The Sustainable Development Goals Report
2016
United Nations
Contents
2
Foreword
3
Overview
12
Goal 1: No poverty
14
Goal 2: Zero hunger
16
Goal 3: Good health and well-being
18
Goal 4: Quality education
20
Goal 5: Gender equality
22
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
24
Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy
26
Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth
28
Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure
30
Goal 10: Reduced inequalities
32
Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities
34
Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production
36
Goal 13: Climate action
38
Goal 14: Life below water
40
Goal 15: Life on land
42
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions
44
Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals
48
Leaving no one behind
50
A note to the reader
51
Regional groupings
The Sustainable
Development
Goals Report
2016
United Nations
New York, 2016
Foreword
On 1 January 2016, the world officially began implementation
of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—the
transformative plan of action based on 17 Sustainable
Development Goals—to address urgent global challenges
over the next 15 years.
This agenda is a road map for people and the planet that will
build on the success of the Millennium Development Goals
and ensure sustainable social and economic progress worldwide. It seeks not only to eradicate extreme poverty, but also
to integrate and balance the three dimensions of sustainable
development—economic, social and environmental—in a
comprehensive global vision.
These statistics show how important coordinated global
data-generation efforts will be in supplying reliable and
timely data for systematic follow-up and progress reviews.
The Goals apply to all societies. Even the wealthiest countries
have yet to fully empower women or eliminate discrimination.
All nations will need to build the Sustainable Development
Goals into their national policies and plans if we are to
achieve them.
This first report is a starting point. With collective global
action, we can seize the opportunities before us and, together,
fulfil the pledge of the 2030 Agenda to leave no one behind.
It is vital that we begin implementation with a sense of
opportunity and purpose based on an accurate evaluation of
where the world stands now.
That is the aim of this report. It presents an overview of the
17 Goals using data currently available to highlight the most
significant gaps and challenges.
The latest data show that about one in eight people still lived
in extreme poverty, nearly 800 million people suffered from
hunger, the births of nearly a quarter of children under 5 had
not been recorded, 1.1 billion people were living without electricity, and water scarcity affected more than 2 billion people.
Ban Ki-moon
Secretary-General, United Nations
Overview
This inaugural report on the global Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) is a first accounting of where the world stands
at the start of our collective journey to 2030. The report
analyses selected indicators from the global indicator framework for which data are available as examples to highlight
some critical gaps and challenges. The list of SDG indicators
agreed upon by the UN Statistical Commission in March 2016
will be subject to refinements and improvements as methods
and data availability improve.
Every journey has a beginning and an end. Plotting that journey and establishing key milestones along the way requires
accessible, timely and reliable disaggregated data. The data
requirements for the global indicators are almost as unprecedented as the SDGs themselves and constitute a tremendous
challenge to all countries. Nevertheless, fulfilling these
requirements through building national statistical capacity is
an essential step in establishing where we are now, charting a
way forward and bringing our collective vision closer to reality.
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 1 calls for an end to poverty in all its manifestations, including extreme poverty, over the next 15 years. All people everywhere, including the poorest and most
vulnerable, should enjoy a basic standard of living and social protection benefits.
fThe
f
proportion of the global population living below the extreme poverty line
dropped by half between 2002 and 2012, from 26 to 13 per cent. This translated to one in eight people worldwide living in extreme poverty in 2012.
Poverty remains widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than
40 per cent of people lived on less than 1.90 US dollars a day in 2012.
1 in 8 people lived in extreme poverty in 2012
Social assistance or social protection benefits
fIn
f 2015, 10 per cent of the world’s workers and their families were living on less
than 1.90 US dollars per person per day, down from 28 per cent in 2000.
fYoung
f
people aged 15 to 24 are most likely to be among the working poor:
16 per cent of all employed youth were living below the poverty line in 2015,
compared to 9 per cent of working adults.
fAbout
f
one in five people received any type of social assistance or social
protection benefits in low-income countries compared with two in three people
in upper-middle-income countries.
3
1 in 5
in low-income
countries
2 in 3
in upper-middleincome countries
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition
and promote sustainable agriculture
15%
11%
Global population
suffering from
hunger declined
from 15 to 11 per cent
Nearly 800 million
still suffer from hunger
Goal 2 seeks to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition and to achieve sustainable food production by 2030. It is premised on the idea that everyone should
have access to sufficient nutritious food, which will require widespread promotion of sustainable agriculture, a doubling of agricultural productivity, increased
investments and properly functioning food markets.
fThe
f
proportion of the population suffering from hunger declined globally from
15 per cent in 2000-2002 to 11 per cent in 2014-2016. However, nearly
800 million people worldwide still lack access to adequate food.
1 in 4 children under age 5
had stunted growth in 2014
fMore
f
than half of the adult population in sub-Saharan Africa faced moderate or
severe food insecurity in 2015; the level was severe for one-quarter of adults in
the region.
fOne
f
in four children under age 5 had stunted growth in 2014—an estimated
158.6 million children.
fThe
f
share of overweight children under age 5 increased by nearly 20 per cent
between 2000 and 2014. Approximately 41 million children in this age group
worldwide were overweight in 2014; almost half of them lived in Asia.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Deaths per 1,000 live births
91
43
1990
fBetween
f
1990 and 2015, the global maternal mortality ratio declined by
44 per cent, and the mortality rate of children under age 5 fell by more than
half. Still, an estimated 5.9 million children under 5 died in 2015, mostly from
preventable causes.
2015
89%
8
Under-5 mortality rates
fell by more than half
from 1990 to 2015
Goal 3 aims to ensure health and well-being for all at all ages by improving reproductive, maternal and child health; ending the epidemics of major communicable
diseases; reducing non-communicable and environmental diseases; achieving
universal health coverage; and ensuring access to safe, affordable and effective
medicines and vaccines for all.
Sub-Saharan Africa
accounted for 89 per cent
of all malaria cases
worldwide in 2015
fThe
f
incidence of HIV, malaria and tuberculosis declined globally between
2000 and 2015. However, in 2015, 2.1 million people became newly infected
with HIV, and an estimated 214 million people contracted malaria. Almost half
the world’s population is at risk of malaria, but sub-Saharan Africa accounted
for 89 per cent of all cases in 2015.
fWorldwide
f
in 2015, approximately three in four women of reproductive age
(15 to 49 years) who were married or in a union satisfied their need for family
planning by using modern contraceptive methods.
fIn
f 2012, almost two-thirds of deaths from non-communicable diseases in
people under age 70 were attributed to cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
4
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Goal 4 focuses on the acquisition of foundational and higher-order skills; greater
and more equitable access to technical and vocational education and training and
higher education; training throughout life; and the knowledge, skills and values
needed to function well and contribute to society.
ABC
59 million children
of primary school age
were out of school
in 2013
fIn
f 2013, 59 million children of primary school age were out of school.
fSurveys
f
from 63 low- and middle-income countries between 2008 and 2012
show that children from the poorest 20 per cent of households are more than
four times as likely to be out of school as their richest peers.
fData
f
from 38 countries in developed regions show that, in the majority of
these countries, 75 per cent or more of young people had at least minimum
proficiency in reading and/or mathematics; the same was true for only 5 of the
22 developing countries with data.
757 million adults
were unable
to read and write
in 2013, two-thirds
were women
fIn
f 2013, there were still 757 million adults (aged 15 and over) unable to read
and write, of whom two-thirds were women.
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 5 aims to empower women and girls to reach their full potential, which
requires eliminating all forms of discrimination and violence against them, including harmful practices. It seeks to ensure that they have every opportunity for
sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights; receive due recognition
for their unpaid work; have full access to productive resources; and enjoy equal
participation with men in political, economic and public life.
fGlobally,
f
the proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who reported that they were
married before their eighteenth birthdays dropped from 32 per cent around
1990 to 26 per cent around 2015.
20
19%
10
8%
0
Women
Time spent each day
on unpaid labour
Men
fIn
f 30 countries where the practice of female genital mutilation is concentrated,
more than a third of girls aged 15 to 19 have undergone the procedure.
fBased
f
on time-use surveys conducted between 2000 and 2014 in 59 countries, women said they spend 19 per cent of their time each day on unpaid
labour versus 8 per cent for men.
Women in parliament:
23 per cent in 2016
fThe
f
proportion of seats held by women in single or lower houses of parliament
rose to 23 per cent in 2016—a rise of 6 percentage points over the last decade.
5
Overview
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
663 million still use
unimproved water sources
2.4 billion are without
improved sanitation
2 billion worldwide
affected by water stress
Integrated Water Resources
Management plans in
every region of the world
39%
Goal 6 goes beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the
quality and sustainability of water resources. Achieving this Goal, which is critical
to the survival of people and the planet, means expanding international cooperation and garnering the support of local communities in improving water and
sanitation management.
fIn
f 2015, 6.6 billion people, or 91 per cent of the global population, used an
improved drinking water source, compared with 82 per cent in 2000. However,
in 2015 an estimated 663 million people were still using unimproved sources or
surface water.
fBetween
f
2000 and 2015, the proportion of the global population using
improved sanitation increased from 59 per cent to 68 per cent. However,
2.4 billion were left behind. Among them were 946 million people without any
facilities at all who continue to practise open defecation.
fWater
f
stress affects more than 2 billion people around the globe, a figure that
is projected to rise.
fIntegrated
f
Water Resources Management plans are under way in every region
of the world.
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy
for all
1.1 billion people
lacked access to
electricity in 2012
Goal 7 seeks to promote broader energy access and increased use of renewable
energy, including through enhanced international cooperation and expanded
infrastructure and technology for clean energy.
fThe
f
proportion of the global population with access to electricity increased
steadily, from 79 per cent in 2000 to 85 per cent in 2012. Despite these
improvements, 1.1 billion people were still without this essential service in 2012.
fIn
f 2014, some 3 billion people, over 40 per cent of the world’s population,
relied on polluting and unhealthy fuels for cooking.
Modern renewables
increased 4 per cent
a year between
2010 and 2012
fModern
f
renewables grew rapidly, at a rate of 4 per cent a year between 2010
and 2012.
fGlobal
f
energy intensity improved by 1.3 per cent a year from 2000 to 2012.
About 68 per cent of the energy savings between 2010 and 2012 came from
developing regions, with Eastern Asia as the largest contributor.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
6
Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment and decent work for all
Continued, inclusive and sustainable economic growth is a prerequisite for global
prosperity. Goal 8 aims to provide opportunities for full and productive employment and decent work for all while eradicating forced labour, human trafficking
and child labour.
fThe
f
average annual growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) per
capita in the least developed countries (LDCs) declined from 4.7 per cent over
the period 2005-2009 to 2.6 per cent in 2010-2014. This was less than half
the target rate of 7 per cent per year.
fWhile
f
labour productivity increased in the developing regions from 2005 to
2015, the value for developed regions was still more than twice that of any
developing region, and around 20 times greater than the values for
sub-Saharan­Africa and Southern Asia.
fIn
f 2015, the unemployment rate for women was 6.7 per cent versus 5.8 per cent
for men. Gender disparities were most striking in Western Asia and Northern
Africa, where the unemployment rate of women was more than twice that of men.
8
7%
Average annual
growth rate of
real GDP per capita
in LDCs
6
4.7%
4
2
2.6%
2005-2009 2010-2014
Women are twice as likely to be unemployed
as men in Western Asia and Northern Africa
Western Asia
Northern Africa
0
9%
20%
10%
25%
10
20
30
2015 Paris Climate Agreement
fWhile
f
the share of adults with bank accounts rose by 20 per cent in four years,
some 2 billion people still lack this important financial service.
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
Goal 9 focuses on the promotion of infrastructure development, industrialization
and innovation. This can be accomplished through enhanced international and
domestic financial, technological and technical support, research and innovation,
and increased access to information and communication technology.
fIn
f 2015, manufacturing value added per capita was less than 100 US dollars a
year in the LDCs versus nearly 5,000 US dollars in developed regions.
fGlobally,
f
energy efficiency and cleaner fuels and technologies reduced carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit of value added by 13 per cent from 2000 to
2013.
fIn
f 2013, global investment in research and development (R&D) stood at
1.7 trillion US dollars (purchasing power parity, PPP), up from 732 billion US
dollars in 2000. Developed regions dedicated almost 2.4 per cent of their GDP
to R&D in 2013, while the average for LDCs and landlocked developing countries was less than 0.3 per cent.
fThird-generation
f
(3G) mobile-broadband covered 89 per cent of the urban
population but only 29 per cent of the rural population in 2015.
7
Manufacturing value added per capita in 2015
100 USD
5,000 USD
LDCs
Developed
regions
3G mobile-broadband coverage
in 2015 worldwide
29%
Rural
89%
Urban
Proportion of fish stocks
within biologically sustainable levels
Overview
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
National
average
Per capita income
in 56 of 94 countries
grew more rapidly
in the poorest
households
Poorest 40%
of households
Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income, as well as those based on sex,
age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion and opportunity—both within and
among countries. It also aims to ensure safe, orderly and regular migration and
addresses issues related to representation of developing countries in global
decision-making and development assistance.
fIn
f 56 out of 94 countries with data for the period 2007-2012, the per capita
income of the poorest 40 per cent of households grew more rapidly than the
national average.
2000
70%
2014
Share of duty-free
imports from LDCs
to developed
countries
84%
0
50
100
fThe
f
share of imports from the least developed and developing countries
entering developed countries duty-free increased between 2000 to 2014,
from 70 to 84 per cent and from 65 to 79 per cent, respectively.
fThe
f
cost of sending money across international borders averaged 7.5 per cent
of the amount remitted in 2015, more than double the target rate of 3 per cent.
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient
and sustainable
40
39%
30%
20
0
2000
Proportion of global
urban population
living in slums
2014
Goal 11 aims to renew and plan cities and other human settlements in a way that
fosters community cohesion and personal security while stimulating innovation
and employment.
fIn
f 2014, 880 million people lived in urban slums, or 30 per cent of the global
urban population, compared to 39 per cent in 2000.
fIn
f many burgeoning cities around the world, populations are moving outwards,
far beyond administrative boundaries.
Almost half the global
urban population is
exposed to ambient
air pollution levels
at least 2.5 times
the maximum
recommended level
fIn
f 2014, about half the urban population globally was exposed to air pollution
levels at least 2.5 times above the standard of safety set by the World Health
Organization.
fAs
f of 2015, 142 countries were developing national-level urban policies;
of these, 82 countries were already in the process of implementation and 23
had reached the monitoring and evaluation stage.
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
23.6
kg
Material footprint
per unit of GDP
in 2010
14.5
kg
Developing
regions
fIn
f 2010, the material footprint per unit of GDP (amount of primary materials
used) of developed regions stood at 23.6 kilograms per unit of GDP, compared
with 14.5 kilograms per unit of GDP in developing regions.
Developed
regions
Number of parties to conventions
on hazardous wastes and other chemicals
183
Basel
Goal 12 aims to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns
through measures such as specific policies and international agreements on the
management of materials that are toxic to the environment.
180
155
olm
Stockh
fThat
f
same year, domestic material consumption per capita in developed
regions was 72 per cent higher than in developing regions.
fWith
f
six exceptions, all Member States of the United Nations are party to at
least one of the conventions (Basel, Rotterdam or Stockholm) dedicated to the
management of hazardous wastes and other chemicals.
m
a
Rotterd
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
8
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
2015 Paris Climate Agreement
Climate change presents the single biggest threat to development, and its
widespread, unprecedented effects disproportionately burden the poorest and
the most vulnerable. Urgent action is needed not only to combat climate change
and its impacts, but also to build resilience in responding to climate-related
hazards and natural disasters.
MAX
2°C
fIn
f April 2016, 175 Member States signed the historic Paris Agreement, which
sets the stage for ambitious climate action by all to ensure that global temperatures rise no more than 2 degrees Celsius.
An average of
83,000 people died
and 211 million were
affected each year
by natural disasters
from 2000 to 2013
fAn
f average of 83,000 people died and 211 million were affected each year as a
result of natural disasters occurring from 2000 to 2013.
fIn
f 2015, only 83 countries reportedly had legislative and/or regulatory provisions in place for managing disaster risk.
Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources
for sustainable development
This Goal seeks to promote the conservation and sustainable use of marine and
coastal ecosystems, prevent marine pollution and increase the economic benefits
to small island developing States and LDCs from the sustainable use of marine
resources.
fMarine
f
resources are particularly important for people living in coastal communities, who represented 37 per cent of the world's population in 2010.
Proportion of fish stocks
within biologically sustainable levels
1974
90%
2013
69%
fThe
f
proportion of global marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable
levels declined from 90 per cent in 1974 to 69 per cent in 2013.
fIn
f 2014, 8.4 per cent of the marine environment under national jurisdiction
(up to 200 nautical miles from shore) was under protection. From 2000 to
2016, the share of marine key biodiversity areas that were completely covered
by protected areas increased from 15 per cent to 19 per cent.
fThe
f
five large marine ecosystems most at risk from coastal eutrophication are
the Bay of Bengal, East China Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Brazil Shelf and South
China Sea—areas that provided ecosystem services for coastal populations
totalling 781 million in 2010.
9
19%
20
15%
Proportion of
marine key
biodiversity areas
under protection
worldwide
10
0
2000
2016
Overview
Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt
and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
0
1990-2000 2010-2015
Global annual
-4
-8
-3.3 million net forest loss
hectares
-7.3 million
hectares
Goal 15 focuses on managing forests sustainably, restoring degraded lands and
successfully combating desertification, reducing degraded natural habitats and
ending biodiversity loss. All of these efforts in combination will help ensure that
livelihoods are preserved for those that depend directly on forests and other
ecosystems, that biodiversity will thrive, and that the benefits of these natural
resources will be enjoyed for generations to come.
fGlobal
f
net loss in forest area declined from 7.3 million hectares per year in the
1990s to 3.3 million hectares per year during the period 2010-2015.
Over 23,000 species
face extinction
across the globe
fThe
f
percentage of global terrestrial, inland freshwater and mountain key
biodiversity areas covered by protected areas increased from 16.5 per cent to
19.3 per cent, 13.8 per cent to 16.6 per cent and 18.1 per cent to 20.1 per cent,
respectively, from 2000 to 2016.
fAs
f of 2015, over 23,000 species of plants, fungi and animals were known to
face a high probability of extinction. Human activities are causing species
extinctions at rates three orders of magnitude higher than those normal
throughout the Earth’s history.
fSince
f
1999, at least 7,000 species of animals and plants have been detected in
illegal trade affecting 120 countries.
Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable
and inclusive institutions at all levels
34%
13%
2004
Proportion of child
victims of human
trafficking worldwide
2011
Goal 16 envisages peaceful and inclusive societies based on respect for human
rights, the rule of law, good governance at all levels, and transparent, effective and
accountable institutions. Many countries still face protracted violence and armed
conflict, and far too many people are poorly supported by weak institutions and lack
access to justice, information and other fundamental freedoms.
fBetween
f
2008 and 2014, the homicide rate in developing countries was twice
that of developed countries.
1 in 2 children
have not been
registered by
their fifth birthdays
in LDCs
fAt
f the peak in 2011, 34 per cent of the victims of human trafficking at the
global level were children, up from 13 per cent in 2004.
fGlobally,
f
30 per cent of people held in detention over the period 2012-2014
had not been sentenced.
fThe
f
births of more than one in four children under age 5 worldwide go unrecorded. In the LDCs, one in two children have not been registered by their fifth
birthdays.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
10
Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global
Partnership for Sustainable Development
The 2030 Agenda requires a revitalized and enhanced global partnership that
mobilizes all available resources from Governments, civil society, the private sector, the United Nations system and other actors. Increasing support to developing
countries, in particular LDCs, landlocked developing countries and small island
developing States is fundamental to equitable progress for all.
fOfficial
f
development assistance totalled 131.6 billion US dollars in 2015, which
was 6.9 per cent higher in real terms than in 2014 and represents the highest
level ever reached.
6.9% ODA totalled
131.6 billion US dollars
in 2015, an increase of
6.9 per cent in real terms
from 2014
2014
2015
fThe
f
debt service to export ratio fell significantly over the period 2000-2012,
dropping from 11.7 in 2000 to under 2.7 in 2012.
fIn
f 2015, fixed-broadband Internet penetration reached 29 per cent in developed
regions, but only 7.1 per cent in developing regions and 0.5 per cent in LDCs.
fAlthough
f
the share of LDC merchandise exports in total exports nearly
doubled from 2000 to 2014, it still represented only a small fraction of global
exports in 2014, at 1.1 per cent.
CENSUS
90 per cent
of all countries
conducted population
and housing censuses
over the period
2006-2015
fNinety
f
per cent of all countries and 88 per cent of developing countries
conducted population and housing censuses over the period 2006-2015, a key
source of essential data.
Ensuring that no one is left behind
In launching the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
Member States recognized that the dignity of the individual is
fundamental and that the Agenda’s Goals and targets should
be met for all nations and people and for all segments of
society. Furthermore, they will endeavour to reach first those
who are furthest behind. Going beyond rhetoric in this regard
will be no simple matter because disaggregated data tell us
that the benefits of development are far from equally shared.
fIn
f 2015, the youth unemployment rate (among people aged
15 to 24) globally was 15 per cent—more than three times
the rate for adults (4.6 per cent).
fGlobally
f
in 2015, births in the richest 20 per cent of households were more than twice as likely to be attended by
skilled health personnel as those in the poorest 20 per cent
of households (89 per cent versus 43 per cent).
fChildren
f
from the poorest households are more than twice
as likely to be stunted as their richest peers.
fThe
f
LDCs, landlocked developing countries and small island
developing States all reported a prevalence of undernourishment that was substantially higher than that of developing
regions as a whole (13.6, 9.8 and 5.1 percentage points
higher, respectively) in 2014-2016.
Leaving no one behind is the overarching principle of the 2030
Agenda. However, without data and indicators that address
specific groups within a population, including the most
vulnerable, full implementation of the commitments made in
the SDGs will not be possible. A global effort to improve data
availability and use, including through improvements in the
integration of data sources, has already begun. But much work
lies ahead. The global statistical community stands ready to
transform and modernize the way this work is undertaken in
order to fully meet current needs and to fulfil our promise to
present and future generations.
fAlmost
f
80 per cent of urban inhabitants have access to
piped water versus one-third of the rural population.
Wu Hongbo
Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs
11Overview
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
In signing Agenda 2030, Governments around the world committed to ending poverty in all its manifestations, including its
most extreme forms, over the next 15 years. They resolved that all
people everywhere should enjoy a basic standard of living. This
includes social protection benefits for the poor and most vulnerable
and ensuring that people harmed by conflict and natural hazards
receive adequate support, including access to basic services.
Poverty was halved over a decade, but one
in eight people around the world still lived
in extreme poverty in 2012
Proportion of the population living below 1.90 US dollars a day, 2002 and 2012
(percentage)
Sub-Saharan Africa
57
43
Oceania
48
30
Southern Asia
36
15
Caucasus and Central Asia
33
12
South-Eastern Asia
21
8
Eastern Asia
32
6
Latin America and the Caribbean
6
13
Developed regions 0.11.2
Developing regions
33
15
World
26
13
0
10
20
30
40
50
2002
60
The international poverty line is currently defined as
1.90 US dollars per person per day using 2011 purchasing
power parity (PPP). In the decade from 2002 to 2012, the
proportion of the global population living below the poverty
line dropped by half, from 26 to 13 per cent. If economic
growth rates observed during those 10 years prevail for
the next 15, the global rate for extreme poverty will likely
fall to 4 per cent by 2030, assuming that growth benefits
all income groups equally. Poverty remains widespread
in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 40 per cent of
people lived on less than 1.90 US dollars a day in 2012.
2012
Note: The regional estimates for Northern Africa and Western Asia could not be calculated
because the available data do not have sufficient population coverage.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
12
Among the working poor, young people are
most likely to live in extreme poverty
In 2015, 10 per cent of the world’s workers and their
families were living on less than 1.90 US dollars
per person per day, down from 28 per cent in 2000.
Young people aged 15 to 24 are most likely to be among
the working poor: 16 per cent of all employed youth were
living below the poverty line in 2015, compared with
9 per cent of working adults. One-third of all workers in
sub-Saharan Africa and more than 18 per cent of workers
in Southern Asia were among the working poor that year.
Proportion of employed population living below 1.90 US dollars a day, total, youth
and adults, 2000 and 2015 (percentage)
60
50
40
30
20
Sub- Southern South- Northern Eastern
Latin Caucasus Western
Saharan
Asia
Eastern Africa
Asia
America
and
Asia
Africa
Asia
and the Central
Caribbean Asia
Adults
About one in five people receive any type
of social protection benefit in low-income
countries
One way of further reducing poverty is to improve coverage
of social protection programmes and target benefits to the
poor and most vulnerable. Social protection programmes
include social assistance, such as cash transfers, school
feeding and targeted food assistance. Social insurance
and labour market programmes are other forms of social
protection, covering old-age and disability pensions,
maternity benefits, unemployment insurance, skills training
and wage subsidies, among others. Most poor people
remain outside social protection systems, especially
in poorer countries: about one in five people receive
any type of benefit in low-income countries compared
with two in three in upper-middle-income countries.
13
Youths
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
0
2000
10
World
Total
Proportion of the population receiving social protection benefits, most recent data
available during 2000-2014 (percentage)
Low-income countries
Lower-middle-income countries
Upper-middle-income countries
15
12
21
4
8
45
Social assistance
28
Social insurance
2
Labour market
GOAL 1 | No poverty
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Goal 2 seeks sustainable solutions to end hunger in all its forms by
2030 and to achieve food security. The aim is to ensure that everyone everywhere has enough good-quality food to lead a healthy life.
Achieving this Goal will require better access to food and the widespread promotion of sustainable agriculture. This entails improving
the productivity and incomes of small-scale farmers by promoting
equal access to land, technology and markets, sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices. It also requires
increased investments through international cooperation to bolster
the productive capacity of agriculture in developing countries.
Despite progress, more than 790 million
people worldwide still suffer from hunger
Number and proportion of undernourished people, 2000-2002 and 2014-2016
(millions and percentage)
35
204 mil
30
Percentage
25
20
118 mil
220 mil
908 mil
272 mil
930 mil
222 mil
1.3 mil
11 mil
15
60 mil
281 mil 1.4 mil
10
14 mil
61 mil
5
0
145 mil
19 mil
780 mil
6 mil
34 mil
7 mil
4 mil
795 mil
21 mil
15 mil
s
s
rld
sia ean
sia nia sia
sia
sia
ica
ica
on
on
Afr rn A Ocea ern A ern A ern A tral A ribb n Afr
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egi
egi
a her
t
t
t
gr
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ran uthe
s
s
s
C
e
n
e
i
a
a
a
e
p
E
o
-E
ah
op
W nd C d the Nort
So
vel
vel
a
uth
b-S
De
De
So
Su
us ica an
s
a
r
e
uc
Ca Am
in
Lat
2000-2002
2014-2016
Note: Vertical position of the bubbles represents the percentage of the population that is
undernourished. The size of the bubbles represents the number of undernourished people.
The proportion of undernourished people is less than 5 per cent for Northern Africa and
Developed regions for both time periods.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
The fight against hunger has seen some progress over the
past 15 years. Globally, the proportion of undernourished
people declined from 15 per cent in 2000-2002 to
11 per cent in 2014-2016. However, more than 790 million
people still lack regular access to adequate food. If current
trends continue, the zero hunger target will be largely
missed by 2030. The persistence of hunger is no longer
a matter of food availability. Rather, in many countries
that failed to reach the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) hunger target, natural and human-­induced
disasters or political instability have resulted in food
insecurity affecting large swathes of the population.
Preliminary estimates from the Food Insecurity Experience
Scale—available for about 150 countries in 2014 and
2015—reveal that food insecurity is most prevalent in
sub-Saharan Africa. More than half of the adult population
in that region faced moderate or severe levels of food
insecurity, and one-quarter faced severe levels. Southern
Asia had the second highest prevalence: around 25 per cent
of adults there experienced moderate or severe food
insecurity, and 12 per cent experienced severe levels.
14
Chronic undernutrition, or stunted growth,
still affects one in four children under age 5
In 2014, an estimated 158.6 million children under age 5
were affected by stunting, a chronic form of under­
nutrition defined as inadequate height for age. Chronic
undernutrition puts children at greater risk of dying from
common infections, increases the frequency and severity
of infections and contributes to delayed recovery. It is also
associated with impaired cognitive ability and reduced
school and work performance. Globally, the proportion of
stunted children has fallen in all regions except Oceania.
Southern Asia made the most progress between 2000 and
2014, but the region is still home to the largest number of
stunted children in the world, 63.9 million. In sub-­Saharan
Africa, population growth outpaced progress: the number
of stunted children increased from an estimated 50.1 million in 2000 to 57.3 million in 2014. Together, Southern
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa accounted for three-quarters
of children under 5 with stunted growth in 2014.
Proportion of children under age 5 with stunted growth, 2000 and 2014 (percentage)
38
39
Oceania
Sub-Saharan Africa
36
Southern Asia
35
South-Eastern Asia
50
38
27
Northern Africa
24
18
Western Asia
24
17
Caucasus and Central Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
27
15
17
11
Eastern Asia
43
19
7
5
4
Developed regions
Developing regions
36
26
World
33
24
0
10
20
30
40
50
2000
2014
Note: The population coverage for developed regions is less than 50 per cent for all periods
between 2000 and 2014.
Proportion of children under age 5 who are overweight, 2000 and 2014 (percentage)
12
Northern Africa
9
Caucasus and Central Asia
5
Oceania
The share of overweight children under age
5 has increased by nearly 20 per cent
9
6.5
Western Asia
7.5
7.0
7.5
Latin America and the Caribbean
Worldwide, the proportion of children under age 5 who are
overweight increased from 5 per cent in 2000 to 6 per cent
in 2014. Overweight is a growing problem affecting nearly
every region. Northern Africa has the highest prevalence
of overweight children under 5 (16 per cent), followed by
the Caucasus and Central Asia (12 per cent). Globally,
41 million children in this age group are overweight; almost
half of them live in Asia and one quarter live in Africa.
16
12
3
South-Eastern Asia
7.4
Eastern Asia
5
6
4.4
4.5
Sub-Saharan Africa
3
Southern Asia
4
9
Developed regions
5
Developing regions
6
5
World
0
2
10
4
6
6
8
10
12
14
2000
16
2014
Note: The population coverage for developed regions is less than 50 per cent for all periods
between 2000 and 2014.
15
World
Developing regions
Developed regions
8
6
4
WORLD FOOD PRICE CRISIS
10
WORLD FOOD PRICE CRISIS
1.2
WORLD FOOD PRICE CRISIS
12
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Agriculture share of GDP (left axis)
Agriculture share of government expenditures (left axis)
Agriculture orientation index (right axis)
GOAL 2 | Zero hunger
2013
2009
2005
2001
2013
2009
2005
2001
2013
0.0
2009
0
2005
0.2
2001
2
Agriculture Orientation Index
The productive capacity of agriculture depends on investments from public and private sources, both domestic
and foreign. Recent trends in government spending have
not been favourable. The agriculture orientation index
(AOI)—the agriculture share of government expenditures
divided by the agriculture share of GDP—fell from 0.37 to
0.33 between 2001 and 2013 in developing countries. The
decline was interrupted only during the food price crisis
of 2006 to 2008, when governments boosted agricultural
spending. Since the late 1990s, aid to agriculture in
developing countries has languished at around 8 per cent of
the total, down from a high of 20 per cent in the mid-1980s,
when donors began focusing more on improving governance, building social capital and bolstering fragile States.
Agriculture share of government expenditure, agriculture share of GDP (percentage)
and agriculture orientation index for world, developing and developed regions,
2001-2013
Shares (percentage)
Agriculture share of government
expenditures increasingly lags behind
its economic contribution
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
at all ages
Goal 3 seeks to ensure health and well-being for all at every stage
of life. The aim is to improve reproductive and maternal and child
health; end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and
neglected tropical diseases; reduce non-communicable and environmental diseases; achieve universal health coverage; and ensure
universal access to safe, affordable and effective medicines and
vaccines. Towards that end, world leaders committed to support
research and development, increase health financing, and strengthen
the capacity of all countries to reduce and manage health risks.
Maternal, newborn and child mortality rates
have declined sharply since 1990 but are still
unacceptably high
Maternal mortality ratio worldwide, 1990-2015
Maternal deaths
per 100,000 live births
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2010
2015
Neonatal and under-5 deaths
per 1,000 live births
Neonatal and under-5 mortality rates worldwide, 1990-2015
100
75
50
25
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
Under-5
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
Neonatal
Between 1990 and 2015, the global maternal mortality
ratio declined by 44 per cent to an estimated 216 deaths
per 100,000 live births, falling short of the MDGs and
far from the target of 70 maternal deaths per 100,000
live births established in the 2030 Agenda. Almost all
maternal deaths occur in low-resource settings and can be
prevented, including by expanding access to appropriate
sexual and reproductive health services. Globally in
2015, approximately three in four women of reproductive
age (15 to 49 years) who were married or in a union
satisfied their need for family planning by using modern
contraceptive methods. Only three in four births took
place with the assistance of a skilled birth attendant.
The global under-5 mortality rate declined by more than
half to 43 per 1,000 live births from 1990 to 2015. This
was short of the two-thirds reduction envisaged in the
MDGs. In 2015, an estimated 5.9 million children under
age 5 died; most of these deaths were preventable. Over
this period, progress in child survival among children aged
1 to 59 months outpaced advances in reducing neonatal
mortality; as a result, a growing share of all under-5 deaths
occurs in the first month of life (45 per cent in 2015).
16
The incidence of major communicable
diseases is declining, although hundreds of
millions of people are still newly infected
each year
The incidence of HIV, malaria and tuberculosis declined
globally between 2000 and 2015, indicating that MDG 6
was achieved. Ending these epidemics, however, will
require reinvigorated efforts. In 2015, the number of new
HIV infections globally was 0.3 per 1,000 uninfected
people, and an estimated 2.1 million people became
newly infected that year. The incidence of HIV was
highest in sub-Saharan Africa, with 1.5 new cases per
1,000 uninfected people. In 2014, 9.6 million new cases
of tuberculosis (133 per 100,000 people) were reported
worldwide, with 58 per cent of them in South‑Eastern
Asia and the Western Pacific. Almost half of the
world’s population is at risk of malaria and, in 2015, the
incidence rate was 91 new cases per 1,000 people at
risk—an estimated 214 million cases. Sub-Saharan Africa
accounted for 89 per cent of all malaria cases worldwide,
with an incidence rate of 235 per 1,000 people at risk.
Among people under age 70, cardiovascular
diseases and cancer account for almost
two-thirds of deaths from non-communicable
diseases
200
150
100
50
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
Tuberculosis (new cases per 100,000 people)
Malaria (new cases per 1,000 people at risk)
HIV (new cases per 100,000 uninfected people)
Share of premature deaths* due to non-communicable diseases by type, 2012
(percentage)
8
4
Respiratory diseases
37
Diabetes
23
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Other NDCs
27
* Premature deaths refer to deaths in the population under age 70.
Note: Because of rounding, percentages do not add up to 100.
Number of road traffic deaths (thousands) and vehicles (millions) in high-, lowand middle-income countries, 2000-2013
Around 1.25 million people died from road traffic accidents in 2013, an average of 3,400 each day. In addition,
tens of millions of people are injured or disabled each
year from traffic accidents, with children, pedestrians,
cyclists and older people among the most vulnerable.
Halving the number of global deaths and injuries from
road traffic accidents by 2020 is an ambitious goal
given the dramatic increase in the number of vehicles,
which nearly doubled between 2000 and 2013.
1,200
1.2
1,000
1.0
800
0.8
600
0.6
400
0.4
200
0.2
0
2000
0
2005
2010
Deaths, high-income countries (left axis)
Deaths, low- and middle-income countries (left axis)
Vehicles, high-income countries (right axis)
Vehicles, low- and middle-income countries (right axis)
17
GOAL 3 | Good health and well-being
2013
Number of vehicles (millions)
Road traffic deaths have slowly declined
since 2000 in high-income countries,
while increasing significantly
in low- and middle-income countries
Deaths (thousands)
In 2012, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were
responsible for around 38 million deaths per year,
accounting for 68 per cent of all deaths worldwide.
Among deaths in the population under age 70, commonly
referred to as premature deaths, NCDs accounted for
52 per cent of all deaths. Over three-quarters of premature deaths from NCDs were caused by cardiovascular
diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease.
Globally, premature mortality from these four main
NCDs declined by 15 per cent between 2000 and 2012.
Global HIV, malaria and tuberculosis incidence rates, 2000-2015
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Goal 4 aims to ensure that all people have access to quality
education and lifelong learning opportunities. This Goal focuses
on the acquisition of foundational and higher-order skills at all
stages of education and development; greater and more equitable
access to quality education at all levels, as well as technical and
vocational education and training (TVET); and the knowledge, skills
and values needed to function well and contribute to society.
Children are less likely to attend school
if they live in rural areas, are poor or have
parents with little or no education
Proportion of out-of-school children of primary school age in selected countries
by sex, location, household wealth and education of the household head, 2008-2012
(percentage)
Boys
7.1
Girls
7.3
Urban
5.1
Rural
7.7
Household wealth
Richest quintile
2.9
Second richest quintile
4.2
Middle quintile
6.4
Second poorest quintile
8.4
Poorest quintile
12.5
Education of household head
Secondary or higher
Primary
3.5
6.4
Less than primary
16.0
0
10
20
30
40
National values
50
60
70
Despite progress, the world failed to meet the MDG of
universal primary education by 2015. In 2013, the latest
year for which data are available, 59 million children of
primary school age and 65 million adolescents of lower
secondary age were out of school. Most of them were
girls. Survey data from 63 low- and middle-income
countries between 2008 and 2012 show that children
of primary school age from the poorest 20 per cent of
households were more than four times as likely to be out
of school as their richest peers. Children, especially girls,
from households headed by someone with less than a
primary education were more than four times as likely
to be out of school as children from households headed
by someone with a secondary or higher education.
Median values
Note: Data are based on nationally representative household surveys from 63 low- and middleincome countries between 2008 and 2012.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
18
More than half of children aged 3 and 4 in
selected countries are developmentally on
track in physical, learning and psycho-social
well-being
Early childhood development is multidimensional,
encompassing several aspects of a child’s well-being:
physical, social, emotional and mental. Despite variations in the pace and rate at which children develop, all
children have an inherent right to develop to their fullest
potential. In 54 of 58 countries with available data for the
period 2009-2015, at least half of children aged 3 and 4
were developmentally on track in at least three of the
following domains: literacy-numeracy, physical development, social-emotional development and learning.
Developed regions
(38 countries)
Quality education should lead to the acquisition of
fundamental skills, such as literacy and numeracy, and
higher-order skills. The end of lower secondary school often
coincides with the end of compulsory education. By this
stage, students should be able to master subject-related
knowledge and skills, possess personal and social skills and
have a solid foundation for further learning throughout life.
Data from 38 countries in developed regions show that,
in the majority of these countries, at least 75 per cent of
young people achieved at least minimum proficiency in
reading and/or mathematics; the same was true for only
5 of the 22 countries with data in developing regions.
Proportion of young people at the end of lower secondary education achieving
at least minimum levels of proficiency in reading and mathematics,
selected countries in developing and developed regions, 2012 (percentage)
Developing regions
(22 countries)
Fundamental skills provide a solid
foundation to young people for further
learning throughout their lives
Mathematics
78
Reading
81
Mathematics
47
Reading
56
0
20
40
60
80
National values
100
Median values
Proportion of children aged 36-59 months who are developmentally on track
in at least three of the following domains: literacy-numeracy, physical development,
social-emotional development and learning, 2009-2015 (percentage)
Sub-Saharan Africa (18)
Southern Asia (3)
Northern Africa (2)
Western Asia (5)
Eastern Asia (2)
Caucasus and Central Asia (3)
Latin America and the Caribbean (14)
South-Eastern Asia (4)
60
64
71
71
75
84
84
86
Developed regions (7)
91
0
20
40
60
80
Note: Data are available for 58 countries for the period 2009-2015 covering 18 per cent of the
world’s population. The number of countries in each region with available data is in
parentheses.
Learning opportunities of many types should
extend throughout life
Education for sustainable development and global
citizenship addresses pressing and overarching
requirements of society: “living together” and the
“relationship with nature”. These are critical avenues
for a sustainable and peaceful future for all.
Equitable access to TVET and higher education should
also be promoted. Although enrolments in TVET in
upper secondary school rose by one-third between 2000
and 2013, the share of TVET in secondary education
overall fell from 26 per cent to 22 per cent. Tertiary
education has expanded rapidly over the same period,
with enrolments doubling globally and increasing by
2.5 times in developing regions and with almost equal
numbers of men and women enrolled. However, worldwide in 2013, there were still 757 million adults unable
to read and write, of whom two-thirds were women.
19
VOCATIONAL¬TECHNICAL TRAINING
TVET enrolment at the
upper secondary level
rose by nearly one-third
between 2000 and 2013
50
26%
25
22%
The share of TVET
of all enrolments
in secondary education
fell from 26 per cent
to 22 per cent
0
2000
2013
GOAL 4 | Quality education
100
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women
and girls
Empowering women and girls to reach their full potential requires
that they have equal opportunities to those of men and boys. This
means eliminating all forms of discrimination and violence against
them, including violence by intimate partners, sexual violence
and harmful practices, such as child marriage and female genital
mutilation (FGM). Ensuring that women have better access to paid
employment, sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights,
and real decision-making power in public and private spheres will
further ensure that development is equitable and sustainable.
Rates of child marriage have declined
overall but remain at unacceptable levels,
especially in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan
Africa
Proportion of women aged 20 to 24 years who were married or in a union
before ages 15 and 18, 1990 and 2015 (percentage)
70
60
50
32
40
28
28
26
18
1990
2015
2015
16
11
12
Caucasus Northern South- Western Oceania
Latin
Sub- Southern
and
Africa Eastern
Asia
America Saharan
Asia
Central Asia
Asia
and the Africa
Caribbean
Married/in a union before age 15
7
2015
30
1990
2
7
2015
2
20
19
7
1990
3
2015
2
2
7
21
19
1990
14
9
25
16
2015
11
23
21
1990
9
2015
1990
0
8
1
1990
11
2015
10
20
2015
20
1990
20
1990
30
World
Married/in a union after age 15 but before age 18
Note: The values for 2015 refer to the latest available data collected between 2010 and 2014.
Because of rounding, percentages in chart may not add up to totals.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
The practice of child marriage has been declining slowly.
Globally, the proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who
reported that they were married before their eighteenth
birthdays dropped from 32 per cent around 1990 to
26 per cent around 2015. Child marriage is most common
in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, with rates of
44 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively. In fact, the
10 countries with the highest rates in the world are found
in these two regions. Marriage rates for girls under age
15 are also highest in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan
Africa, at 16 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively. But
social norms can and do change: the marriage of girls
under age 15 declined globally from 12 per cent in 1990 to
7 per cent today, although disparities persist across regions
and even countries. The fastest progress in reducing child
marriage overall has been recorded in Northern Africa,
where the share of child brides dropped by more than half
over the last 25 years, from 29 per cent to 13 per cent.
20
Despite progress, more than one in three
girls aged 15 to 19 in the 30 countries where
the practice is concentrated have undergone
female genital mutilation
FGM is a human rights violation that affects girls and
women worldwide, especially in countries where it is an
entrenched social norm. At least 200 million have been cut
in the 30 countries where the practice is concentrated and
that have representative prevalence data. Rates of FGM
overall have declined by more than 25 per cent over the
last three decades. However, not all countries have made
progress, and the pace of decline has been uneven. Today,
in these 30 countries, more than one in three girls aged 15
to 19 have undergone the procedure versus one in two in
the mid-1980s.
Different forms of violence, including physical, sexual,
psychological and economic, as well as trafficking and
other forms of sexual exploitation affect millions of women
and girls worldwide. This not only constitutes a grave
violation of human rights, but also hinders the process of
development. Available comparable data from 52 countries
(including only one country from the developed regions)
indicate that 21 per cent of girls and women interviewed
aged 15 to 49 years experienced physical and/or sexual
violence at the hands of an intimate partner in the previous
12 months.
Women in developing countries spend four
times as many hours on unpaid work as men
In every region, women and girls do the bulk of unpaid
work, including caregiving and household tasks such as
cooking and cleaning. Women report that on average they
spend 19 per cent of their time each day on unpaid labour
versus 8 per cent for men. The responsibilities of unpaid
care and domestic work, combined with paid labour, mean
that women and girls work longer hours than men and boys
and have less time for rest, self-care, learning and other
activities.
Proportion of girls aged 15 to 19 who have undergone female genital mutilation
in 30 countries where the practice is concentrated, 1985-2015 (percentage)
60
50
51
49
48
46
44
40
41
37
30
20
10
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Note: The figures are population-weighted averages based on comparable data from 30 countries.
The values for 2015 refer to the latest available data collected between 2010 and 2014.
Proportion of time spent on unpaid and paid work in selected countries,
women and men, 2000-2014 (percentage of time spent per day)
30
25
30 countries
in developing regions
29 countries
in developed regions
10
16
21
15
19
19
19
18
5
0
10
10
20
10
59 countries
worldwide
10
5
Women
Men
Women
8
Men
Women
Men
Unpaid work
Paid work
Note: Data are based on time-use surveys conducted between 2000 and 2014 in 59 countries,
30 from developing regions and 29 from developed regions.
Women hold only 23 per cent
of parliamentary seats worldwide
The proportion of seats held by women in single or lower
houses of parliament rose to 23 per cent in 2016. This
represents an average increase of 0.6 percentage points
a year since 2006 and a rise of 6 percentage points over
a decade. Slow progress in this area contrasts with more
rapid developments for women in parliamentary leadership
positions. In 2016, the number of women speakers of
parliament increased from 43 to 49 (out of the 273 posts
globally); women accounted for 18 per cent of all speakers
of parliament in January 2016. 21
Proportion of seats held by women in single or lower houses of national parliament,
2016 (percentage)
Oceania
Western Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Southern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Northern Africa
Eastern Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
5
13
18
18
18
22
22
24
28
Developed regions
Developing regions
World
26
21
23
0
5
10
15
20
GOAL 5 | Gender equality
25
30
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all
Sustainable Development Goal 6 goes beyond drinking water,
sanitation and hygiene to also address the quality and sustainability
of water resources, which are critical to the survival of people and
the planet. The 2030 Agenda recognizes the centrality of water
resources to sustainable development and the vital role that
improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene play in progress
in other areas, including health, education and poverty reduction.
Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available
freshwater resources, around 2012 (percentage)
Northern Africa
A growing number of countries are
confronting water stress, which now affects
more than 2 billion people worldwide
96
Western Asia
54
Caucasus and Central Asia
50
Southern Asia
48
Eastern Asia
20
South-Eastern Asia
8
Sub-Saharan Africa
3
Latin America and the Caribbean
2
Oceania 0.06
Developed regions
7
Developing regions
10
World
9
0
20
40
60
80
25 per cent: threshold that marks the beginning stages of water stress
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
100
Holistic management of the water cycle means taking
into account the level of “water stress”, calculated as the
ratio of total fresh water withdrawn by all major sectors
to the total renewable freshwater resources in a particular
country or region. Currently, water stress affects more than
2 billion people around the globe, a figure that is projected
to rise. Water stress affects countries on every continent,
which hinders the sustainability of natural resources, as
well as economic and social development. While many
regions are below the 25 per cent threshold that marks the
beginning stages of physical water stress, huge differences
are found within and among countries. In 2011, 41 countries
experienced water stress, an increase from 36 countries
in 1998. Of these, 10 countries—on the Arabian Peninsula
and in Central Asia and Northern Africa—withdrew more
than 100 per cent of their renewable freshwater resources.
22
Over 90 per cent of people worldwide
use improved drinking water sources,
but not all sources are safely managed
In 2015, 6.6 billion people, or 91 per cent of the global
population, used an improved drinking water source
compared with 82 per cent in 2000. An estimated
663 million people in 2015 were still using unimproved
sources or surface water. While coverage was around
90 per cent or more in all regions except sub-Saharan
Africa and Oceania, widespread in­equalities persist within
and among countries. Moreover, not all improved water
sources are safely managed. In 2012, for example, it was
estimated that at least 1.8 billion people were exposed
to drinking water contaminated with faecal matter.
Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources, 2000 and 2015
(percentage)
53
56
55
Oceania
Sub-Saharan Africa
68
83
Caucasus and Central Asia
South-Eastern Asia
80
Southern Asia
81
Northern Africa
Western Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
89
90
93
90
93
87
95
90
95
81
Eastern Asia
96
98
99
Developed regions
79
Developing regions
89
82
World
0
20
40
60
91
80
100
2000
Inadequate sanitation facilities are still
a reality for one-third of the global
population
Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of the global
population using improved sanitation increased from
59 per cent to 68 per cent. This means that 4.9 billion
people globally were using an improved sanitation facility
in 2015. However, 2.4 billion were not; among them
were 946 million people without any facilities at all,
who continued to practise open defecation. The unsafe
management of faecal waste and wastewater continues to
pose a major risk to public health and the environment.
2015
Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities, 2000 and 2015
(percentage)
26
30
Sub-Saharan Africa
36
36
Oceania
32
Southern Asia
47
59
South-Eastern Asia
72
60
Eastern Asia
77
75
Latin America and the Caribbean
83
80
Northern Africa
90
83
Western Asia
94
88
Caucasus and Central Asia
Developed regions
50
Developing regions
World
0
20
40
62
59
68
60
80
2000
Plans for the integrated management of
water resources are under way in countries
in every region, with varying progress
on implementation
A key aspect of sustainable water management is
the implementation of Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM), a follow-up to the 2002
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. In 2012,
65 per cent of the 130 countries that responded to an
IWRM survey question reported that management
plans were in place at the national level, although
full implementation varies across regions.
96
95
96
100
2015
Proportion of countries in various stages of implementing national Integrated
Water Resources Management plans or equivalent, 2012 (percentage)
Western Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Oceania
Southern Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
South-Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Northern Africa
Developed regions
Developing regions
World
0
23
20
40
60
80
100
Not relevant
Under development
Developed, not implemented
Implementation started
Implementation advanced
Fully implemented
GOAL 6 | Clean water and sanitation
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
and modern energy for all
Access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy is crucial
to achieving many of the Sustainable Development Goals—from
poverty eradication through advancements in health, education,
water supply and industrialization to mitigating climate change.
Energy access, however, varies widely across countries, and the
current rate of progress falls short of what will be required to achieve
this Goal. Redoubled efforts will be needed, particularly for countries
with large energy access deficits and high energy consumption.
Proportion of the population with access to electricity, 2000 and 2012 (percentage)
23
Oceania
29
26
Sub-Saharan Africa
35
63
Southern Asia
79
79
South-Eastern Asia
90
89
93
93
96
97
99
92
100
99
100
Western Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Eastern Asia
Northern Africa
Caucasus and Central Asia
100
100
Developed regions
74
Developing regions
World
0
20
An increasing proportion of the population
has gained access to electricity, but
1.1 billion people still live without it
40
The proportion of the global population with access to
electricity increased steadily, from 79 per cent in 2000
to 85 per cent in 2012. Recent progress was driven
largely by advancements in Southern Asia, South-Eastern
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Despite these improvements, 1.1 billion people are still without this essential
service, including over 65 per cent of the population
of sub-Saharan Africa and 70 per cent in Oceania. Of
those gaining access to electricity worldwide since 2010,
the vast majority (80 per cent) are urban dwellers.
81
79
85
60
80
2000
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
100
2012
24
More than 40 per cent of the world’s people
still rely on polluting and unhealthy fuels for
cooking
Proportion of the population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies
for cooking, 2005 and 2014 (percentage)
12
13
Sub-Saharan Africa
21
Oceania
From 2005 to 2014, the proportion of the global
population with access to clean fuels and technologies
for cooking, such as gas and electricity, increased from
54 per cent to 58 per cent. Advancements have been
slow in some regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where
access remains very low. Limited progress since 2010
falls substantially short of global population growth
and is almost exclusively confined to urban areas. As
a result, the absolute number of people relying on
polluting fuels and technologies for cooking has actually
increased, reaching an estimated 3 billion people.
30
29
Southern Asia
35
33
South-Eastern Asia
53
51
Eastern Asia
58
Latin America and the Caribbean
81
Caucasus and Central Asia
81
87
88
94
95
95
100
Western Asia
Northern Africa
98
99
Developed regions
54
World
0
20
58
40
60
80
2005
Use of renewable energy is growing only
modestly, but modern renewables comprise
a large and expanding share
The share of renewable energy—derived from hydropower,
solid and liquid biofuels, the wind, sun, biogas, geothermal
and marine sources, and waste—in the world’s total final
energy consumption increased marginally, from 17.4 per cent
in 2000 to 18.1 per cent in 2012. However, modern renewables, which exclude solid biofuels, grew at a rate of
4 per cent a year between 2010 and 2012. The contribution
of renewables to the electricity sector has been growing
significantly. Modern renewables accounted for 60 per cent
of all new power-generating capacity in 2014. In absolute
terms, about 72 per cent of the increase in energy consumption from modern renewable sources between 2010 and
2012 came from developing regions, mostly Eastern Asia.
Global economic growth is being decoupled
from energy use, but not quickly enough
Energy intensity—calculated by dividing total primary
energy supply by GDP—reveals how much energy is used to
produce one unit of economic output. Global energy intensity improved by 1.3 per cent per year from 2000 to 2012,
falling from 6.7 megajoules per unit of GDP (2011 US dollars
PPP) in 2000 to 5.7 in 2012. A contributing factor was the
proportion of energy use covered by mandatory energy efficiency regulation, which almost doubled in the last decade
(from 14 per cent in 2005 to 27 per cent in 2014). Still, progress is proceeding at only two-thirds of the pace needed to
double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
by 2030. Among end-use sectors, industry was the largest
contributor to reduced energy intensity, followed closely by
transportation. About 68 per cent of the savings in energy
intensity between 2010 and 2012 came from developing
regions, with Eastern Asia as the largest contributor.
25
100
2014
Renewable energy share in total final energy consumption, 2000, 2005, 2010
and 2012 (percentage)
20
17.8
18.1
7.3
8.4
8.8
10.2
9.7
9.4
9.3
2000
2005
2010
2012
17.4
17.0
15
7.2
10
5
0
Other renewables
Modern renewables
Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and gross domestic product,
2000 and 2012 (megajoules per 2011 US dollars PPP)
10.3
11.0
Oceania
Caucasus and Central Asia
Eastern Asia
8.1
Sub-Saharan Africa
7.8
Southern Asia
Northern Africa
5.4
4.7
4.9
5.5
4.5
4.4
4.1
3.7
3.9
Developed regions
5.3
Western Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
9.2
10.0
16.7
10.4
6.8
6.6
6.8
6.1
6.7
5.7
Developing regions
World
0
5
10
15
20
2000
2012
GOAL 7 | Affordable and clean energy
Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment
and decent work for all
Sustained and inclusive economic growth is a prerequisite for
sustainable development, which can contribute to improved
livelihoods for people around the world. Economic growth can lead
to new and better employment opportunities and provide greater
economic security for all. Moreover, rapid growth, especially
among the least developed and developing countries, can help
them reduce the wage gap relative to developed countries, thereby
diminishing glaring inequalities between the rich and poor.
Increased economic growth is needed to
meet the target of 7 per cent GDP growth
in the least developed countries
Average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita, 2000-2004, 2005-2009 and
2010-2014 (percentage)
2.4
2.3
2.5
Small island developing States
3.5
Landlocked developing countries
5.5
3.6
3.4
Least developed countries
4.7
2.6
2.1
Developed regions 0.5
1.3
3.6
Developing regions
4.5
4.1
1.8
World
1.0
1.6
0
1
2000-2004
2
3
2005-2009
4
5
6
2010-2014
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
In the period 2010-2014, the global average annual growth
rate of real GDP per capita was 1.6 per cent, slightly below
the rate achieved over the period of 2000-2004. The
growth rate of countries in developing regions was more
than triple that of developed regions (4.1 per cent versus
1.3 per cent, respectively), yet the rates for both regions
were below their historical averages. This suggests that
much work remains to achieve the goal of sustained and
inclusive economic growth. The challenge is particularly
steep for the least developed countries, whose per capita
growth accelerated for a time but has since slowed to
only 2.6 per cent on average during 2010-2014, less
than half the target rate of at least 7 per cent a year.
26
Labour productivity in developing regions,
despite improvements, remains far below
that of developed regions
Growth in labour productivity in developing regions
outpaced that of developed regions, especially in Asia. That
said, the productivity of workers in the poorest regions is
still only a small fraction of that of workers in the developed
world. Workers in Southern Asia and ­sub‑Saharan­Africa,
for example, are only about 5 per cent as productive
as those in developed regions, when measured as a
percentage of GDP. Even the developing region with
the highest labour productivity, Western Asia, has only
about 40 per cent of the labour productivity of developed
regions, and this rate has declined slightly since 2000.
Labour productivity (GDP per worker) in constant 2005 US dollars, 2005 and 2015
(thousands of US dollars)
2.5
2.9
2.1
3.5
3.8
4.9
3.6
5.0
3.6
5.8
7.5
8.1
4.4
8.9
12.0
13.4
Sub-Saharan Africa
Southern Asia
Oceania
South-Eastern Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Northern Africa
Eastern Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
25.5
27.2
Western Asia
62.7
Developed regions
World
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2005
Women are 15 per cent more likely to be
unemployed than men worldwide, but the
gender gap is far larger in Northern Africa
and Western Asia
The global unemployment rate stood at 6.1 per cent in
2015, down from a peak of 6.6 per cent in 2009. The
unemployment rate was lowest in Southern, Eastern and
South-Eastern Asia, below 5 per cent, compared with other
regions of the world, where the average rates were around
7 per cent or higher. Globally, women are more likely to
be unemployed than men. Differences are most striking
in Western Asia and Northern Africa, where the unemployment rate of women is more than twice that of men.
Northern Africa
25.2
10.2
Western Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
7.1
Latin America and the Caribbean
5.7
6.9
6.0
5.2
4.0
4.5
4.4
4.2
5.3
Oceania
Southern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
19.7
9.0
9.7
9.4
9.5
8.8
7.5
7.8
6.7
5.8
Developed regions
0
5
10
15
20
25
Women
Between 2011 and 2014, the proportion of the world’s
adult population with an account at a financial institution
or a mobile money service increased from 51 per cent
to 62 per cent, meaning that 700 million adults became
account holders during this period. However, 2 billion adults
worldwide still lack an account at a financial institution.
Financial exclusion disproportionately affected women
and the poor. The proportion of women who are account
holders is 9 percentage points lower than the proportion
of men account holders. Moreover, the proportion of
account holders among the poorest 40 per cent of
households is 14 percentage points lower than among
those living in the richest 60 per cent of households.
27
80
2015
Unemployment rates by sex, 2015 (percentage)
World
While the share of adults with bank accounts
rose by 20 per cent in four years, some
2 billion people still lack this important
financial service
68.2
16.5
18.5
Proportion of the world’s adult population that has an account at a financial
institution, 2011 and 2014 (percentage)
51
2.5
per cent
of the world’s
adult population
have an account
billion
unbanked
62
per cent
of the world’s
2
adult population
have an account
billion
unbanked
2011
2014
GOAL 8 | Decent work and economic growth
30
Men
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive
and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Sustainable Development Goal 9 addresses three important
aspects of sustainable development: infrastructure, industrialization and innovation. Infrastructure provides the basic physical
facilities essential to business and society; industrialization drives
economic growth and job creation, thereby reducing income
inequality; and innovation expands the technological capabilities
of industrial sectors and leads to the development of new skills.
Manufacturing value added per capita, 2005 and 2015 (constant 2010 US dollars)
62
98
Least developed countries
119
149
Landlocked developing countries
1,068
1,363
Small island developing States
4,710
4,926
Developed regions
552
Developing regions
923
1,347
1,630
World
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
2005
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
5,000
2015
The untapped manufacturing potential
of the least developed countries suggests
significant growth opportunities
Manufacturing is one of the principal engines of economic
growth. However, inequalities in the value added in the
manufacturing sector point to the steep challenges faced
by the most disadvantaged countries, as well as their
potential for growth. For example, in 2015, manufacturing
value added (MVA) per capita was less than 100 US dollars
a year in the least developed countries (LDCs) compared to
4,926 US dollars in developed regions. Significant investment is needed in the LDCs to boost technological progress
and economic growth, and to achieve the target of doubling
industry’s share in the gross domestic product of these
countries. Trends in MVA show steady increases in developing regions and a slight decline in developed regions,
which is similar to trends in manufacturing jobs. The potential for growth in manufacturing employment is particularly
high in the LDCs because large segments of the population
continue to work in agricultural and traditional sectors.
28
Energy efficiency and cleaner fuels and
technologies have reduced carbon dioxide
emissions per unit of value added
As countries shift to less energy intensive industries,
cleaner fuels and technologies and stronger energy
efficiency policies, almost all regions have shown a
reduction in the carbon intensity of their GDP. The proportion of the world’s energy use covered by mandatory
energy efficiency regulations has almost doubled over the
last decade, from 14 per cent in 2005 to 27 per cent in
2014. More extensive deployment of clean technologies
will increase the likelihood of achieving the proposed target
of upgrading infrastructure and retrofitting industries to
make them sustainable, with increasingly efficient use
of resources and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes.
Although expenditures on research and
development have grown, the poorest
countries lag behind
In 2013, global investment in research and development
(R&D) stood at 1.7 trillion US dollars (PPP), up from
732 billion US dollars in 2000. This represents an annual
growth rate of 4.6 per cent, which suggests 1.7 per cent of
global GDP was devoted to R&D in 2013. While substantial,
this global average masks wide disparities among regions:
developed regions dedicated almost 2.4 per cent of their
GDP to R&D in 2013, while the average for the LDCs
and landlocked developing countries stood at less than
0.3 per cent. More concerted efforts are urgently needed
to enhance research capabilities in these countries.
Mobile-broadband networks reach almost
90 per cent of the urban population but less
than 30 per cent of the rural population
Technological advances in the communications sector,
expanding networks and falling prices have driven the
spread of mobile-cellular services around the world. People
in previously unconnected areas have joined the global
information society and, in 2015, 95 per cent of people
living in the LDCs were covered by a mobile-­cellular
signal. However, higher-speed Internet access through
third-generation (3G) mobile-broadband networks is less
widespread: only 29 per cent of the rural population are
covered. Increasingly, Internet access is a requirement
for producers and entrepreneurs to remain competitive,
and greater efforts are needed to expand this type of
coverage to rural and remote parts of the world.
Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of value added, 2000 and 2013
(kilograms per constant 2010 US dollars)
1.02
Caucasus and Central Asia
0.55
Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern
Asia and Oceania
0.45
0.41
0.29
0.28
0.22
0.23
0.27
0.21
0.21
0.19
Western Asia
Northern Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
0.37
0.29
0.36
0.34
0.38
0.33
Developed regions
Developing regions
World
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.2
2000
2013
Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, 2005 and 2013
(percentage)
0.19
Least developed countries 0.24
Landlocked developing countries
0.24
0.28
0.96
0.98
Small island developing States
2.15
Developed regions
2.36
0.79
Developing regions
1.16
1.54
World
0.0
1.70
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2005
Proportion of the population covered by a third-generation mobile-broadband
network, by location and technology, 2015 (percentage)
29of per
cent
rural
population
covered by 3G
69
per cent
of the population
covered by 3G
World rural population: 3.4 billion
89
per cent
of urban
population
covered by 3G
World population: 7.4 billion
World urban population: 4 billion
3G coverage
29
0.8
No 3G coverage
GOAL 9 | Industry, innovation and infrastructure
2.5
2013
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income, as well as those
based on sex, age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion and
opportunity—both within and among countries. World leaders
recognized the positive contribution of international migration to inclusive growth and sustainable development, while
acknowledging that it demands coherent and comprehensive
responses. Accordingly, they committed to cooperate internationally to ensure safe, orderly and regular migration. The Goal
also addresses issues related to representation of developing
countries in global decision-making and development assistance.
Proportion of countries in each region where the average annual growth rates of real
income per capita were greater in the bottom 40 per cent of the population than the
national average, 2007-2012 (percentage)
Africa
50
Asia
67
Latin America and the Caribbean
88
Developed regions
49
World
60
0
20
40
60
80
Note: The chart represents 94 countries with data: 43 in developed regions, 16 in Africa,
19 in Asia and 16 in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
100
Many countries in Latin America and the
Caribbean and in Asia saw a decline in
income inequality
When income growth among the poorest people in
a country is faster than the national average, income
inequality is reduced. In 56 out of 94 countries with data
for the period 2007-2012, the per capita income of the
poorest 40 per cent of households grew more rapidly
than the national average. This was especially true in
Latin America and the Caribbean and in Asia, where
88 per cent and 67 per cent of countries, respectively,
saw gains for the poorest 40 per cent of households. That
said, faster growth for the poorest does not necessarily
imply greater prosperity because 9 of the 56 countries
experienced negative income growth rates over this period.
30
Labour’s contribution to GDP has decreased
across most regions
Labour share of GDP (PPP), comprising wages and social protection transfers,
2000 and 2015 (percentage)
Southern Asia
The share of GDP that is attributed to labour has been
trending downward over the past 15 years as processes
have become more mechanized and capital assumes a
growing share of GDP. Over this period, the labour share
of GDP increased only in Oceania and Latin America
and the Caribbean, where it was at 48 and 52 per cent,
respectively, in 2015. Eastern Asia saw flat growth of
the labour share of GDP and continues to maintain the
highest share in the world at 61.4 per cent of GDP. While
the labour share of GDP fell from almost 58 per cent
in 2000 to just over 55 per cent in 2015 for developed
regions, developing regions experienced a slight improvement from 54 to 55 per cent. Stagnating wages across
all regions contributed significantly to these results.
The share of imports from LDCs and
developing countries that enter developed
countries duty free has been continuously
on the rise
The share of imports from LDCs and developing countries
that benefited from duty-free treatment increased from
2000 to 2014, reaching 84 per cent and 79 per cent,
respectively, although the pace of change was faster for
developing countries. The comparative advantage of LDCs
in duty-free access varied depending on the product groups:
almost all agricultural products from LDCs (98 per cent)
were exempted from duties by developed countries versus
74 per cent of products from developing countries. The
relative advantage for LDCs was even greater for textiles
and clothing: rates for both product groups were around
70 per cent for LDCs; for developing countries, the rates
were 41 per cent for textiles and 34 per cent for clothing.
The cost of sending money across
international borders has declined
Migrants contribute positively to inclusive growth
and sustainable development. They also contribute
to the development of their countries of origin and
destination through their work and the remittances they
send home. Total remittances to developing countries
increased slightly in 2015 to 431.6 billion US dollars
(up 0.4 per cent from 2014), but the cost of sending
money across international borders remains high.
Even though the cost declined from 2012 to 2015, it
still averaged 7.5 per cent of the amount remitted in
2015, more than double the target rate of 3 per cent.
50
50
47
47.7
48.2
52
49
53
49
51
52
Sub-Saharan Africa
Oceania
Northern Africa
Western Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
61
61
Eastern Asia
58
55
54
55
57
55
Developed regions
Developing regions
World
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000
70
2015
Proportion of imports (excluding arms and oil) from least developed countries
and developing countries entering developed countries duty free, 2000-2014
(percentage)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
LDCs
2012
2014
Developing countries
World average cost of sending the equivalent of 200 US dollars in remittances
as a proportion of amount remitted, 2008-2015 (percentage)
10
9
9.8
9.5
8.8
8
9.1
9.2
8.9
8.3
7.5
7
6
5
4
3
3.0
Target
2
1
0
31
47
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
GOAL 10 | Reduced inequalities
2030
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
Today, more than half the world’s population live in cities. By
2030, it is projected that 6 in 10 people will be urban dwellers.
Despite numerous planning challenges, cities offer more efficient
economies of scale on many levels, including the provision of
goods, services and transportation. With sound, risk-informed
planning and management, cities can become incubators for
innovation and growth and drivers of sustainable development.
Proportion of urban population living in slums, 2000 and 2014 (percentage)
Almost a third of the urban population in
developing regions still live in slums
65
Sub-Saharan Africa
55
In 2014, 30 per cent of the urban population in developing
regions lived in conditions categorized as slums. In
sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion was 55 per cent—
the highest of any region. Though the percentage of
city dwellers living in such conditions declined over
the last decade, more than 880 million people around
the world were still living in slums in 2014. Concerted
action will be needed to address this challenge and
enhance resilience because cities remain magnets for
people seeking greater opportunities and a better life.
46
Southern Asia
31
40
South-Eastern Asia
27
37
Eastern Asia
25
21
Western Asia
25
24
24
Oceania
29
Latin America and the Caribbean
20
20
Northern Africa
11
39
Developing regions
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
70
80
2014
32
Urban sprawl is found in many cities around
the world
In many burgeoning cities around the world, growing
populations are moving outwards, far beyond administrative boundaries. Urban sprawl is found in many regions:
Eastern Asia and Oceania had the highest ratio of land
consumption to population growth in the world from
2000 to 2015, developed regions were second. Only Latin
America and the Caribbean and Southern and Central Asia
saw a ratio of less than 1.0, meaning that cities in these
regions became more densely populated. Unfortunately, a
low value for this ratio is not necessarily an indication that
urban dwellers are faring well because it can indicate a
prevalence of overcrowded slums. Unplanned urban sprawl
is associated with increased per capita emissions of carbon
dioxide and hazardous pollution and often drives housing
prices up, all of which hamper sustainable development.
Cities in every part of the world have
dangerously high levels of air pollution
Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health.
Globally, ambient (outdoor) air pollution in both cities
and rural areas is estimated to have caused 3.7 million
premature deaths in 2012. In 2014, about half the urban
population worldwide was exposed to air pollution
levels at least 2.5 times above the safety standard
set by the World Health Organization (WHO). No
region had annual average mean concentrations of
particulate matter below the maximum level set by
WHO of 10 micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m3).
Average ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate, 1990-2000
and 2000-2015, based on a stratified sample of 194 cities
1.5
Latin America and the Caribbean
0.9
0.94
0.91
Southern and Central Asia
1.2
1.3
Sub-Saharan Africa
1.4
1.3
South-Eastern Asia
1.4
Western Asia and Northern Africa
1.5
2.0
Eastern Asia and Oceania
2.1
2.1
Developed regions
1.9
1.5
Developing regions
1.7
1.68
1.74
World
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1990-2000
2.5
2000-2015
Average annual mean of particulate matter of 2.5 microns in diameter or smaller
(PM2.5) concentration levels in urban areas (μg/m3), 2014
Oceania
11
Latin America and the Caribbean
19
South-Eastern Asia
26
Caucasus and Central Asia
31
Sub-Saharan Africa
39
Western Asia
55
Eastern Asia
60
Northern Africa
64
Southern Asia
73
Developed regions
14
Developing regions
52
World
45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
WHO maximum recommended air pollution level: 10 μ g/m3
Note: Data reported only for WHO member States.
Nearly three-quarters of countries have
implemented or are working to implement
national-level urban policies
National policies and regional development plans that
take into account the specific needs and characteristics
of urban areas are essential to sustainable development.
As of 2015, 142 countries were developing national-level
urban policies; of these, 82 countries were already in
the process of implementation and 23 had reached the
monitoring and evaluation stage. The vast majority of these
urban policies can be further aligned with SDGs and can be
disaggregated by key themes of the sustainability agenda.
They are a way to connect national policy to local action.
33
Proportion and number of countries that are implementing national urban policies
by stage of implementation, 2015 (percentage)
6
16
5
15
Feasibility (9 countries)
Diagnostic (7 countries)
Formulation (21 countries)
Implementation (82 countries)
Monitoring and evaluation (23 countries)
58
GOAL 11 | Sustainable cities and communities
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns
Sustainable growth and development requires minimizing the natural
resources and toxic materials used, and the waste and pollutants
generated, throughout the entire production and consumption
process. Sustainable Development Goal 12 encourages more
sustainable consumption and production patterns through various
measures, including specific policies and international agreements
on the management of materials that are toxic to the environment.
Material footprint per GDP by type of raw material, 2000 and 2010,
(kilogram per unit of GDP at constant 2005 US dollars)
As developing regions industrialized, their
use of raw materials grew
30
The material footprint is an accounting of fossil fuels and
other raw materials extracted globally and used in a particular country. It reflects the amount of primary materials
required to meet a country’s needs and can be interpreted
as an indicator of the material standard of living or level
of capitalization of an economy. From 2000 to 2010, the
material footprint per GDP of developed regions dropped
as a result of greater efficiency in industrial processes.
But at 23.6 kilograms per unit of GDP in 2010, it was still
substantially higher than the figure for developing regions
at 14.5 kilograms per unit of GDP. As developing countries
industrialized, the material footprint of the regions as
a whole grew over this 10-year period. Non-metallic
minerals showed the largest increase, rising from 5.3 to
6.9 kilograms per unit of GDP. This component represents
almost half the material footprint of developing regions.
25.9
25
20
15
10
23.6
9.6
9.0
14.5
3.1
6.9
2.7
11.8
6.4
5.3
6.9
1.4
5
6.3
0
5.5
2000
2010
Developed regions
Material footprint (Non-metallic minerals)
Material footprint (Metal ores)
1.7
2.0
2.4
3.2
3.4
2000
2010
Developing regions
Material footprint (Fossil fuels)
Material footprint (Biomass)
Note: The sum of the raw material categories may not add up to the total because of rounding.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
34
7.4
Eastern Asia
17.0
9.1
Western Asia
12.2
9.7
Latin American and the Caribbean
11.6
8.2
Caucasus and Central Asia
6.1
Northern Africa
Oceania
11.5
8.6
10.7
7.7
5.6
South-Eastern Asia
6.9
3.1
Southern Asia
4.1
3.4
3.6
Sub-Saharan Africa
Developed regions
15.3
5.7
Developing regions
World
0
8.9
8.0
17.5
10.1
5
10
15
20
2000
2010
Note: Domestic material consumption measures the total amount of materials used by an
economy. It is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic
territory, plus all physical imports and minus all physical exports. It includes intermediate and
final consumption until released to the environment.
Almost all countries are party to at least one
international environmental agreement on
hazardous wastes and other chemicals
Proportion of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements
on hazardous wastes and other chemicals (Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm
conventions), 2005 and 2015 (percentage)
International frameworks to achieve environmentally
sound management of hazardous wastes, chemicals and
persistent organic pollutants have been established by the
Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm conventions. With six
exceptions, all Member States of the United Nations are
party to at least one of these conventions. The number
of parties to these conventions increased significantly
from 2005 to 2015, particularly in Africa and Oceania.
Currently, there are 183 parties to the Basel Convention,
180 to the Stockholm Convention and 155 to the Rotterdam
Convention (including the European Union as a party in all
three conventions). Becoming a party to these international
agreements brings certain obligations, including the establishment of a contact person to transmit relevant communication. All but one of the parties to the Basel Convention
and the majority of parties to the Rotterdam and Stockholm
conventions have designated such contacts. However, the
number of countries submitting national progress reports,
which are also obligatory under the Basel and Stockholm
conventions, has been declining since 2009-2010.
100
35
29
80
34
25
21
73
60
29
36
34
52
43
83
27
78
84
88
34
40
38
76
27
27
21
28
11
13
9
Asia
One convention
2005
2015
2005
2015
2005
Oceania
2005
4
0
30
28
Africa Latin America
and the
Caribbean
Two conventions
16
10
14
26
10
4
2015
25
2005
16
2015
36
2005
36
2015
36
2015
20
Developed Developing
regions
regions
13
8
2015
Another measure of the flow or use of materials in
individual countries is domestic material consumption,
which measures the amount of natural resources used
in economic processes. Domestic material consumption
per capita declined slightly in developed regions, from
17.5 metric tons per capita in 2000 to 15.3 metric tons
per capita in 2010. However, it remained 72 per cent
higher than the value for developing regions, which stood
at 8.9 metric tons per capita in 2010. Domestic material
consumption per capita increased in almost all developing
regions over this period, except in sub-Saharan Africa,
where it remained relatively stable, and Oceania, where
it decreased from 10.7 to 7.7 metric tons per capita.
The dramatic rise in the consumption per capita of raw
materials in Asia, particularly Eastern Asia, during this
period is primarily due to rapid industrialization.
Domestic material consumption per capita, 2000 and 2010 (metric tons per capita)
2005
Per capita consumption of natural resources
declined in developed regions, while
increasing in most developing regions
World
All three conventions
Note: Data for Asia include Caucasus and Central Asia, Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern
and Western Asia. Data for Africa include Northern and sub-Saharan Africa.
GOAL 12 | Responsible consumption and production
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change
and its impacts
Climate change presents the single biggest threat to development, and its widespread, unprecedented effects disproportionately burden the poorest and the most vulnerable.
Goal 13 calls for urgent action not only to combat climate
change and its impacts, but also to build resilience in responding to climate-related hazards and natural disasters.
Comparison of global greenhouse gas emission levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting
from the implementation of the intended nationally determined contributions
(INDCs) and under other scenarios (GtCO2 eq/yr)
The Paris Agreement sets the stage
for ambitious climate action by all for
sustainable development
70
Carbon emissions have been steadily rising over the past
decades, leading to increases in global temperatures.
The period from 2011 to 2015 was the hottest on record,
with sea ice reaching its lowest level in history and
coral bleaching—resulting from increased sea surface
temperatures—threatening the world’s coral reefs. The
landmark Paris Agreement, signed in April 2016 by
175 Member States, attempts to mitigate climate change
and accelerate and intensify actions and investments
needed for a sustainable, low-carbon future. Central
to the agreement is the need to strengthen the global
response to keep global temperatures from rising no more
than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and
to pursue further efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees
Celsius. The Paris Agreement requires parties to identify
their “intended nationally determined contributions”
(INDCs). Progress on the Paris Agreement will be tracked
every five years through a global stocktaking exercise.
60
50
s
nario
C sce
D
Pre-IN
INDCs
7
s
40
sion
mis
al e
oric
Hist
Lea
s
t-c
o
30
st 2
˚C
1.5
˚C
20
sce
sce
nar
ios
nar
ios
10
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Note: For a more detailed chart, please see figure 2 of the updated synthesis report of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on the aggregate effect of the intended
nationally determined contributions, 2 May 2016 (http://unfccc.int/focus/indc_portal/
items/9240.php).
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
36
Over 70 per cent of parties to the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change
included an adaptation component in their
plans for climate action
Number of parties that referred to an area or sector as a priority, as communicated
in the adaptation component of the INDCs
Water
As of 4 April 2016, 189 of the 197 parties to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
had submitted 161 INDCs (the European Commission
submitted one joint INDC). Of these, 137 included an
adaptation component. Some stressed that adaptation
was their main priority because they see the potential
impacts of climate change as strongly linked to national
development, sustainability and security. Parties referred
to virtually every sector and area of the economy in
the adaptation component of their INDCs. The top
three priority areas were water, agriculture and health,
which coincide with the top climate hazards that parties
identified—floods, drought and higher temperatures.
Many parties also referred to vector- or water-borne
diseases as a hazard that will require adaptation.
As natural disasters have increased
in frequency and intensity, more people
have been affected by them
Disasters, many of which are exacerbated by climate
change and are increasing in frequency and intensity,
impede progress towards sustainable development.
While the number of people affected varies greatly
from year to year, an average of 83,000 people died
and 211 million were affected annually as a result of
natural disasters occurring from 2000 to 2013.
119
Agriculture
107
Health
87
Ecosystems
72
Infrastructure
71
Forestry
71
Energy
53
Disaster risk reduction
51
Food security
50
Coastal protection
49
Fisheries
41
0
20
With the rise in natural disasters, countries have begun
implementing national and local disaster risk reduction
strategies. In 2015, 95 countries voluntarily agreed to
a self-assessment on the inclusion of legislative and/or
regulatory provisions for managing disaster risk. Among
them, 83 countries had such provisions in place. With
the aim of reducing underlying disaster risk factors,
countries have begun considering and implementing
a variety of different mechanisms, including climate
change adaptation projects and programmes, environmental impact assessments, integrated planning,
payments for ecosystem services and legislation for
the protection of environmentally sensitive areas.
37
60
80
100
120
Total number of deaths and affected persons resulting from natural disasters
worldwide, 2000-2013 (thousands)
350
700,000
300
600,000
250
500,000
200
400,000
150
300,000
100
200,000
50
100,000
0
2000
2002
2004
2006
Total deaths (left axis)
Eighty-three countries around the world
have provisions in place to manage disaster
risk
40
2008
0
2010
2012 2013
Total affected (right axis)
Number of countries with legislative and/or regulatory provisions for managing
disaster risk, 2015
Oceania 3
Latin America and the Caribbean
8
Asia
18
Europe
24
Africa
30
World
83
0
20
40
60
80
GOAL 13 | Climate action
100
Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas
and marine resources for sustainable development
Oceans, seas and other marine resources are essential to human
well-being and social and economic development worldwide.
Their conservation and sustainable use are central to achieving
the 2030 Agenda, especially for small island developing States.
Marine resources are particularly important for people living in
coastal communities, who represented 37 per cent of the world's
population in 2010. Oceans provide livelihoods, subsistence
and benefits from fisheries, tourism and other sectors. They
also help regulate the global ecosystem by absorbing heat and
carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. However, oceans
and coastal areas are extremely vulnerable to environmental
degradation, overfishing, climate change and pollution.
The downward trend in sustainable fish stocks
has slowed and appears to have stabilized
Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable limits, 1974-2013
(percentage)
95
Fisheries contribute significantly to global food security,
livelihoods and the economy. However, if not sustainably
managed, fishing can damage fish habitats, reduce
biodiversity and impair the functioning of ecosystems
with negative repercussions for sustainable social and
economic development. To achieve a healthy balance,
fish stocks must be maintained within biologically
sustainable limits—at or above the abundance level that
can produce the maximum sustainable yield. Based on
an analysis of assessed stocks, the proportion of world
marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels
declined from 90 per cent in 1974 to 69 per cent in 2013
and appears to have stabilized over the last few years.
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
2009 2013
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
38
Coverage of coastal and marine areas under
protection has increased fourfold since
2000
Protecting biodiverse marine sites is vital for ensuring
the sustainability of marine biodiversity and ecosystem
services. In 2014, 8.4 per cent of the marine environment
under national jurisdiction (up to 200 nautical miles from
shore) and 0.25 per cent of the marine environment beyond
national jurisdiction were under protection. Both developed
and developing regions increased their protection of
marine areas from 2000 to 2014. However, much of the
increase was due to the establishment of large protected
areas around a few countries and in sites not necessarily
targeted for biodiversity. Consequently, marine protected
areas are not evenly distributed, and the differences across
regions are significant. In Oceania, the share of protected
marine and coastal areas grew from 0.1 per cent in 2000
to 7.4 per cent in 2014—the largest percentage among
developing regions. To ensure that marine habitats and
species are not lost, these protected areas need to be
effectively managed and cover key biodiversity areas,
which are sites significant for the global persistence of
biodiversity. From 2000 to 2016, the share of marine
key biodiversity areas that were completely covered by
protected areas increased from 15 per cent to 19 per cent.
Important marine ecosystems supporting
over 780 million people are at very high
risk of coastal eutrophication
Coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to pollution.
Since river basins, marine ecosystems and the atmosphere
are all part of hydrological systems, the effects of pollution
are often felt far from their source. In many coastal communities, pollution and eutrophication—excessive nutrients
in water, frequently due to runoff from land, causing
dense plant and algal growth and the death of animal
life from lack of oxygen—have been key factors driving
detrimental changes. According to the Transboundary
Waters Assessment Programme global comparative
assessment in 2016, the five large marine ecosystems
most at risk from coastal eutrophication are the Bay of
Bengal, East China Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Brazil Shelf
and South China Sea, areas which provided ecosystem
services for coastal populations of 781 million in 2010.
39
Proportion of coastal and marine areas protected, 2000 and 2014 (percentage)
0.16
0.24
Southern Asia
0.7
Caucasus and Central Asia 0.7
0.4
Western Asia 0.8
0.5
Northern Africa 0.9
0.5
Eastern Asia 0.9
0.6
2.3
South-Eastern Asia
0.2
Sub-Saharan Africa
2.6
1.6
Latin America and the Caribbean
3.1
0.1
Oceania
7.4
4.2
Developed regions
12.4
0.6
Developing regions
4.2
1.9
World
8.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
2000
12
14
2014
Nutrient risk indicator categories of large marine ecosystems
Risk level 1 (very low)
Risk level 2 (low)
Risk level 3 (medium)
Risk level 4 (high)
Risk level 5 (very high)
No data
Note: Global map is for illustrative purposes only and does not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
GOAL 14 | Life below water
Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss
Preserving diverse forms of life on land requires targeted efforts to
protect, restore and promote the conservation and sustainable use
of terrestrial and other ecosystems. Goal 15 focuses specifically
on managing forests sustainably, halting and reversing land and
natural habitat degradation, successfully combating desertification
and stopping biodiversity loss. All these efforts combined aim
to ensure that the benefits of land-based ecosystems, including
sustainable livelihoods, will be enjoyed for generations to come.
Annual net change in forest area, 1990-2000 and 2010-2015 (thousands of hectares)
-3,553
-2,846
Sub-Saharan Africa
-4,455
Latin America and the Caribbean
-2,178
-2,107
South-Eastern Asia
Oceania
-767
3
-4
16
8
16
10
70
104
35
136
1,769
1,310
Caucasus and Central Asia
Northern Africa
Western Asia
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
938
919
Developed regions
Developing regions
-8,205
-10,000
-4,227
-7,267
World
-8,000
-6,000
-3,308
-4,000
-2,000
1990-2000
0
2,000
2010-2015
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
Net forest loss has decreased by more than
half since the 1990s, but the loss of forests
continues
Between 1990 and 2015, the world’s forest area diminished
from 31.7 per cent of the world’s total land mass to
30.7 per cent. This loss was mainly due to the conversion
of forests to other uses, such as agriculture and infrastructure development. Meanwhile, other areas returned to
forests through planting, landscape restoration or natural
expansion. As a result of these ongoing processes and
efforts to slow deforestation, the global net loss in forest
area declined from 7.3 million hectares per year in the
1990s to 3.3 million hectares per year during the period
2010-2015. Progress across regions is mixed: Latin America
and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa and South-Eastern
Asia accounted for the largest losses in forest area,
whereas Eastern Asia accounted for the largest gains.
40
Illegal trade in wildlife is a global
phenomenon with distinct regional
variations
The list of species under international protection continues to grow. At the same time, conservation efforts
are being thwarted by the poaching and trafficking of
wildlife, crimes that are occurring worldwide. Since
1999, at least 7,000 species of animals and plants have
been reported in illegal trade affecting 120 countries.
Trafficking in wildlife affects all regions of the world,
whether as a source, transit location or destination.
Trafficking in birds is most common in Central and
South America, mammals in Asia and Africa, reptiles
in Europe and North America, and corals in Oceania.
41
Mountain
Developed regions
Developing regions
2016
2010
2005
2000
2016
2010
2005
2000
2016
2010
2000
0
2005
10
World
Note: Ecosystem types are not mutually exclusive.
Red List Index* of species survival, 1993-2016
1.0
0.92
Better
0.88
0.92
0.88
0.88
0.91
0.83
0.8
0.83
0.82
0.86
0.79
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.81
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.80
Worse
0.75
0.73
0.74
0.68
op
ed
De
re
ve
gi
lo
on
pi
s
ng
re
gi
on
s
W
or
ld
De
ve
l
sia
lA
uc
as
us
an
d
Ce
n
n
er
rth
No
tra
n
Af
ri
As
ca
ia
a
ni
ce
a
te
r
W
es
O
Af
ri
ca
ia
ra
n
ha
bSa
st
er
n
As
an
Ea
rib
be
Su
d
th
e
Ea
h-
an
Ca
Am
er
ica
ut
So
Ca
he
st
er
rn
n
As
As
ia
ia
0.6
tin
As of 2015, over 23,000 species of plants, fungi and
animals were known to face a high probability of extinction.
According to the International Union for Conservation of
Nature’s Red List Index, amphibians are declining most
rapidly in Latin America and the Caribbean, primarily
owing to the chytrid fungal disease, one of numerous
wildlife diseases on the rise worldwide. The greatest
increases in extinction risk for birds and mammals have
occurred in South-Eastern Asia, mainly driven by the
conversion of lowland forests. On average, the extinction
risk for coral species is increasing most rapidly, while
cycad species (an ancient group of cone-producing
plants) are the most severely threatened species group
assessed. However, the loss of species is not inevitable:
extinction risks for vertebrate species have been reversed
in five small island developing States (Cook Islands,
Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tonga) as a result of
conservation actions over the last several decades.
Inland freshwater
20
ut
In every region the survival of species is
increasingly threatened
Terrestrial
30
So
In 2014, 15.2 per cent of the world’s terrestrial and freshwater environments were covered by protected areas,
which are recognized, dedicated and managed to achieve
the long-term conservation of nature. A fundamental
measure of their efficacy is the extent to which they include
places that contribute significantly to the maintenance
of global biodiversity, such as key biodiversity areas
(KBAs). Globally, the percentage of terrestrial, inland
freshwater and mountain KBAs covered by protected
areas has increased from 16.5 per cent to 19.3 per cent,
13.8 per cent to 16.6 per cent, and 18.1 per cent to 20.1
per cent, respectively, from 2000 to 2016. Safeguarding
KBAs around the globe in all three ecosystems is critically
important for maintaining genetic, species, and ecosystem
diversity, and in turn the benefits they provide to people.
Proportion of key biodiversity areas that are completely covered by protected areas,
by ecosystem type (terrestrial, inland freshwater and mountain), 2000-2016
(percentage)
1993
La
Key biodiversity areas are increasingly
covered by protected areas
2016
* The Red List Index for each region is based on the aggregate survival probability (the inverse of
extinction risk) for all birds, mammals, amphibians, corals and cycads occurring within the region,
weighted by the fraction of each species’ distribution within the region. Values range from 1.0,
which indicates a minimum contribution to the global index (i.e., all species in the region are
classified as Least Concern) to zero, which indicates the maximum possible contribution to the
global index (i.e., all species in the region are classified as Extinct).
Share of seizure incidents by taxonomic class, 1999-2015 (percentage)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Australia
Central
and
and
New Zealand South America
Reptiles
Corals
Africa
Mammals
Northern
America
Birds
Asia
Boney fish
Europe
Other
Note: Share of all seizure incidents in the World Wildlife Seizures database, which contains over
164,000 seizures from 120 countries. Regional groupings are according to the United Nations
standard geographical regions for statistical use (M49).
GOAL 15 | Life on land
Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice for all
and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions
at all levels
Central to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is the need
to promote peaceful and inclusive societies based on respect for
human rights, the rule of law and transparent, effective and accountable institutions. A number of regions have enjoyed increased and
sustained levels of peace and security in recent decades. But many
countries still face protracted violence and armed conflict, and far
too many people are poorly supported by weak institutions and lack
access to justice, information and other fundamental freedoms.
Efforts are under way to make national and international institutions
more effective, inclusive and transparent. Today, more than half
the world has internationally recognized human rights institutions.
However, significant challenges remain, including lack of data on
various forms of violence against children and other vulnerable
groups, access to justice and public access to information.
Intentional homicide rates vary widely
across regions
Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population,
2014 or latest year
Latin America and the Caribbean
Sub-Saharan Africa
Oceania
Western Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Southern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Northern Africa
Eastern Asia
22.5
Worldwide, the number of victims of intentional
homicide per 100,000 people was estimated at
between 4.6 and 6.8 in 2014. However, the intentional
homicide rate in developing regions was twice that
of developed regions, and in Latin America and the
Caribbean it was four times the world average.
9.5
8.2
5.0
3.9
3.7
2.9
2.4
0.9
Developed regions
Developing regions
World
2.7
5.9
5.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
Point estimate
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
30
Range
42
Children, a majority of them girls, represent
almost 30 per cent of victims of human
trafficking worldwide
Proportion of children among detected victims of trafficking in persons worldwide,
by sex, 2004-2014 (percentage)
Various forms of violence against children persist, including
human trafficking and sexual violence. Globally, the share of
girls and boys among victims of human trafficking peaked
in 2011, at 21 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively, of cases
detected by authorities that year. Girls who are victims of
human trafficking are often subjected to sexual exploitation,
forced marriage and/or domestic servitude. Underreporting
and lack of comparable data remain stubborn obstacles
to understanding the full extent of sexual violence against
children. Survey data from 31 low- and middle-income
countries suggest that the proportion of women aged
18 to 29 years who experienced sexual violence for the
first time before age 18 may be as high as 16 per cent.
30
Thirty per cent of prisoners worldwide,
two-thirds of them in developing countries,
are being held without being sentenced
Worldwide, the proportion of people held in detention
without being sentenced for a crime decreased only slightly
over the last decade—from 32 per cent of total detainees
in 2003-2005 to 30 per cent in 2012-2014. The figure for
developing regions has on average been higher than that for
developed regions. The highest rate of unsentenced detainees was in Southern Asia, where, despite recent progress,
about two out of three prisoners remained unsentenced in
2012-2014. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the region
with the second highest percentage, the share of persons
held in detention without being sentenced remained
practically unchanged over the last decade, at 43 per cent.
35
13
8
25
10
20
9
15
10
5
0
3
21
21
2011
2014
(preliminary)
17
10
2004
13
2006
2009
Girls
Boys
Unsentenced prisoners as a percentage of total prisoners, 2003-2005 and
2012-2014
Southern Asia
75
64
43
43
46
40
Latin America and the Caribbean
Sub-Saharan Africa
35
33
Oceania
South-Eastern Asia
42
32
Northern Africa
45
31
29
29
Eastern Asia
Western Asia
54
23
18
16
Caucasus and Central Asia
21
19
Developed regions
Developing regions
42
49
32
30
World
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2003-2005
Birth registration is the first step in securing
recognition before the law, yet one in four
children are denied this fundamental right
Registering children at birth is the first step in securing
recognition before the law and safeguarding individual
rights and access to justice and social services. However,
the births of more than one in four children under age 5
worldwide go unrecorded. In sub-Saharan Africa, the
share is over half (54 per cent). In the LDCs, one in two
children have not been registered by their fifth birthdays.
Globally, children living in urban areas are around 1.5 times
more likely to be registered than their rural counterparts.
And in most regions, birth registration rates tend to be
highest among the richest 20 per cent of the population.
43
80
2012-2014
Estimated proportion of children under 5 whose births were registered, 2010-2015
(percentage)
Sub-Saharan Africa
46
Southern Asia
63
South-Eastern Asia
79
Western Asia
85
Latin America and the Caribbean
94
Northern Africa
99
Developed regions
100
World
71
0
20
40
60
80
100
Note: Estimates are based on data from 144 countries covering 92 per cent of the global population
of children under age 5. Data coverage was insufficient to calculate regional estimates for
Eastern Asia, Oceania and the Caucasus and Central Asia.
GOAL 16 | Peace, justice and strong institutions
Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation
and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable
Development
Achieving the ambitious targets of the 2030 Agenda requires
a revitalized and enhanced global partnership that brings
together Governments, civil society, the private sector, the
United Nations system and other actors, mobilizing all available
resources. Meeting implementation targets, including the raising
of necessary funds, is key to realizing the Agenda, as is the full
implementation of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. Increasing
support to developing countries, in particular the least developed
countries, landlocked developing countries and small island
developing States, is fundamental to equitable progress for all.
Official development assistance has
continued to grow, although aid to the
poorest countries has stagnated
Net official development assistance from OECD-DAC countries (billions of constant
2014 US dollars) and as a proportion of donors’ gross national income (percentage),
2000-2015
0.35
120
0.26
80
0.18
40
0.09
0
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
ODA/GNI
Billions of constant 2014 US dollars
160
0.00
2015
(preliminary)
ODA/GNI (right axis)
In 2015, official development assistance (ODA) from member countries of the Development Assistance Committee
(DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) totalled 131.6 billion US dollars. Taking
into account inflation and the rise in the value of the dollar
in 2015, this was 6.9 per cent higher in real terms than
in 2014, and represented the highest level ever reached.
Total ODA from DAC countries as a share of their gross
national income (GNI) was 0.30 per cent, on par with 2014.
Most of the increase was due to higher expenditures for
refugee costs. However, even if those costs are excluded,
ODA still rose by 1.7 per cent. In 2015, seven countries met
the United Nations target for ODA of 0.7 per cent of GNI:
Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,
the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.
LDCs ODA/GNI (right axis)
Total ODA (left axis)
Total ODA to LDCs (left axis)
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
44
Debt service burdens declined substantially
from 2000 to 2012
The ratio of external debt service to exports was below
6 per cent for almost all developing regions in 2012,
which represents a substantial decline from comparable
ratios in 2000. Increased export earnings, enhanced
debt management and attractive borrowing conditions in
international markets contributed to this improvement.
However, for the poorest countries, the most important
contributing factor was outright debt relief: 36 of the 39
countries eligible for the Heavily Indebted Poor Country
Initiative completed the process and received debt relief
of around 136 billion US dollars from official creditors.
Debt service as a proportion of total exports of goods and services, 2000 and 2012
(percentage)
Latin America and the Caribbean
Western Asia
Southern Asia
4.4
Northern Africa
4.4
Sub-Saharan Africa
15.4
15.0
9.2
3.8
South-Eastern Asia
2.3
Caucasus and Central Asia
2.1
Oceania
6.4
8.6
6.0
1.5
Eastern Asia
4.9
0.4
Developing regions
11.7
2.6
8.5
3.0
Small island developing States
7.0
0
45
12.8
5.4
Landlocked developing countries
Fixed-broadband connections remain largely unaffordable
and unavailable across large swathes of the population
in developing regions, highlighting the vast digital
divide in access to high-speed, high-capacity Internet
services. In 2015, fixed-broadband penetration reached
29 per cent of the population in developed regions, but
only 7.1 per cent in developing regions and 0.5 per cent
in the least developed countries. Furthermore, while
speeds of over 10 megabits per second were common
in developed regions, connections in most developing
regions did not exceed 2 megabits per second. Similarly,
while Internet access has grown substantially over the
last decade, only one-third of the population in developing
countries and 1 in 10 people in LDCs were online in 2015,
compared with about 80 per cent of the population in
developed countries. There is also an important gender
digital divide: globally, the Internet user penetration rate
was about 11 per cent lower for women than for men.
18.6
5.7
Least developed countries
High-speed Internet remains out of reach for
the vast majority of people living in the least
developed countries
19.8
6.5
5
9.4
10
15
20
2000
2012
Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2010 and 2015
0.1
Least developed countries
0.5
4.1
Developing regions
7.1
23.5
Developed regions
29.0
7.6
World
10.8
0
5
10
15
20
2010
GOAL 17 | Partnerships for the Goals
25
30
2015
Share of global merchandise and service exports for developing regions and the least
developed countries, 2000-2014 (percentage)
Developing regions
50
44.6
42.1
40
36.3
31.9
29.9
27.9
30
23.4
23.1
Least developed countries
1.2
20
10
0.56
0.46
0.0
2000
2000
2005
Merchandise exports
0.77
0.62
0.4
0
1.08
1.06
0.78
0.8
0.45
2005
2010
2014
2010
2014
While tariffs on agricultural products from
the least developed countries have declined,
those on clothing and textiles remain high
8
7.8
7
6.7
6.4
6
6.5
5
4
4.1
3.6
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.2
2
1
0
1.0
2000
2005
2010
2014
Clothing
Textiles
National statistical plans need to be updated
in many countries
Number of countries with a national statistical plan, 2010 and 2015
60
50
17
31
30
13
20
8
31
10
0
21
2010
2015
Least developed countries
16
15
17
9
7
20
2010
2015
Landlocked developing
countries
Countries without a plan
Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on
imports from the least developed countries declined
steadily for all product groups until 2005. After that year,
the average tariff for agricultural products continued to
decline, reaching less than 1 per cent in 2014. Tariff rates
are still high for clothing and textiles exports from the
least developed countries, owing to the exclusion of some
large Asian exporters from certain preferential tariffs.
0.9
Agriculture
40
The share of merchandise exports from the least developed
countries in global merchandise exports nearly doubled
over the period 2000-2014. Still, it represented only a
small fraction of global exports in 2014, at 1.1 per cent. For
developing regions more generally, merchandise exports
grew by nearly 40 per cent and amounted to almost
45 per cent of global exports in 2014. In comparison,
service exports from developing regions lagged behind,
accounting for about 30 per cent of total exports. The key
driver of export growth during this period was a massive
rise in the price of fuel, ores and metals, reflecting a
high demand in developing countries, notably China.
Service exports
Average tariffs levied by developed countries on key products exported by the
least developed countries, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 (percentage)
3
Developing countries’ share of global
exports has increased substantially, but the
share of LDC exports remains small
2010
2015
Small island
developing States
A national statistical plan is key to strengthening a nation's
statistical system. The requirements of the MDG indicators
have gone a long way towards fostering stronger national
statistical plans and systems. The number of countries with
a national statistical plan increased in some regions and
country groups between 2010 and 2015, including the least
developed countries and landlocked developing countries.
However, many are still without a plan. The overall number
of small island developing States with a statistical plan
actually declined from nine to seven over this period,
as the time period for some existing plans expired.
Countries with an active plan
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
46
In 2013, the least developed countries
received more than 80 per cent of ODA
targeted for capacity-building in statistics
Financial support to build national capacity in statistics
amounted to 325 million US dollars in 2013 compared
with 379 million US dollars in 2010, a decline of
14 per cent. However, assistance to the least developed
countries tripled during this period, reaching 265 million
US dollars. This means that 82 per cent of all financial
support for statistical capacity-building went to the
least developed countries in 2013. South-Eastern Asia,
Western Asia and sub-Saharan Africa were the biggest
beneficiaries of this shift in funding priorities. Despite
a growing awareness of the importance of statistics
for evidence-based policy-making and development,
the share of ODA dedicated to statistics hovered
at around 0.3 per cent between 2010 and 2013.
Total official development assistance dedicated to statistical capacity-building
activities in developing regions, 2010 and 2013 (millions of US dollars)
2.5
Northern Africa 0.2
1.3
Eastern Asia 0.3
Oceania 1.12.9
10.4
6.9
Caucasus and Central Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
7.9
7.8
31.8
14.4
Western Asia
South-Eastern Asia
102.5
58.8
Southern Asia
124.7
80.1
75.1
Sub-Saharan Africa
120.6
81.3
Least developed countries
53.7
Landlocked developing countries
264.7
99.8
6.6
4.1
Small island developing States
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2010
Population and housing censuses are still
not conducted in all countries
Population and housing censuses are an important source
of disaggregated data needed to formulate, implement and
monitor development policies. During the 10-year period
from 2006 to 2015, 96 per cent of countries in developed
regions conducted at least one population and housing
census. The share in developing regions as a whole was
88 per cent, dropping to 67 per cent and 69 per cent,
respectively, in Southern Asia and Western Asia.
2013
Proportion of countries that conducted at least one population and housing census
over the period 2006-2015 (percentage)
Southern Asia
67
Western Asia
69
Northern Africa
83
Sub-Saharan Africa
86
Caucasus and Central Asia
88
Latin America and the Caribbean
91
South-Eastern Asia
100
Eastern Asia
100
Oceania
100
Developed regions
96
Developing regions
88
World
90
0
Death registration, a crucial source of data
on health-related sustainable development
indicators, remains far from universal
Over the period 2010-2014, death registration data were
available for 145 out of 230 countries and territories.
Of these, 128 had data that were at least 75 per cent
complete. Death registration coverage is lowest in
Africa and Asia. Information on deaths, especially when
it is complete and disaggregated, is key to producing
a number of basic health statistics and indicators.
47
20
40
60
80
100
Number of countries with death registration data that are at least 75 per cent
complete, 2010-2014
Africa
9
Oceania
10
Asia
24
Latin America and the Caribbean
29
Developed regions
56
0
10
20
30
40
GOAL 17 | Partnerships for the Goals
50
60
Leaving no one behind
In committing to the realization of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, Member States recognized that
the dignity of the individual is fundamental and that the
Agenda’s Goals and targets should be met for all nations and
people and for all segments of society. Furthermore, they
endeavoured to reach first those who are furthest behind.
Ensuring that these commitments are translated into effective action
requires a precise understanding of target populations. However, the
disaggregated data needed to address all vulnerable groups—
including children, youth, persons with disabilities, people living with
HIV, older persons, indigenous peoples, refugees, internally displaced persons and migrants—as specified in the 2030 Agenda, are
sparse. Few of the current indicators, for example, are able to shed
light on the particular situations of migrants, refugees, older persons,
persons with disabilities, minorities and indigenous peoples.
Even from the limited data currently available, however, it is clear
that the benefits of development are not equally shared. The following examples show how data broken down by age, sex, income
level and location of residence can highlight significant differences.
Young men face the highest risk of
becoming murder victims and suspected
perpetrators
Homicide victims and perpetrators per 100,000 people by sex and age, 2014*
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Homicide victims per 100,000 people by age
11.6
11.3
5.4
0.6
0.5
3.7
Men (66 countries)
2.5
3.3
1.2
Women (66 countries)
0-14
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
3.0
15-29
45-59
30-44
60+
Homicide perpetrators per 100,000 people by age
18.5
13.0
6.4
1.4
2.8
1.5
0.1
Men (36 countries)
0-17
18-24
1.6
1.4
0.9
0.4
0.1
Women (36 countries)
25-29
30-44
45-59
60+
Young people are overrepresented among direct and
indirect victims of violence. Some 200,000 homicides
each year—43 per cent of all homicides globally—involve
children and adults aged 10 to 29 years. Young men
have the highest risk of becoming homicide victims
and the highest rates, by far, of being suspected homicide perpetrators. Children are among those most
affected by human trafficking, and in several regions
they make up the majority of trafficking victims.
Young people also face other big challenges. In 2015,
the global youth unemployment rate (among people
aged 15 to 24) was 15 per cent—more than three times
the rate for adults (4.6 per cent). In Northern Africa
and Western Asia, the youth unemployment rate
reached 46 per cent and 31 per cent, respectively.
* Data refer to 2014 or latest year available.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
48
People in rural areas are disadvantaged
when it comes to many health-related
services
Health systems tend to be weakest in rural and remote
areas, with lower rates of health service coverage than in
urban centres. For example, while over 90 per cent of births
in urban areas are attended by skilled health personnel, the
share is only 72 per cent for rural areas. The demand satisfied for family planning shows a similar pattern, with over
70 per cent of the urban population reporting that their
needs for family planning with modern methods are met,
versus 60 per cent in rural areas. Finally, improved drinking
water sources and sanitation facilities are both more prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The differences are even
more pronounced when considering piped water: 79 per
cent of urban inhabitants have water piped to their homes
or premises in contrast to one-third of the rural population.
SubSaharan
Africa
Northern
Africa Caribbean
96
80
82
60
SouthEastern
Asia
98
98
83
85
91
88
Caucasus
Western and Central
Asia
Asia
92
95
93
World
99
91
89
81
80
76
78
68
62
60
50
50
59
54
53
43
40
33
30
20
25
22
Richest 20 per cent
Poorest 20 per cent
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2015
2000
2000
2015
2000
2010
2010
2000
10
0
2000
Severe income inequality also affects other aspects
of sustainable development. Survey data from 63
developing countries for 2008-2012 show that children
from the poorest households are nearly four times
more likely to be out of school than their counterparts
from the richest households. An analysis of 87 countries with survey data from 2005-2014 suggests that
children from the poorest households are more than
twice as likely to be stunted as their richest peers.
100
Southern
Asia
2010
In Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, less than
one-third of births among women in the poorest 20 per
cent of households are attended by skilled health
personnel, compared with over 80 per cent of births
in the richest 20 per cent of households. Globally in
2015, births in the richest 20 per cent of households
were more than twice as likely to be attended by skilled
health personnel as those in the poorest 20 per cent
of households (89 per cent versus 43 per cent).
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel in the poorest 20 per cent
and richest 20 per cent of households, by region, 2000, 2010 or 2015 (percentage)
2000
In every developing region, the poorest
women are the least likely to have a skilled
attendant during delivery
Rich-poor gap
Skilled birth attendance, demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods,
population using an improved drinking water source and population using improved
sanitation facilities, by urban and rural areas, 2015* (percentage)
Skilled birth
attendance
(85 countries)
Rural Urban
Demand for family
planning satisfied with
modern methods
(61 countries)
Rural Urban
Population using
an improved
drinking water source
(180 countries)
Rural Urban
100
Population using
improved sanitation
facilities
(179 countries)
Rural Urban
98
92
91
90
89
80
70
60
81
72
71
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
National values
Median values
Interquartile ranges
* 2015 or latest year for which data are available.
People in the least developed countries
are twice as likely to be undernourished as
those in developing regions as a whole
Persistent inequalities are also found among groups
of countries in special situations. For example, the
prevalence of undernourishment is substantially
higher in the least developed countries, landlocked
developing countries and small island developing
States than in developing regions as a whole.
49
Prevalence of undernourishment for selected groups of countries, 2014-2016
(percentage)
Least developed countries
27
Landlocked developing countries
23
Small island developing States
18
Developing regions
13
World
11
0
5
10
15
20
Leaving no one behind
25
30
A note to the reader
Global indicator framework for the follow-up and review of the SDGs
The information presented in this report is based on the latest
available data as of May 2016 on selected indicators of the global
SDG framework. The indicators presented are those for which there
are sufficient data available to provide an overview at the regional
and global levels. The global indicator framework1 was developed by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators
(IAEG-SDGs), and agreed to as a practical starting point, at the
forty-seventh session of the United Nations Statistical Commission
in March 2016. This set of indicators is intended for the review of
progress at the global level. The selection of the indicators in this
report does not intend to represent a selection of the targets based
on their importance, as all Goals and targets are equally important
and will need to be addressed by the appropriate indicators.
The composition of regions and subregions in this report is
based on United Nations geographical divisions with some
modifications necessary to create, to the extent possible, groups
of countries for which a meaningful analysis could be carried out.2
Data sources and the basis for this analysis
For most of the indicators presented in this report, values represent
regional and/or subregional aggregates. In general, the figures are
weighted averages of country data, using the population of reference as a weight. They are calculated from national data collected
by international agencies, based on their respective mandates
and specialized expertise, from national statistical systems. The
national data provided to the international statistical system are
often adjusted for international comparability and, where lacking,
are estimated. As decided by the Statistical Commission and in
accordance with United Nations Economic and Social Council
resolution 2006/6, estimates used for the compilation of global
indicators are to be produced in full consultation with national
statistical authorities. A database of available global, regional
and country data and metadata for the SDG indicators accompanying this report is being maintained by the United Nations
Statistics Division and is available at http://unstats.un.org/sdgs.
Although the aggregate figures presented are a convenient
way to track progress, the situation of individual countries
within a given region may vary significantly from regional
averages. Presenting aggregate figures for all regions also
obscures another reality: the lack in many parts of the world
of adequate data to assess national trends and to inform and
monitor the implementation of development policies.
Improving data quality and availability
Quality data are vital for Governments, international organizations, civil society, the private sector and the general public to
make informed decisions and to ensure an accurate review of
the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. That said, tracking
progress on the SDGs requires the collection, processing,
analysis and dissemination of an unprecedented amount
of data and statistics at subnational, national, regional and
global levels, including those derived from official statistical
systems and from new and innovative data sources.
Many national statistical systems across the globe face
serious challenges in this regard. As a result, accurate and
timely information about certain aspects of people’s lives are
unknown, numerous groups and individuals remain “invisible”,
and many development challenges are still poorly understood.
In resolution 70/1, Member States recognized the crucial role
of strengthened data collection and capacity-building and
committed to addressing the data gap (paragraph 57).
Where possible, global monitoring should be based on
comparable and standardized national data obtained through
well-established reporting mechanisms from countries to
the international statistical system. Such mechanisms can be
improved by strengthening the coordination function of national
statistical offices and/or other national institutions. To fill data
gaps and improve international comparability, countries will
need to adopt internationally agreed upon standards, while the
international statistical community will need to work closely
with development partners and other stakeholders to strengthen
national statistical capacities and improve reporting mechanisms.
International and regional organizations and regional mechanisms play a significant role in facilitating these processes.
The success of these global initiatives will require capacity-building
efforts and the mobilization of resources. New data sources and
technologies for data collection and for the integration of different
sources of data will need to be explored, including through
partnerships with civil society, the private sector and academia.
The integration of geospatial information and statistical data will be
particularly important for the production of a number of indicators.
1
The complete list of indicators is presented in Annex IV of the Report of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal
Indicators (E/CN.3/2016/2/Rev.1), http://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/47th-session/documents/2016-2-IAEG-SDGs-Rev1-E.pdf.
2
The composition of these subregions is shown in the next section, “Regional groupings”.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
50
Regional groupings
Developed regions
Northern Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
South-Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Oceania
Latin America and the Caribbean
This report presents data for the world as a whole and for various
country groupings. These are classified as “developing” regions
and “developed” regions.3 The developing regions are further
broken down into the subregions shown on the map above. These
regional groupings are based on United Nations geographical
divisions, with some modifications necessary to create, to the
extent possible, groups of countries for which a meaningful analysis
can be carried out. A complete list of countries included in each
region and subregion is available at http://unstats.un.org/sdgs.
3
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in
this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Because there is no established convention for the designation of “developed” and “developing” countries or
areas in the United Nations system, this distinction is made for the purposes of statistical analysis only.
51
Photo credits:
Cover
© UNICEF/Yarim Shamsan
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© The World Bank/Stanislas Fradelizi
Page 14
© UNICEF/Jiro Ose
Page 16
© UNDP Picture This/Jean-François Mousseau
Page 18
© UNICEF/Giacomo Pirozzi
Page 20
© UNICEF/Susan Markisz
Page 22
© The World Bank/Allison Kwesell
Page 24
© Tomasz Juszczak
Page 26
© The World Bank/Jonathan Ernst
Page 28
© The World Bank/Gerardo Pesantez
Page 30
© UNICEF/Ash Gilbertson
Page 32
© UNICEF/Olivier Asselin
Page 34
© UNMIT/Martine Perret
Page 36
© UN Photo/Mark Garten
Page 38
© The World Bank/Curt Carnemark
Page 40
© Tomasz Juszczak
Page 42
© UNICEF/Jan Grarup
Page 44
© UNICEF/Josh Estey
Page 48
© The World Bank/Simone D. McCourtie
Figure credit: Figure on page 36 is from the UNFCCC/IPCC Fifth Assessment Report scenario database.
Map credit: Map on page 39 is from the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (GEF/UNEP/IOC-UNESCO).
Infographic icons credit: Infographic icons from page 3 to 11 and on page 19 are from thenounproject.com under a NounPro license.
Design: United Nations Graphic Design Unit/DPI
Additional report design, graphics design, typesetting and copy-editing: Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section/DGACM
Editor: Lois Jensen
Copyright © 2016 United Nations
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United Nations publication issued by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)
ISBN: 978-92-1-101340-5
e-ISBN: 978-92-1-058259-9
ISSN: 2518-3958
Sales No. E.16.I.10
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016
52
The report is based on a master set of data prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations
Secretariat with inputs from a large number of international and regional organizations in response to General Assembly resolution
70/1 (para. 83) to provide an annual assessment of progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. The international and
regional organizations that contributed to the report are listed below. A number of national statisticians, experts from civil society
and academia also contributed.
ALLIANCE OF SMALL ISLAND STATES
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION
JOINT UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME ON HIV/AIDS
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Partnership in statistics for Development in the 21st Century / Paris21
SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL
UNITED NATIONS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT FUND
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION
UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS DIVISION FOR OCEAN AFFAIRS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
UNITED NATIONS ENTITY FOR GENDER EQUALITY AND THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN / UN-WOMEN
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION
UNITED NATIONS MINE ACTION SERVICE
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF RULE OF LAW AND SECURITY INSTITUTIONS
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE HIGH REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES,
LANDLOCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL’S ENVOY ON YOUTH
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME
UNITED NATIONS PEACEBUILDING SUPPORT OFFICE
UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND
UN-ENERGY
UN-OCEAN
UN-WATER
THE WORLD BANK GROUP
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
For more information, visit the UN Statistics Division Sustainable Development Goals website at http://unstats.un.org/sdgs/.
The new agenda is a promise by leaders
to all people everywhere. It is a universal,
integrated and transformative vision
for a better world. It is an agenda
for people, to end poverty in all its forms.
An agenda for the planet, our common home.
An agenda for shared prosperity, peace and
partnership. It conveys the urgency
of climate action. It is rooted in gender
equality and respect for the rights of all.
Above all, it pledges to leave no one behind.
— UN Secretary-General BAN Ki-moon
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ISBN 978-92-1-101340-5