47th International Physics Olympiad
Switzerland Liechtenstein
Zurich, 11 – 17 July 2016
magazine
47th International Physics Olympiad
Switzerland Liechtenstein
Zurich, 11 – 17 July 2016
The IPhO 2016 logo illustrates an active galactic nuclei – the most energetic ob­
jects known in our universe. These powerful sources of energy consist of a super
massive black hole and an accretion disc. The accreting gas heats up and emits
energy in the form of light. This process can outshine an entire galaxy consisting
of several billions of stars.
The formation and evolution of the super massive black holes remains a mystery
to date. It is very unclear how the surrounding galaxy acts on the central black
hole and vice versa.
Welcome
The International Physics Olympiad at the University of Zurich
To all participants and guests of the International Physics Olympiad
It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 2016 International Physics Olym­
piad, which will take place this year from 11 to 17 July at the University of Zurich.
As a higher education institution with a long tradition of fostering the development
of bright young minds, we are honoured to partner and host the event – the first
International Physics Olympiad to be held in Switzerland. Together with the staff
and students at the Department of Physics, we look forward to welcoming you:
400 talented and motivated young physics enthusiasts from 90 different nations.
International Science Olympiads have garnered international renown,
partly because they send an important message to all participants: Scholarship is
global. It traverses the world and unites nations and cultures. I know you will be
striving to excel in the competition, but I also encourage all contestants to take
advantage of this unique opportunity to meet and to establish contact with young
scientists from all over the world.
I am convinced you are on an important path: The great challenges of
­today and tomorrow – addressing climate change, and providing clean water,
food and en­ergy to an increasing global population – all of these will depend greatly
on advances in the natural sciences.
I hope your stay at the University of Zurich and in Switzerland is stimu­
lating and enriching – and I naturally wish you all the best for the games.
Prof. Michael O. Hengartner
President of the University of Zurich
5
We had a dream …
In 1995, the first Swiss delegation participated at the IPhO in Canberra, ­Australia.
Since then, many young students from Switzerland and the Principality of
­Liechtenstein have been inspired by the passion of science and physics in par­
ticular. The IPhO creates an environment for sharing this passion among peers
from all over the world.
In 1999 at the IPhO in Padua, Italy, the request of Switzerland to host the
47th International Physics Olympiad together with Liechtenstein was approved.
We had a dream.
Even though Switzerland and Liechtenstein are very small countries, they
are undoubtedly amongst the leading countries in innovation, science and re­
search. To maintain this position, it is crucial that we promote up-and-coming
young scientists in an attractive way. I am convinced that the Scientific Olympiads
meet this need. The IPhO 2016 in Zurich aims to express our high regard towards
the sciences.
The first planning steps towards IPhO 2016 were taken a long time ago by
a small group of former IPhO participants and team leaders, all volunteers. Our
objective of organising an IPhO in Switzerland and Liechtenstein seemed almost
out of reach or very far away, especially as we are a small association. But we had
a dream and were driven by passion!
What has happened since then, I wouldn’t have dared to imagine. We
knocked on many doors – and the doors were opened by people who share our
values, supported our project, joined the project and became part of the project –
again and again and again. And here we are today, the IPhO 2016 is about to take
place in Zurich.
I would like to seize the opportunity to thank everybody involved for
their ­generous funding, their institutional support, their scientific contribution,
the volun­teers, and hours and hours of hard work. Without all these passionate
­people the IPhO would not have been possible.
We are proud to welcome and to host you as our guests in Zurich and
hope that this event inspires you.
... and now that dream is coming true.
Simon Birrer
Co-Chairman IPhO 2016
Swiss Physics Olympiads
Association of Swiss Scientific Olympiads
7
If the Science Olympiads Didn't Exist, We'd Have to Invent Them
Competitions such as the IPhO are needed now more than ever. There are three
main reasons why SERI (Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and
Innovation) supports them:
1. They encourage young people: Youth is far more than merely an age
category. Georges Bernanos, a French writer, summed it up nicely when he said:
“The fever of youth keeps the rest of the world at a normal temperature”. That
illustrates what we have to thank young people for, and why we should nurture
them and offer them the opportunity to maximise their potential. At a time when
society is increasingly evolving into an ‘ageing society’, and when innovativeness
and creativity are increasingly becoming key factors for competitiveness, this is
more valid than ever.
2. They encourage scientific excellence: The outstanding results produced
by the young people taking part in the IPhO are not flukes or something conjured
out of a hat. It takes a good deal of hard work and willpower to overcome hurdles
and persevere. It also takes a good dose of curiosity and a willingness to ques­
tion things, to think and act out of the box. And – last but not least – it re­quires
the ability to communicate and work as a team. These are all factors that are of
decisive importance for leading global centres of science and learning such as
Switzerland.
3. They encourage international exchanges of people and ideas: The fos­
tering of contacts across borders has always played a vital role in developing new
scientific approaches and making new findings, and even more so in the future.
The ability to communicate with people from other countries, to understand their
way of thinking and to cooperate does not come about by itself. This, too, has to
be learned – and the earlier the better – so that the foundations are laid to enable
young scientists to appreciate diversity and to harness it creatively for themselves
and for their environment.
Switzerland is honoured to host the IPhO. I wish all those taking part every
success. And I would like to thank all the parents, teachers and event organ­isers
for their dedication and commitment.
State Secretary Mauro Dell‘Ambrogio
Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation
9
“Maybe knowledge is as fundamental, or even more fundamental
than [material] reality.”
– by Anton Zeilinger, Austrian quantum physicist
Knowledge about the laws of physics is a gift; a gift that needs to be well g
­ roomed
and cared for. The International Physics Olympiad is an institution, which offers
exactly this: a unique opportunity for cross-cultural youth exchange and a way
to encourage junior scientists. Since 1999, the Government of Liechtenstein has
supported young people's efforts to join and contribute to this event. Over the last
two decades participants from Liechtenstein have brought home prized ­medals
and precious experiences from International Physics Olympiads from diverse
corners of the world. Now it is our turn to express our acknowledgement and
gratitude to this institution: I am very proud that Liechtenstein is hosting the IPhO
2016 together with our Swiss partners, enabling the “Usain Bolts” and “Michael
Phelps” of physics to get together to share and challenge their knowledge. The
successful cooperation with the University of Zurich enabled us to set up a hap­
pening for approximately one thousand people, participants, students, leaders
and observers; an event characterised by a joint effort to promote science and
technical education. It serves to encourage the young generation to venture into
technical and scientific professions, so that they may contribute toward a future of
wealth and prosperity based on technical progress and on cross-cultural under­
standing. With this in mind, I want to express my thanks to our partners and to all
who supported IPhO 2016 politically, financially or through hard work. I wish our
guests a highly successful outcome to this week, lifelong experiences and many
new and rewarding friendships.
Aurelia Frick
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Culture and Education Liechtenstein
11
Welcome by Mayor of Zurich
Welcome to Zurich
Yes, Zurich is a small city in a small country. But in terms of excellence in the
field of science and research, both Zurich and Switzerland are big players. Few
nations are as innovative as Switzerland. Viewed in this light, Zurich may justly
be called the right host city for the International Physics Olympiad 2016, all the
more so since we have been committed to the pursuit of excellence in this field
for some 150 years now. The University of Zurich is where eminent physicists like
Wilhelm Röntgen, Albert Einstein and Werner Schrödinger once studied, earned
a PhD or worked as lecturers and researchers. It is therefore a great pleasure for
me to offer a very warm welcome to all of you as participants in the International
Physics Olympiad 2016!
As an alumna of ETH Zurich, I am well aware of just how high the stand­ard
of teaching and research is at Zurich’s universities, and I note with pride the great
regard in which this centre of scientific excellence is held by students and rese­
archers throughout the world. Of course, our two universities are more than just
first-rate education and research institutions. They also understand them­selves
as a part of the solution to mankind’s most urgent problems – poverty, hunger,
disease and the threat to our very existence caused by the spread of human civi­
lisation. Or to quote the mission statement of the University of Zurich: “Academic
freedom calls for a high degree of responsibility, including reflection on the ethi­
cal implications of research activities for humans, animals and the environment.”
Knowledge establishes an obligation and science provides the tools society must
use to tackle the big issues facing our world.
Zurich is ready and willing to help find solutions. We have developed a
traffic system that prioritises environment-friendly public transportation vehicles
like buses, trams and railways. We have highly efficient and ecology-oriented traf­
fic, energy and waste disposal infrastructures. Waste heat from various sources
is utilised to cover residential heating needs, and we produce electricity that is
as CO2 neutral as possible.. All this would not have been possible without the
innovative capacity of our universities.
Corine Mauch
Mayor of Zurich
13
People behind
IPho 2016 – Operative Lead
IPhO 2016 – Operative Lead
Simon Birrer
Co-Chairman IPhO 2016
Swiss Physics Olympiad
“I am looking forward to see the IPhO participants taking
their responsibilities in facing the challenges of today and
tomorrow, contributing with their talent and skills. May IPhO
let them gain momentum.”
Dr. Thomas Uehlinger
Head of the Academic Committee
Swiss Physics Olympiad
“I look forward to a competition that challenges and, at the
same time, inspires participants both in view of their future
career in science as well as on a very personal level.”
Andrea Schneider
General Manager IPhO 2016
University of Zurich
“I look forward to this multicultural gathering and hope that,
through our activities, we manage to create an atmosphere of
togetherness. Something that is urgently needed today.”
Marco Gerber
Head Hospitality and Logistics
Association of Swiss Scientific Olympiads
“I‘m looking forward to guests leaving Zurich with unforget­
table, and hopefully positive memories, a horizon broadened
by interesting experiences, and a lot of new friends from all
over the world.”
15
IPhO 2016 – Core Team
Tobias Wihler
Volunteer Management and Hospitality
Interface Marketing
“The privilege of having a meaningful job where I can contribute passion and
­experience is what I would like to achieve in my professional life.”
Tanja Müller
Volunteer Management and Hospitality
Interface Marketing
“I am looking forward to experiencing an event with many exciting encounters
and I am convinced that we will all keep the IPhO 2016 in good memory.”
16
Roman Ernst
Communications
Business Campaigning
“I’m excited about working with motivated and committed people who push
past their limits and unite through their shared passion for physics.”
Richard Staub
Events
Richard Staub Event Management
“I am looking forward to an active exchange with participants from all
around the world.”
Prof. Anton Alekseev
Chair of the International Board Meetings
University of Geneva
“I am looking forward to this great event for young talent which drives ­­
the future of our field.”
Prof. Andreas Schilling
Coordinator of the Department of Physics
University of Zurich
“I will be happy to see students from all these different countries in my every­
day working environment: on the beautiful campus, in the canteen and the
cafeterias, and in the sports facility where the exams take place – a real
change of pace from my daily research, teaching and administration work!”
Michele Dolfi
Lead Academic IT
Swiss Physics Olympiad
“I’m really looking forward to seeing what we managed to achieve in
organizing the IPhO. It is impressive to see how complex such an event is.
Many little details have to match, such that more than thousand people
could be coordinated and have all the resources and tools needed for their
activity. I’m very happy that I could contribute to it.”
Johanna Nyffeler
Lead Quality Management Exams
Swiss Physics Olympiad
“I was involved in the organization quite from the beginning. I saw how
we advanced step by step. I am looking forward to seeing the result of this
intensive work.”
Lionel Philippoz
Lead Marking and Moderation
University of Zurich / Swiss Physics Olympiad
“I am really eager to see this long-planned IPhO dream finally coming true
at home. In that sense, I also hope that each participant, be it a s­ tudent or a
leader, will enjoy attending this event as much as we did preparing it.”
17
Steering Committee
Co-Chairmen
Prof. Michael Hengartner
President of the University of Zurich
Simon Birrer
Swiss Physics Olympiad
Members
Daniel Oehry
University of Zurich
Dr. Yves Barmaz
Swiss Physics Olympiad
Fritz Epple
Swiss Physics Olympiad
Dr. Matthias Hengsberger
University of Zurich
Dean of the Faculty of Science
University of Zurich
Prof. Christoph Keller
Irène Steinegger-Meier
Joint Executive Director
Swiss Scientific Olympiads
Prof. Ulrich Straumann
Prof. Christof Aegerter
Delegate of the Office of Education
of the Principality of Liechtenstein
Prof. Bernhard Schmid
18
Academic Committee
Members
Director of the Department of
Physics, University of Zurich
Levy Jäger
Swiss Physics Olympiad
ETH Zurich
Prof. Ben Kilminster Organizing Committee
Atlant Bieri
Irène Steinegger-Meier
Communications,
Self-employed Science Journalist
Media Relations,
Association of Swiss Scientific Olympiads
Media Relations,
University of Zurich
Communications,
University of Zurich
Kurt Bodenmüller
Maike Elverfeldt
Events,
Interface Marketing
Dr. Calista Fischer
Communications,
University of Zurich
Selina Furgler
University of Zurich
Management Assistant,
Association of Swiss Scientific Olympiads
University of Zurich
Events, University of Zurich
University of Zurich
Management Assistant,
University of Zurich
Dr. Alexander Kish Aram Kostanyan
Dr. Katharina Müller University of Zurich
Denys Sutter
University of Zurich
Dr. Achim Vollhardt University of Zurich
Dr. Roland Bernet
University of Zurich
Reto Maier
University of Zurich
Advisors
Dr. Günther Palfinger
Swiss Physics Olympiad
Johan Runeson
ETH Zurich
Roger Stupf
Carmelina Genovese
Ruth Halter
Kira Hussinger
Communications,
Business Campaigning
Beat Müller
Media Relations,
University of Zurich
Monika Röllin
Management Assistant,
University of Zurich
Mirjam Sager
Communications,
Association of Swiss Scientific Olympiads
Beatrice Spichtig
Events, University of Zurich
19
Facts
Facts about Switzerland
Population
Switzerland has a permanent resident population of some 8 million, 22.8% of
whom are foreign nationals. It has a relatively low birth rate compared to other
­European countries, with the number of births averaging 1.5 per woman. In 2011,
­Switzerland’s population grew by 1.1%, an increase driven chiefly by immigration.
Although the number of single- and two-person households in Switzerland is on
the rise, over half of the population still live in a family household with children.
20
Geography
Switzerland lies at the centre of Western Europe. It borders Germany in the north,
Austria and Liechtenstein in the east, Italy in the south and France in the west.
With a surface area of 41,285 km2 and measuring 220 kilometres from north to
south and 348 kilometres from west to east, Switzerland is one of the smallest
countries in the world.
What Switzerland lacks in size, it more than makes up for with a highly
varied landscape. Lake Maggiore is the lowest point above sea level, at an altitude
of 194 metres. At the other extreme, there are mountain peaks rising 4,000 metres
above sea level and snow-capped all year long. Standing 4,634 metres above sea
level, Dufour Peak in the canton of Valais is the highest mountain in Switzerland.
Three geographic regions
Switzerland has three main geographic regions: the Jura, the Central Plateau and
the Alps which is the largest geographic region and occupies 60% of Switzer­
land’s land area. The plateau occupies only 30% of Switzerland’s land area but is
home to over two-thirds of Switzerland’s resident population and most of Switzer­
land’s main cities and towns. The Jura borders the plateau in the northwest and
covers over 10% of Switzerland’s land area.
Climate and seasons
In Switzerland the climate can vary considerably from one region to another. North
of the Alps, the climate is temperate, while south of the Alps it is influenced by the
Mediterranean and is much milder. The major differences in altitude have created
several regional microclimates. Annual rainfall is above the European average.
The seasons are clearly defined. When you are here in July, daytime temperatures
will range from 18 to 28 °C (65 to 82 °F).
Crossing the Alps
Switzerland is an important transit country. Freight traffic is particularly heavy
on the main artery linking Northern and Southern Europe. A rail and road tunnel
which cuts through the Gotthard mountain connects Italy to Northern Europe.
Towns and cities
Two-thirds of Switzerland’s population live in towns or cities. There are six metro­
politan areas – Zurich, Berne, Basel, Geneva, Lausanne and Ticino – each with a
population of at least half a million. Collectively, they are responsible for 59% of
the country’s total economic output.
1848: The founding of Switzerland
The establishment of the modern state of Switzerland dates back to 1848. Prior to
this, Switzerland consisted of a loose alliance of independent cantons.
In 1848 Switzerland formed a modern constitution which made a federal state
of the confederation. A central government took over certain areas such as the
foreign and financial policy responsibilities of the cantons. The Constitution had
to link the various interests of the individual cantons with the overall interests of
the federal state.
Form of government and system of government
Switzerland is a parliamentary democracy with a direct democracy.
The Federal Assembly of Switzerland has a bicameral parliament: This consists
of the National Council of representatives of the people (200 members) and the
Council of States representing the cantons (46 members). The Federal Assembly
elects the Federal Council – the collective head of state, consisting of 7 members.
Federalism and direct democracy
Unique to this small country is its strong federalism. This is expressed in two
ways: In the strong autonomy of the 26 cantons and their municipalities, as well
as in their direct participation in political decision-making.
It is not only the cantons that have a major influence – the individual
­citizens do, as well. This is the result of the country’s direct democracy: People’s
initiatives and referendums (polls held every quarter) give citizens the chance to
influence the government.
21
Science
Switzerland is a major international centre for scientific and technological re­
search. For many years the Innovation Union Scoreboard has ranked Switzerland
as the most innovative nation in Europe. To date, it has produced 20 Nobel Prize
winners.
UNESCO World Heritage sites in switzerland
Science and the economy
Every year, Switzerland invests just under 3% of its gross domestic product (GDP)
in research, making it one of the top five research nations in the industrialised
world. Two-thirds of research funding comes from the private sector, 20% from
national or cantonal budgets, and the rest from various national and international
funding agencies.
22
Fields of research
Most research is conducted in growth industries such as biotechnology, pharma­
ceuticals, chemicals, environmental and medical technology, as well as in infor­
mation and communication technology. University-based research tends to spe­
cialise in the natural sciences, chiefly physics, chemistry and medicine, as well as
in micro- and nanotechnology.
Switzerland supervises many research projects overseas and contributes
to the European Union’s framework programme on research and technological
development. As one of the founding members of the European Space Agency
(ESA), Switzerland actively participates in ESA missions. Its national space policy
is considered to be a tool for analysing and solving global problems such as cli­
mate change, environmental protection and the prevention of natural and techno­
logical disasters.
Research centres
Switzerland is home to many world-famous research facilities.
- The Physics Institute at the University of Zurich which consists of several groups
in particle, astroparticle and condensed matter physics. For further information
go to www.physik.uzh.ch/e/research.shtml
- The Federal Institutes of Technology in Zurich and Lausanne have earned inter­
national renown for their scientific research.
- The European Organisation for Nuclear Research, or CERN for short, has its
headquarters on the outskirts of Geneva. Founded in 1954 as a European joint
venture, CERN now has 20 contributory states. In September 2008 it launched
the “Large Hadron Collider”, the most powerful particle accelerator in the world.
- The Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) is one of the leading research centres in Europe.
Scientists from across the world travel to the institute to use its facilities, such as
the “Swiss Light Source” and the “Swiss Spallation Neutron Source” .
Lavaux vineyard,
the city of berne, old town
- The European laboratory of the American high-tech company IBM is located just
outside Zurich. In addition to numerous joint projects with universities from all
over the world, the facility takes part in Swiss and EU research programmes and
forges links with other industrial research facilities.
Economy
Switzerland owes the high productivity of its economy to its liberal market system,
political stability and close ties with foreign economies. The national currency is
the Swiss franc (CHF). In 2015, Switzerland’s gross domestic product (GDP) was
CHF 639 billion.
The Great Aletsch Glacier
Economic sectors
Switzerland is primarily a service economy. 73.7% of the workforce are employed
in the tertiary sector (services), 22,8% in the secondary sector (industry) and 3.5%
in the primary sector (farming). The main service sector industries are insurance,
banking, trade and commerce, and tourism. The secondary sector is dominated
by the machinery, electronics, metals and chemical/pharmaceutical industries.
The agricultural sector is undergoing changes to the growing demand for organic
produce and more environmentally friendly production methods.
The real mainstay of the Swiss economy is its highly specialised and
­flexible small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). They make up more than
99% of all registered companies in Switzerland, and employ two-thirds of the total
workforce. Many foreign firms and Swiss multinationals have their headquarters in
Switzerland and are major players in the Swiss economy.
Culture
Switzerland has a thriving and diverse arts scene. The different cultures within
Switzerland are strongly influenced by the cultures of its neighbours France,
­Germany, Italy and Austria.
alp grum with raethian railway
Cultural policy
Two institutions are responsible for shaping and managing Swiss cultural policy.
The first is the Federal Office of Cultural Affairs (FOC), which is the Swiss govern­
ment’s centre of expertise for all cultural policy matters, for cultural promotion
and for the preservation and dissemination of cultural values. The second is Pro
Helvetia, the Swiss Arts Council, which promotes cultural creativity and fosters
cultural exchanges. The FOC, Pro Helvetia and the Federal Department of Foreign
Affairs (FDFA) share responsibility for the overseas promotion of Swiss culture.
25
Best of
5. Victorinox Swiss Army Knife
Best of Swiss Design
10 clever Swiss industrial design items that make life more enjoyable and that every
Swiss person knows
1.
5.
1. Rex peeler aka the “Sparschäler”
A Swiss design icon and probably the
world’s best peeler! It is great for cooking
enthusiasts. You will find a very inexpen­
sive one at the nearest Migros store.
6.
2.
The SIGG water bottle stands for Swiss
tradition, precision and high quality.
Manu­factured with a passion for perfec­
tion and a thirst for new ideas since 1908.
7. Caran d’Ache colored pencils
7.
3.
4.
4. Rösti grater
Switzerland is the home of the rösti ­grater,
invented in the 19th century, which helped
elevate common rösti from peasants'
fare to a symbol of Swiss ingenuity.
This is another classic that lots of Swiss
people have grown up with.
8. Jura Chrome Toaster, Model 150
3. Swatch watches
Starting with its original plastic watches, a
cult classic, Swatch has diversified its of­
ferings considerably and now sells more
than a dozen different types of watches.
Etymologically, the name “Swatch” is a
contraction of “Second Watch” be­cause
the new watch was introduced with a
new concept of watches as casual, fun,
and relatively disposable accessories.
6. School satchel with cowhide
This classic Swiss school satchel was
very popular among young students and
is now experiencing a comeback.
2. SIGG bottle
26
Those who need to be ready for anything
take one of these with them every­where.
Since 1897, the Swiss Army Knife has
been a trusted tool of adventurers around
the world. Whether you are exploring the
city, the ocean, the mountains or even
space, the Swiss Army Knife is the com­
panion you can count on.
A very clever and beautiful construction
that allows you, to turn your hot toast
wit­hout having to touch it.
8.
9. Trisa toothbrush
Trisa manufactures state-of-the-art, pro­
fessionally developed products for per­
sonal oral care which are found in many
Swiss people’s toilet bags.
9.
10.
10. Traditional accordion aka the
“Schwyzerörgeli”
The Schwyzerörgeli is a type of diatonic
button accordion used in Swiss folk music.
The name derives from the town/can­
ton of Schwyz where it was developed.
Örgeli is the diminutive form of the word
Orgel (organ). Outside ­Switzerland the ins­
trument is not well known and hard to find.
27
Liechtenstein
Welcome to Liechtenstein!
The Principality of Liechtenstein is a tiny, landlocked Alpine country, bordered by
Switzerland to its west and by Austria to its east. The Rhine River forms a natural
border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Covering an area of just 160 km2,
Liechtenstein is the smallest German-speaking country in the world. Vaduz Castle is
the seat of the Princes of Liechtenstein and the landmark of the town of Vaduz. Head
of state is the reigning Prince Hans-Adam II von und zu Liechtenstein. The national
holiday is August 15.
During your visit we will be taking you for a short walk through the centre of
Vaduz. From there the buses will set off on a road trip through the country. Guides will
inform you about different sights along the way and give you the key facts of this still
fairly young but economically strong monarchy with 37,000 inhabitants. We hope you
enjoy your stay and are looking forward to welcoming you in Liechtenstein.
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Creation of Liechtenstein
After being ruled by various different noble families (Counts of Werdenberg, Sulz,
Brandis, Hohenems), Schellenberg and Vaduz were purchased by Prince Johann
Adam in 1699 and 1712 respectively.
The last counts to rule the area currently known as Liechtenstein were the
Counts of Hohenems. Due to their large debts they were forced to sell the County of
Vaduz and the Dominion of Schellenberg. In 1699 Prince Johann Adam purchased the
Dominion of Schellenberg and in 1712 the County of Vaduz. The two territories were
united by an imperial diploma issued by Emperor Karl VI on 23 January 1719, creating
an imperial principality bearing the name Liechtenstein. As this new country only
comprised small farming villages, the administrative authority was established in the
nearest town, Feldkirch, Austria, where the Prince built the Palais Liechtenstein for the
admini­strative staff.
Princely House (head of state)
Prince Franz Josef II (1906-1989) became the first prince to have his official place of
residence in Liechtenstein when he moved to Vaduz in 1938.
The Princely House today
The current head of state, Prince Hans-Adam II, is the 15th prince of the House of
Liechtenstein. He was born in 1945 and is the first reigning prince to have grown up
in the Principality. When his father Prince Franz Josef II died in 1989, Hans-Adam II
became prince. In 2004, he passed his sovereign powers as head of state to His
­ erene Highness Hereditary Prince Alois in order to prepare him for his future position
S
as prince. So today, Hans-Adam II is still the prince, but it is his son Hereditary Prince
Alois who is responsible for performing duties as head of state.
A diverse economic area
Liechtenstein is one of the few countries in the world with financial reserves instead
of public debt. While its area of 160 km² makes Liechtenstein one of the smallest
countries in the world, when it comes to doing business it is among the big global
players. The Principality is home to many international market lead­ers and industrial
companies, an innovative financial centre and a wide range of manu­facturing and
trade enterprises.
More than 4300 companies in Liechtenstein mean that there is one business
for every nine inhabitants in the Principality. Indeed, Liechtenstein has almost as many
jobs as citizens – proof, if any was needed, of its economic success. The country has
a long tradition of cooperating with partners. Since 1924 it is part of a customs union
with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its official currency. The Principality is
a member of the most important European and international organisations. Besides,
Liechtenstein is an EEA member.
Innovations from Liechtenstein
Did you know that your favourite singer and your dentist most likely use products
from Liechtenstein? Did you know that there is at least one component in every se­
cond car that was developed in Liechtenstein? Liechtenstein is almost every­where.
Companies with headquarters in Liechtenstein are proving to be successful
in global niche markets. Take ThyssenKrupp Presta AG, for instance, one of the most
successful manufacturers of steering systems worldwide and a technology leader in
the field of cold forging. Have you ever heard of Neutrik AG? Maybe not, but you have
definitely heard something thanks to this company from Liechtenstein. Neutrik has re­
volutionized the music scene with its audio connectors. This Schaan-based company
is a leading designer, manufacturer and marketer of audio, coaxial, power and circular
connectors. Also based in Schaan is Ivoclar Vivadent. The company offers products
and systems for dentists and dental technicians, and ships them to 120 countries
worldwide. Your dentist most likely knows all about them. Other world-renowned companies in Liechtenstein are Hilcona AG, Triesen,
Hilti AG, Schaan, Hoval AG, Triesen, Oerlikon Balzers, Balzers, Optics Balzers AG,
Balzers, Ospelt AG, Schaan
29
Impressions from liechtenstein
vaduz castle
government quarter
View from furstensteig
economic area
UZH
The University of Zurich: Proud Host of the
International Physics Olympiad
32
The University of Zurich is home to this year’s International Physics Olympiad – a
natural choice, given our institution’s long history of excellence in physics. Begin­
ning with Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who was awarded the first-ever Nobel Prize
in physics, there has been no shortage of physics greats at UZH: Nobel laure­
ates Max von Laue and K. Alex Müller taught and conducted seminal research at
UZH, while luminaries Albert Einstein und Erwin Schrödinger both developed their
groundbreaking theories at our University.
In addition to excellence in physics, the international standing of the Uni­
versity of Zurich makes our institution an ideal partner for the Olympiad: UZH
maintains agreements and partnerships with numerous renowned higher educa­
tion institutions throughout the world. The University’s outstanding research pro­
grammes and centres of competence attract the brightest minds in Switzerland
and abroad. That makes us all the more pleased to welcome young students from
all corners of the globe and the Physics Olympiad. Finding answers to the future’s
big questions is a goal at any university – at UZH, we know this is done best by
working with promising talent and fostering their development.
A pioneering spirit
Scholarship thrives in Zurich’s open-minded environment, and has a long tradition
of doing so. The University opened its doors in 1833 – the first university in Europe
to be founded by a democratic state rather than a monarch or the church. UZH
was also a pioneer in women’s rights: The University of Zurich was the second
European university, after the Sorbonne in Paris, to admit women to study pro­
grammes.
This pioneering spirit naturally extends to achievements in scholarship, as
is reflected in the many renowned distinctions conferred to UZH members over
the years, including 12 Nobel Prizes. In recognition of its standing as a leading
research university in Europe, UZH was invited to join the prestigious League of
European Research Universities (LERU) in 2006. UZH is a worldwide leader in
research in the life sciences, medicine, business and economics.
Fostering intellectual curiosity
The University of Zurich is by far Switzerland’s largest university, not to mention
the country’s most diverse higher education institution. UZH offers a first-rate
33
UNIVERSITY OF zurich
academic education to its over 25,000 students, who can choose from roughly
100 different fields of study at one of the seven faculties. At UZH, students gain
first-hand knowledge from the excellent teaching staff, who employ state-of-theart methodologies and focus on research-based teaching. Early on, we encour­
age students to develop independent and critical thinking skills in order to gener­
ate their own ideas and explore fresh and unfamiliar ways of looking at the world.
UZH provides ambitious students with ideal conditions for achieving their
potential. They can design their studies flexibly and have access to outstanding
libraries and study centres. Academic and career advisors offer valuable support
during their studies and help them plan their careers. Students also profit from
UZH’s privileged location in the middle of town: close to Zurich’s excellent cultural
institutions and close to nature with the nearby Alps.
As host of the 2016 International Physics Olympiad, the University of
­Zurich extends a warm welcome to curious young minds from all over the world.
We wish you an inspired competition, stimulating experiences, and fruitful en­
counters: Let the games begin!
Treats
10 Swiss Treats Everybody Loves
1. A very classic Swiss thirst quencher:
Rivella.
34
1. Rivella
6. branche
6. A sweet soul soother for every situation
in life: Branche chocolate bar.
2. Zweifel Chips: the undisputed champion
in flavour and crunchiness.
7. No raclette will ever happen without Chirat
gherkins.
3. Le Gruyère Cheese: you need 12 litres of
milk to produce one kilo of cheese.
8. Sinalco: another dope fruit lemonad which
is super bubbly.
4. Pepping up meals since 1886:
Maggi seasoning.
9. If you go hiking in the mountains,
“Landjäger” sausages should be your
snack of choice.
5. In America iconic symbol of canned
food is the Campbell’s tomato soup – in
Switzerland, though, it is Hero’s canned
ravioli. Try one if you are hungover or just
way too lazy to cook.
5. ravioli
8. Sinalco
35
10. … and if you have a craving for
something sweet after hiking, try
“Kambly Bretzeli” cookies.
7. Chirat gherkins
2. zweifel chips
3. Le gruyere cheese
4. maggi seasoning
9. landjager
10. kambly
Bretzeli
General
General Advice
Currency
Please note that Switzerland still uses the
Swiss franc, usually indicated as “Fr.” or
“CHF”. Prices in many shops are none­
theless additionally indicated in euros.
Merchants may accept euros but they
are not obliged to do so. Change ­given
back to the client will most likely be in
Swiss francs.
36
Tipping
As in most countries, it is customary in
Switzerland to leave a tip if you were
satis­fied with the service and the food
or drinks. There are no regulations about
how much of a tip to give – the rule of
thumb is 5 to 10 per cent.
Electricity
The voltage in Switzerland, as in most of
Europe, is 230 V / 50 Hz.
Switzerland uses Type C (2-pin) and Type
J (3-pin) plugs. (Type C 2-pin plugs also
fit J sockets.)
Most power sockets are designed for
three-pin round plugs. The standard con­
tinental-type plug with two round pins,
applied for many electrical travel pro­
ducts, may be used without problems.
Adaptors are available in most hotels.
Drinking water
Swiss drinking water is a quality product
from natural resources, 80% of which
stems from natural springs and ground­
water and the rest from lakes. Strict regu­
lations concerning water and the quality
of it have led to such positive develop­
ment that, in some places, you can drink
water straight out of a lake without giving
it a second thought! Swiss tap water is
also greener than water purchased in
bottles or mineral waters that occasion­
ally had to travel large distances.
As our water is of excellent quality and
Switzerland is also very keen on reducing
the amount of waste produced daily, we
will offer you a SIGG water bottle which
you can use over and over again. Rinse it
prior to the first use. Please take the bot­
tle with you and fill it daily with tap water.
Thank you for helping us in our effort to
reduce the amount of waste produced.
Public transport
Public transport usually leaves on time,
so please make sure that you are there at
the right time. All our guests will be able
to use public transport in most areas of
the city of Zurich for free when carrying
the IPhO 2016 badge. This free pass is
valid from July 9 to 18 in ­zones 110 and
121 (city centre and airport area) except
for the nighttime network on Friday and
Saturday nights when a supplemental
nighttime ticket has to be purchased.
Enjoying a trip to the mountains
Our mountain regions offer you impressi­
ve experiences. In order to enjoy your trip
to the mountains, make sure you are well
equipped. Your shoes and jacket need
to meet the demands of the mountain
environment. Expect the tempera­
tures
there to be around 10 to 15 degrees
Celsius lower than in Zurich. So please
bring along a jacket, sun protection (sun­
glasses and sunscreen) and wear sturdy
shoes.
Smoking policy
Smoking is prohibited in most ­enclosed
areas such as restaurants, public build­
ings and offices. Smoking is also forbid­
den on public transport. Smoking is
permitted in separate smoking rooms,
outdoors and in private homes.
drinking water from
fountain
37
Food
Top Swiss Food & Liechtenstein’s Käsknöpfle
Rösti (see above), noodles or rice. You
can substitute the veal with chicken,
pork or tofu if you're making it yourself.
Swiss and Liechtensteiner food is influenced by the cuisine in neighbouring countries
and feature lots of regional dishes, many of which are based on cheese and potatoes,
the ingredients that have been readily available to Alpine farmers for centuries. One
thing is for sure, you will not go hungry in Switzerland or Liechtenstein.
38
Birchermüesli
You may have had muesli for breakfast
before, but did you know that it was in­
vented in Switzerland around 1900 by a
Dr. Maximilian Bircher-Benner? Believing
that a diet of cereals, fruits and vegetables was better for humans than a
heavy meat-based diet, he created
­
­Birchermüesli – a mix of rolled oat flakes,
fruit, nuts, lemon juice and condensed
milk – for patients in his Zurich sanatori­
um. It's still eaten today and is not only a
popular breakfast item but occasionally
an evening meal, too.
birchermuesli
-Rost
i
Zopf
Zopf
There are many types of bread in
­Switzerland but one of the most popular
and delicious is a soft white loaf called
Zopf. You'll be able to recognise it ea­
sily because it's a plaited loaf (the word
Zopf means ‘braid') with a golden crust,
very much like the Jewish bread called
­challah. Some say it originates from an
ancient custom of widows cutting off
their braids and burying them with their
husbands. The dough is made from whi­
te flour, milk, eggs, butter and yeast, plai­
ted into a braid and then brushed with
egg yolk before baking. It's traditionally
eaten on Sunday mornings.
Rösti
Rösti is a potato dish made by frying
(or occasionally baking) flat round pat­
ties of coarsely grated raw or parboiled
(semi-cooked), seasoned potato in oil.
They're crisp on the outside and soft and
melting on the inside. Sometimes bacon,
onion, cheese – or even apple – are ad­
ded to the mix. Eat it as a side dish to
accompany fried eggs and spinach or
a sausage meat called Fleischkäse. It
was originally eaten as a breakfast by
Bernese farmers but these days you'll
­
find it enjoyed all over the world as well
as here in Switzerland where it's consi­
dered a national dish.
Zürcher Geschnetzeltes
This translates as "cut meat Zurich style",
but if you see it on a menu in Switzerland
the dish will be made using strips of veal
(calf meat) and sometimes veal liver. The
veal is cooked with mushrooms, onions,
wine and cream and usually eaten with
Cheese fondue
Cheese fondue is a great meal to share
with friends. It's a dish made of melted
cheese (e.g. Gruyère and Emmentaler)
and other ingredients, such as garlic,
white wine, a little cornflour/corn starch
and often kirsch (cherry brandy), ­served
up at the table in a special ceramic pot
called a caquelon, with a small ­burner
underneath it to keep the fondue at a
constant temperature. You spear small
cubes of bread onto long-stemmed forks
and dip them into the hot cheese (taking
care not to lose the bread in the fondue).
39
ue
Chee
nd
se Fo
40
Raclette
Raclette is the name of a Swiss cheese
made from cow's milk (slightly nutty, a
little like Gruyère) but it's also the name
of a very popular meal. In the old days,
an entire wheel of cheese was held up in
front of a fire and as the cheese melted, it
was scraped off onto a plate to be ­eaten.
The name is derived from the French
­racler, meaning ‘to scrape'. Today, slices
of raclette are melted in table-top raclette
pans or grills, and can be accompanied
by small potatoes cooked in their skins,
vegetables, charcuterie, pickled gherkins
and onions, and bread.
-rac
lett
e
Saffron risotto
Saffron is grown in the Swiss canton of
Valais, and it's an essential ingredient of a
traditional Ticino dish often served with a
Luganighe sausage, a raw ­sausage made
with pork, spices and red wine. Ticino is
the southernmost canton of S
­ witzerland,
sharing a border with the ­Italian regions of
Piedmont and L
­ ombardy, and one of the
two cantons where Italian is the official
language. Saffron risotto is a comforting
dish made from risotto rice ­cooked slowly
with onions, broth, saffron threads, wine
and cheese, and easy to make at home.
Liechtensteiner Käsknöpfle
Käsknöpfle is a hearty, pasta-like dish
with melted cheese and one of Liechten­
stein’s classic delicacies. Freshly made,
they are served with crisp fried onions
on top. Traditional side dishes are green
salad, potato salad and apple sauce. The
dish invariably goes down well – whether
enjoyed on a sunny terrace in summer, or
in front of an open fire in winter.
Älplermagronen
Sometimes called herdsman's macaroni,
Älplermagronen is a traditional all-in-one
dish from the German part of S
­ witzerland.
It uses all the ingredients that were avail­
able to the herdsmen who were looking
after their cows on the mountain pas­
tures of the slopes of the Alps: ­cheese,
potatoes, onions, macaroni, milk or
­cream – and apples. The classic version
is made by layering cooked potatoes and
macaroni with cream and cheese, baking
it in the oven and then serving it with fried
onion rings and a stewed apple sauce
on top. Sometimes it comes with bacon
as well. It's a hearty meal that will really
warm you up on a cold night.
Bündner Nusstorte
The Bündner Nusstorte, sometimes ­called
an Engadiner Nusstorte, is a yummy cara­
melised, nut-filled pastry origin­ating from
the canton of ­Graubünden. It's made in
small independent bakeries all over the
canton, each of which has its own vari­
ation on the basic recipe of short-crust
pastry made from flour, sugar, egg, ­butter
and salt with a filling of caramelised
­sugar, cream and chopped nuts, usually
walnuts.
­
Appenzeller Biber
Luckily, the Appenzeller Biber (Appenzell
Gingerbread), has nothing in common
with its singing and wildly pubescent na­
mesake. The classic version is a ginger­
bread speciality, known as far back as
the 16th century. In its flatbread form,
the Biber contains natural honey, while
the smaller version, the Biberli, can have
a variety of fillings, and is frequently ser­
ved as a snack. The word Biber derives
from the original term bimenzelte, me­
aning “clove flatbread”. As every baker
has a different house recipe and fillings,
Biber tastes different wherever you go.
Of course it can also be adapted to be
healthier.
Nussto
rte
41
Aargauer Rüeblitorte
Carrot cake may well sound healthy,
as they actually contain lots of carrots
– but they also contain a lot of butter,
hazelnuts, eggs, sugar, flour and jam.
Rüeblitorte (carrot cake), is especially
­
popular in the German-speaking regions
of Switzerland, and originally comes from
the canton of Aargau, which is also nick­
named “Rüebliland” (“carrot country”),
as carrots are grown there in large quan­
tities.
orte
t
-ruebli
Programme
Sun
10 July
Mon
11 July
Tue
12 July Students
Leaders
Arrival, Registration
Arrival, Registration
Opening Event, Irchel Campus
Opening Event, Irchel Campus
Exploring Irchel Campus (half of the group)
Excursion to the Paul Scherrer Institute (half of the group)
Discussion/Translation
Experimental Exam
Experimental Exam, Irchel Campus (half of the group)
Exploring Zurich (half of the group)
Excursion to Rigi
42
Wed
13 July
Discussion / Translation of the Theoretical Exam
Excursion to the Principality of Liechtenstein
Theoretical Exam, Irchel Campus
Thu
14 July
Derek Muller, Veritasium
Inspirational Speech, Technopark
Mon
11 July
Tue
12 July 43
Wed
13 July
Excursion to the Principality of Liechtenstein
Derek Muller, Veritasium
Inspirational Speech, Irchel Campus
Corrections
Midterm Party “Get Ready for the Swiss Challenge”, Irchel Campus
Midterm Party “Get Ready for the Swiss Challenge”, Irchel Campus
Corrections / Submissions
Fri
15 July Excursion to Rigi (half of the group)
CERN / International Red Cross Museum (half of the group)
Sat
16 July
Excursion to Rigi (half of the group)
CERN / International Red Cross Museum (half of the group)
International Board / Moderation
Closing Ceremony, Tonhalle Zurich
Farewell Reception, Irchel Campus
Closing Ceremony, Tonhalle Zurich
Farewell Reception, Irchel Campus
Departure
Departure
Sun
17 July
Sun
10 July
Excursion to the Paul Scherrer Institute (optional)
Thu
14 July
Fri
15 July Sat
16 July
Sun
17 July
Highlights
Programme Highlights
Opening Event
“Grüezi” and welcome to Switzerland and Liechtenstein!
On Monday, 11 July, it will finally come time to officially open the 47th Interna­
tional Physics Olympiad 2016. We will host the Opening Event at the University
of Zurich, Irchel Campus, which students will call “home” for the next few days.
One of the highlights of this event will most certainly be the presentation of the 85
international delegations of students from all over the world.
Date: Monday, 11 July
Time: 10 – 11.30 a.m.
Location: University of Zurich, Irchel Campus, Auditorium Maximum
44
Midterm Party – get ready for the Swiss challenge!
The exams are over and that needs to be celebrated. However, the next challenge
is already awaiting you at Irchel Campus. A Swiss evening full of sports compe­
titions, alpine traditions and typical Swiss food. Taste, explore and experience
Switzerland: milk a cow, play the alphorn and enjoy real raclette. And we promise
there’s more - get ready for the Swiss challenge!
Date: Thursday, 14 July
Time: 6 – 9 p.m.
Location: University of Zurich, Irchel Campus
Closing Ceremony
The Closing Ceremony of the 47th International Physics Olympiad 2016 will take
place in the prestigious “Tonhalle”. There we will take a look back at the examina­
tion days and excursions plus there will be an awards ceremony where we will ho­
nour students’ achievements and present medals. The 47th International Physics
Olympiad 2016 will end with a farewell lunch at the Irchel Campus.
Date: Sunday, 17 July
Time: 10 – 2.30 p.m.
Location: Tonhalle Zurich and University of Zurich, Irchel Campus
By the will of the people. Research and Education at the Service of
Mankind – the University of Zurich’s Irchel Campus
Situated in a natural park below Zurichberg (“mountain of Zurich”), Irchel Campus
is home to 31 internationally renowned research institutes from natural sciences,
preclinical medicine and veterinary medicine and an important research library,
a museum and important research collections ranging from anatomy to zoology.
The University of Zurich being a public university funded by the canton of Zurich
and its people, educating the young is the second pillar on which the University
rests.
In a public poll on 14 March 1971, the voters of the Canton Zurich gave the
University of Zurich the green light for building a new campus in the Irchel area as
the number of enrolled students had been constantly growing. Con­struction work
started in 1973 and was completed in 1979. But already in 1983 a second stage
of new buildings was launched. As the Faculty of Science is the fastest ­growing
faculty of the University of Zurich, a fifth construction stage has just ­begun this
April – a new complex for Chemistry is now being constructed. Today over 7000
people work and study at Irchel Campus on a daily basis.
In the afternoon of 11 July the students will have the opportunity to get insights
into some of the research done at Irchel Campus and to discuss with some of
our professors.
Artworks at Irchel Campus
In Switzerland Canton’s are obliged
- when constructing public buildings
and infrastructure - to invest a certain
share of the investment into art. Thus
Irchel Campus hosts a large number of
artworks by famous Swiss artists such
as for instance H.R. Giger (the father of
the monster “Alien”).
Artworks at
Irchel Campus
45
46
Queen of the Mountains: Rigi
The excursion to Mount Rigi will be a highlight for all participants from all over
the world.
The mountain in the heart of Switzerland is the birthplace of tourism in Switzer­
land. Back in 1816, the first mountain hotel in Switzerland was built on the top of
Rigi – Hotel Rigi Kulm. 200 years of history, of unique views and of un­forgettable
nature experiences on the so called “Queen of the mountains”.
The authentic Swiss experience tour will lead you from Zurich towards Arth
Goldau located in the foothills of Mount Rigi. The Mount Rigi Railway ­cogwheel
train will then bring you up to the top of the “Queen”.
After you have enjoyed your visit to Switzerland's most authentic mountain
and the most popular mountain destination of the citizens of Switzerland, you will
then be transported downhill by Europe’s first mountain railway all the way to the
lakeside and to the very picturesque village of Vitznau. From there you will board
a typical Swiss boat and head towards Lucerne on the Lake of L
­ ucerne. ​Of ­course
there will be some time for taking pictures of the world-­famous K
­ apellbrücke
­(literally, Chapel Bridge) in Lucerne.
This great mountain/lake-combination excursion will end back in Zurich.
mount
rigi
derek
Muller
47
Inspirational Speech by Derek Muller
Derek Muller is a passionate science educator, communicator, and filmmaker.
He completed his bachelor’s in Engineering Physics at Queen’s University in
­Kingston, Canada and a PhD in Physics Education Research at the University of
Sydney. Derek studied how to design multimedia to teach physics effectively. One
of his major findings is that addressing misconceptions first is often essential to
engage the audience and promote conceptual change. He puts this research into practice as a presenter for Catalyst and as
­director of the science video blog, Veritasium. Derek has published in several
international science education journals and presented at numerous education
conferences worldwide. He also teaches physics at high school and university
levels. We are very pleased that Derek will talk about his work during the IPhO 2016.
At the same time he will be awarded with the “cogito-Prize 2016” for his achieve­
ments. The goal of “the cogito foundation” is to encourage dialogue be­tween
science and technology on the one hand and humanities and the social sciences
on the other. It also strives to make scientific thinking better known and under­
stood by the public at large.
steamboat
Welcome to the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI
The PSI is the largest research institute for natural and engineering sciences in
Switzerland, conducting cutting-edge research in three main fields: “Matter and
Materials”, “Energy and Environment” and “Human Health”. PSI develops, builds
and operates large, complex research facilities. Every year, more than 2500 scien­
tists from Switzerland and around the world come to PSI to use our unique facil­
ities to carry out experiments that are not possible anywhere else. PSI is commit­
ted to the training of future generations. Therefore, about one quarter of our staff
are apprentices, post-graduates or post-docs. Maybe one day you will be one of
them. PSI has an annual budget of approximately CHF 370 million and is primarily
financed by the Swiss Confederation.
48
Main areas of research
Researchers in the area of “Matter and Materials” study the internal structure of a
wide range of different materials. Results contribute towards a better understan­
ding of processes occurring in nature and provide starting points in the develop­
ment of new materials for technical applications.
The goal of activities in the “Energy and Environment” area is to develop
new technologies to facilitate the creation of a sustainable and secure supply of
en­ergy, as well as an uncontaminated environment.
In the “Human Health” area, researchers are searching for the causes of
illnesses, and exploring potential treatment methods. Their basic research activi­
ties also include the clarification of generic processes in living organisms.
psi with SWiss light
source sls
ul
the Pa
ute
it
r Inst
e
r
r
e
h
Sc
Large research facilities
PSI operates large scientific research facilities, such as the SINQ neutron ­source,
the Swiss Light Source (SLS), the SμS muon source and, starting in 2017, the
x-ray free-electron laser SwissFEL. All offer out-of-the-ordinary insights into the
processes taking place in the interior of different substances and materials. These
are the only such facilities within Switzerland, and some are the only ones in the
world.
User laboratory
PSI provides access to their large research facilities via a user service to re­
searchers from universities, other research centres and industry. Every year, PSI
registers more than 5000 visits of scientists from around the world, performing
their experiments at approximately 40 measuring stations.
All IPhO students will enjoy a fascinating tour through the PSI, gaining insight into
current projects and meeting researchers along the way.
49
the CMS
View of
50
or
detect
Large Ha
dron
Collider
A Day in Geneva
CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research
At CERN, more than 12,000 scientists from more than 100 nations work in the
biggest particle physics laboratory in the world.
CERN operates the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a 27-kilometre ring of
superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the
energy of the particle along the way, located in a tunnel 100 m underground along
the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva.
The particles inside the LHC are made to collide more than 1 billion times
per second in four interaction points, thereby recreating conditions in the universe
a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. By analysing these events, observed by four huge particle detectors (ALICE,
­ATLAS, CMS, LHCb), scientists explore the fundamental structure of space and
time. CERN’s research also pushes back the frontiers of technology, resulting in
innov­ations in computing, medical diagnostics and therapy, material science and
many other fields.
We are very excited that – together with CERN – we were able to create a unique
and unforgettable excursion programme for our IPhO students.
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum is a museum located
in Geneva. It first opened in 1988 and underwent a significant renovation from
2011 to 2013. The exhibition named “The Humanitarian Adventure” presents
three contemporary problems through three distinct spaces; each created by a
different archi­tect: “Defending human dignity”, “Reconstructing family links” and
“Re­ducing natural risks”.
Although it devotes a lot of space to knowledge and reflection, the muse­
ography introduces a new dimension to its devices: emotion. As they ­enter each
of the three thematic areas, visitors are invited to engage in an awareness-build­
ing experience even before they discover the area’s informational content. Twelve
witnesses trace the main thread of “The Humanitarian Adventure”. They first wel­
come visitors in a scenographic device and then accompany them on their tour
through the exhibition. The witnesses are there to remind us that human relations
are at the heart of all humanitarian action.
Situated next to the seat of the International Red Cross and Red ­Crescent
­Movement, the museum will surely inspire the IPhO students on their Geneva
excursion.
nd
m
ross ant Museu
C
d
e
Re
Cresc
Red
51
Language
Zurich 2000-Watt Society
Twenty years ago, a vision of a 2000-Watt Society was developed at the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland. In 2008, the citizens
of Zurich adopted the goal of limiting energy consumption to a maximum of 2500
watts per person by 2050. At least 80% of energy needs are to be met using re­
newable energy, meaning that only one tonne of greenhouse gas is given off per
capita per year.
The students will get a glance on how a city like Zurich implements this concept
on a daily operational level: visits include power utility, water supply and public
transport facilities.
52
power and arts
at ewz
Photovoltaik plant
at tram depot VBZ
Switzerland – Small Country,
Four Official Languages
Switzerland is a multicultural and multilingual country. This is due in no small part
to geography, as Switzerland shares its borders with three major European cul­
tures – German-speaking Europe, France and Italy.
Switzerland has four national languages, some of which are spoken more widely
than others.
- German (65.6%): Two-thirds of the population live in Switzerland’s 17­German-­
speaking cantons. In addition to speaking standard German, each ­canton has
its own distinct Swiss-German dialect.
- French (22.8%): Western Switzerland (“Romandie”) is home to the country’s
native French speakers.
- Italian (8.5%): Italian is the official language of Ticino and the southern valleys
of Graubünden.
- Rumantsch: This language is descended from Vulgar Latin and is spoken in the
only trilingual canton, Graubünden. The other two languages in Graubünden are
German and Italian.
Most Swiss speak more than one language, be it another national language or
English. Foreign nationals living in Switzerland have brought with them their own
languages, too.
Multicultural Switzerland
Almost 1.8 million foreigners live in Switzerland. Close to one-fifth were born
here, making them second- or third-generation immigrants. Compared to other
countries, ­Switzerland has a relatively high proportion of foreign residents, namely
22.8%, which can be largely attributed to its strict naturalization procedure. Itali­
ans make up the largest group of foreign residents, followed by Germans, Portu­
guese, French and Serbian nationals. The overwhelming majority of Switzerland’s
foreign residents (85%) are from European countries.
Switzerland is not solely a country of immigration – there are currently over
716,000 Swiss nationals living abroad. France hosts by far the largest number of
Swiss residents, followed by the US and Germany.
53
A quick Guide to German and Zurich German
54
English
German
Zurich German
Three
Drei
Drü
Hello
Guten Tag
Grüezi
Four
Vier
Vier
Welcome
Willkommen
Grüezi
Five
Fünf
Foif
Good morning
Guten Morgen
Guäte Morge
Six
Sechs
Sächs
Good evening
Guten Abend
Guäte Abig
Seven
Sieben
Sibä
Good night
Gute Nacht
Guät Nacht
Eight
Acht
Acht
Thank you
Danke
Dankä
Nine
Neun
Nüün
Sorry
Entschuldigung
Äntschuldigung
Ten
Zehn
Zäh
Please
Bitte
Bitte
How are you?
Wie geht es Ihnen?
Wiä gat’s Ihne?
Days
I am fine
Mir geht es gut
Mir gat’s guät
Monday
Montag
Mäntig
What is your name?
Wie heissen Sie?
Wiä heissed Sie?
Tuesday
Dienstag
Ziischtig
My name is…
Ich heisse…
Ich heissä…
Wednesday
Mittwoch
Mittwuch
Where are you from?
Woher kommen Sie?
Vo wo chömed Sie?
Thursday
Donnerstag
Dunschtig
I am from…
Ich komme von…
Ich chumä vo…
Friday
Freitag
Friitig
What is the time?
Wieviel Uhr ist es?
Was isch für Ziit?
Saturday
Samstag
Samschtig
I understand
Ich verstehe
Ahaa
Sunday
Sonntag
Sunntig
I did not understand
Das habe ich nicht Das hani nöd verstande
verstanden
Directions
Please speak slowly
Sprechen Sie bitte Chönd Sie ächt es bitzli Right
Rechts
Rächts
langsam
langsamer redä?
Left
Links
Linggs
Excuse me
Entschuldigen Sie
Exgüsi
Front
Vorne
Vornä
Please write it down
Schreiben Sie das Chönd Sie das ächt ufschriebe?
Back
Hinten
Hinä
bitte auf
Inside
Drinnen
Dinä
How do you say…?
Wie sagt man…?
Wiä seit mä…?
Outside
Draussen
Dussä
... in German/Swiss German … auf Deutsch/
… uf Düütsch/
North
Nördlich
Nördlich
auf Schweizerdeutsch
uf Schwiitzerdütsch
East
Östlich
Öschtlich
Help!
Hilfe!
Hilfe!
South
Südlich
Südlich
Stop!
Stop!
Stop!
West
Westlich
Weschtlich
Have you eaten?
Haben Sie schon Händ Sie scho gässe?
gegessen?
Basic colours Where is the toilet?
Wo sind die Toiletten?
Wo isch’s WC?
Black
Schwarz
Schwarz
Congratulations!
Gratulation!
Gratuliere!
White
Weiss
Wiss
Goodbye
Auf Wiedersehen
Tschüss
Green
Grün
Grüän
Blue
Blau
Blau
Numbers
Red
Rot
Rot
Gälb
One
Eins
Eis
Yellow
Gelb
Two
Zwei
Zwei
55
Imprint
Photo Credits
Concept
p. 23/24
Lavaux Vineyard © by Switzerland Tourism, Marcus Gyger
Old Town Berne © by Switzerland Tourism
The Aetsch Glacier © by Switzerland Tourism
Alp Gmuen © by Switzerland Tourism, Stephan Schacher
Andrea Schneider
General Manager IPhO 2016
Graphic Design and Layout
Stephanie Lippert
MELS, University of Zurich
Editorial Team
Andrea Schneider
Roman Ernst
Richard Staub
56
Proofreading
CLS Communication AG
Printing House
Mattenbach AG
© University of Zurich 2016
International Physics Olympiad 2016
www.ipho2016.org
info@ipho2016.org
p. 30/31
Vaduz Casle © by Martin Walser
Government quater © by Roland Korner
Fürstensteig © by Liechtenstein Marketing
economic area © by Liechtenstein Marketing
p. 33
University of Zurich © by University of Zurich
University of Zurich, pond at Campus Irchel © by stefanwalter.ch
p. 37
Asia Trophy © by Switzerland Tourism
p. 46/47
Mount Rigi © by RIGI BAHNEN AG
Steamboat © by RIGI BAHNEN AG
Derek Muller © by tyleralberti.com
p.48/49
Paul Scherrer Institute © by Paul Scherrer Institute, Markus Fischer
Inside Paul Scherrer Institute © by Scanderbeg Sauer Photography
p.50/51
CMS detector © Public Domain
Large Hadron Collider © by CERN, Maximilien Brice
Red Cross Museum © by MICR, Alain Germond
p. 52
ewz © by Roger Frei, Zurich
Tram depot VBZ © by VBZ Corporate Communications
57
Content
58
The IPhO 2016 Logo
02
Welcome Messages
05
People behind the IPhO 201615
Host Country Switzerland20
Best of Swiss Design26
Host Country Liechtenstein28
Host University of Zurich32
10 Swiss Treats34
General Advice36
Top Swiss Food and Liechtenstein’s Käsknöpfle38
Programme42
Programme Highlights44
Switzerland – Four Official Languages53
A Quick Guide to German and Swiss German54
Imprint56
Photo Credits57
Organizers
Partners
Verband Schweizer Wissenschafts-Olympiaden
Association des Olympiades Scientifiques Suisses
Associazione delle Olimpiadi Scientifiche Svizzere
Association of Swiss Scientific Olympiads
Main Partner
Supporters: Institutions and Public Sector
Swisslos – Kanton Aargau
University of Berne
Promoting Partner
Partners
Baugarten Stiftung
Supporters: Companies
Accor Hotels SA
business campaigning GmbH
Bruker BioSpin AG
EUROBUS welti furrer AG
Hoval AG
IBM Research GmbH – IBM Research – Zurich
Interface Marketing AG
Lake Lucerne Navigation Company
Mount Rigi Railways SA
Sensirion AG
SIGG Switzerland AG
ZFV Group
Supporters: Foundations
Gedächtnisstiftung Peter Kaiser
Georg H. Endress Foundation
Hilti Foundation
Karl Mayer Foundation
Lotex Foundation
Maiores Foundation
Polianthes Foundation
Prof. Otto Beisheim Foundation
RHW Foundation
SwissLife Foundation “Perspectives”