G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Electrical Circuits and Simulation Lab Manual
R-15 Regulation
Prepared by
K.Jagadeesh
Assistant Professor
Dept of EEE
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & SIMULATION LAB
I B.Tech EEE-II Sem
List of Experiments
1. THEVENIN’S, NORTON’S AND MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEORM
2. VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
3. VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM
4. VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY& MILLMAN’S THEOREM
5. LOCUS DIAGRAM OF R-L AND R-C SERIES CIRCUITS.
6. SELF, MUTUAL INDUCTANCES AND CO-EFFICIENT OF COUPLING
OF A COUPLED COIL
7. VERIFICATION OF SERIES RESONANCE AND PARALLEL RESONANCE
8. DETERMINATION OF Z & Y PARAMETERS
9. SIMULATION OF DC CIRCUITS USING PSPICE PROGRAMMING..
10. SIMULATION OF DC TRANSIENTS
11. VERIFICATION OF TELLEGEN’S THEOREM
12. TIME RESPONSE OF FIRST ORDER RC/RL NETWORK FOR NON SINUSOIDAL
INPUT
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
THEVENIN’S, NORTON’S THEORMS
Aim: - To verify Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorem.
Apparatus Required:a) Thevenin’s theorem:
b) Norton’s theorem:
Bread board
Bread board
 Ammeter’s :(0-10mA) MC –1 No. Ammeter’s :(0-10mA) MC –2 No. Ammeter (0-200ma) MC
 Regulated power supply (0-30V)
Regulated power supply (0-30V)
Resistor - 100
 Resistors: 2.2K -3No.
Resistors:
2.2K -3No.
Decade Resistance Box
3.3 K -1No.
3.3 K -1No.
Connecting wires
1K -1No.
1K -1No
Theory: Procedure:
1) Make the connections as per the circuit shown in fig(1)
2) Switch on the supply, apply Vs=15V by varying regulated power supply and note down
reading of load current (IL) in table1.
3) Connections are made as per the circuit shown in fig (2)
4) Switch on the supply, apply Vth=7.5V by varying regulated power supply. (According to
calculations), and note down reading of load current IL table 2.
5) And compare Load currents in both cases.
Calculations:
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
a) To find Rth:
Req=2.2k+(1k*1.5k)|(1k+1.5k)
=(2.2+0.6)k
=2.8k
b) To find Vth :
I=Vs / (2.02k)
Let,
Vs=5v
I=(5 / 2.02x103)
Vth=I * (2.2 x103)
Vth=(5/ 2.02x103) * (1.02 x103)=3V
c) Equivalent Thevenin’s circuit:
IL =Vth/(Rth+RL)
= (3 / 3.8 x103 ) =0.79 mA
IL = 0.79 mA
Observation Table:
Vth(V)
Vs(V)
Il(mA)
T
P
T
P
5
3
2.95
0.77
0.67
10
6
5.97
1.58
1.34
15
9
8.94
2.37
2.04
Norton’s theorem:
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
Theory:-
Procedure:1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (3).
2) Switch on the power supply, apply Vs=15V, by varying regulated power supply and note down
the reading of Load current (IL) in table3.
3) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (4)
4) Switch on the power supply, apply IN=ISC by varying the regulated power supply (According to
calculations) & note down the reading of load current IL in table 4.
5) And compare Load current in both cases.
Calculations:
i) To find RN :
Req=2.2k+(1k*1.5k)|(1k+1.5k)
=(2.2+0.6)k
=2.8k
\
ii)To find IN :
Let Vs=5V, Vth = 3 V
According to Duality,
Isc= IN =2.8/3.8K
= 0.79mA
iii) From Equivalent Norton’s Circuit:
IL in AB Circuit =(Isc*2.8K )/(1K +2.8 K ) Amps.
= 0.79 mA
Observation Tables:Dept of EEE
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
Isc(mA)
Vs(V)
Il(mA)
T
P
T
P
5
1.07
1.05
0.79
0.71
10
2.14
2.11
1.58
1.41
15
3.21
3.17
2.37
2.25
Result: Thus the Thevenin’s, Norton’s & are verified theoretically and practically.
Dept of EEE
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
Aim: - To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
Apparatus Required:-
1. bread board
2. decade resistance box
3. resistor(100 ohms)
Circuit Diagram for DC maximum power transformation:
Theory:Procedure: 1.Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in figa.
2.Swich on the supply, apply the voltage Vs = 15V.
3.Vary the resistance in DRB in steps of 20 ohms and note down the current readings
4.Current is measured simultaneously and power is calculated.
Calculations: -
in ammeter.
If VS = 5V
Pmax = VS2/4RL
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
Pmax = (15)2/4 * 100 =0.562W
Observations:S No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RL
(ohms)
100
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2800
3000
I
(mA)
3.1
2.8
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
P =I2 R
(watts)
0.093
3.64
5.76
6.51
7.4
7.14
7.65
7.36
Model Graph:- The graph drawn between load resistance on x-axis & power
transferred to load on y-axis . The model graph as shown below.
Result: Thus the Maximum power transfer are verified theoretically and practically.
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Aim:
To verify Superposition Theorem.
Apparatus Required:1) Regulated Power Supply, 0-30V (R.P.S,)
2) Ammeter (0-20mA) MC-1No
(0-50mA) MC -1No
(0-200mA) MC -2No
3) Resistors--270 , 100 , 390 , 1k -2No, 2.2k .
4) Connecting wires.
Circuit Diagram:-
Fig.1
Theory:Sample Calculations:Dept of EEE
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
case1) Let V1 = 10V & V2 = 20V:10 = 490 I1 + 390 I2
20 = 390 I1 + 660 I2
Solving the above equations,
I1 = -7 mA
, I2 = 34.4 mA & I3 = 27.4 mA
Case2) Let V1 = 10V & V2 = 0 :10 = 490 I1 + 390 I2
0 = 390 I1 + 660 I2
Solving the above equations,
I’1 = 38.57 mA , I’2 = -22.82 mA & I’3 = 15.75 mA
Case3) Let V1 = 0V & V2 = 20V :0 = 490 I1 + 390 I2
20 = 390 I1 + 660 I2
`Solving the above equations,
Hence ,
I1” = -45.19 mA
, I2” = 57.2 mA & I3” = 12 mA
I1 = I’1 + I1”
I2 = I’2 + I2”
I3 = I’3 + I3”
Procedure:1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig1
2) Apply the source voltages V1, V2 and note down the current reading I1, I2 & I3.
3) Remove second source by short circuit i.e, V2=0 , then apply only V1 source and note down the
current readings I1I, I2I, I3I and tabulate .
4) Remove second source by short circuit i.e,V1=0 , then apply only V2 source and note down the
current readings of I1II, I2II, I3II and tabulate.
5) Repeat the experiment for different values of source voltages.
Observation Table:-
V1()
V2
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I1
I2
I3
I1I
I2I
I3I
I1II
I2II
I3II
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
10
20
-
10
0
-
-
-
0
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Result : Hence the super position theorem is verified theoretically and practically.
Dept of EEE
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
MILLMAN AND RECIPROCITY THEOREM
i) Aim:- To verify the Millman’s and Reciprocity theorem.
ii) Apparatus required:a) Millman’s theorem :
1. Rps – (0-30V) dc - 2 no
2. Resistors - 2.2K
- 2 no
- 1K
-1 no
- 1.1K
-1no
3. Ammeter-(0-20mA) -1 no
b) Reciprocity theorem:
1. Rps – (0-30V) dc -2 no
2. Resistors – 270
- 2 no
-100
-1 no
3. Ammeter-(0-20mA) -2 no
iii) A) Circuit Diagram for Millman’s theorem:-
iv) Theory:Sample Calculations:
V1 =10 V , V2=15V & R1=R2=2.2K
then
Vm = [10/2.2 + 15/2.2 ] / [1/2.2 + 1/2.2] = 12.5V
Rm = 1 / [1/2.2 + 1/2.2]
= 1.1K
Load current IL = Vm / [Rm + RL] = 12.5 / [1.1K + 1K] = 5.95 mA
v)Procedure:-(Millmans Theorem)
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 1.
2. Switch on the supply, apply the source voltages V1=10V& V2=15V.
3. Note down the readings of ammeter and tabulate in table1.
4. Make the connections of equivalent Millman’s circuit as shown in fig 2.
5. Switch on the supply; apply the millman voltage Vm (calculated) and note down
readings of ammeter and tabulate in table2.
6. Repeat the experiment at different source voltages and compare the readings.
vi)Observation Tables:
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the
G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
Table 1.
S.No V1
(volts)
1
10
2
5
3
15
V2
(volts)
15
10
20
IL
(mA)
Table2.(Millmanequivalent circuit)
S.No
Vm
IL
(volts)
(mA)
1
12.5
2
3
B) RECIPROCITY THEOREM:-
i) Circuit Diagram:-
Fig. 2
Fig.3
ii) Theory:-
iii) Procedure:1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig2
2) Apply the source voltage Vs=10V, in aa’ branch, Note down the reading of ammeter in
table1.connected in bb’ branch.
3) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 3.
4) Apply the source voltage Vs=10V, in bb’ branch, Note down the reading of ammeter in table2.
Connected in aa’ branch.
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5) The current readings should be equal in both cases and repeat the experiment at different source
voltages.
iii) Observation Table:
Table 1.
S.No Voltage (Vs)
1
2
3
10
15
20
Current (mA)
Table 2.
S.No Voltage (Vs)
1
2
3
Current (mA)
10
15
20
iv) RESULT:-
The Milliman’sand reciprocity theorems are verified theoretically and practically.
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COMPENSATION THEOREM
Aim: To verify compensation theorem
Apparatus required:1. Rps – (0-30V) dc -2 no
2. Resistors – 270
- 2 no
-100
-1 no
3. Ammeter-(0-20mA) -2 no
Circuit Diagram for compensation theorem:-
Theory:-
Procedure:1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 3.
2. Switch on the supply, apply the source voltages Vs=10V.
3. Note down the readings of ammeter and tabulate in table 3.
4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 4.
5. Switch on the supply, apply Vref = I100*R100 (calculated) and note down the readings of
ammeter and tabulate in table4.
6. Repeat the experiment at different source voltages and compare the readings.
Observation Tables:
Table 1.
S.No Vs
(volts)
1
10
2
15
3
20
I100
(mA)
IL
(mA)
Table 2.(Equivalent circuit)
S.No
Vs
Vref=I100*R100
(volts) (mA)
1
10
2
15
3
20
IL
(mA)
Result:- Hence the compensation theorem is verified.
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
Current Locus Diagram
Aim:- To draw the current locus diagram for series RC circuits.
Apparatus Required:-
1) Voltmeter - (0-75V)MI
2) Ammeter - (0-1A)MI
3) Wattmeter - 75V / 5A / LPF
4) Capacitor - 33 μF
5) Rheostat - 250 Ohms / 2.5A
6) Auto-transformer – 230V / (0-270V)
Circuit Diagram:-
Theory:-
Procedure:1.
2.
3.
4.
Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig1.
Keep the rheostat at maximum resistance position and switch on the supply.
Apply the source voltage Vs= 60V at constant value by using variac.
Vary the resistance in steps, note down the readings of ammeter, and wattmeter and tabulate
the readings.
5. Calculate power factor and phase angle.
Formulae:Power
Power factor
W = V I Cos
= Cos
= W/VI
Observation Table:Dept of EEE
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
S.No
Vs
(Volts)
Current
(Amps)
W
(watts)
p.f = Cos =
W/VI
= Cos –1(W/VI)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Model Graph: - Plot the graph between Voltage vector (on X-=axis) and current vector (on yaxis) as shown below.
`
Fig 2.
Result:- The locus diagram of series RC circuit when the resistance as variable was obtained.
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCES OF A COUPLED COIL
Aim:
To determine the self and mutual inductances of a given 1-ph transformer and also
determine co-efficient of coupling.
Apparatus Required:
1.Voltneter - (0-300V) MI
2. Ammeter – (0-1A) MI
3. 1-ph Wattmeter - 2.5A/300V/LPF
4.1-ph Transformer – 1.5KVA, 230/115V.
5. 1-ph variac – 240V / (0-270V)
A) i) Circuit Diagram-I:
Circuit Diagram-II:
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Theory:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 1.
2. Switch on the supply, Apply the rated voltage of LV winding by varying the autotransformer.
3. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and tabulate the readings
in table1.
4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 2.
5. Switch on the supply, Apply the rated voltage of HV winding by varying the autotransformer.
6. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and tabulate the readings
in table 2.
Calculations:
From circuit –I:
Wo = V1 Io Cos o
Working current,
Magnetizing current
(or) Cos o = Wo / V1 Io = ------ --
Iw = Io Cos o (amp) = ---------- A
Iμ = Io Sin o (amp) = ---------- A
Io = √ (Iw2 + Iμ2)
a) Self inductance of first coil (LV winding): L1 = V1 / (2Πf Iμ) = ---------- H
b) Mutual inductance b/n two coils: M12= E2 / j Iμ= E2 / (2Πf Iμ) = ---------- H
From circuit –II:
Wo = V1 Io Cos o
Working current,
Magnetizing current
Iw =Io Cos o
Iμ = Io Sin o
(or) Cos o = Wo / V2 Io = ---------(amp) = ---------- A
(amp) == ---------- A
c)Self inductance of first coil (LV winding) : L2 = V1 / (2Πf Iμ) = ---------- H
d)Mutual inductance b/n two coils: M21= E2 / j Iμ= E2 / (2Πf Iμ) = ---------- H
M12 = M21 = M == ---------- H
e) Co-efficient of coupling K = M / √ (L1 L2) = ----------
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
Observation Table:
Table 1.(LV side)
V1
E2
(volts)
(volts)
115
Io
(amp)
Wo
(watts)
Table 2.(HV side)
V1
E2
(volts) (volts)
Io
(amp)
Wo
(watts)
230
Result: The experiment was conducted on a given 1-ph transformer, from this
a) Self inductance of first coil (LV winding)
b) Self inductance of second coil (HV winding)
c) Mutual Inductance between two coils
d) Co-efficient of coupling
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L1 = ---------L2 = ---------M = ---------K = ----------
H
H
H
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
SERIES RESONANCE AND PARALLEL RESONANCE
Aim:-To verify series and parallel resonance for given circuits.
Apparatus Required:Series resonance:
Bread board
Ammeter’s:(0-10mA) MI –1 No.
Function generator
Volt Meter (0-50) AC
Decade Resistance Box:
Decade Inductance Box
Decade capacitance Box
Parallel resonance:
Bread board
Ammeter’s:(0-10mA) MI –1 Nos.
Function generator
Volt Meter (0-50) AC
Decade Resistance Box:
Decade Inductance Box
Decade capacitance Box
A i) Circuit diagram for Series Resonance:
B) Circuit diagram for Parallel resonance:
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Theory: Formulae:
1
a) Resonant frequency :
fo =
Hz
2π √LC
b) Half power frequencies:
f1 = fo – R/ 4πL
Hz
f2 = fo + R/ 4πL
Hz
c) Band width:
BW = f2 – f1 (or) R/ 2πL
d) Q –factor:
Procedure-1:(Series Resonance)
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig1.
2. Apply the sinusoidal voltage of peak-peak value is 10V
3. Vary the frequency of sine wave between 100 Hz – 300 Hz in steps, and note down the readings
of ammeter.
4. Tabulate the readings in table1.
Procedure-II: :(Parellel Resonance)
1. Make the connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig2.
2. Apply the sinusoidal voltage of peak-peak value is 10V
3. Vary the frequency of sine wave between 100 Hz – 300 Hz in steps, and note down the readings
of ammeter.
4. Tabulate the readings in table2.
Calculations:
R = 100ohms, L = 0.1 H, C = 6.1mf
a) Resonant frequency
fo = 1/(2π √LC)
= ---------- Hz
b) Half power frequencies
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
f1 = fo – R/ 4πL = ---------- Hz
f2 = fo + R/ 4πL = ---------- Hz
c) Band width:
d) Q –factor:
BW = f2 – f1 (or) R/ 2πL = ---------- Hz
= ----------
Observation Table:
Table 1: (series resonance)
S.NO. Frequency
Current
(Hz)
(mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Table 2:(parallel resonance)
S.NO. Frequency
Current
(Hz)
(mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Model Graph: Draw the graph between frequency Vs current as shown below.
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Result:
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In series resonance circuit,
a) Resonant frequency
b) Half power frequencies
c) Bandwidth
BW =
d) Q-Factor =
In parallel resonance circuit,
a) Resonant frequency
b) Half power frequencies
c) Bandwidth
BW =
d) Q-Factor =
fo =
f1 =
, f2 =
fo =
f1 =
, f2 =
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
DETERMINATION OF Z & Y PARAMETERS
Aim:- To determine the open-circuit parameters(Z)and short-circuit parameters (Y).
Apparatus Required:
1. Volt meter
2. Ammeters
3. Resistors
4. RPS
- (0-15V) MC
- (0-100 mA) MC
- 390Ω, 270 Ω & 100Ω
- (0-30V) DC
Circuit diagrams:
a) OC Parameters:
b) SC Parameters:
Theory:-
Sample Calculations:When 2-2’ port is open circuited i.e I2 = 0
V1 = 660 I1 ; Z11 = V1 / I1 = 660 ohms
V2 = 270 I1 ; Z21 = V2 / I1 = 270 ohms
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When 1-1’ port is open-circuited i.e I1=0
V1 = 270 I2 ; Z12 = V1 / I2 = 270 ohms
V2 = 370 I2 ; Z22 = V2 / I2 = 370 ohms
Similarly,
Y11 = 1/ Z11
Y21 = 1/Z21
,
,
Y12 = 1/Z12
Y22 =1/Z22
Procedure:- a) (OC Parameters)
1. Make the connections as per the circuit shown in figure 1.
2. Switch on the supply, and apply the Voltage Vs = 10V.
3. Note down the reading of two ammeters and tabulate and calculate Z11 & Z21.
4. Make the connections as per the circuit shown in figure 2.
5. Switch on the supply, and apply the Voltage Vs = 10V.
6. Note down the reading of two ammeters and tabulate and calculate Z12 & Z22.
b) Procedure:- (SCParameters)
1. Make the connections as per the circuit shown in figure 3.
2. Switch on the supply, and apply the Voltage Vs = 10V.
3. Note down the reading of two ammeters and tabulate and calculate Y11 & Y21.
4. Make the connections as per the circuit shown in figure 4.
5. Switch on the supply, and apply the Voltage Vs = 10V.
6. Note down the reading of two ammeters and tabulate and calculate Y12 & Y22.
Observation Tables: (OC Parameters).
V1(Volts)
V2(Volts)
I1(amp)
10
I2(amp)
Z11 (Ω)
Z12(Ω)
0
10
Z21(Ω)
Z22(Ω)
--
0
--
--
--
(SC Parameters)
V1(Volts)
V2(Volts)
10
0
0
10
I1(amp)
I2(amp)
Y11 (mho)
Y12(mho)
Y 21(mho)
Y 22(mho)
---
---
Result: - The open circuit and short circuit parameters are found and as follows,
Z11 =
Z12=
Z21=
Z22=
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Y11=
Y12 =
Y21=
Y22=
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G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
SIMULATION OF DC CIRCUIT
Aim:- To obtain the node voltages, branch currents, power of all voltage sources of a given dc
circuit by using PSPICE programming.
Apparatus Required:-
1.PC
______
1 no.
2. PSPICE software _____ 1 no.
Circuit Diagram:-
Theory:1.DC Analysis:- Calculation of node voltages and branch currents and their quiescent values
are the outputs.
Eg:- DC sweep voltage (.DC),
Small-Signal transfer function (Thevenin’s equivalent) (.TF)
DC Small-Signal sensitivities (.SENS)
2.Transient Analysis:- Responses of time-invariant sources and transient analysis of dc and
fourier circuits.
Eg:- Transient responses _____ (.TRAN)
Fourier Analysis
_____ (.FOUR)
3.AC Analysis:- (.AC) & (.NOISE) etc.
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PSPICE PROGRAM :VS 1 0 DC 20V
IS 0 4 DC 50MA
R1 1 2 500
R2 2 5 800
R3 2 3 1000
R4 4 0 200
VX 3 0 DC 0V
VY 5 4 DC 0V
OP
END
: DC Voltage source of 20V between 1& 0 nodes
: DC Current source of 50mA between 4 & 0 nodes
: Resistance of 500ohms between 1 & 2 nodes
: Resistance of 800ohms between 5 & 2 nodes
: Resistance of 1000ohms between 2 & 3 nodes
: Resistance of 200ohms between 4 & 0 nodes
: Measure current through R3
: Measure current through R2
: Directs the bias point to the output file.
: End of the program.
Result:The node voltages, branch currents, power of all voltage sources of a given dc circuit are
obtained.
Dept of EEE
Page 28
G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
SIMULATION OF TRANSIENT CIRCUITS
Aim:- To obtain the simulation result of a given series RLC circuit with different inputs using
PSPICE programming.
Appartus Required:-
1.PC
________
2. PSPICE software ________
1 no.
1 no.
Circuit Diagram:-
Theory:-
Pspice allows the various types analysis as follows:
1.DC Analysis:- Calculation of node voltages and branch currents and their quiescent values
are the outputs.
Eg:- DC sweep voltage (.DC),
Small-Signal transfer function (Thevenin’s equivalent) (.TF)
DC Small-Signal sensitivities (.SENS)
2.Transient Analysis:- Responses of time-invariant sources and transient analysis of dc and
fourier circuits.
Eg:- Transient responses _____ (.TRAN)
Fourier Analysis
_____ (.FOUR)
3.AC Analysis:- (.AC) & (.NOISE) etc.
Dept of EEE
Page 29
G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
PSPICE PROGRAM :-
a) Pulse Input:VS 1 0 pulse (-5 5 IN IN 1M 2M) : Pulse input with specifications
R 1 2 2
: Resistance of 2ohms between 1 & 2 points
L 2 3 50U
: Inductance of 50 micro –H between 2 & 3 points
C 3 0 50U
: Capacitance of 10 micro-F between 2 & 3 points
TRAN IN 4M
: Transient response of RLC circuit
PROBE
: Representation in graphs
END
: End of the program
b) Step Input:VS 1 0 PWL(0 0 100N 1)
R 1 2 2
L 2 3 50U
C 3 0 50U
TRAN IN 4M
PROBE
End
: Step input with specifications
: Resistance of 2ohms between 1 & 2 points
: Inductance of 50micro-H between 2 & 3 points
: Capacitance of 10micro-F between 2 & 3 points
: Transient response of RLC circuit
: Representation in graphs
: End of the program
c)Sinusoidal Input:VS 1 0 SIN(0 10 1K)
R 1 2 2
L 2 3 50U
C 3 0 50U
TRAN IN 4M
END
: Sinusoidal input with specifications
: Resistance of 2 ohms between 1 & 2 points
: Inductance of 50 micro-H between 2 & 3 points
: Capacitance of 10 micro-F between 2 & 3 points
: Transient response of RLC circuit
: End of the program
d)Exponential Input:VS 1 0 EXP(0.5 1 0.1N 1 1.5N)
: Exponential input with specifications
R 1 2 2
: Resistance of 2ohms between 1 & 2 points
L 2 3 50U
: Inductance of 50 micro –H between 2 & 3 points
C 3 0 50U
: Capacitance of 10 micro-F between 2 & 3 points
TRAN IN 4M
: Transient response of RLC circuit
PROBE
: Representation in graphs
END
: End of the program
Result:- The simulation results of series RLC circuits are obtained and recorded.
Dept of EEE
Page 30
G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
VERIFICATION OF TELLEGEN’S THEOREM
Aim: - To verify Tellegen’s theorem.
Apparatus Required:



Bread board
Ammeter’s :(0-10mA) MC –1 No.
Regulated power supply (0-30V)
Resistors: 2.2K -3No.
3.3 K -1No.
1K -1No.
.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Theory: Procedure:
1) Make the connections as per the circuit shown in fig.
2) Switch on the supply, apply Vs=10V by varying regulated power supply and note down
reading of load current (IL),V1,V2&V3 in table.
3) Repeat step-2 for Vs=15V and Vs=20V.
4) Calculate the algebraic sum of powers in all three branches.
Calculations:
Applied voltage Vs=10V
Total resistance in the circuit Req=5.4KΩ
Current in the circuit I=
Dept of EEE
Vs
=1.85mA
Req
Page 31
G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
Voltage drop in 2.2KΩ, V1=4.07V
Voltage drop in 2.2KΩ, V2=4.07V
Voltage drop in 1KΩ, V3=1.85V
sum of the powers in all three branches,
3
Vk i K = v1i1
v 2 i2
v 3 i3
v s i s =7.53+7.53+3.42-18.5=0 Watt
k 1
Observation Table:
S.No.
Vs(volts)
1
2
3
15
20
10
IL(mA)
V1(volts)
V2(volts)
V3(volts)
Result: Thus the Tellegen’s theorem is verified theoretically and practically.
Dept of EEE
Page 32