The Effect of Rolling Direction
to the Tensile Properties of AA5083
Specimen
Latifah Mohd Najib, Anizahyati Alisibramulisi,
Norliyati Mohd Amin, Ilyani Akmar Abu Bakar and Sulaiman Hasim
Abstract Tensile tests are commonly used to provide information on the tensile
properties of materials. However, limited tests have been done on the orientation
angles of material for the same properties. Thus, the present paper discusses the
effect of three different angles to the tensile properties of aluminium alloy AA5083
dog-bone specimens based on the original rolling direction. For this purpose, the
angles chosen and tested were 0°, 45° and 90°. It is found that, as the orientation
angle increases, the ultimate tensile strength also increases. In contrast, the Young’s
Modulus decreases as the angle increases. It is also observed that the material is
much more ductile when the work hardening increases. Thus, the rolling directions
give a significant effect on the tensile properties of AA5083 specimens tested.
Keywords Rolling ditection
Tensile properties AA5083 Angle orientation
L.M. Najib (&) A. Alisibramulisi N.M. Amin I.A.A. Bakar S. Hasim
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
e-mail: efa90_green@yahoo.com.my
A. Alisibramulisi
e-mail: aniza659@salam.uitm.edu.my
N.M. Amin
e-mail: norli830@salam.uitm.edu.my
I.A.A. Bakar
e-mail: dyeyanie@yahoo.com
S. Hasim
e-mail: sulaimanhasim@yahoo.com
A. Alisibramulisi N.M. Amin
Institute for Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management (IIESM),
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2015
R. Hassan et al. (eds.), InCIEC 2014, DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-290-6_67
779
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L.M. Najib et al.
1 Introduction
Aluminium 5083 is a strong magnesium-manganese-chromium-aluminium alloy.
It can be hardened by cold work but it cannot be heat treated for higher strength.
Its ductility is better than most other 5,000 series alloys [1]. The AA5083 can be
used as plate alloy in marine application or structural component in transportation
application.
During the rolling process to produce metals in plate or sheet form, there are
several factors that can be considered in the rolling direction, such as the subsequent
annealing and the grains of microstructure and macrostructure, as it becomes
elongated when it rolls. Based on the rolling direction, a preferred crystallographic
(texture) of orientation can be developed which causes variation of properties due to
its direction [2]. However, limited tests have been done on the orientation angles of
material. Thus, this study investigates the effect of rolling direction to the tensile
properties of AA5083 plate specimen.
2 Experimental Program
The tensile specimens used in this study are an aluminium alloy series of AA5083H321 and the standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials—
ASTM E8 [3] is referred.
2.1 Specimen Preparation
AA5083 rectangular plate with dimensions of 3.0 mm × 610 mm × 915 mm was cut
to 0°, 45° and 90° angles from the rolling direction and each angle has three
specimens. Therefore, there were nine specimens in total. The tensile samples were
rectangular, with 200.0 mm total length, 20.0 mm width of grip section, 12.5 mm
width, 50.0 mm gauge length, 12.5 mm radius of fillet, 57.0 mm length of reduced
section, 50.0 mm length of grip section and 3.0 mm thickness. At first, the rectangular specimens were machined by using Hydraulic Swing Beam Shearing
Machine, and then followed with dog-bone specimens that were machined by using
CNC milling machine (DMC 635 V). Nine (9) tensile specimens of the respective
angles are illustrated in Fig. 1. Details of AA5083 chemical composition are
tabulated in Table 1 and the respective processes are illustrated in Figs. 2, 3 and 4.
The Effect of Rolling Direction to the Tensile Properties …
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Fig. 1 Plan view of cutting
specimens from the AA5083
plate
Original rolling direction
90°
0°
Area A
45°
Table 1 Chemical
composition of AA5083
Fig. 2 Half depth hole
drilling at the specimen’s grip
section
Element
Percentage (%)
Aluminium (Al)
Magnesium (Mg)
Manganese (Mn)
Chromium (Cr)
Silicon (Si)
Iron (Fe)
Copper (Cu)
Zinc (Zn)
Titanium (Ti)
Others, each
Others, total
Balance
4.0–4.9
0.40–1.0
0.05–0.25
0.40 max
0.40 max
0.10 max
0.25 max
0.15 max
0.05 max
0.15 max
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L.M. Najib et al.
Fig. 3 Full holes drilling
assisted by large g-clamp
Fig. 4 CNC milling machine
that was used to cut the
specimens into dog-bone
shape
Microstructures were analyzed by using optical microscopy (Olympus BX-51)
as illustrated in Figs. 5, 6 and 7. The scanning shows a homogeneous elongated
grain. It is proven that the grain orientation is in accordance to the angle oriented
from the rolling direction of the cut plate AA5083.
The Effect of Rolling Direction to the Tensile Properties …
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Fig. 5 Tensile specimen of
0° to the rolling direction
Rolling direction
Fig. 6 Tensile specimen of
45° to the rolling direction
Rolling direction
Fig. 7 Tensile specimen of
90° to the rolling direction
Rolling direction
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L.M. Najib et al.
Fig. 8 Universal Testing
Machine, UTM-1000
2.2 Tensile Tests
The UTM-1000 machine (Fig. 8) is used to determine the strength of AA5083 plate
specimen and extracting other parameters such as deformation, strain, modulus of
elasticity, and work hardening.
3 Results and Discussions
In this section, rolling direction effects to the tensile properties of AA5083
specimen will be discussed.
3.1 Tensile Properties
The tensile behaviors of the AA5083 specimen tested based on the respective
orientation angles are shown in Fig. 9. Its corresponding tensile properties are
tabulated in Table 2.
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Fig. 9 The relationship
between engineering stress
and engineering strain for
three different angles
Table 2 Tensile test result
Degree to
rolling
direction
Maximum
force, Fmax
(kN)
Ultimate tensile
strength,
UTS (MPa)
Fracture
stress
(MPa)
Modulus
of elasticity,
E (GPa)
Work
hardening, w
0°
45°
90°
15.63
15.16
15.83
416.90
404.23
422.17
384.76
610.33
422.88
52.77
49.17
47.92
1.19
1.25
1.22
It is found that the maximum force and stress are resulted from the 90° orientation. This is in accordance to the result of Said et al. [4] for Al-Cu-Li specimen. It
is expected that 0° orientations will give higher strength if it is properly heat treated
and aged. It appears that the force and tensile stress increase as the orientation angle
increases. In contrast, the Young’s Modulus decreases as the orientation angle
increases. In other words, the grain that is elongated 0° to the tensile force gives
higher Young’s Modulus. Liu et al. [5] and Askeland et al. [6] also found that, there
was also a correlation between the grain orientation and the deformation structure.
The 45° orientation gives the highest strain and work hardening result. This is due
to the increasing stress level is directionally proportional to the change of plastic
deformation. However, the effect of work or strain hardening only occur in the early
stages of plastic deformation. Thus, once the structure deforms and breaks down,
the influence of work hardening will also disappear. It is also evident that the
specimen is much more ductile when the work hardening increases as stated by
Dieter et al. [7]. Thus, the highest elongation to fracture and fracture stress are
obtained from the same angle orientation. Nevertheless, it can be summarized that
the tensile specimens’ response curves change as the rolling directions change.
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L.M. Najib et al.
3.2 Tensile Fracture Surfaces of AA5083
The overall tensile fracture images as well as its cross section surfaces of the
rectangular shape specimen were captured to determine the deformation behavior of
the chosen alloy as depicted in Figs. 10 and 11 respectively. The applied tensile
stress on the specimen will result in separation of the solid body into two which is
denoted as fracture. From the images snapped, ductile fracture was observed.
This is due to its appearances of cup-and-cone fracture showing gross plastic
deformation on both of the fracture surfaces. It is also worth noting that the
specimens’ modes of failures are in accordance to the response curves shown in
Fig. 9 and tabulated data in Table 2.
Fig. 10 The tensile fracture of AA5083 specimens
Fig. 11 Closer view of the fracture (cross section)
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4 Conclusions
Based on the above investigation, it was observed that as the orientation angles
increases, the ultimate tensile stress also increases (maximum value was obtained
from the 90° orientation). In contrast, the Young’s Modulus decreases as the angle
increases. In other words, the grain that is elongated 0° to the tensile force gives
higher Young’s Modulus. It was also observed that the 45° orientations give the
highest strain and work hardening result. It is evident that, the material is much
more ductile when the work hardening increases. The tensile fracture surfaces show
that it fails under ductile manner. Thus, it can be concluded that the rolling direction
does has a significant effect on the tensile properties of the AA5083 specimen
tested.
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Faculty of Civil Engineering and Reseach
Management Institute (RMI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia for all supports in establishing
this research.
References
1. Austral Wright Metals, Aluminium Grade 5083, UNS A95083 Product Data Sheet (2005)
2. J.R. Davis, Tensile Testing, 2nd edn. (ASM International, United States of America, 2004)
3. American Society for Testing and Materials—ASTM, Standard Test Methods for Tension
Testing of Metallic Materials (E8/E8M-11, United States of America, 2012)
4. O.S. Es-Said, C.J. Parrish, C.A. Bradberry, J.Y. Hassoun, R.A. Parish, A. Nash, N.C. Smythe,
K.N. Tran, T. Ruperto, E.W. Lee, D. Mitchell, C. Vinquist, Effect of stretch orientation and
rolling orientation on the mechanical properties of 2195 Al-Cu-Li Alloy, J. Mater. Eng.
Perform. 20(7), 1171–1179 (2011)
5. Q. Liu, D. Juul Jensen, N. Hansen, Effect of grain orientation on deformation structure in coldrolled polycrystalline aluminium. Acta Mater. 46, 5819–5838 (1998)
6. D.R. Askeland, P.P. Fulay, Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering (Cengage
Learning, Canada, 2009)
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International, United States of America, 2003)