricated into products
that last. When you need clarity, toughness,
and endurance, be sure you choose
“Made with MAK.”
2
Contents
Fabricating
Finishing
Sawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Shearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Laser Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Die Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Sanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Jointing-Planing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Solvent Polishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Hot Stamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Screen Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Paint and Ink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Forming
Glazing Information
Brake Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Cold Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Thermoforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Installation Guidelines and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Cleaning and Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Predrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Forming Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Heating Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Shading or Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Mold Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Free Blown Billow Forming of Dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.
Free Drawn Vacuum Dome Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Registration Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Drape Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Strip Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Product Selector
Product Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Competitive Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Warranties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Technical Information
Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Environmental Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Bonding/Fastening
Mechanical Fastening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Solvent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Transfer Tape Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
3
Fabricating
...Clearly the Right Choice
CIRCULAR SAWS
CIRCULAR SAW TROUBLESHOOTING
A circular saw blade with carbide teeth utilizing the “triple
chip” tooth design is the preferred method of cutting
MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet. Table or overhead
panel saws are normally used.
PROBLEM: Melting or Gummed Edges
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS:
1. Increase blade tooth size
2. Reduce saw speed
3. Increase feed rate
4. Use air to cool blade
5. Use blade lubricant compatible with
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet
6. Inspect blade for sharpness
7. Check blade-fence alignment
8. Reduce number of sheets in stack
Circular saws should be run in the speed range of 60008000 ft/min. Blades for cutting 3/32˝ and thicker material
should have 3-5 teeth per inch. The hook or rake angle
should be 10°-15°. When sawing thin-gauge MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet, it is important to have a good
supporting edge on the saw table with minimal gap
between the saw blade and table supporting edge. Be sure
tabletops are smooth and free from projections that might
scratch or mar MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet.
PROBLEM: Chipping
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS:
1. Decrease blade tooth size
2. Increase saw size
3. Provide better clamping and/or support for sheet stack
4. Reduce feed rate
5. Check blade and arbor for wobble
6. Inspect blade for sharpness
Hold Down
Blade
MAKROLON®
Fence
Gap between saw
blade and table–
minimize
Router Bit Suppliers:
Dino Saw Company
340 Power Ave.
Hudson, NY 12534
Tel: (518) 828-9942
Onsrud
Libertyville, IL
Tel: (847) 362-1560
Bochco Inc.
Billerica, MA
Tel: (978) 667-1911
Saw Blade Suppliers:
Triple Chip Alternate
Tooth Design
4
Forrest Manufacturing
461 River Road
Clifton, NJ 07014
Tel: (800) 733-7111
General Saw Corp.
20 Wood Ave.
Secaucus, NJ 07094
Tel: (800) 772-3691
Dino Saw Company
340 Power Ave.
Hudson, NY 12534
Tel: (518) 828-9942
FTM, Inc.
6160 Cobblestone Rd.
Placerville, CA 95667
Tel: (916) 626-1986
BAND SAWS
It is important to
feed the sheet
against the rotation
of the router bit and
to provide a fence
for sizing when
making straight cuts.
Band saws are useful for trimming formed parts or irregular
shapes. Band saws should be run at 2500-3000 ft/min
and have 8-12 teeth per inch. Coarser (larger tooth)
blades perform better with thicker gauge MAKROLON®
Polycarbonate Sheet. Proper support of the part to be
trimmed is important because vibration may induce
cracking if the cut is not smooth. Sanding the edge
smooth after cutting is recommended.
MAKROLON®
Table
Polycarbonate Sheet
Fence
Feed Direction
Router Bit Fence
BAND SAW BLADE DESIGN
LASER CUTTING
1˝
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet can be cut using
industrial cutting lasers. Edges may become amber or
brown when laser cutting. For information on laser
cutting equipment and part cutting services, contact the
manufacturer of your equipment or the suppliers listed on
this page.
8-12 teeth
per inch
SHEARING
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet may be sheared using a
conventional sheet metal power shear. It is important to
adjust the top blade clearance in relationship to the bed
blade. A clearance of .001˝ is desirable to avoid a rough
edge cut. Shear single sheets only.
BAND SAW TROUBLESHOOTING
PROBLEM: Melting or Gummed Edges
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS:
1. Increase tooth size
2. Reduce saw speed
3. Use air to cool blade
4. Check blade sharpness
PROBLEM: Chipping
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS:
1. Decrease tooth size
2. Slow down stock feed rate
3. Provide better clamping and/or support
to eliminate vibration
4. Check blade sharpness
Knife
Edge
Top Blade
Bed Blade
ROUTING
Routing produces a smooth edge on MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet and may also be used to cut curved
or irregular shapes. Routers with a speed of 20,000 to
25,000 rpm are preferred. Use straight (fluted 2 or 3)
carbide-tipped or high-speed steel router bits. Bits should
be 1/4˝ to 1/2˝ diameter for best results. Use a router with
at least 1 H.P. motor.
Laser Cutting Equipment Suppliers:
Coherent General
Picker Road
Sturbridge, MA 01566
Tel: (508) 347-2681
Laser Machine Inc.
500 Laser Drive
Somerset, WI 54025
Tel: (715) 247-3285
Laser Cut Parts:
Special care must be used when routing–Use proper
guarding and eye protection. Stock feed rates must be
monitored closely. Feeding MAKROLON Polycarbonate
Sheet at excessive rates can cause vibration and cracking.
Laser Engineering Inc.
444 North York Road
Elmhurst, IL 60126
Tel: (630) 530-0500
5
Laser Machine Inc.
500 Laser Drive
Somerset, WI 54025
Tel: (715) 247-3285
Fabricating cont’d.
...Clearly the Right Choice
DIE CUTTING
Die cutting MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet in
gauges up to .080˝ thick is normally achieved utilizing the
following steps.
Regulate pressure and speed until a continuous spiraling chip
is observed. Use air or water as a coolant if required. Using
cutting oils may cause crazing. Be extremely careful if using
taps or self-tapping screws; tapping creates notches that
can result in stress cracks because polycarbonate is a notchsensitive material, like most clear plastics. Recommended
drill speed is 350-1750 rpm.
Steel rule dies mounted in a press provide good results.
The shear strength of MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet is
10,000 psi which is appropriate for die cutting methods.
Calculating the required press tonnage to cut MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet:
CROSS SECTION-BLADE GRINDS
F= P x A
2,000
F= Required force in tonnage of the press
P=10,000 psi (shear strength of MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet)
A=The sectional area to be cut
30°
.020˝
15°
.030˝
10°-15°
5°
10°
30°
30°
Example: Die cut 12˝ x 20˝ x .030˝ thick rectangle
Total length of cut = 20˝ + 20˝ + 12˝ + 12˝ = 64˝
Shear area = Total length x thickness (.030˝)
or 64˝ x .030˝ =1.92 in2
Required force = P = 10,000 psi
.084˝
15°
Facet
Bevel
Side
Bevel
90°-188°
included
cutting-lip
angle
Press tonnage (PT.) = 9.6
Use 3 PT. (.042˝) thick steel to fabricate steel rule die. Flush
or center bevel ground rule provides a clean cut. Facet
ground steel rule is used to cut thicker gauge MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet (above .060˝).
15°
Clearance angle
0°-5° negative rake
Be sure platens are parallel and that the backup pad is in
good condition. Backup pads can be made from a wide
variety of materials such as nylon, HDPE, etc.
Hole Dia.
1/8˝
1/4˝
1/2˝
Upper Press Platen
Lower Press Platen
MAKROLON®
Polycarbonate Sheet
Center
Bevel
.042˝
DRILL BIT DESIGN
F= P x A = 10,000 psi x 1.92 in2 = 9.6
2,000
2,000 lbs.
Steel
Rule
.042˝
Plywood
Foam
Rubber
Drill Speed (RPM)
1750
1000-1500
350-500
Die Cutting Equipment Suppliers:
Backup
Pad
National Steel Rule Die Co.
3580 Lightner Boulevard
Vandalia, OH 45377
Tel: (937) 667-3515
(937) 667-8407
Reversed
Atlas Die, Inc.
2000 Middlebury Street
Elkhart, IN 46516
Tel: (219) 295-0050
Specialty Drill Bit Suppliers:
Craftics, Inc.
2701 N. Pulaski Road
Chicago, IL 60639
Tel: (773) 235-3307
DRILLING
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet is easily
drilled using ordinary high-speed steel drill bits.
6
FTM, Inc.
6160 Cobblestone Road
Placerville, CA 95667
Tel: (916) 626-1986
Forming
BRAKE BENDING
THERMOFORMING
MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet can be brake bent to
90° angles in gauges ≤ .100˝. Attempts at bending heavier
gauges can result in cracks or breakage at the time of
bending or later due to high levels of stress in the bend
area. For this reason strip heat bending is recommended on
all gauges ≥ .118˝.
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet can be thermoformed on
standard equipment. Vacuum forming, free blown forming,
and line bending are the most extensively used processes.
COLD BENDING
PREDRYING MAKROLON®
POLYCARBONATE SHEET
While most standard forming techniques can be used,
critical process modifications specific to polycarbonate are
necessary to ensure uniform and repeatable formed parts.
MAKROLON® GP and MAKROLON® SL Polycarbonate
Sheets may be cold-bent with the minimum radius based
upon the sheet thickness. As a guideline, the material can
be radiused to 100 times the thickness: (R=T x100).
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet must be dried before
thermoforming because polycarbonate absorbs moisture at a
high rate. Trapped moisture forms vapor above 250°F, and the
vapor expansion creates bubbles in the sheet.
COLD BEND RADII
Sheet Thickness ( T )
Sheets of MAKROLON Polycarbonate sheet should be
placed in a dehumidifying air circulating oven for predrying.
Temperature should be 250°F and monitored with controls.
Recommended predrying time periods are shown below.
Be cautious. Polycarbonate sheet begins absorbing
moisture immediately upon removal from the predrying
oven. The rate of absorption is dependent upon the ambient
dew point. For this reason, it is crucial to transfer the sheet
directly to the forming machine as quickly as possible.
Minimum Radius (R)
1/8˝
3/16˝
1/4˝
12.5˝
18.7˝
25.0˝
Note: MAKROLON® AR Polycarbonate Sheet is recommended for flat
glazing only.
FORMING EQUIPMENT
The thermoforming machine should be capable of generating
and maintaining a vacuum of 20 in. Hg pressure throughout
the thermoforming cycle.
Vacuum forming machines with infrared heating elements
perform well for MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet forming.
Rotary and shuttle designs with automatic or semi-automatic
controls are most suitable. Key features of this type for
equipment are timer control accuracy, uniform heating
sources, and sufficient vacuum power. Single-sided heating
has proven effective for MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet
in gauges up to .177˝. For thicknesses above .177˝, it is
recommended that dual-sided heating ovens be used for
effective radiation penetration.
HEATERS
DRYING TIME (HOURS)
THICKNESS
.093˝
.118˝
.150˝
.177˝
.236
250°F
4
6
8
12
24
Infrared cal rod, coiled nichrome or ceramic heating elements
provide the best heating sources. Gas-fired heaters or
convection ovens are not normally used with polycarbonate.
Uniform heating of the sheet is critical. Radiation absorption
graphs for polycarbonate are available. These graphs help
match the emissivity of the heating element with the sheet
for the most efficient heat penetration.
180°F
8
14
20
30
50
Note: MAKROLON® AR Polycarbonate Sheet is recommended for flat
glazing only.
7
Forming cont’d.
...Clearly the Right Choice
HEATING CYCLE
SHADING OR SCREENING
Heating MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet for vacuum
forming requires heat penetration to achieve a 350°F to
360°F. The heat required will be higher for more complex
shapes. When MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet reaches
forming temperature, uniform “sag” occurs. The amount
of sag depends on the size and thickness of the sheet.
A 12˝ x 12˝ x .060˝ sheet will sag approximately 1˝.
A 36˝ x 36˝ x .177˝ sheet may sag 4˝- 6˝ at the center.
Once uniform temperature has been achieved, timers can
accurately reproduce the condition, and part-to-part
consistency can be maintained.
Shading is often used to balance out hot spots in an oven
for uniform temperature. Shading may also be used to
control the sag of MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet
during heating.
PROCEDURE:
O Use heavy-duty metal screening to shade the major
portion of the clamped sheet, leaving several inches
along the edges unshaded to compensate for
cooler areas.
O Screens can be installed permanently or placed loosely
above the sheet, depending on how much shading
is required.
PROCEDURE:
O Sheet thicknesses up to .177˝ gauge can be heated
from one side. Above .177˝ gauge, two-sided heating is
normally required to significantly enhance productivity.
HELPFUL HINTS:
O Use slow heating. This is particularly important with
heavier gauges in order to prevent gradient heating.
O Heat source is removed and heated sheet is forced over
or into mold where vacuum is applied.
O Allow heat to reach uniformity at the center of
the sheet.
HELPFUL HINT:
O The heating rate may be reduced by lowering the
heat intensity or by moving the sheet farther away
from the heaters.
O MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet “sets up” very quickly
compared to other thermoplastics and can be removed
from the mold in a short period of time.
Caution:
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet remains quite hot
during this cycle and care must be observed when
handling finished parts.
O Throughout the vacuum forming process, it is imperative
that dust and dirt be controlled. MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet has a static charge that attracts
foreign particles which can create surface imperfections.
Molds also attract dust particles and should be cleaned
to avoid creating surface defects.
8
Thermoforming Troubleshooting
PROBLEM
POSSIBLE CAUSE
SUGGESTED SOLUTION
Bubbles or blisters
Too much moisture in sheet
Pinholes or surface marks
Mark off
Vacuum holes too large
Mold surface too smooth
Mold surface too rough
- Predry sheet for longer time period
- Check predry oven temperature
- Use smaller diameter vacuum holes
- Vapor hone or use extra fine emery
cloth to lightly abrade mold surface
- Preheat mold
Sheet too cold to form
- Heat sheet for longer time period
Uneven heating
- Check heaters
- Screen “hot” areas
- Heat sheet for longer time period
- Check vacuum system for leakage
- Increase vacuum
- Reduce heating cycle
- Redesign mold
- Use mechanical assist/bridging
Sheet pulls out of damping
frame during forming
Non-uniform sag
Incomplete part formation detail
Sheet too cold
Inadequate vacuum
Webbing
Sheet too hot
Improper mold spacing
Thermoforming Machines:
Brown Machine
Division John Brown Plastics
330 North Ross Street
Beaverton, MI 48612
Tel: (517) 435-7741
Shuman Co.
P.O. Box 240906
Charlotte, NC 28244
Tel: (704) 525-9980
Drying Ovens:
Grieve Corporation
500 Hart Road
Round Lake, IL 60073
Tel: (847) 546-8225
9
Plasti-Vac, Inc.
214 Dalton Avenue
P.O. Box 5543
Charlotte, NC 28206
Tel: (800) 438-4139
Forming cont’d.
...Clearly the Right Choice
MOLDS
TYPICAL MOLD MATERIALS
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY PROPERTIES
In general, male molds are more suitable for vacuum
forming. However, other factors such as part size, finish,
and shape dictate mold design. Choice of mold materials
should be determined by considering the length of the
production run. For optimum cost-effectiveness, use the
least expensive material that will take the entire run.
Material
Heat Transfer
Rate Factor
K Value
btu/hr/sf/f/ft
6190
1238
24-47
8.29
6.24
4.48
130
26
.52-.87
.17
.13
.09
Aluminum
Steel
Aluminum filled epoxy
Plaster of Paris
Epoxy
Wood (maple)
It is evident that thermal transfer is much more efficient with
aluminum than wood. Wood, however, can be utilized for
short-run projects.
MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet reproduces mold
surface finish accurately, even to the point of replicating
wood grain in a smooth wood mold.
Sometimes it is desirable to reduce the polish on a steel or
aluminum mold by utilizing a vapor hone or bead blast. This
is due to the fact that if the mold surface is too smooth, air
entrapment can occur creating “mark off.” For best results,
use fine hand sanding on the surfaces. Sanding provides
tiny channels for air evacuation to prevent air entrapment.
This may have to be repeated on long production runs, as
the sanded finish smoothes out from extended use.
MOLD DESIGN
Draft Angles: Minimum 5°-7° or greater for ease of part
removal from the mold.
Radii and Fillets: Use generous radii wherever possible for
more uniform walls and greater rigidity. On female tooling,
use permanent corner fillets.
Vacuum Holes: In order to form the sheet as rapidly as
possible, use sufficient holes for fast evacuation of air from
between the sheet and the mold. In female molds, use air
evacuation holes at all deep draw areas, especially around
the mold perimeter where the sheet will be drawn last.
When constructing the mold, mold shrinkage should be a
design consideration. Shrinkage for MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet is .005˝-.007˝. The heating/cooling
cycle and the type of vacuum forming equipment will also
influence results.
HELPFUL HINTS:
MOLD SHRINKAGE
O Keep the diameter of the holes small (approximately
1/64˝-1/32˝ diameter) to avoid marking on the sheet.
Long, thin slots may be designed for air evacuation in
female tooling.
3.021˝
O Use vapor honed or fine sanded finishes.
Mold
O Avoid sharp corners to minimize stress.
O Avoid highly polished surfaces that can cause mark off.
O Always preheat mold. Cold molds can create surface
defects and/or warped parts.
O If mold temperature becomes too high during thermoforming runs, MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet
could stick to the mold. It is recommended that the
mold temperature not exceed 260°F.
3.00˝ Part
FORMING GUIDELINES
MOLD MATERIALS AND MOLD DESIGN
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet allows the use of a
variety of mold materials: wood, filled and unfilled
polyesters, epoxies, and metals.
Sheet Temperature:
Typical: 340˚F-380˚F
Molds for vacuum forming need to take only 14 psi, so there
is little wear on the tooling with low pressure of the material
against the mold surface.
10
Optimum:
350˚F-360˚F
Mold Temperature:
210˚F-260˚F
1
2
SHEET
SHEET
CLAMP
HEATER
FEMALE
MOLD
WORK
TABLE
VACUUM
VACUUM
Straight vacuum forming in a female mold is
recommended for low-profile parts where deep
draw is not a requirement.
3
CLAMP
MALE
MOLD
WORK
TABLE
PLUG
SHEET
HEATER
Drape forming over a male mold usually results in
better material distribution and depth-to-diameter
draw ratios.
FORCE
HEATED SHEET
4
SHEET
HEATED SHEET
CLAMP
MOLD
MALE
MOLD
VACUUM
CLAMP
WORK
TABLE
VACUUM
BOX
SHEET
VACUUM
VACUUM
Thinning of material in deep-mold cavities can
be overcome by use of plug assists designed for
fast penetration.
5
Vacuum forming with snap-back can reduce
starting sheet size, aid material distribution, and
minimize chill marks.
SHEET
6
HEATED SHEET
CLAMP
MALE
MOLD
MOLD
FORCE
PLUG
HEATED
SHEET
CLAMP
AIR
ENTERING
SHEET
FEMALE
MOLD
VACUUM APPLIED
Air-slip forming is similar to vacuum snap-back
except that heated sheet is billowed up and
mold rises to meet it.
AIR BLOWS SHEET UP
VACUUM DRAWS
SHEET AGAINST MOLD
Forming with billow plug is often used to produce
thin-wall items with depth-to-diameter draw ratios
up to 1.5:1.
11
Forming cont’d.
...Clearly the Right Choice
FREE BLOWN BILLOW FORMING OF DOME
REGISTRATION FORMING
This process is utilized for forming dome shapes
from MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet. The procedures
and equipment are the same as vacuum forming with
the exception of the mold. Billow forming can be done
with positive air pressure (free blown) or negative
pressure (vacuum).
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet is suitable for registration
vacuum forming. Because the material is extruded, it is
important to orient the sheet so that each part is screened
and formed in the same direction each time. Material should
be specially ordered for this application. Dimensional stability
tests indicate MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet in free form
releases stress about 2-4% in the direction of extrusion and
1% across the extrusion web.
PROCEDURE:
O Preheat all clamps and tooling (240°F-260°F).
BLOWN DOME FORMING
O Predry MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet in air
circulating oven at 250°F. (See page 7 for
recommended drying times.)
Heat Source
O Place MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet in
clamping frame of thermoforming machine.
Clamp
Frame
O Heat sheet until uniform sag occurs (340°F-380°F).
Air
Box
O Remove heat source.
Air Inlet
MAKROLON®
Polycarbonate
Sheet
O Lower pressure box to seal air supply pressure.
O Apply air pressure. Initial air pressure is high, and as
dome is created, air pressure is reduced.
O When overall height is achieved, maintain positive
air pressure until part cools.
O Be sure air source is properly filtered and uniformly
dispersed for even formation of dome.
Sag
Microswitch
O Utilize electric eye designs or microswitches to
assure consistent product.
Electric
Eye
O When dome reaches electric eye, set height. The
eye controls air pressure through a solenoid valve to
control cooling.
Air Pressure
DRAWN DOME FORMING
O Remove and trim.
Heater
FREE DRAWN VACUUM DOME FORMING
Clamp
Frame
Follow steps involved in vacuum thermoforming,
including predrying.
Vacuum
Box
PROCEDURE:
O Place sheet in clamping frame of thermoforming
machine.
Vacuum Line
O Heat sheet until uniform sag occurs (340°F-380°F).
O Remove heat source.
O Apply vacuum seal box and apply vacuum pressure.
O Use electric eye or microswitch to assure consistency of
depth of dome.
Sag
O Retain small amount of vacuum pressure until dome
sets up.
Electric
Eye
O Remove and trim.
Apply Vacuum
12
DRAPE FORMING
O Avoid bending short tabs on wide parts; warping
may occur.
O For thicker gauge sheet, use two-sided heating. (Repeated
turning with one-side heating may also achieve sufficient
heat penetration.)
Pressure Frame
MAKROLON®
Polycarbonate
Sheet
Mold
O Thicker gauge sheet (above 1/8˝) can be grooved with
a 1/16˝ radius to allow sharper bends.
Pressure Frame
HEAT BENDING DEVICE
Mold
MAKROLON
Polycarbonate
Sheet
3/4˝
Transite
approx.
6˝ wide
Nichrome
resistance
wire (or
Calrod
type
heater)
Felt Covering for Mold
DRAPE FORMING
Milled groove to accept Nichrome
wire (approximately 1/16˝-1/8˝
below surface of MAKROLON®
Polycarbonate Sheet). Do not allow
wire to contact sheet directly.
Simple contours can be achieved by drape forming
MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet. This method can be
utilized to manufacture a part requiring a simple radius of
curvature. Mold material can be wood, fiberglass or
aluminum covered with felt.
Rheostat
for temp.
control
STRIP HEATING TROUBLESHOOTING
PROCEDURE:
PROBLEM: Bubbles in bent area
POSSIBLE CAUSE: Too much heat
SUGGESTED SOLUTION: Reduce temperature
O Predrying MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet may
not be necessary.
O Bring to forming temperature of about 300°F-320°F in
the oven.
PROBLEM: Warpage
POSSIBLE CAUSE: Part too wide for heat bending
SUGGESTED SOLUTION: Heat from both sides to provide
more uniform heat penetration
O Remove parts and immediately place over a male mold
covered with felt.
PROBLEM: Heating not uniform
SUGGESTED SOLUTION: Check for air drafts which may
affect uniform cooling
O Apply pressure until cool.
STRIP HEATING MAKROLON®
POLYCARBONATE SHEET
PROBLEM: Cooling not uniform
SUGGESTED SOLUTION: Do not try to bend short
(under 1˝) sections
Strip heating or line bending is commonly used for producing
localized angular bends in polycarbonate. Generally, predrying
is not required for material thicknesses of .118˝ or less.
PROBLEM: Mark off
POSSIBLE CAUSE: Heater is contacting plastic. Transite is too
hot. Masking is not removed over sufficient
area where heat is being applied
SUGGESTED SOLUTION: Lower heat source
PROCEDURE:
O Remove protective masking in bend area.
O Regulate nichrome heat source to 340°F-365°F maximum.
O Place sheet over heat source at bend area.
Strip Heaters:
O Allow heat to soften material–time depends on gauge.
FTM Inc.
6160 Cobblestone Road
Placerville, CA 95667
Tel: (916) 626-1986
O Remove sheet and make desired bend on wood or heavy
fabric-covered aluminum fixture.
O Bend immediately–polycarbonate sets up quickly.
O Allow sheet to cool in fixture.
O Some bends may require a degree of overbending to
achieve desired angle after sheet sets up. Strip heating
works best for relatively short parts–wide parts may warp.
13
Craftics Inc.
2701 N. Pulaski Road
Chicago, IL 60639
Tel: (773) 235-3307
C.R. Clark & Co.
4407 Vineland Road D5
Orlando, FL 32811
Tel: (800) 676-7133
Bonding and Fastening
...Clearly the Right Choice
MECHANICAL FASTENING
NEEDLE APPLICATOR
Aluminum rivets and machine screws may be used to join
MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet to other materials by
utilizing proper attachment methods.
Drill oversized holes and use washers to distribute and
cushion localized stress. Be sure to consider differentials in
expansion factors for dissimilar materials. Be sure drilled
holes are smooth and free from cracks.
Oversized
Hole
Resilient
Washer
MAKROLON®
polycarbonate
sheet
HELPFUL HINTS:
Resilient
Washer
O Edges must be clean and free from dirt.
O Surfaces should be smooth and properly aligned.
SOLVENT BONDING
Many applications for MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet
involve fabrication of sheets to construct three-dimensional
shapes.The most popular method is to solvent bond.
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet solvent bonding can be
achieved using methods employed in fabricating other
thermoplastics such as acrylic. The two most common
methods are needle type applicator capillary action and
edge dipping. Both methods rely on smooth edge
preparation, pressure, and curing.
O Apply even pressure to reduce bubbles in the bond area.
It should be noted that solvent bonding will significantly
reduce the strength of polycarbonate.
4. Joint cure time is somewhat longer than acrylic. Be sure
to retain fixture pressure until the joint is solid.
TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE WHITENING:
1. Fabricate in a climate-controlled area with low
relative humidity.
2. The addition of 10% glacial acetic acid in the solvent
reduces whitening.
3. Thickening the solvent with polycarbonate resin or
sawdust promotes slower curing and reduces whitening.
PROCEDURE:
Note: Use extreme caution when working with solvents. Adequate ventilation is essential.
Control exposure levels according to OSHA guidelines. Obtain Material Safety Data
Sheets from the solvent manufacturer.
O Smaller items with flat surfaces can be bonded by
placing the pieces together and applying the solvent
along the edges using a needle applicator or hypodermic
syringe. Make sure the solvent flows along the entire joint.
O For bonding larger items, immerse the surfaces to be
joined in the solvent until the material is softened.
O Clamp them in position and hold until the bond is set.
Adhesive Suppliers:
Industrial Polychemical
Weld-On Adhesives
17109 South Main Street
Gardena, CA 90247
Tel: (800) 421-2677
Pacer Technology
9420 Santa Anita Ave.
Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730
Tel: (800) 538-3091
Hartel Enterprises
12970 Branford
Pacoina, CA 91221
Tel: (818) 767-0861
Dow-Corning Corporation
3901 South Saginaw
Midland, MI 48640
Tel: (517) 496-4000
General Electric Company
260 Hudson River Road
Waterford, NY 12188
Tel: (518) 237-3330
Ciba Specialty Chemicals Performance Polymers
4917 Dawn Avenue
East Lansing, MI 48823
Tel: (800) 367-8793 • www.loctite.com
14
Lord Corp.
2000 West Grandview Blvd.
Erie, PA 16514
Tel: (814) 868-3611
MAKROLON® POLYCARBONATE SHEET ADHESIVE GUIDE
ADHESIVE
Methylene
Chloride
JOINS MAKROLON
SHEET TO
MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet
Acrylic
Weld-On Series
MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet
Urethane
Virtually Anything
COMMENTS
COLOR 1-OR 2-PART APPLICATION
SYSTEM
METHOD
SETUP
TIME
CURE
TIME
SUPPLIER
- Clear Solvent
- High tensile
strength products
- Low-impact
resistance
Clear
One
Flow
20 sec.
48 hrs
@ 75°F
Chemical
Supply House
- Various viscosities
offering quick
bonds
Clear
One
Flow
1 min.
24 hrs.
IPS/Weld-On
Butyrate
RTV Silicone
Metal/Plastic/Wood
- Clear, flexible
high-impact bond
- Excellent peel
strength
- Excellent shear
strength
- Excellent heat
resistance
- Good thermal
expansion
Clear
Two
Flow
8 hrs.
@ 75°F
Various
Colors
One
Tubes, Caulkers
60 min.
@ 75°F
Hartel
5 hrs.
Enterprises, Inc.
@ 150°F
or 7 days
Formulated
@ 75°F Systems Group
24 hrs.
Dow-Corning
GE Silicones
TRANSFER TAPE BONDING
WELDING
Achieving a strong edge bond using solvents on
thin-gauge thermoplastics is extremely difficult due to
the reduced size of the bond area. Structural bonding of
thin-gauge MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet can be
accomplished, however, by utilizing acrylic-based transfer
tapes along with slight design modifications.
While mechanical fastening and solvent bonding are the
most often recommended methods for joining plastics,
another alternative is welding. Ultrasonic, radio frequency,
and spin welding have proven to be appropriate. Contact
manufacturers of ultrasonic welding equipment for
recommendations on section and joint design.
PROCEDURE:
O Bend a small return on the appropriate part to be
fastened approximately the width of the transfer tape.
O Clean tape contact areas with 50/50 isopropyl
alcohol-water mixture.
Transfer Tape Suppliers:
O Apply transfer tape to the return.
3M/Industrial Specialties Division
3M Center, Bldg. 220-7E-01
St. Paul, MN 55144-1000
Tel: (800) 227-5085
O Remove tape masking and press the part into place.
HELPFUL HINTS:
Norton Performance Plastics
1 Sealant Park
Granville, NY 12832
Tel: (518) 642-2200
O Rolling the bonded area with a small wood or rubber
roller improves bond strength.
Ultrasonic Welding Equipment:
O A nonstick slip sheet is useful for proper positioning of
large or hard to handle parts.
Vinton Inc.
1001 Lehigh Station Road
Henrietta, NY 14467-9311
Tel: (716) 359-3100
O Peel strength of long, lineal bonded areas can be
increased with the addition of a mechanical fastener at
both ends of the bond.
15
Branson Ultrasonics Corp.
41 Eagle Road
Danbury, CT 06813-1961
Tel: (203) 796-0400
Finishing
...Clearly the Right Choice
SANDING
HOT STAMPING
MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet can be sanded using
both wet and dry techniques. Gumming can result from dry
sanding. Wet sanding produces a smooth finish. In both
instances, the part will require further finishing in order to
restore its high gloss.
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet is easily decorated by
hot stamping. Normal operating conditions are: head (die)
temperatures 375°F; dwell time 2-3 seconds at 60 psi.
Contact foil manufacturer for recommended application
guidelines.
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet can also be buffed using
a 2-wheel system. The first wheel uses a buffing compound
to remove shallow scratches. The second buffing wheel is
used for restoring the gloss.
JOINTING-PLANING
A standard woodworking jointer-planer is an excellent edge
finishing machine for MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet.
Blades must be carbide or high-speed steel. Avoid removal
of too much stock on each pass. 1/64˝ or less stock
removal normally yields the cleanest edge. Trying to remove
too much material results in a rough edge or cracking of
the sheet.
If smoother edges are required, wet sanding with fine grit
sandpaper is recommended.
SOLVENT POLISHING
SCREEN PRINTING
In order to improve the look of saw-cut edges, begin by
sanding the edges smooth. For smoother, glossy edges,
consider solvent polishing with MEK or methylene
dichloride. To prevent humidity blush after drying, it may be
necessary to add a small amount of a slow-drying
component such as diacetone alcohol or glacial acetic acid.
Since MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet has such good
chemical resistance properties, keep in mind that solvent
polishing cannot be expected to totally eliminate sand
marks from the sheet edge.
Standard silk screening equipment with screens of varying
mesh 8x-16x regulating the amount of ink coverage on
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet provides excellent
sign product.
As with all thermoplastics, MAKROLON Polycarbonate
Sheet must be clean and free from surface residuals prior
to screening. Many screeners use a prerinse of 50%
water and 50% isopropyl alcohol to clean the surface of
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet. Be sure to use soft
nonabrasive cloths when cleaning to avoid scratching
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet. Ionized air also
provides a good method for removing lint and dust.
Note: Use extreme caution when working with solvents. Adequate ventilation is
essential. Control exposure levels according to OSHA guidelines. Obtain Material
Safety Data Sheets from the solvent manufacturer.
After screening, separate sheets on a drying rack until ink
is completely dry. DO NOT pack sheets for shipment until
inks are dry.
UV cure inks can be used with heavy gauge
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet, but intense or
prolonged UV may have a damaging effect on thin
gauges. It is not recommended for MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet under .060 gauge as some loss
of physical properties occurs.
16
PAINTING
Many paint systems are available for MAKROLON®
Polycarbonate Sheet. As with screen printing it is important
that the surface of the MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet be
clean and free of surface residuals prior to painting. Many
painters use a mixture of 50% water and 50% isopropyl
alcohol to clean the surface of the sheet. Be sure to dry
thoroughly prior to painting. Use a soft nonabrasive cloth
or sponge to avoid scratching MAKROLON Polycarbonate
Sheet. Conventional spray, spray masked, roller coat and
brush are common application methods.
Hot Stamping Foil Suppliers:
Transfer Print Foils, Inc.
9 Cotters Lane
East Brunswick, NJ 08816
Tel: (908) 238-1800
(800) 235-3645
Foilmark
40 Melville Park Road
Melville, NY 11747
Tel: (800) 645-9177
Crown Roll Leaf, Inc.
91 Illinois Ave.
Paterson, NJ 07503
Tel: (800) 631-3831
Avoid using paints containing toluene, xylene or solvents
that will craze MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet. Be
careful when using the paper masking for the design.
Sharp knives can notch MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet
and allow crazing to occur. Be sure not to allow razor
knives to penetrate the MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet
when cutting through masking paper.
Screen Print Ink Suppliers:
Summit Screening
201 East 16th Avenue
North Kansas City, MO 64116
Tel: (800) 736-5959
A number of companies market paint systems for
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet and provide technical
advice on application.
NAZ-DAR Company
1087 N. Northbranch Street
Chicago, IL 60622
Tel: (800) 736-7636
Paint Suppliers:
PAINT AND INK REMOVAL
Use caution when removing overspray or drips. Be sure
that the solvent will not attack and craze polycarbonate.
Isopropyl alcohol, VM&P naptha or similar solvents have
been successfully used. Be sure to rinse with clear
water after solvent application. Do not use scrapers,
blades, knives, etc., as they will scratch MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet. Always test a small area and observe
possible attack before subjecting large sheet to solvent.
NOTES ON MAKROLON® AR
POLYCARBONATE SHEET
Coated sides of MAKROLON AR Polycarbonate
Sheet cannot be painted because of the abrasionresistant coating. However, sheet
that is only coated on one-side
(MAKROLON AR-1 Polycarbonate
Sheet) can be reverse screened
on the uncoated side using
standard painting techniques for
polycarbonate. This material is
an excellent choice for durable
graphics applications in high
traffic areas.
17
Spraylat Corporation
716 South Columbus Avenue
Mt.Vernon, NY 10550
Tel: (914) 699-3030
Red Spot Paint & Varnish Co., Inc.
1016 East Columbia Street
Evansville, IN 47711
Tel: (800) 457-3544
Wyandotte Paint Products Co.
3295 River Exchange Drive
Suite 500
Norcross, GA 30092
Tel: (800) 233-2303
Mathews Paint Company
8201100 Street
Kenosha, WI 53142
Tel: (800) 323-6593
Glazing Information
...Clearly the Right Choice
RECOMMENDED SEALANTS, GASKETS, AND TAPES
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet may be installed using
wet or dry glazing systems. However, Sheffield warns
against the use of PVC gasketing. The material may also
be used for double-glazing or over-glazing applications for
added insulation and security. Maintain adequate separation
between the glazing panels to prevent touching during high
humidity and/or high heat conditions.
®
Product
Type
Product
Name
Manufacturer
Silicone
Dow 795
Dow 999
Trademate
Silpruf
Construction
1200
Spectrem
Gasket
EPDM (60,70D)
Tape
440
Gasket/Tape
Norrene Foam
V-2100 Urethane
Butyl Tape
Isocryl 5600
Dow-Corning Corp
Midland, MI
(517) 496-4000
General Electric Co.
Waterford, NY
(800) 255-8886
Tremco
Columbus, OH
(800) 321-7906
Tremco
Columbus, OH
(800) 321-6357
Tremco
Beechwood, OH
(800) 321-7906
Norton Company
Granville, NY
(518) 642-2200
Schnee-Morehead
Irving, TX
(214) 438-9111
Silicone
®
®
Silicone
INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
®
1. Clean sash and prime if necessary. For replacement
glazing, make sure all old sealant and projections are
removed. Rabbet should be free of burrs and of the
proper depth to allow for expansion of the MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet glazing panel.
2. Carefully measure the sash opening. Determine
the appropriate edge engagement and expansion
allowance from Table (on next page). Cut MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet to the exact size required, making
sure cut edges are smooth and free of chips and notches.
3. Glaze MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet with the proper
compatible sealant. While smaller lites allow for the use of
nonhardening oil-based and acrylic-latex caulks (up to
24˝ x 24˝), the thermal and load movements in larger sheet
sizes require high performance, low modulus elastomers
such as silicones.
®
Many other glazing materials are commercially available which are compatible with
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet. Please contact those manufacturers for their
recommended products.
Trademate is a registered trademark of Dow-Corning Corp.
Silpruf is a registered trademark of General Electric Company
Norrene is a registered trademark of Norton Company
WIND LOAD PERFORMANCE
120
40
30
1/2"
3/8"
20
1/4"
3/16"
10
0
1/8"
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
Short Dimension (Inches)
18
Wind Velocity MPH
Windload (PSF)
50
78
84
96
100
80
60
EXPANSION ALLOWANCES–EDGE ENGAGEMENTS
COMPARATIVE EXPANSION RATES
Sheet Size
24˝x24˝
24˝x36˝
36˝x48˝
48˝x60˝
Expansion 1/8˝x1/8˝ 1/8˝x3/16˝ 3/16˝x1/4˝ 1/4˝x5/16˝
Allowance
Edge
3/8˝
1/2˝
9/16˝
3/4˝
Engagement
Rabbet
1/2˝
11/16˝
13/16˝
1-1/16˝
Depth
Material
in./in. °F
Glass
MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet
Aluminum
Steel
Acrylic
.0000050
®
.0000375
.0000129
.0000063
.0000410
CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE
Thoroughly rinse with warm water using a soft cloth or
sponge. Wash with mild soap or detergent and rinse
thoroughly with clean water. To prevent water spots,
thoroughly dry the glazing with a chamois or moist sponge.
Do not use abrasive cleaners. Avoid cleaning in direct
sunlight to prevent streaking.
COMPATIBLE CLEANERS
The following cleaning agents are compatible with
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet products when used
according to the manufacturer's recommendations:
O Formula 409
®
O Top Job, Joy
®
O Palmolive Liquid
EXPANSION ALLOWANCES
®
O Windex D with Ammonia D
®
As a general guideline, glazing systems should be
designed to allow 1/16˝ per foot of length and width as
the expansion in the sash.
Formula 409 is a registered trademark of Clorox Company
Top Job and Joy are registered trademarks of Proctor & Gamble
Palmolive is a registered trademark of Colgate Palmolive
Windex D is a registered trademark of Drackett Products Company
18
19
Product Selector
Product Features
Superior Impact Strength
MAKROLON®
GP
...Clearly the Right Choice
MAKROLON® MAKROLON® MAKROLON®
SN
AR
SL (SunLife)
N/A
Enhanced UV Resistance
Forced Entry Protection (UL 972)
MAKROLON®
FI
Privacy
Patterns
MAKROLON®
CG
MAKROLON
HYGARD®
Enhanced Abrasion Resistance
Thermoformable
Cold-Formable
Patterned Sheet
✝
Flame Inhibiting
Bullet Resistant (UL 752)
Physical Attack Resistant
✝
MAKROLON® SN Polycarbonate Sheet is available with a matte finish.
MAKROLON® SL Polycarbonate Sheet is UL 48 Certified
COMPETITIVE OFF-SETS
MAKROLON® Grade
MAKROLON® GP
MAKROLON® GP Matte
MAKROLON® GP Pebble
MAKROLON® FD
MAKROLON® FI
MAKROLON® FI
MAKROLON® SL
MAKROLON® AR
MAKROLON® CG 375
MAKROLON® CG 500
MAKROLON® CG 750
MAKROLON
HYGARD® 750
MAKROLON
HYGARD® 1000
MAKROLON
HYGARD® 1250
MAKROLON® WG
MAKROLON® TG
Description
General purpose grade for fabrication
and glazing
Matte texture for privacy glazing
Pebble patterns for privacy glazing
FDA compliant material
Flame inhibiting grade
Flame inhibiting
Thermoformable enhanced UV resistance
Abrasion & UV resistance
Physical attack resistant
Physical attack resistant
Physical attack resistant
GE Grade
LEXAN® 9030, 9034
DL 4630, DL 4634
N/A
LEXAN 90318 P.A.G.
LEXAN 9440
LEXAN 9600
LEXAN 1200
LEXAN SG 100
LEXAN MarGard
LEXGARD® MPC 375
LEXGARD MPC 500
LEXGARD RC 750
AtoHaas Grade
TUFFAK® A
N/A
TUFFAK A P-66
TUFFAK T
N/A
TUFFAK FI-8
TUFFAK XL
TUFFAK CM-2
N/A
N/A
N/A
Bullet resistant
LEXGARD MP 750
N/A
Bullet/physical attack resistant
LEXGARD MP 1000
N/A
Bullet/physical attack resistant
LEXGARD SP 1250
N/A
Window Grade–high impact strength
Optically clear, enhanced abrasion
& UV resistance
Westlack Zelux
LEXAN FRA460,
FRA236
Lexan and Lexgard are registered trademarks of General Electric Corp.
Tuffak is a registered trademark of AtoHaas.
Light Transmission (Initial)
LIGHT AND ENERGY TRANSMITTANCE
Clear
By allowing up to 90% of solar energy and 88% of visible
light through, clear MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet is an
excellent glazing material for applications designed to
maximize solar gain. In areas of solar intensity where higher
shading or privacy is required, tinted materials may be used.
Gauge
3/32˝
1/8˝
3/16˝
1/4˝
20
Visible
87%
86%
84%
82%
Solar Energy
90%
89%
88%
86%
Bronze or Gray
Visible
50%
50%
50%
50%
Solar Energy
58%
58%
58%
58%
Technical Information
TYPICAL MAKROLON® GP POLYCARBONATE SHEET PROPERTIES
Property
General
Specific gravity
Water Absorption 24 hrs.
Refractive Index
Mechanical
Tensile Strength, Yield, .125˝
Tensile Strength, Ultimate
Tensile Modulus
Shear Strength
Compressive Strength
Flexural Strength at 5% Strain
Flexural Modulus .125˝
Izod Impact Notched .125˝
Rockwell Hardness
Gardner Impact 1/2˝ Diameter Dart .125˝
Instrumented Impact .125˝
Thermal
Heat Deflection Temperature 264 psi
Heat Deflection Temperature 68 psi
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
Smoke Density
Shading Coefficient Clear .125˝
Shading Coefficient Gray/Bronze .125˝
Shading Coefficient Dark Gray .125˝
Brittle Temperature
Flammability
Horizontal Burn, AEB .125˝
Horizontal Burn, ATB .125˝
Self Ignition Temperature
Flash Ignition Temperature
UL 94 Clear ≥ .060˝
UL 94 Clear ≥ .250˝
Optical
Transmittance Clear .125˝
Haze Clear .125˝
Electrical
Dielectric Constant 10 Hz
Dielectric Constant 60 Hz
Volume Resistivity
Dissipation Factor 60 Hz
Dissipation Factor 1 MHz
Arc Resistance
Stainless Steel Strip Electrodes
Tungsten Electrodes
MAKROLON
Units
Test Method
1.2
0.15
1.586
%
-
ASTM D-792
ASTM D-570
ASTM D-542
9,000
9,500
345,000
6,000
12,500
13,500
345,000
12-16
118
>320
>45
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
ft.lb/in of notch
R Scale
in.lbs
ft.lbs
ASTM D-638
ASTM D-638
ASTM D-638
ASTM D-732
ASTM D-695
ASTM D-790
ASTM D-790
ASTM D-256
ASTM D-785
ASTM D-5420
ASTM D-3763
270
280
3.75 x 10-5
1.35
68
1.02
.70
.58
-200
°F
°F
in/in/°F
BTU/hr/ft2/°F
°F
ASTM D-648
ASTM D-648
ASTM D-696
ASTM D-177
ASTM D-2843
ASHRAE
ASHRAE
ASHRAE
ASTM D-746
<1
<1
1070
800
V-2
V-0
in
min
°F
°F
-
ASTM D-635
ASTM D-635
ASTM D-1929
ASTM D-1929
UL 94
UL 94
>88
<1
%
%
ASTM D-1003
ASTM D-1003
2.96
3.17
8.2 x 1016
0.0009
0.010
ohm-cm
-
ASTM D-150
ASTM D-150
ASTM D-257
ASTM D-150
ASTM D-150
10-11
120
sec
sec
ASTM D-495
ASTM D-495
COMPETITIVE EDGE
DOCUMENTATION AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT
Sheffield Plastics Inc. sets rigid raw material requirements
for its polycarbonate resins supplied by Bayer Corporation.
These materials, coupled with state-of-the-art production
and quality control technology, assure that the physical
properties of MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet will meet
or exceed any directly competitive product on the market
today. When it’s “Made with Mak”, you really have a
competitive edge.
Specific product information, warranty details, and further
information regarding proper fabrication and/or use of
materials can be received by contacting your local
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet distributor or by visiting
us at www.sheffieldplastics.com.
MAKROLON® POLYCARBONATE
SHEET COMBUSTIBILITY
Although the least combustible glazing material,
Polycarbonate Sheet will ignite when exposed to an
ignition source over 800°F.
Sheffield Plastics Inc. will not be responsible for the use of this information relative to
actual application. Users must make their own determination of its suitability for their
specific use. No warranty is made for the fitness of any product, and nothing herein
waives any of the seller’s conditions of sale.
21
Environmental Resistance of MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet
®
MAKROLON® POLYCARBONATE SHEET IS RESISTANT AT 70°F AND 0% STRAIN TO:
CHEMICALS:
Amyl Alcohol
Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Sulfate
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Sulfate
Antimony Trichloride
Arsenic Acid
Butyl Alcohol
Calcium Nitrate
Chlorinated Lime Paste
Chrome Alum
Chromic Acid (20%)
Citric Acid (40%)
Copper Chloride
Copper Sulfate
Formic Acid (10%)
Formalin (30%)
Glycerine
Heptane
Hydrochloric Acid (10%)
Hydrogen Peroxide (30%)
Hydrofluoric Acid (10%)
Isopropanol
Lactic Acid (20%)
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Sulfate
Manganese Sulfate
Mercuric Chloride
Nickel Sulfate
Nitric Acid (10%)
Nitric Acid (20%)
Oleic Acid
Oxalic acid
Pentane
Phosphoric Acid (10%)
Potassium Bromate
Potassium Bromide
Potassium Nitrate
Potassium Perchlorate
Potassium Permanganate
Potassium Persulfate
Potassium Sulfate
Silicone Oil
Silver Nitrate
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium Sulfate
Stannous Chloride
Sulfur
Sulfuric Acid (10%)*
Sulfuric Acid (50%)
Tartaric Acid (30%)
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Sulfate
*Sulfuric Acid at 1% attacks polycarbonate sheet
COMMON HOUSEHOLD MATERIALS MAKROLON®
POLYCARBONATE IS RESISTANT TO:
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS MAKROLON®
POLYCARBONATE SHEET IS RESISTANT TO:
Compressor Oil
Spindle Oil
Diesel Oil
Transformer Oil
Kerosene
Vacuum Pump Oil
Refined Oil
Note: Elevated temperature and/or strain significantly alters
resistance to industrial petroleum products.
CHEMICALS:
Borax
Cocoa
Cement
Chocolate
Cod Liver Oil
Cognac
Coffee
Detergents
Fish Oil
Fruit Syrup
Grapefruit Juice
Gypsum
Joy Liquid Detergent
Insulating Tape
Linseed Oil
Liquor
Milk
Mineral Water
Mustard
Olive Oil
Onions
Orange Juice
Paraffin Oil
Rapeseed Oil
Rum
Salad Oil
Salt Solution (10%)
Soap (Soft/Hard)
Table Vinegar
Tincture of Iodine (5%)
Tomato Juice
Vodka
Washing Soap
Water
Wine
LIMITED RESISTANCE AT 70°F AND 0% STRAIN TO:
Antifreeze
Calcium Chloride
Cyclohexanol
Ethylene Glycol
Hydrochloric Acid (conc.)
Milk or Lime (CaOH)
Nitric Acid (conc.)
Sulfuric Acid (conc.)
MAKROLON® POLYCARBONATE SHEET IS NOT RESISTANT TO:
CHEMICALS:
Acetaldehyde
Acetic Acid (conc.)
Acetone
Acrylonitrile
Ammonia
Ammonium Fluoride
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Sulfide
Benzene
Benzoic Acid
Benzyl Alcohol
Brake Fluid
Bromobenzene
Butylic Acid
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon Disulfide
Carbolic Acid
Caustic Potash Sol. (5%)
Caustic Soda Sol. (5%)
Chloride
Chlorobenzene
Chlorothene
Cutting Oils
Cyclo Hexanone
Cyclohexene
Dimethyl Formamide
Ethane Tetrachloride
Ethylamine
Ethyl Ether
Ethylene Chlorohydrin
Formic Acid (conc.)
Freon (refrigerant/propellant)
Gasoline
Lacquer Thinner
Methyl Alcohol
Nitrobenzene
Nitrocellulose Lacquer
Ozone
Phenol
Phosphorus Hydroxy
Phosphorus Trichloride
Proplonic Acid
Sodium Sulfide
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Nitrate
Tetrahydronaphthalene
Thiophene
Toluene
Turpentine
Xylene
MAKROLON® POLYCARBONATE SHEET IS DISSOLVED BY:
Chloroform, Cresol, Dioxane, Ethylene Dichloride,Methylene Chloride, Pyridine
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON MAKROLON® POLYCARBONATE SHEET:
Polycarbonate Sheet to repeated steam cleaning or dishwashing
can create hydraulic crazing. The result can be a clouding of the
surface and ultimately a loss of physical strength properties.
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet has good resistance to water
up to approximately 150°F. Above this temperature, the effect of
moisture is time-temperature related. Exposing MAKROLON
22
“Made with MAK”, None Tougher, None Clearer
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet...
®
BROAD RANGE OF PRODUCTS FOR THE
MOST DEMANDING APPLICATIONS
From lofty barrel vault skylights exposed to extreme sunlight
to street level signs that require resistance to graffiti and
vandalism...from precision machined parts to the simple
toughness of domed playground windows, there is a
MAKROLON® Polycarbonate Sheet product that's right for
your application. Ensuring optimum transparent sheet
performance, MAKROLON HYGARD® Laminates offer
unsurpassed protection from ballistic and physical attack in
bullet-resisting and containment glazing applications.
For detailed product or limited warranty information on any
Sheffield Plastics sheet product please call: 800/254-1707,
or visit our web site at www.sheffieldplastics.com.
MAKROLON® GP Polycarbonate Sheet
Standard MAKROLON GP Polycarbonate Sheet is backed
by a limited warranty against breakage. This limited warranty
applies to glazing sheet installed and cleaned according to
the manufacturer’s recommendations. If failure occurs
within the warranty period, the purchaser will receive a free
replacement of MAKROLON Polycarbonate Sheet when the
failed sheet, original sales receipt and warranty are provided
to Sheffield Plastics or the original distributor or dealer.
Sheffield Plastics reserves the right to refund the original
purchase price of the sheet in lieu of a replacement sheet.
MAKROLON® SL Polycarbonate Sheet
MAKROLON SL Polycarbonate Sheet is backed by a
limited warranty against loss of light transmission and
excessive yellowing. This limited warranty applies to
glazing sheet installed and cleaned according to the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
MAKROLON® AR Polycarbonate Sheet
MAKROLON AR Polycarbonate Sheet is backed by a
limited warranty against breakage, loss of light transmission,
excessive yellowing, and coating failure. This limited
warranty applies to glazing sheet installed and cleaned
according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. If
failure does occur, as defined in the actual warranty, the
purchaser will receive a free replacement MAKROLON AR
Polycarbonate Sheet when the failed sheet, original sales
receipt and warranty are provided to Sheffield Plastics or
the original distributor or dealer. Sheffield Plastics reserves
the right to refund the original purchase price of the sheet
in lieu of a replacement sheet.
MAKROLON HYGARD® LAMINATES
All MAKROLON HYGARD laminated products are backed
by a limited warranty against structural delamination,
coating failure, loss of light transmission, and excessive
yellowing. This limited warranty does not apply to product
that has been physically or ballistically attacked or
damaged, nor does it apply to improperly fabricated or
maintained material.
23
®
MAKROLON
Polycarbonate Sheet is:
“Clearly the Right Choice”
for Any Application
For More Information Please Contact...
Sheffield Plastics Inc.
Customer Service Department
Phone: 800-254-1707
FAX: 800-457-3553
www.sheffieldplastics.com
E-mail: info@sheffieldplastics.com
ACCREDITED
©Copyright, Sheffield Plastics Inc., 2003, Rev. 5/05 Printed in USA
MAKROLON HYGARD® is a registered trademark of Sheffield Plastics Inc.
MAKROLON® is a registered trademark of Bayer Corp.
MAKFABGUIDE5/05
119 Salisbury Road
Sheffield, MA 01257
800-254-1707
Fax: 800-457-3553
www.sheffieldplastics.com
E-mail: info@sheffieldplastics.com